Guar Report

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No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher (TIFAC).
Published: January 2015
CONTENTS
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................03
1. INTRODUCTION: GUAR ..............................................................................................................05

1.1 Production Scenario 05
1.2 Yield Variation in Different States 06
2. GUAR PRODUCTS & BY-PRODUCTS:

PRESENT SCENARIO, EMERGING ISSUES & CONSTRAINTS ................................................07
2.1 Products & By Products 07
2.2 Emerging Isssues & Constraints 11
2.2.1 Production 11
2.2.2 Non-traditional areas and seasons 12
2.2.3 Dissemination of proven technology 12
2.2.4 Early Maturity 13
2.2.5 High gum content and varied viscosity levels 13
2.2.6 Processing and Products Developments 13
2.2.7 Value added Products and their Application 15
2.2.8 Improving quality of guar meal 15
3. TIFAC WORKSHOP: OVERVIEW & PRESENTATIONS ..............................................................16

3.1 Presentations 17
3.1.1 Technical Issues and Challenges of Guar Gum Industry - Needs & Requirements
by Shri Purushottam Hissaria, President, Indian Guar Gum Manufacturers Association
(IGGMA) 17
3.1.2 Enhancing Guar Grain Production: Short Term & Long Term Strategies
by Dr. D. Kumar, Principal Scientist (Retd.), CAZRI, Jodhpur & Guar Gum Consultant 18
3.1.3 Manufacturing and Utilization of Guar Gum - Technical Problems and Challenges
by Dr. S.K. Sharma, Lotus Gum, Jodhpur 20
3.1.4 Improving quality of Bi-products of Guar Gum for feeding
by Shri Somnath Manchanda, Dy. Manager Feed Plant, Jodhopur 20
3.1.5 Sustaining Guar Industry in India - Some Technical and Policy Issues
by Dr. Hema Yadav, Deputy Director,
National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM), Jaipur 20
3.1.6 Guar Gum Supply Chain: Issues and Options
by Dr. Purushottam Sharma, Senior Scientist (Agricultural Economics),
Directorate of Soyabean Research (ICAR), Indore 22
3.1.7 Derivitization of Guar Gum - Derivatives in Demand, Indian Scenario,
Future Needs and Possibilities by Dr. Vineet Kumar, Scientist - F,
Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun 22
3.1.8 Chemical Modification of Guar with Special Reference to CMHPG and
HPG: Technical Aspects for Consideration by Dr. T. Shekharam,
Sr. Principal Scientist, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad 23
CONTENTS
3.1.9 Guar Research at CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
by Dr. U.N. Joshi, Senior Biochemist (Arid Legumes) and
Head, Biochemistry Department, CCS, HAU, HISAR 24
3.1.10 Gelling Agent - II (A guar derivative) ONGC Perspective -
by Dr. P.K. Mahato, Chief Chemist & Dr. A.K. Jain GM (Chem.),
Well Stimulation Services (WSS), ONGC, Ahmedabad 25
3.1.11 Dr. Keka Ojha, Associate Professor, Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad 25
4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ROAD AHEAD ..............................................................................27

4.1 Dissemination of Best Agricultural Practices 27
4.1.1 Seed 27
4.1.2 Sowing Method 27
4.1.3 Weeding and Inter-culture Operations 28
4.1.4 Inclusion of non traditional areas and seasons 28
4.2 R&D Efforts - Setting the trajectory 28
4.2.1 Needful Breeding 28
4.2.2 Processing and Products 28
4.2.3 High Value Guar Derivitization 29
4.2.4 Alternate Applications 29
4.2.5 Improving Quality of Guar Meal 29
4.2.6 General issues 29
4.2.7 Energy Audits 30
4.2.8 Creation/Strengthening of R&D Infrastructure 30
5. MISSION MODE APPROACH ......................................................................................................30
References ..............................................................................................................................................31
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................32
Annexure - I (Country wise export statements of guar gum) ..................................................................33

Exe c u t i ve Su m m a r y
G
overnment of India during 2012-13, had constituted an Inter Ministerial Group (IMG) for addressing
comprehensively the challenges of export oriented MSME Sectors including falling exports. As a follow up
to the recommendations, Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), an
autonomous body of Department of Science and Technology, was entrusted with the task of coordinating,
nucleating and facilitating follow up actions towards infusion of appropriate new technologies for boosting
of exports. In subsequent consultations with office of the Secretary Ministry of Commerce, Department of Expenditure,
Ministry of Finance and Ministry of MSME, it was decided to initially prioritize two or three sectors for intervention and
begin with initial assessment of the sectors. The basis of selection of sectors was: potential for higher technology inputs,
higher value realization, future potential and sector performance. Guar Gum was one of the sectors taken up.
Guar or clusterbean is extremely drought hardy, deep rooted summer annual legume and has great economic and adaptive
significance. Though originally grown for grain, vegetable, fodder, cattle feed, guar has attracted attention during the last
few years due to shooting demands of guar gum - a product, in the shale oil and gas sector. Of the total global production
of more than 15-20 lakh tones annually, India is the most important guar producer in the world contributing almost
75%-82% global guar grain production, followed by Pakistan (15%). Annually almost 75%-80% of guar gum including its
few derivatives like refined splits, gum powder and guar meals are exported from India. However, in recent years, Indian
exports have shown high volatility in both volume and value. Exports from almost 4.04 lakh ton worth Rs. 2811.93 crore
during 2010-11, rose dramatically to almost 7.07 lakh ton in 2011-12, worth Rs. 16523.87 crore. In 2012-13, it dipped to
4.06 lakh ton worth Rs. 21287 crores, eventually picking up again in the year 2013-14, to almost 6.02 lakh ton worth
Rs. 11734.5 crores.
In order to prepare a status report of the sector, prioritize requisite R&D and prepare an action plan towards boosting
exports, TIFAC organized interactions with the different major sectoral stakeholders including Institutions like Central
Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU),
Hisar, National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM), Jaipur; Directorate of Soyabean Research, Indore; ONGC,
WSS, Ahmadabad; Forest Research Institute, Dehradun; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad and
representatives of Guar Gum Manufacturers Association, Jodhpur, exporters, besides officials of Ministry of Commerce.
The interactions were carried forward in a Brainstorming Workshop at Jodhpur on 29th May 2014 and it culminated in a
meeting in a TIFAC on 11th September, wherein representatives of all the above organizations participated. This report is
an outcome of the deliberations and subsequent feedback received.
The report has brought out the status, potential, and prospects of guar and its products. In view of the emerging and fast
changing market scenario, the report highlights the challenges especially the technical ones, which needs to be addressed in
a composite manner, so that our country is able to consolidate and expand our presence and reach in the market. Finally
the report presents an action plan and strategy, both in the short and long term to tap the market potential to the
maximum extent - both present and emerging.
The recommendations are categorized in two distinct categories: dissemination of best practices and trajectory of R&D
efforts. The dissemination of best practices include recommended specific varieties of seeds for sowing and sowing methods
in areas of differing rainfall - low, moderate and higher. The R&D Efforts recommended include needful breeding of seeds,
introducing appropriate machinery for advanced processing, high Value Guar derivitization, developing alternate
applications of guar etc.
The report also identifies specific domain and sectoral organizations for addressing respective R&D areas in the road map
besides providing inputs for requisite policy formulation.
GUAR STATUS, POTENTIAL, PROSPECTS,
CHALLENGES AND R&D ROAD MAP
1.0 INTRODUCTION: GUAR seasons. Even though, guar is cultivated on marginal lands
with marginal inputs in these regions, yet it has occupied
Guar or clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.], the status of export oriented cash crop. This is due to the
internationally known as guar, is an extremely drought presence of natural Polysaccharide Galactomannan gum
hardy, deep rooted, summer annual legume of great content in seed endosperm. The gum content in guar seed
economic and adaptive significance (Fig. 1). has wide industrial uses. Almost 80%-85% guar gum
produced in India is exported to other countries and rest is
Virtues of guar effectively match with low and erratic used for domestic commercial demand. Of late, increasing
rainfall pattern and high ambient temperature habitats of demands of guar gum from USA alone (to the tune of 7.0
arid regions. The crop may thrive very well in rainfall range lakh ton, in 2011-2012 has placed this crop in a prominent
of 250 mm - 450 mm with 3-4 spells, temperature range of position. Thus leading to great economic benefits of
25 C - 40 C, Relative Humidity (RH) values of 50% - Rs. 1.0 to 1.5 lakh/ha in 90-100 days only (particularly, in
65%, longer and warmer days with 8-9 hours sun shine, 2011-2013). Hence, guar is now considered as a source for
particularly at maturity. Guar is suitable for light to providing livelihood security to arid zone farmers.
medium textured soils, with no water logging. The crop
requires less input and restricted after care, matching with 1.1 Production Scenario
the arid farmers’ livelihood conditions. Guar is grown for Assessment over long term basis indicates that total global
grain, vegetable, fodder, cattle feed and green manure production of guar, in general, is realized to the tune of
purposes, mainly in rain fed habitats of Rajasthan, Haryana, more than 12-15 lakh tones annually. However, India is the
Gujarat and to some extent in Punjab and Madhya Pradesh most important guar producer in the world and contributes
also. This crop has recently been introduced in non- almost 75%-82% global guar grain production, followed by
traditional regions of Anantapur, Kadappa, Karnool and Pakistan (15%), USA, South Africa, Sudan and Australia.
Chittoor (dry region of Andhra Pradesh). During summer In Pakistan, guar is mainly grown in Punjab and Sindh
season of 2012, guar had been successfully cultivated with provinces contributing to almost 80% of total guar
4-5 irrigations in parts of Chattisgarh and Vidarbha and in production in Pakistan under irrigated conditions.
non-traditional summer seasons of Rajasthan and elsewhere.
The cultivation in non-traditional regions and seasons has The trends in area, production and productivity have
increased possibility of two crops in rainy and summer greatly fluctuated over the years in India and particularly in
Rajasthan region. Rajasthan decides the Guar production
Figure 1: Guar Plant trends at the country level (Table 1). Over 10 year basis
from 2000-01 to 2009-10, it may be seen that 2003-04 had
witnessed maximum productivity (530 kg / ha) in India. It
was followed by 2007-08. Average productivity of guar in
India greatly fluctuates due to rainfall pattern in Western
districts of Rajasthan. For instance, during severe drought
year of 2002-03, the production sharply dropped to less
than 2.0 lakh tones, whereas the same dramatically climbed
to 15.0 lakh tones during 2003-04, probably due to high
price of guar during previous year and increased area under
cultivation during 2003-04.
Rajasthan alone grows country’s 70%-75% guar and

produces country’s 60%-62% guar grains. The
contributions from other states are: Haryana 22%, Gujarat
12% and Punjab 2.0% towards total guar area in India. In
Rajasthan, six districts (Bikaner, Churu, Barmer, Jaisalmer,
Hanumangarh and Jodhpur) occupy 60% of State’s guar
area. Punjab and Uttar Pradesh contribute only marginally.
As per 2007-08 figures, there was mismatch between area
5
and production of guar at the districts level in Rajasthan. TABLE 2: Area under cultivation, production and
For instance, maximum area was occupied by Bikaner productivity of guar in three main states (2008-09)
(23.0%) but maximum production (28.0%) was realized India/ Area Production Productivity
from the Hanumangarh district. State (lakh ha) (lakh ton) (kg/ha)
India 33.00 12.50 490
Rajasthan 28.08 6.58 370
In Gujarat, drought prone districts viz, Kachh and
Haryana 4.00 4.50 1220*
Banaskantha are quite important from guar perspective. Gujarat 1.95 1.29 669
These districts occupy almost 41.7% of area under guar of Source: Kumar and Solanki, 2012
the entire state. More important is the fact that productivity * Increased 206% during past 4 year
levels of guar in Kachh (610 kg/ha) and Banaskantha (604
kg/ha) districts are higher than the productivity of the state very high i.e. 1200 kg/ha which has increased to almost
and the country as well. 206% in the past 5 years. The productivity of Punjab is also
high (669 kg/ha). On the contrary, productivity of
TABLE 1: Area under guar cultivation,
production and productivity of guar in India Rajasthan is only 370 kg/ha which is even lesser than
national productivity. Critical analysis of productivity of
Year Area under Production Yield
cultivation (in thousand ton) (kg/ha) major districts of Rajasthan reveals that productivity of
(in thousand ha) Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar is very high (870 and
2000-01 3497 659 188
807 kg/ha, respectively). Productivity is quite low in
2001-02 2903 1090 375
2002-03 975 199 204 Jodhpur, Churu and Barmer districts (144, 193 and 207
2003-04 2854 1513 530 kg/ha, respectively). Thus, Barmer and Churu districts
2004-05 2867 903 315 having large cultivating area (3.54 and 3.47 lakh ha,
2005-06 2956 1059 358 respectively), need attention towards increasing productivity
2006-07 3344 1169 350
to bring parity with dry district of Bikaner (415 kg/ha).
2007-08 3472 1789 515
2008-09 3863 1936 501 Similarly, attempts in Jodhpur district need to concentrate
2009-10 2996 595 199 on increasing cultivation area and productivity as well
2010-11 3382 1965 581 (Table 3).
2011-12 3444 2218 644
2012-13 5152 2461 478
2013-14# 5603 2715 485 Results from around 333 Front Line Demonstrations
2014-15* 4255 2415 567 (FLDs) conducted during 2002-2006 in six (6) states of
Source: Kumar and Solanki, 2012 and NCDEX, 2013 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, U.P., A. P. and Punjab,
The figures also indicates that in recent years from 2010-11 highlighted that grain yields of promising varieties were to
onwards, there has been an increase in area under the tune of 1243.5 kg/ha against 978.5 kg/ha, showing
cultivation and production in India. However, productivity increase by 27.08% over local variety. However, potential
levels have not changed significantly, ranging from 478 kg/ yield of guar is estimated to the extent of 2000 to 2200
ha (2012-13) to 644 kg / ha (2011-12). It was probably kg/ha indicating large gaps in yield levels. Hence, reflecting
due to sudden increase in demand for guar gum from USA large gaps in realized and realizable grain yields of guar in
(oil fields) and consequently the prices have also increased. rain fed conditions.
1.2 Yield Variation in Different States: TABLE 3: Area under cultivation, production and
Yield variations in different states are generally the cause of productivity of guar in major districts in Rajasthan
worry for rain-fed crops, the same is also true for guar. In during 2008-09
general, variation in production, when compared between India/ Area Production Productivity
State (lakh ha) (lakh ton) (kg/ha)
different states and states vs country, appears due to
Bikaner 6.05 2.510 415
variation in area and productivity (Table 2). For instance, in Barmer 3.54 0.734 207
general, in Haryana 4.5 lakh ton guar is produced from 4.0 Churu 3.47 0.670 193
lakh ha area, whereas, from the state of Rajasthan only 8-10 Hanumangarh 3.19 2.270 870
Sriganganagar 1.80 1.450 807
lakh ton guar is produced from large area (28-30 lakh ha).
Jodhpur 1.49 0.215 144
Gujarat is producing 1.29 lakh ton guar from 1.95 lakh ha Nagaur 1.29 0.618 541
area. The obvious reason is that productivity of Haryana is Source: Kumar D (2009)
6
2.0 GUAR PRODUCTS & BY-PRODUCTS - Guar gum is a hydrocolloid polymer- cold water soluble
PRESENT SCENARIO, EMERGING ISSUES & polysaccharide. Its ability to hydrate without heating makes
CONSTRAINTS it very useful for many industrial applications. Further, its
ability to form highly viscous colloidal dispersion at lower
2.1 Products & By Products concentrations without heating makes it very useful for
industrial uses. Solution with different gum concentrations
a) Guar Gum can be used as emulsifiers and stabilizers because they
Guar seed consists of three parts namely: (a) Hull - which is prevent oil droplets from coalescing. Guar gum is also used
the outer layer / seed coat and constitutes around 15 - 17% as suspension stabilizer and is an economical thickener and
by volume; (b) Germ Cell / embryo the inner soft mass stabilizer. Being non-ionic, it is not affected by ionic
constituting around 35 - 42 % of the volume and (c) strength or pH but shows degradation at low pH and high
Endosperm - constituting around 43 - 47 % of the seed by temperatures (3 at 50 C, respectively). Guar gum retards ice
volume. Endosperm is the source of guar split and guar crystal growth, non-specifically by slowing mass transfer
gum powder (Fig. 2). across solid/liquid interface. The various derivatives or
industrial grades of guar gum are manufactured by reaction
Germ
of three hydroxyl groups with chemicals. The endosperm of
Guar Seed
guar seed (Fig. 3) is first converted into guar splits and then
Endosperm (Gum)
chemically processed and pulverized into guar powder
Hull (Fig. 4 and 5). There are two types of guar gum powder:
Endosperm (Gum) (i) Food grade guar gum powder: Used in industries like
Unrefined
Guar Splits food, cosmetics, pharma, personal care etc.
Hull
(ii) Industrial grade gum powder: Used mainly in
Guar Protein industries like paper, mining, explosive, fire fighting,
Hull oil drilling etc.
Unrefined
Guar Splits
Guar Gum Quality
Guar Protein Guar gum quality can be assessed in terms of certain traits
Endosperm (Gum)
like, physical characteristics, powder grade as a thickening
agent and guar gum powder standards as below:
o Guar gum is a white to yellowish white powder and is
nearly odorless. Fine finished guar gum powder is
available in different viscosities and granulometries
depending on the desired level of viscosity and
Mature Guar applications.
Guar Seeds o It is a naturally occurring high molecular weight
Pods
hydrocolloidal polysaccharide composed of galactan
Guar
Endosperm and mannan units combined through glycosidic
linkages, which may be chemically described as
galactomannans (Fig. 6).
o It is a cold water soluble polysaccharide consisting of
mannose and galactose units.
o When dissolved in cold and hot water, guar gum
forms a film of high viscosity which is a function of
temperature, time and concentration.
o Solutions with different gum concentrations can be
Figure 2: Typical Guar Seed Composition used as emulsifiers and stabilizers because it prevents
Figure 3: Mature Guar Pods, Guar Seeds and
Guar Endosperm oil droplets from coalescing; it is also used as
Figure 4&5: Guar Split and Guar Powder suspension stabilizer.
7
CH2OH
TABLE 6: Commercial Nomenclature of
CH2OH
HO O HO
Guar Gum Powder
O
OH OH HS Code 130 232 30
CAS Number 9000 30-0
OH OH
EEC Number E - 412
O O
BT Number 1302 3290
CH2 CH2OH CH2 CH2OH EINECS Number 232-536-8
O O O IMCO Code Harmless
O OH HO O OH HO OH HO OH HO
O O
Characteristics: Good quality guar gum have been defined

n
in United States FCC and by European Union as below
Figure 6: Chemical Structure of Guar Gum
(Rodge, 2008)
Main chain of guar gum is made up of mannose units while TABLE 7: Characteristics of good quality
side chain is made up of galactose units. guar gum
Sl.No. Particular Value
Guar Gum Powder Grades: Grades depend on industrial 1. Moisture content 14.0 %
2. Acid Insoluble residue 4.0 5
uses i.e. thickening, stabilizing, texturing, enhancing
3. Galactomannan 75 %
suspension and flow control properties; for industrial 4. Protein content 7.0 %
products, food products and / or for processing purposes. 5. Arsenic content 3 ppm
Grade Specifications 6. Lead 10.0 ppm
7. Zinc 25 ppm
(i) Food grade guar gum powder: For use in food,
8. Copper and Zinc 50 ppm
pharmacy, cosmetics related industries etc.
TABLE 4: Specification of Food Grade Guar Uses

Powder w.r.t to size & viscosity Guar gum is used in almost all systems where water is an
Particle Size (MESH) Viscosity Range (Cps) impact factor. A number of food stuffs and product
200 - 200 (90 % Min.) 2000 - 7500 compositions require the use of colloids to modify the
300 - 200 (99 % Min.) 3500 - 5000 behavior of water in reference to other components. Guar
gum is known to act as a stabilizer, binder, thickener, water
(ii) Industrial grade guar gum Powder: For use in proofing agent in various food products. With the dramatic
industries like, paper, mining, explosive, oil- increase of consumption of guar gum in oil and shale gas
drilling etc. sector in recent years, the sector wise application as of now
are food industries almost 25%, petroleum and mining
TABLE 5: Specification of Industrial Grade Guar industries around 60% and textile and cosmetics industries
Powder w.r.t to size & viscosity almost 15%. The indicated uses of guar gum have been
Particle Size (MESH) Viscosity Range (Cps) tabulated below (Table 8).
100 -100 (80 % Min.) 3000 - 6000
Export of Guar Gum
The particular grade of guar gum powder generally depends Annually almost 75%-80% of guar gum including its few
on following parameters (Source: Rodge, 2008): products and derivatives is exported from India. The major
o Active matter content export derivatives of guar seed include refined splits, gum
o Granulation, powder and guar meals. India exported 2.58 lakh ton of
o Viscosity, guar products (guar meal, guar gum refined split & guar
o Power of Hydrogen (pH), and treated and pulverized) worth Rs. 13.80 crores during
o Degree of substitution 2008-09. This had increased to almost 4.04 lakh ton worth
Rs. 2811.93 crore during the year 2010-11 (Table 9). It
Commercial Export nomenclatures of Guar Gum are however, dramatically increased to almost 7.07 lakh ton in
as under: 2011-12, worth Rs. 16523.87 crore.
8
TABLE 8: Industrial uses of guar gum and expected functions

Sl.No. Industry Uses Expected functions
1. Textile printing Cotton, rayon silk, wool sizing, Reduces wrap breakage &dusting film,
carpet printing formatting thickening for dying
2. Paper Wrapping paper, craft, photographic Replaces hemi-cellulose, increases
paper, filter strength, fold, pick, pulp hydration
3. Oil well drilling Drilling fluids hydraulic fracturing Control of water loss, viscosity, suspension,
turbulence, mobility, friction reduction
4. Explosives Stick explosives, blasting slurries Water proofing, gelling agent
5. Fire fighting Water for fighting fire Friction reduction, dispersion and direction control
6. Coal mining Coal suspension, stock Friction reducing suspending agent
7. Tobacco Reconstitution of fragmental tobacco Binding and strengthening agent
8. Water treatment Industrial and drinking water Coagulant aid (food approved )
9. Photography Emulsions, gelatin solutions Gelling hardening agent
10. Pharmaceuticals Medicines Cholesterol treatment appetite depressant
Diabetic treatment Reduction of urinary glucose loss
Laxative slimming aids Appetite depressant
Gastric hyper acidity Stable water suspension
Vitamin formation
11. Cosmetic uses Hair shampoos Detergent, compatible thickener
Hair coordinators Protective colloid film forming agent
Lotions Lubricating suspending agent
Ointments Thickening agent giving unctuousness
Tablets Granulating agent
12. Bakery Bread, cake, pastry, icing ugh improvement, moisture retention, prolonged
self life
13. Frozen foods Ice-creams, soft serves, frozen cakes Water retention, ice crystal inhibitor and stabilizer
14. Dairy products Yoghurts, molasses, desserts Inhibits when separates keeps texture after
sterilization
15. Processed cheese Cottage cheese, cream, cheese Increase the yield of curd solids, improves
tenderness
16. Instant mixes Pudding sauces desserts, beverages Fast, cold dispersible, thickening and text rising
agent
17. Canned foods Pet foods, conned meal baby foods Acid resistant, thickening and suspending agent
18. Dressing and sauces Salad ,cream, pickles Fast, cold dispersible thickening and text rising
agent
19. Beverages Coca drinks, fruit nectars, sugarless Acid resistant thickening and
beverages suspending agent
Source: D. Kumar, 2010
I N D U S T R I A L A P P L I C AT I O N O F G U A R & I T S D E R I VAT I V E S
Figure 7: Few industrial applications of guar gum and its derivatives
9
Such steep rise in exports of guar gum was due to increase Commodity Wise Guar Exports:
in demand of guar gum from USA primarily in drilling
requirements of petroleum and shale gas. The exports of Guar Meal
guar gum from India dipped to 4.06 lakh ton worth Rs. TABLE 10: Export Statement of
21287 crores during 2012-13. In the year 2013-14, the Guar Meal from India
export of guar gum again picked up to almost 6.02 lakh ton
Commodity Code: 13023210
worth Rs. 11734.5 crores. It may be seen that though the Year Quantity (Lakh Ton) Value (Rs. Cr.)
exports of guar gum increased by almost 1.96 lakh ton in 2010-11 0.3899 63.08
2013-14 from the previous year, the value of exports is 2011-12 0.8015 116.83
much lower. This has mainly been attributed because of 2012-13 0.7481 140.28
2013-14 1.321 289.07
the lower export price of guar gum per ton in 2013-14 then
in 2012-13.
1.4 1.321 350

The following table and figures show the export status
1.2 289.07 300
of aggregate guar gum exports and commodity wise
exports of guar products from the year 2010-11 to 1 250
(In Tonne) 0.8015
2013-14. 0.8 0.7481 200
0.6 150
116.83
TABLE 9: Export Statement of Guar Gum from 140.28
0.4 100
India including Guar Meal, Guar Gum Refined 0.3899
Split & Guar treated and pulverized 0.2 Quantity lakh ton 50
63.08
Value (Rs crore)
Commodity Code: 13023210, 13023220 & 13023230 0 0
Year Quantity (Lakh Ton) Value (Rs. Cr.)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
2010-11 4.039 2811.93
2011-12 7.073 16523.87
2012-13 4.063 21287.01 Figure 9: Export Statement of Guar Meal from India
2013-14 6.019 11734.53
Guar Refined Split:
8 25,000
7.073 TABLE 11: Export Statement of
21,287.01
6.019 20,000 Guar Gum Refined Split from India
6
16,523.87 Commodity Code: 13023220
(In Tonne)
15,000 Year Quantity (Lakh Ton) Value (Rs. Cr.)

4 2010-11 0.785 477.06
4.039 4.063
11,784.53 10,000 2011-12 1.024 1923.3
2 2012-13 0.705 3390.54
Quantity lakh ton 5,000 2013-14 0.827 1484.09
Value (Rs crore)
2,811.93
0 0
1.2 4,000
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
1.024 3,390.54
Figure 8: Export Statement of Guar Gum from India 1
including Guar Meal, Guar Gum Refined Split & Guar 0.827 3,000
(In Tonne)
treated and pulverized 0.8

0.785
0.6 0.705 2,000
1,923.3
Volume Growth: + 75.09 % (2011-12 on 2010-2011)
0.4 1,484.09
- 42.56% (2012-13 on 2011-12) 1,000
+ 48.15 % (2013-14 on 2012-13) 0.2 Quantity lakh ton
477.06 Value (Rs crore)
0 0
Value Growth: + 487.63 % (2011-12 on 2010-2011)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
+ 28.83 % (2012-13 on 2011-12)
- 44.87% (2013-14 on 2012-13) Figure 10: Export Statement of Guar Gum Refined Split
(Data source: SHEFEXIL, August, 2014) from India
10
Guar Treated and Pulverized: meal which is a rich source of crude protein content of
about 35%-46% which is about 1.5 times more than
TABLE 12: Export Statement of
Guar Gum Treated and Pulverized from India protein in guar seed and comparable with other vegetable
protein sources like oilseed cake used in poultry diets. Guar
Commodity Code: 13023230
seed contains 4-5% oil content. It has been observed that
Year Quantity (Lakh Ton) Value (Rs. Cr.)
2010-11 2.865 2271.79 the total protein of guar meal consist of 4 fractions, 2 of
2011-12 5.247 14483.74 high and 2 of low molecular weight. It was observed that
2012-13 2.6098 17756.19 the guar oil contains 55.1% linoleic acid compared to only
2013-14 3.871 9961.37 51.8% in sunflower oil. The total unsaturated fatty acids
were 78.7% and 92.0% in guar and sunflower oil,
6 20,000
17,756.19 respectively. Guar oil contains 3.36% linolenic acid. The
5.247
iodine value and refractive index of the guar oil are also well
15,000 comparable with that of sunflower oil.
4 3.871
14,483.74
(In Tonne)
10,000 Guar meal contains residual guar gum (1%-1.8%)

9,961.37
2.865 2.6098
2 which is not easily digested and absorbed by the mono-
5,000 gastric animals. It also consists of certain toxic substances
Quantity lakh ton
lie trypsin inhibitors, saponians (10-12%), lignins,
2,271.79 Value (Rs crore)
0 0 phytates (7%-7.5%) etc. which needs detoxification
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 (source: D. Kumar, 2014).
Figure 11: Export Statement of Guar Gum Treated and
Pulverized from India 2.2 Emerging Isssues & Constraints:
2.2.1 Production:
b) Guar Meal A number of technologies for improved production of guar
The germ and outer seed-coat of guar seed together in reference to seed variety improvement, planting devices,
constitute guar meal. Removal of gum powder from guar agronomy, plant protection, fertility management, moisture
seeds increase the protein content of the residual byproduct, conservation and quality aspects have been developed. The
i.e. guar meal. Guar meal is a light grayish material with improved line sowing methods for guar are as indicated in
beany flavor. The guar seeds contain in 62%-68% of guar (Fig: 12b).
Figure 12a: Broadcasting Method — common practice
11
Figure 12b: Line sowing Method — improved practice
TABLE 13: Details of promising varieties of guar

40%
for different rain fall situations
Type of Maturity Rainfall Suitable
30%
Variety (Days) (mm) Regions
35%
31.24%
20% RGM -112 85-90 300-400 Ganganagar,

27.08%
HG-365 Hanumangarh, Barmer,

26%
HG-563 Jodhpur, Hisar,

18%
10%
RGC-936 Bawal, Rewari etc
0%
RGC-1002, 90-100 400-500 Nagaur, S.K. Nagar,
Fertilizer Sowing Improved Weeding Zinc 1003, 1017 Kothara, Jalore, Sirohi,
Appln. Method Variety Appln.
HG-884 Jaipur, Hisar, Anantpur,
Figure 13: Contribution of different components in HG-563 Chittoor, Kadappa etc
enhancing grain yield
Source: D. Kumar, 2013 Source: Kumar and Rodge, 2014
There is a need to prioritize improved guar production 2.2.2 Non-traditional areas and seasons:
methods with respect to their contribution towards Guar cultivation has now been transferred to the regions,
yield, convenience and cost effectiveness. Figure 13 where it was not being cultivated earlier. It is now being
summarizes the results of large scale field demonstrations cultivated on rain fed lands in drier regions of Chhattisgarh,
at Durgapur, Hisar, Bhatinda and Gwalior. From the Andhra Pradesh, almost entire Maharashtra, parts of
figure it is quite clear that the planting or method of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. These areas have potential due
sowing is an important contributor for enhancing grain to better moisture conservation potential of soils. Almost
yield. The weeding method and variety of guar etc. 1500kg - 1800 kg/ha of grain yield have been achieved.
follow the sowing method and fertilizer application in the Technological requirements for these areas to make full use
priority list. of guar production potential have yet not been discovered.
Thus, proper sowing method by adopting adequate 2.2.3 Dissemination of proven technology
plant population in reference to the rain fall and soil Most farmers cultivate guar crop on marginal lands in
type may be adopted. Weeding is also very crucial, crop India. They lack resources like knowledge of latest
may be kept weed free up to 30-40 days of sowing. In agricultural technologies and finances. As such they are way
addition to these, good quality seed must be addressed behind others in technological awareness. Due to this, the
for the poor and marginal farmers for enhanced production of guar as well as its quality has suffered.
production. Table 13 shows few guar seed varieties and Institutional capacity exists in the country but it lacks
their suitability for different zones established through adequate and planned utilization for dissemination of
field experiments. proven and established technologies among the farmers.
12
2.2.4 Early Maturity 2.2.6 Processing and Products Developments

Guar is grown as a rain fed crop. The growing period The fate and future of Indian guar farmers will
with rain fall pattern in state like Rajasthan is only largely depend on lifting of their crop produce
50-60 days, while this crop takes more than 90 days at a reasonable price by the traders and ultimately by
to mature. As such the crop has to sustain for more the guar gum industries. The future of guar units
than 40-45 days with limited soil moisture. This is largely depend on effective functioning,
perhaps the main reason that full production manufacturing guar gum and the export of guar
potential of promising varieties of guar has not been gum powder. Thus, ultimate focus rests on
realized in Rajasthan. Thus, early maturing varieties maximization of guar gum and its derivatives
are required for this region. including value added products and the by-products
including guar meal, churi etc. Thus, processing
2.2.5 High gum content and varied viscosity levels and need based products development by the
In guar, across the varieties, the gum content does not industries are the key issues which need to be
vary considerably and ranges from 29% to 30.5% looked at.
only. If the gum content is increased to almost 34%-
35%, this will help in increasing guar gum yield. Processing guar splits and guar gum powder involves
Unigenes for creating differences in size of endosperm extraction of splits and development of guar powder
have been identified therefore; biotechnological from the endosperm at small scale in the laboratory
approaches must be utilized for acceleration of guar and at large scale in the industries for commercial
gum content and guar gum quality (Viscosity). purposes and exports.
13
Figure 14 shows step wise processing of guar seed for producing guar splits and guar gum powder
GUAR SEED LOT
SUBJECTED TO WET PROCESSING (ALKALINE SOLUTION)
VIGROUS BOILING AT 100°C FOR 5 MIN. LECHATE

(SIEVE THROUGH COARSE SIEVE & WATER WASH pH 7.0)
WET DEHUSKED SEED
ACIDIFICATION SLIGHTLY (PINK COLOUR EXTRACT DISCARD)
DEHUSKED SEED CABINET DRYING BAND GRINDING AT LOW SPEED COARSE SIEVING
ENDOSPERM / GUM SPLITS GERM CELLS
PULVERISING (PARTICLE SIZE 200 MESH)
CRUDE GALACTOMANNAM GUMS (GUM SUSPENSION WITH WATER STIRRING AND ADDITION OF
ISOPROPANOL / ETHANOL; PRECIPITATED GUM IS RECOVERED BY CENTRIFUGATION 5000 × g FOR 15 MIN.)
PURIFIED GUM 95% CERTRIFUGATE AND DISCARD
(MAJOR FRACTION DYING & PULVERIZING TO 200 MESH)
(PARTIALLY PURIFIED GALACTOMANNAN)
Figure 14: Processing of guar for producing splits and powder
14
Generally, split formation and guar gum powder in specific products. Unfortunately, guar gum units are still
production in guar gum manufacturing units, go unable to innovate and manufacture any value added
sequentially. The capacity of a guar gum producing unit product by themselves.
depends on number of guar split or guar powder
manufacturing lines installed in a particular industry. Guar splits or the guar powder of desired viscosity is the
only saleable items as of now. Also, there is lack of effective
Technical challenges and problems in guar splits and guar coordination between guar gum manufacturers and the
gum powder processing: consuming sectors (mining, textile, food, explosives, oil well
a) Generally guar seed contains 35%-37% endosperm; fields, construction etc.).
however, hardly 28%-30% endosperm is extracted.
Thus, there is a net loss of almost 5% to 7% of guar 2.2.8 Improving quality of guar meal:
splits or guar gum powder. This is due to poor Residual guar gum content if, more than 1.05% in guar
extraction machines and methods. The same are age old, meal will not be digested by the hens and chicken. Besides,
indigenous and not fully efficient. certain toxic substances like trypsin inhibitors, saponians
b) Hydration of splits is a crucial process after their also deteriorate the quality of guar meal. Hence, remedial
extraction. However, hydration rate is very slow due to measure and improving quality of the feed is required.
age old techniques. The higher hydration rate (Fann
viscosity) is required for value addition of the products. By Pass or Protected Proteins: These are the dietary
c) Development of powder technology is not up to the proteins those pass intact from rumens to lower digestive
mark. There is great powder loss during the process - track, where these are hydrolyzed enzymatically and
mostly in hydration, flaking and grinding processes. absorbed as such.
2.2.7 Value added Products and their Application: Ruminants have 4 stomach, where 80 % proteins from guar
Guar gum and its derivatives are being used in a number of meals are broken down and rest 20 % are absorbed in the
industries. The guar gum industries have been looking for intestine. Thus, considerable proteins are lost, wasted and
feedback from these industries for their production and use extracted in urine as uric acid (Manchanda, 2014).
15
3.0 TIFAC WORKSHOP: Council (SHEFEXIL), Kolkata, was the Chief Guest of
OVERVIEW & PRESENTATIONS the function.
OVERVIEW Dr. Debjani Roy Executive Director, SHEFEXIL,

With a prime focus on technology, a Brainstorming highlighted the importance of guar gum and stressed on the
Workshop on ‘Boosting of Guar Gum Exports: Technical need of value additions in guar gum. In her address she
Needs and Requirements and the Way Forward’, was touched upon various aspects like guar application, exports
convened on 29th May 2014 at Jodhpur focusing on the performance, gaps and steps needed for enhancing guar
ways and means towards enhancing the export of guar and exports as follows:
its derivatives (guar splits, guar gum powder and other
derivatives) from India. It was attended by about seventy Applications of guar gum: Two decades back guar gum had
(70) representatives of a wide ranging stakeholders majority application in the food industries as an additive. It
including Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural found major applications in bakery, processed cheese,
University (CCSHAU), Hisar; Central Arid Zone Research soups, pastry, meats, dressings, and sauces and beverages.
Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur; National Institute of However now-a- days, the application is skewed towards
Agricultural Marketing (NIAM), Jaipur; Directorate of industrial applications such as textiles, oil well drillings,
Soyabean Research (an ICAR Institute), Indore; Well mining, construction, explosives, cosmetics, paper and
Stimulation Services of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation pharmaceuticals.
(WSS ONGC) Ahmadabad; Forest Research Institute
(FRI), Dehradun; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Export Performance in last 5 years:
(IICT), Hyderabad; representatives of few State Govts, The export performance of guar gum has grown
representatives of Indian Guar Gum Manufacturers substantially in last 5 years, despite a dip in the last year. In
Association (IIGMA), Jodhpur, entrepreneurs from Guar US $ million, the export figures were 239.15 (2009-10),
Gum industries (Lotus gums, Sreeram Gum & Chemicals, 621.29 (2010-11), 3354.82 (2011-12), 3958.90 (2012-13)
Hindustan Gums, Sunita Hydrocolloids Pvt. Limited, Jai and 2344.95 (2013-14).
Bharat Gums and Chemicals, Siwani, Haryana etc.),
Officials from TIFAC, New Delhi and other traders & In volume the exports in MT were: 406312 in 2012-13,
businessmen also participated in the Workshop. while in 2013-14 exports were 464256 for actual 11
months only.
The Workshop was inaugurated by Mr. Giriraj Singh,
Hon’ble Member of Parliament from Bihar. The function Thus, in dollar terms, there has been a significant positive
was chaired by Dr Prabhat Ranjan, Executive Director, growth for 4 years, followed by a steep negative growth in
TIFAC, New Delhi. Dr (Mrs.) Debjani Roy, Executive the 5th year. However, negative growth in revenue is offset
Director, Shellac and Forest Product Export Promotion by volume growth of approximately 14%.
Figure 15: Brainstorming Workshop at Jodhpur on 29th May, 2014
16
Figure 15: Brainstorming Workshop at Jodhpur on 29th May, 2014
Gaps in Guar Gum Industry Competence: 3.1.1 Technical Issues and Challenges of Guar Gum
The Indian guar gum manufacturers even today do not Industry - Needs & Requirements by Shri
know how to derivatize guar which is a value added variant Purushottam Hissaria, President, Indian Guar Gum
product. Very few also really know how to manufacture Manufacturers Association (IGGMA)
high value HVG (USA patent).These value additions must
be learnt if India as a country must earn for their raw Mr Hissaria, M. D., SHCPL, Jodhpur spoke on issues and
material. challenges in agronomy, cultivation and the varieties of
guar; processing of guar seeds and the endosperm; R&D,
Some Prescriptions for enhancing exports: values addition and applications; policy and regulations. He
o More area of high yielding and early maturing varieties highlighted some issues being faced by guar gum industries
of guar may be brought, to increase seed replacement as below:
rate.
o Moving towards market preferred varieties - high gum Need for continuous R&D on novel guar based products
content and high viscosity. and their industrial applications –
o Decisive steps in R& D in guar. o Around 90% of fast hydrating guar powder is being
o Common Export Facilities Centre for producing and used in the oil & gas industry. But, there are technical
packaging value added products using guar gum in issues related to quality like low thermal stability,
Jodhpur. higher RAB value, low salt tolerance etc. Need is there
o Hydrolyzed guar for dietary use. to address these quality parameters.
o Cationic guar for personal care use. o Value added guar based products like Hydroxy Propyl
o Hydroxy propyl guar for construction, personal care Gum (HPG), Carboxy Methyl Gum (CMG), Carboxy
oil field uses. Methyl Hydroxy Propyl Gum (CMHPG) are required
o Odorless and tasteless guar for use in food. by oil & gas industry for mitigating problems of fast
o Removal of odor of guar meal and its use as a protein hydrating guar powder. Production technology for
supplement for human consumption these high value derivatives products is not available.
o Development of high yielding varieties / high viscosity o Other derivatives of guar like cationic, anionic, cross
for fast hydrating guar. linked and depolymerized guar are being
manufactured by Indian guar industries for various
3.1 Presentations applications. There is definite scope to improve these
Issues and Challenges before the Industries derivatives through technology infusion.
17
Figure 17: Sh. Purushottam Hissaria, President, Guar Gum Manufacturers Association, sharing problems and
challenges of guar gum industries
Threats: o There is no exclusive government department / agency

o Substitutes have been developed to replace guar, to solve issues related to Indian guar industry.
partially or completely, especially in Oil & Gas sector.
o Cheaper hydrocolloids like Sesbania gum, starch, TKP, Suggestions:
CMC etc. have replaced guar products from various o Controlling Price Fluctuations: Policy may be drafted
industrial applications like food, paper, textile, mining to keep prices of guar raw material reasonable / stable.
etc because of fluctuating and high prices of guar. o Cost effective technologies should be developed to
o Increasing International Competition: Cultivation of manufacture value added guar products to compete on
guar crop has been started in USA, China and Australia. global level.
Guar processing industries have been established in o Survey of Indian guar crop may be done by
USA, China and Oman. Weak logistic infrastructure in government agencies towards providing a clearer
India causes delay in shipments which poses problems picture of raw material availability, prices, demand etc.
for export industries in this era of competition. o Exclusive, single window mechanism/nodal agency
system should be established for Indian Guar industry.
Policies and Regulations for Guar Industry: o Increase in incentives on export could boost guar
o There is huge fluctuation in guar pricing. Stability in exports.
guar raw material prices is required.
o Export of value added guar products require 3.1.2 Enhancing Guar Grain Production: Short Term &
encouragement and incentivization. Long Term Strategies by Dr. D. Kumar, Principal
o Guar crop forecasting and authentic crop data is Scientist (Retd.), CAZRI, Jodhpur & Guar Gum
unavailable. As such the industries could not estimate Consultant
the regional and overall production level. The
forecasting and crop data logging techniques are Dr. Kumar highlighted issues related to main constraints
strongly needed. and the way out, summed-up as below:
18
Practical Constraints: (number). Small and marginal farmers lack financial

Growing conditions of the crop in question are fragile and resource to purchase tractor mounted planters.
uncontrollable, farmers mind set is difficult to be changed. Mechanism need to be in place/developed for making
Farmers are not interested in making required investments latest planting equipments available in advance on
in cultivation of guar. Inputs are becoming very costly. rental basis at the village / panchayat level which can
Therefore, the constraints are of general in nature but have sow seeds quickly and methodologically. It is to be
been specifically and judiciously bracketed as below: noted that there are large cultivable area in Rajasthan
alone (25 lakh ha - 28 lakh ha) which are difficult to
a) Availability of Pure Seed: The pure seed of desired be sown in just 2-3 days after rain by traditional
variety is still not available. Public seed supply planting methods
organizations have not been successful so far provide c) Weeding: Arid guar farmers do not believe in inter
the desired quantity and quality of seeds. On the other culture operations. This is mainly due to additional
hand private sector companies in seed supply/private labour cost for weeding and lack of awareness about
entities are interested in production of hybrid seeds the advantages of weeding. Awareness need to be
only. If good quality certified seed is made available in given to farmers about the benefits of inter-culture
desired quantity, it can definitely increase the grain weeding as this practice can conserves soil moisture,
yield by about 25% - 30% by keeping factors makes it available to the roots and clears shelter of
constant. It has been estimated that nearly 36,000 ton insects and pests which damages the crop. In the
certified seed is required to sow almost 30 lakh ha of absence of proper weeding the grain yield may reduce
land each year. by 35% - 40%.
b) Planting Technology: Depending on rainfall, the d) Supplementary irrigation: In case of absence of
tractor mounted seed planting devices are essentially rainfall for as long as 40 days, only one supplementary
required in just 2 to 3 days of rainfall (for rainfall irrigation at the podding stage perhaps from the water
regions in the range of 30mm - 40 mm) to cover large collected in the pond near fields only, may revive plant
acreage (25 lakh ha - 30 lakh ha) of guar cultivation. life and may give 40% - 45% more grain yield. This
Delayed sowing may lead to poor plant stand practice need to be popularized.
Figure 18: Dr. D. Kumar, delivering talk on enhancing guar grain production
19
Technical Constraints: gum industry 1500 KW of electricity may be required. If

a) Growth period: Presently, there is no variety of guar the cost of energy is estimated to Rs 5.50/unit then it is
which is maturing in less than 90 days. S. serrata wild equivalent to about one unit per kg of guar gum powder,
guar species can be a source of earliness for guar crop which is very much on the higher side.
(with maturity in 45 - 50 days). There is however,
need to cross S. tetra and S. tetragonoloba, through Suggestions:
ovary rescue or protoplasmic fusion by non- o Power requirement should match the load.
conventional measures. o Load factor must be as per load contact (it is generally
b) Need based improvement in plant type: Initial fast 50%-60%).
growth, lesser number of secondary branches, o Plant machinery and the operators must be efficient.
enhancing length of main shoot with dense podding
behavior and better source-sink relationship, less For this he concluded there is need to conduct the energy
biomass and more reproductive area, more audit of guar gum industries to help them save energy and
synchronization in flowering, podding and maturity thus increase profits margins by way of energy savings.
behavior, less loose canopy, semi-spreading to erect
canopy behavior etc., is required. These may provide 3.1.3 Manufacturing and Utilization of Guar Gum -
early maturity (70 to 75 days). Technical Problems and Challenges by Dr. S.K.
c) Improved gum qualities: High gum (> 35%) content Sharma, Lotus Gum, Jodhpur
with varied viscosity levels in guar seed are required for
use in manufacturing of different products of food and Mr. S.K Sharma M.D., Lotus Gums and Chemicals,
industrial grade. highlighted the history of guar crop and guar gum
industries right from 1953 till date. He gave complete
Observations and Recommended Approach for description of guar plant, its classification, vernaculture and
Enhancing Grain Yield & Gum Content: complete guar cultivation including, guar crop growing
(i) During summer season, almost 2.5 to 3 times more period in India, seed karyo type dealing with seed coat,
grain yield, 1.5 to 1.7%, more gum content, 320 kg/ha embryo, endosperm, guar gum properties, types of gum,
more gum yield and 330-340 cP more viscosity of guar its uses, chemical aspects of guar gum. He also highlighted
gum could be realized vis-à-vis the kharif season. the particle size (300-60 MESH) and range of viscosity
(ii) In kharif season, from amongst various nutrient soil (3000-9000 cP) required for guar gum products.
fertility treatments maximum grain yield (901 kg/ha)
was realized with Nano P (40 ppm), maximum gum 3.1.4 Improving quality of Bi-products of Guar Gum for
content (31.03%) with Nano Zn (10 ppm), and feeding by Shri Somnath Manchanda, Dy. Manager
maximum viscosity, with basal Zn (25 kg/ha) was Feed Plant, Jodhopur
realized.
(iii) Amongst varieties, RGC-1066 and RGM-112 were Sh. Manchanda suggested setting up of By Pass Protein
characterized with maximum gum content (31.46%) plants along with the guar gum industries for producing
and viscosity profile (4535 cP), respectively. better quality of feed which may enhance digestion and
(iv) Guar can be cultivated in black cotton, heavy soils absorption of guar meal proteins in animals. Sh.
provided there is no water logging conditions. Manchanda also highlighted on the need to improve guar
(v) For Southern and central India, summer sowing in meal against constituents like trypsin inhibitors, saponians,
more suited than sowing crop during rainy season. lignins etc.
Other Observation: 3.1.5 Sustaining Guar Industry in India - Some Technical

Need for Energy Audit: Dr. Kumar also stressed on the and Policy Issues by Dr. Hema Yadav, Deputy
need to make the existing processes and machinery in guar Director, National Institute of Agricultural
industries more energy efficient and environment friendly. Marketing (NIAM), Jaipur
He pointed out that of the total energy consumed during
processing of guar gum 30% and 20 % are in the form of The major points highlighted by Dr. Hema Yadav are as
electricity and gas, respectively. To maintain a single guar follows:
20
Shift of Industry from Food Grade to Fast Hydrated The cultivation of crop mainly under rain fed conditions
Gum Grade and its confinement to limited geographical area leads to
The insights into the industry revealed that there has been a uncertainty and volatility in the prices.
migration of guar demand from food grade to industrial
grade. The food grade gum has been substituted by The prices and export estimate based on the analysis are
synthetic gums for achieving price competitiveness in food presented in table 14. The prices of guar in 2014-15 are
products. At the same time the emergence of demand of expected to rule high based on the expanding demand from
Guar from the US petroleum industry and also the oil fields the shale gas industry. From Rs 8,832/Qt in 2014 it is
of Middle East has changed the scenario. estimated that the price of guar in 2020 will reach to Rs
11,729/Qt. The prices are expected to rule high even when
Prior to 2005, the major demand from the industry was for it is assumed that the production of guar crop in the
food grade Guar gum. In Europe, Guar gum has EU food country will increase roughly at six percent per year. It is
additive code E412. Xanthan gum and Guar gum are the expected that the increase in demand will surpass the
most frequently used gums in gluten-free recipes and supply which will result in high prices.
gluten-free products demand for the food grade Guar gum
was around 50% of the total Guar gum consumed. The TABLE 14: Prices and Export Estimates of Guar
consumption of Guar gum by oil drilling industry was Year Price Export Shale Gas
(Rs/Qt) (in thousand MT) (tcf)
limited to around 30%. But at present the scenario has 2014 8832 959 8.66
change and the major consumer of Guar gum is oil 2015 10111 978 8.85
drilling industry while the chunk of demand from food 2020 11729 1192 11.05
industry has reduced to around 20% only as depicted in Note:
figure 19 below: (i) Shale gas estimates have been obtained from EIA,
(ii) Production has been assumed to increase at a CAGR of 5.75 %,
(iii) Export and Price estimates have been worked by authors
80%
Supply of Guar: Important Factors
The supply response of a crop may be estimated in terms of
60%
area, yield and output response. The study focuses on area
70%
and yield response. In economic analysis of the dynamics of

40%
50%
farm supply response, price is usually considered the most

10%
critical factors which influence farmer’s production

20%
30%
decisions (Khan et. al., 1988). However, acreage under a

20%
20%
crop is also influenced by various factors other than prices.

0%
Food Industry Pharma,
Grade Grade Textiles etc Other factors influencing supply response include weather,
Figure 19: Past and Present Use Pattern of Guar Gum
risk, and relative productivity. The crop being rain-fed may
be affected by the variability in intensity and pattern of
Expansion of the Shale Gas Industry monsoon during the sowing season. Since the crop is not
The expansion in uses of guar to new areas like extraction covered under prices support policy and experienced high
of natural and shale gas has transformed guar in recent price fluctuations in recent years, the risk associated with
years into an important export crop. The introduction of the prices of crops may also play an important factor in
hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking in the defining acreage under the crop. Relative productivity of
extraction of natural and shale gas has provided a new Guar is important as a profit oriented farmer will opt for
dimension to the energy industry. The use of fast most profitable crop.
hydrated gum as a key ingredient in the process of fracking
has helped consolidate the demand of crop in the Guar is most important crop of kharif season after Bajra in
international market. Rajathan being cultivated on an area of 2.91 million
hectares, more than 21 percent of total area under kharif
The increased demand has contributed towards an crops in the state. Other important crops are maize, mung
escalating impact on the prices of guar in the recent past. and groundnut. All the crops are covered under MSP
21
system except guar. Groundnut is one of the most profitable Addressing Challenges and Technical Roadmap
with ability to take care of immediate cash requirement of 3.1.6 Guar Gum Supply Chain: Issues and Options by
the farmers. Guar though always had the favorable Dr. Purushottam Sharma, Senior Scientist
characteristics like low input requirement, low (Agricultural Economics), Directorate of Soyabean
maintenance, drought tolerant and improving soil fertility Research (ICAR), Indore
but was placed weak in terms of productivity per hectare in
comparison to other kharif competing crops like bajra, Dr. Purushottam Sharma presented the issues related to cost
mung, maize and groundnut. But favorable price movement effective crop cultivation cheaper and factors related to guar
in recent years has changed the entire scenario of guar crop supply chain (seed to grain). Dr. Sharma covered various
and guar processing industry in India. An elementary options for enhancing guar supply chain and options for
analysis showing relative profitability (Rs/ha) of gura crop the industries to increase business. He suggested that proper
viz-a-viz other leading crops of kharif season has revealed assessment to be done towards identifying the gaps in guar
that a price even in the range of Rs 4000 will make the guar supply chain and its availability to the industries. He also
relatively better place to cash crop like groundnut. highlighted on the role of industries to support the farmers
in stabilizing yield levels, achieve higher productivity and
TABLE 15: Relative Productivity of Competing
minimize post production prices.
Crops during Kharif in Rajasthan (average of
2010-11 and 2011-12)
3.1.7 Derivitization of Guar Gum - Derivatives in
Crop Produc- Price Revenue Cost of Net
tivity (Rs/Qt) Gene- Culti- Returns Demand, Indian Scenario, Future Needs and
(Qt/ha) rated vation (Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
Possibilities by Dr. Vineet Kumar, Scientist - F,
Maize 16.89 930 15712 19810 -4098 Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute (FRI),
Groundnut 19.47 2300 *44779 30114 14665 Dehradun
Mung 5.65 3335 18845 9166 9679
Guar 5.56 3900 21684 7000 14684 Dr Vineet Kumar highlighted the importance of guar
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, cultivation and its importance for industries. Dr. Vineet
agmarknet.nic.in, data.gov.in
Note: Cost of cultivation figure for groundnut is from Gujarat, cost considered stressed on the need for developing newer guar gum
for analysis is cost c2 and cost of cultivation for guar in Rajasthan is worked derivatives to match the industrial applications as follows:
out on field survey response recorder from Jaipur and Sikar District.
o Hydroxypropyl guar for construction, personal care,
oil well drilling etc.
Since the crop is having numerous other benefits like o Double derivatives of guar like hydroxyl propyl and
minimum input need, low maintenance, soil conserving, carboxy methyl guar for specialized industrial
assured supply of fodder to a livestock reach agriculture, the applications.
farmers may maximize their profits by bringing more area o Galactose depleted guar for gelling applications.
under guar cultivation by diverting area from other o Cationic guar for varied applications in
competing crop. The farmers who were growing guar pharmaceuticals, personal care, paper and pulp etc.
traditionally started shifting to modern technology and use o Hydrolysed guar as dietary fiber and other
of high yielding varieties. The field survey reveals that pharmacological applications.
majority of the farmers are well versed with all the technical o Odorless and tasteless guar for food and feed.
knowledge required for production of guar, different o Development of fast hydrating high viscosity guar for
cultivation practices and market price prevailing in different oil well drilling, food and other applications.
markets. Farmers are now more vigilant than earlier while o Organic guar (certified) for food and feed.
dealing in guar. Given that the demand for guar is expected o Removal of odour of guar meal and its use as a protein
to increase for its use in shale gas industry along with other supplement for human consumption.
uses, the farmers may maximize profits by making larger Presentation also highlighted the huge demand for guar
quantity of guar available at reasonable price than lesser derivatives due to their extensive applications in a number
guar at higher prices. The regular supply of guar at of industries such as petroleum, textile, paper, food,
competitive prices will also boost the processing industry in pharmaceuticals etc. Explicit end use applicability of the
India and will not force the shale gas industries and other derivatized specialty product in industry is exceedingly
industries to search for alternatives. expensive and in very high demand.
22
Concern: Surprisingly, derivatized products are being respect to derivatives like Carboxy Methyl Hydroxy Propyl
imported in the country at a very high value as Indian Guar (CMHPG - double derivative) and Hydroxy Propyl
industry is way behind to derivatize the guar gum in Guar (HPG - single derivative) high value products and
comparison with US, Europe etc. their uses in fracturing and drilling fluids. Presentation
Suggestion: Therefore, a systematic approach towards focused on chemical synthesis of guar derivatives for oil and
derivatization and value addition is required by investment gas industry, summarized as below:
in research and development within the country. But hardly
any efforts are being made in this regard in the country. To Important properties of guar for oil & gas exploration
achieve the same and to make the country self reliant, purpose:
systematic and concerted efforts are required to strengthen
research-industry linkage as research institutes lack funding o Guar gum has very high molecular weight
and support for guar research. Industrial houses must share (approx. 2.0 million).
their problems related to research requirements. To achieve o It is comparable to a variety of inorganic and organic
this, strong interface needs to be developed between the substances including certain dyes and food
industry and research institutions with the support of Govt. constituents.
agencies. There is also a need to invest heavily into R&D o It is having excellent stabilizing, thickening and
for guar gum derivatization and value addition upto pilot emulsion properties. It is moderately tolerant to
and commercial scale for the benefit of the society at large. soil salinity.
o It has strong hydrogen bonding properties.
3.1.8 Chemical Modification of Guar with Special o On average basis 20,000 lbs guar gum is consumed
Reference to CMHPG and HPG: Technical Aspects for fracturing one well, which equals to produce from
for Consideration by Dr. T. Shekharam, Sr. Principal 100 acres.
Scientist, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad
The simple schematic of oil drilling operation is as shown
Dr. Shekharam highlighted the importance of guar with in fig. 20 below:
Figure 20: Schematic of Oil Drilling Operation
23
A Simple schematic showing chemical synthesis of Recommendation: HPG, CMG and CMHPG can be
HPG and CMHPG (Fig. 21 & Fig. 22) is as indigenously developed with proper support from Govt.
shown below: and through a mission mode approach.
Chemical synthesis of HPG from guar gum: 3.1.9 Guar Research at CCS, Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar, by Dr. U.N. Joshi, Senior
Type of reaction during synthesis: Biochemist (Arid Legumes) and Head, Biochemistry
1. Slurry Department, CCS, HAU, HISAR
2. Suspension
Dr. U.N. Joshi presented the work going on in CCS
Variables that control properties of HPG during HAU, Hisar, regarding plant improvement, agronomical
synthesis are: aspects, biochemistry, tissue culture and efforts being
1. Quality of raw material made on non-traditional approaches for developing
2. Air OR Inert atmosphere earliness in guar. Dr. Joshi briefed on the best practices
3. Stoichiometry of reagents for guar cultivation and elaborated the progress made by
4. Rate of additions HAU in development of some promising varieties of guar
5. Temperature, pH along with yield achieved and gum content as shown in
6. Base employed Table 16:
Figure 21: Chemical synthesis of HPG from guar gum

OH OR OR
OH
O O
HO RO
OH OR
O O
OH
H O O Propylene oxide R O O
O HO O RO OR
HO O OH RO O
OH Base, alcohol / OR
water Heat
GUAR GUM OH OR
OH
R=H OR
C CH2
H2
HPGG
Figure 22: Chemical synthesis of CMHPG from guar gum
OR
OR
OH O
OH
RO
O OR
HO O
OH Sodium Chloroacetate
O Base, alcohol / R O O O RO
water Heat RO OR
OH O
H O O OR
HO
O HO OH Propylene oxide
O
OH OR
GUAR GUM
OH
OH
Reaction Variables: R=H or CH2CH2OO
C CH3 or
1. Sequence of Derivatisation
H2
2. Concentration of Base
3. Temperature
4. Oxygen CMHPGG
24
TABLE 16: Guar varieties developed drilling, hydraulic fracturing, typical frac location set up,
at HAU, Hisar desired properties of frac fluid, typical drilling rig, drilling
Varieties Grain Yield Gum Viscosity mud system, consumption of GA, Gd-2, Indian shale gas
(q/ha) (%) (mpas-1)
prospects, Indian shale gas exploration, ONGC
FS 277 8-10 29.58 -
specification etc. Dr. Jain also explained to the industries
HG 182 12-14 30.52 -
HG 258 15-17 29.10 - about the specific requirements of guar by ONGC.
HG 75 16-18 30.36 1932
HG 365 18-20 31.51 2992 3.1.11 Dr. Keka Ojha, Associate Professor, Indian School of
HG 563 18-20 30.92 3903 Mines (ISM), Dhanbad
HG 870 18-20 31.34 3702
HG 884 20-22 29.91 2568
She could not personally attend the workshop, but
HG 2-20 21-23 30.26 2749
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, contributed through a detailed write-up. The write up
agmarknet.nic.in, data.gov.in highlighted applied aspects of guar products in the mining
Note: Cost of cultivation figure for groundnut is from Gujarat, cost considered
for analysis is cost c2 and cost of cultivation for guar in Rajasthan is worked sector. Some of the salient inputs provided are as given below:
out on field survey response recorder from Jaipur and Sikar District.
Dr. Joshi also listed some promising guar lines (not released Typical fracturing fluid volumes for different reservoirs:
varieties) having high gum Content (>35%), which can be It is estimated that 70 - 140 billion gallons of water are used
used in increasing gum content in other wise promising to fracture 35,000 wells in the United States each year. This
varieties of guar as follows: is approximately equivalent to the annual water consumption
of 40 to 80 cities each with a population of around 50,000.
TABLE 17: Guar varieties with potential Fracture treatments in coal bed methane wells use from
of high gum content
50,000 gallons to 350,000 gallons of water per well, while
Sr.No. Germplasm Gum (%)
deeper horizontal shale wells can use anywhere from 2 - 10
1. DG8 35.35
million gallons of water to fracture a single well.
2. GP147-48-01 35.70
3. SPSG96 35.70
4. IC116616 36.23 Conventional oil and gas wells use on an average 300,000
5. IC116709 36.75 pounds of proppant, while coal bed fracture treatments uses
anywhere up to 75,000 to 320,000 pounds of proppant and
3.1.10 Gelling Agent - II (A guar derivative) ONGC shale gas wells uses more than 4 million pounds of
Perspective - by Dr. P.K. Mahato, Chief Chemist & proppant per well.
Dr. A.K. Jain GM (Chem.), Well Stimulation
Services (WSS), ONGC, Ahmedabad No guar substitute has yet been developed that is as
effective for high-viscosity hydraulic fracturing, although
Dr. P.K. Mahato, & Dr A.K. Jain presented the perspective service companies like Halliburton, Baker Hughes,
of ONGC (user). The talk concentrated on the issues of Schlumberger, are working on developing synthetic
importance; use of guar gum in ONGC, specification, price polymers whose properties might rival those of guar gum.
fluctuation, major issues, stimulation of oil wells, their As per several sources, out of the total amount of guar gum
TABLE 18: Grades of CMHPG and HPG for oil drilling

CMHPG HPG
ECOPOL18Y2 ECOPOL18Y2LMS ECOPOL400 ECOPOL 400DS ECOPOL400 LMS
Appearance Light yellow Powder Yellow orange Light beige Light beige Yellow slurry
liquid slurry colour powder colour powder
Particle Size 100% through 100% through 100% through
100 mesh 100 mesh 100 mesh
Moisture, Wt % 6.0-10.0 6.0-10.0 6.0-10.0
Ash, Wt % 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0
pH of 1% solution 8.5-10.5 9.0-11.0 9.0-11.0 6.0-7.5 5.0-6.5
Viscosity 1% solution
or slurry 3000-4500 cps 1000-2000 cps 6000-7000 cps 6000-7000 cps 1000-2000 cps
25
TABLE 19: Grades of CMHPG and HPG used for other applications
CMHPG HPG
ECOPOL 18 ECOPOL18S ECOPOL120 ECOPOL 120S ECOPOL400 ECOPOL400S
Appearance Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow Light yellow
colour powder colour powder colour powder colour powder colour powder colour powder
Particle Size 100% through 100% through 100% through 100% through 100% through 100% through
100 mesh 100 mesh 100 mesh 100 mesh 100 mesh 100 mesh
Moisture, Wt % 6-10 6-10 6-11 6-11 6-10 6-10
pH of 1% 8.5-11.5 5.0-7.5 8.5-11.5 5.0-7.5 8.5-11.5 5.0-7.5
solution
Viscosity, 1% 3000-4000 cps 3000-4000CPS 1000-2500 cps 1000-2500 cps 3500-5000cps 3500-5000cps
aq solution
or slurry
Viscosity, 1% 500-1000cps 500-1000cps
in 80% aq.
alcohol
used in hydraulic fracturing, about 80% is straight guar carry cuttings from the drill bit to the surface as the drill bit
gum powder and the remainder consists of the guar circulates up and down the borehole. Guar-thickened
derivatives like HPG, CMG, or CMHPG. The various drilling fluids injected into rock formations are cross-linked
grades of CMHPG and HPG used for oil drilling to form a semi-solid mass which supports the walls of the
applications and for other applications are as shown in table formations as oil is extracted. Guar acts as a controlling
18 and table 19. agent in oil/gas wells to facilitate easy drilling and prevent
fluid loss. It is also used as a top-hole drilling fluid. The
Guar Gum in Drilling fluid: Oil drilling and mining typical hydro fracturing job for oil and gas drilling is shown
industries use guar gum to thicken the drilling fluids which in figure 23.
Figure 23: Typical hydro -fracturing overview
Figure 24: Preparing the Frac Fluid
26
Frac Fluid: Hydrated Guar Gum can be cross-linked 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ROAD AHEAD
with a Borate ion to produce an extremely viscous
suspension at a relatively low gum concentration. A Looking at the overall scenario, there is an urgent need both in
pH of 9-10 is required to produce the cross-link, the short and long term for strategies to be planned including
which can be reversed by lowering the pH to neutral prioritization of R&D, and executed to tap the market
(7.0). The ratio of Guar Gum to Tetra borate should potential to the maximum extent - both present and emerging.
be approximately 5:1. The steps are broadly categorized in two distinct categories -
Dissemination of Best Practices and Trajectory of R&D Efforts,
The primary gelling agent used in fracturing fluids is as detailed below:
guar. Derivatives of Guar such as HPG and CMHPG
are also used as gelling agents. Non guar-based gelling 4.1 Dissemination of Best Agricultural Practices
agents are hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxy
methyl cellulose (CMC), and xanthan. All of these 4.1.1 Seed:
gelling agents are water soluble polymers that
increase the viscosity of water. Advantages of guar Because of its rain fed nature, seed is very crucial and an initial
gum over other polymer that makes guar the most input for the guar crop. Keeping other aspects at par, good
preferred option towards its use in the frac fluid quality seed may improve the grain yield by almost 20%-25%.
are the following: Mostly, certified seed of confirmed quality is not available to
the farmers. Efforts need to be undertaken to make the certified
o Highly effective, economical vicosifiers; 8 times seeds available to the right person at the right time. Seed
more thickening power than starch replacement ratio also to be kept at 15%-20% annually. At
o Hydrates quickly in cold water present, it is hardly 5%-7%. A compendium of State Seed
o Delivers proppant more effectively Production agencies, State Agricultural Universities, ICAR
o Stable at high pressures, heat and pH levels Institutes, NGOs and farmers may be established towards
o Yields quickly under relatively awareness about seed production and availability programme.
o low-shear conditions Friction reducing Seed village concept may also be adopted. A National level seed
properties production programme is needed for 5-6 good quality seed
o Environmentally friendly; Natural substance varieties suitable for different regions with focus on:
used as a food additive Bio-degradable
Functions in fresh, sea, and brackish water o Wider dissemination of available best quality seeds along
o Safe to handle with package of best practices like sowing technologies,
after care etc.
GUAR in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): The o Seeds of early maturing (85-90 days) and high yielding
unique characteristic of guar gums in terms of verities like, HG 365,HG 563, RGC 936, RGM 112 need to
rheological properties is that not only they owe be widely adopted for low rainfall (250 - 400 mm) in poor
significant viscosity values at lower concentrations in soil regimes, particularly in parts of Rajasthan, Haryana,
aqueous solutions but also they can exhibit excellent Gujarat and other importance states.
synergism. This feature, i.e. synergistic effect, has o For moderate rainfall (400 - 500 mm) regions of
drawn much attention in some important Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana Punjab etc., varieties like:
applications especially in enhanced oil recovery RGC- 1002, RGC- 1003, RGC -1017, and HG 848 etc.,
(EOR) field. need to be popularized and adopted.
o For higher rainfall (>500 mm) regions and canal
Guar and its derivative are used in EOR as a command areas, varieties like: RGC 1086, HG 2-20 and
displacing agent to oil by controlling the mobility; RGC 1066 need to be adopted.
thus enhances the overall sweep efficiency and
recovery factor. Guar gum is also used in water 4.1.2 Sowing Method:
shut-off job where highly permeable zones are In view of emerging needs, adequate plant population is a must
plugged to reduce/stop water flow from reservoir for high productivity. The planting necessarily be done by seed
along with water. drills in lines (line sowing) only. Line to line spacing for
27
spreading (depending on type of variety) may be kept as 60 Expert organizations to be associated for chalking out time
cm, 45 cm and 35 cm, while plant to plant spacing may bound action plan for implementation are: ICAR, CAZRI,
kept as 10 cm only under very low, moderate and high Central and respective State Agricultural Universities and
rainfall situations respectively. However, for un-branched State seed Production agencies.
varieties, the spacing may be kept respectively as 25 cm and
5 cm. Common practice like broadcasting method of 4.2 R&D Efforts - Setting the trajectory
sowing must be completely discouraged.
4.2.1 Needful Breeding
If planting is effectively taken care of between and
within row spacing, there is saving of seeds also along o Varieties maturing in < 80 days need to be developed
with high yield. Thus, feasible high quality seeds and for effective adoption in areas prone to unpredictable
plants may be made available at the panchayat level in low rainfall situations. Source of earlyness is available
village itself. in the species of C. senegalensis and C. sereta.
Crossing with cultivated species is possible but
4.1.3 Weeding and Inter-culture Operations: problems have been witnessed during fertilization.
Hence, protoplasmic fusion, ovary rescue or other
To make the soil moisture and nutrients effectively available non-traditional approaches may be adopted.
to the growing crop under rain-fed conditions and for o Guar varieties having low, moderate and high viscosity
facilitating better aeration of soil, weeding through (2000-3000 cP, 3000-5000 cP and >5000 cP,
mechanical means and / or by hands along with deep inter- respectively) are required. It will be helpful in the
culture operations need to be adopted. development of value added products. Such task
may be assigned to a leading R&D Institution in
4.1.4 Inclusion of non traditional areas and seasons: this domain.
o Seed Varieties also need to be developed having higher
For, enhanced area under cultivation of the crop, there is a gum content (> 35%).
need to survey areas and understand their technological
requirements. There is also a need to manage the guar A concrete action plan to be prepared bringing out
produce to fetch better price. Practically workable detailed R&D Road Map with milestones in close
mechanisms to be developed to procure the produce and association of organizations like: ICAR, CAZRI, HAU,
ultimately to establish linkages with of the producer with other Central and Sate Agricultural Universities and State
the suitable guar gum or guar split industries. Guar is now Seed Production agencies.
being cultivated in summer season also with about 5 to 6
irrigations. Yields of summer season guar are almost 1.5 to 4.2.2 Processing and Products
2 times more than the rain fed guar. Hence, there is also a
need to study this type of cropping system. o For increasing the recovery of endosperm from guar
seeds from the present extraction level of 28% - 30%
The institutional capabilities and network of various to 35% - 37%, advanced extraction technologies to be
Departments / Divisions of Agricultural Extension; KVKs developed or scouted.
in all the districts, and well spread network of States o Hydration of splits to be enhanced towards achieving a
Department of Agriculture need to be brought together for Fann viscosity of around 50. Towards this, appropriate
developing synergy in efforts towards dissemination of machinery / technology need to be developed.
proven and established technologies. There is need to o Reducing processing losses mainly in hydration,
prioritize location specific technologies. A group of devoted flaking and grinding operations.
and dedicated organizations / volunteers be involved for
this purpose. Guar days or Guar weeks may be observed to For addressing the above requirements, advanced machines
highlight/popularize the best practices among farmers. A need to be introduced in guar gum industries / units.
separate dedicated extension programme for guar may be Production of quality products in reference to viscosity
initiated. Pamphlets and other audio-visual aids may also be of galactomannan also be undertaken by adopting
used for popularization of best practices. appropriate technologies.
28
Detailed action plan for either acquisition of requisite 4.2.5 Improving Quality of Guar Meal
machineries and demonstration or development of
appropriate machineries and demonstration in close Setting up of By Pass Protein Plant for enhanced utilization
association with Institutes like: Institute of Post Harvest of crude protein from existing level and value addition of
Technology (IPHT) Ludhiana and Agricultural guar meal like Korma and Churi for ruminants is required.
Engineering Institutions in India like Central Institute Efforts are also needed to focus on removing residual guar
of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Bhopal, CMERI gum from guar meal for better quality, and removing other
Durgapur, etc. toxic substances (trypsins, inhibitors, saponians, lignins,
phytate etc).
4.2.3 High Value Guar Derivitization
4.2.6 General issues:
With deeper oil and gas wells, the prevailing conditions
become more demanding and severe with respect to o Price Stability: Even though Guar by way of export
temperature, pressure and pH. Thus the stability of guar is providing maximum foreign currency to India
gum at such conditions becomes critical. R&D Efforts need in the agriculture sector, the exports are susceptible
to be focussed on development of such stable derivatives of to guar price fluctuations. From the commercial
guar gum which have enhanced solubility in aqueous angle, such huge swings of growth and de-growth
solution and hydration besides retention of viscosity at high are very detrimental to the industries and the
temperature (150-200 OC and beyond), pH (8-10) & global reputation of guar gum industry. Price
pressure (10-15,000 psi) along with low residue and higher fluctuations of guar are a major concern to the
viscosity at similar concentrations. Guar gum industries. Thus price stability of guar
needs to be ensured through an appropriate
To meet the above requirements and in view of the present mechanism either through contract farming or
and rapidly emerging oil and gas sector requirements, steps reviewing the existing policy and introducing
need to be undertaken towards development of high value suitable legislation.
guar derivatives like double derivative - Carboxy Methyl
Hydroxy Propyl Guar (CMHPG) and single derivative - In this regard, SHEFEXIL has strongly recommended
namely Carboxy Methyl Guar (CMG) and Hydroxy Propyl immediate delisting of Guar Gum from Commodity
Guar (HPG) in our country. Exchanges for enhancing real market forces to determine
its prices and not speculative forces. SHEFEXIL is also of
Organizations like IICT Hyderabad, NCL Pune, ICT the view that such a step would nurture the product for
Mumbai, Chemical Engineering Department of Calcutta export markets, and protect both our farmers and the
University, FRI Dehradun need to be brought on a export earnings.
common platform for chalking out a comprehensive
R&D Strategy. o NCDEX: Thus, NCDEX needs to be reviewed to
avoid price speculation.
4.2.4 Alternate Applications o Taxations: This is the crop of poor men, hence
applicability of Mandi tax, State Taxation Policy etc
Looking at the current scenario especially the prevailing may need to be reviewed.
volatile market conditions, efforts need to be undertaken to o Duty: China charges 5% and 15% duty from Indian
widen the market base by developing other value added guar splits and guar powder, respectively but not on
uses of guar products in different industrial sectors (road guar exports from Pakistan. This issue needs to be
construction, personal health care, dietary uses etc). addressed at an appropriate level.
o Single Window System: Guar research, trading,
Organizations like IICT Hyderabad, NCL Pune, ICT industries export etc., may be brought under single
Mumbai, Chemical Engineering Department of Calcutta window system.
University, FRI Dehradun need to be brought on a o Policy may be formulated for keeping the prices of
common platform for chalking out a comprehensive guar stable, reasonable and stable for sustained growth
action plan. of this sector.
29
o Market Information System (MIS): Market related which need to be exploited and utilized. This requires an
information including projected requirements need to aggregate view of the entire value chain and composite
flow between all the stakeholders and for this an actions spanning from crop cultivation, processing to
appropriate web based platform may be put in place. finished products, exploring new applications and
developing by products besides initiatives on the policy
Appropriate Policy initiatives for addressing the above, need front. Though various domain specific organizations are
to be drawn up by Ministry of Commerce and in working in different areas, it may be worthwhile to
consultation with organizations like NIAM. approach and address the broad spectrum of issues under
an Umbrella of Mission Mode Program which can steer
4.2.7 Energy Audits: and orchestrate beginning to end linking and networking
of various stakeholders involved and nucleate &
There is a need for a thorough energy audit of the entire execute requisite specific actions through individual
industrial processes. domain organizations.
4.8 Creation/Strengthening of R&D Infrastructure TIFAC with its vast experience in networking and
coordinating with a wide spectrum of stakeholders,
5.0 MISSION MODE APPROACH including inter ministerial organizations and also with
the accrued experience of executing several major
On overview, it is felt that there is a huge latent and Technology programs in Mission Mode, could play a
untapped potential of guar gum and its various derivatives leading role in this context.

30
References
1. Personal interactions with industries at Jodhpur and Hisar
2. Kumar,D., 2010 .Guar- A golden crop for arid regions. Indian
Fmg. 60 (15): 4-9.
3. Kumar, D., 2009. Guar production technology (Hindi),
Scientific Pub., Jodhpur P.209
4. Kumar, D. and Solanki. K. S. 2012. Guar mpp 317-338
(Edited by A. K. Singh &B. Gangwar).Pulses, Project
Directorate for Farming System Res. Modipuram, Meerut.
5. Kumar, D. and Rodge, A. B. 2012 . Status, scope and strategies
of arid Legumes research. In India. Jour. of Food legumes, 25
(4):255-72.
6. Kumar, D. 2013. Enhancing area and grain yield of guar : Short
and long term strategies, NCDEX Internat. Conf., Marriot
Hotel, Jaipur, 6-7, December, 2013.
7. Kumar, D. 2014.Guar,guar gum, export of guar derivatives -a
premilary profile Brainstorming Workshop on Enhancing Guar
gum export 29, May, 2014 Jodhpur
8. NCDEX 2013. NCDEX Guar Conference, Marriot Hotel,
Jaipur 6-7, Dcember, 2013.
9. Rodge, A. B. 2008. Quality and export potential of arid
legumes SOUVENIOR, Third Nat. Symp. Enhancing
productivity nutritional security and export potential through
arid legumes pp,109-126, ( Edt, D. Kumar & A. Henry)
CAZRI , Jodhpur,June 28-30, 2008, P.149.
10. Rodge, A.B., Ghatge, P.U., Wankhede, D.B. and Kokate, R.K.
2006. Isolation, urification, and reheological study of guar
genotypes RGC-1031 and RGC-1038, Jour. Arid Legumes
3(2):41-43.
11. Free radical degradation of Guar Gum T. Thimma Reddy,
Shekharam Tammishetti Polymer Degradation and Stability 86
(3) 455-459 (2004).
12. Synthesis and Characterization of Guar Gum-graft-
Polyacrylonitrile Reddy T. Thimma, N. Subbarami Reddy ,
Shekharam Tammishetti Polymers for Advanced Technologies
14 (10) 663-668 (2003).
13. Complex Coacervation of Gelatin with Sodium Carboxymethyl
Guar Gum: Microencapsulation of Clove Oil and
Sulfamethoxazole Reddy T. Thimma, Shekharam Tammishetti
Journal of Microencapsulation, 20(2) 203-210 (2003).
14. Gastric resistant micro-beads of metal ion cross-linked
carboxymethyl guar gum for oral drug delivery Reddy T and
Shekharam Tammishetti Journal of Microencapsulation, 19,(3),
311-318, (2002)
15. Barium Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Beads For
Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery Reddy T. Thimma and
Shekharam Tammishetti Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
82, 3084-3090 (2001).
16. Shellac and Forest Products Export Promotion Council
(SHEFEXIL), Kolkata, Export Figures -August 2014.

31
Acknowledgement
TIFAC and Dr. D. Kumar deeply acknowledge the whole
hearted cooperation, contribution and inputs from wide
range of experts in preparation of this report including
those from the Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of
MSME and Ministry of Finance. Some of the prominent
contributors include:
1. Dr. Debjani Roy, Executive Director, SHEFEXIL,

Kolkata
2. Dr. U.N. Joshi, Head, Bio Chemistry Dept.
CCSHAU, Hisar.
3. Dr. T. Shekharam Senior Principal Scientist, IICT
Hyderabad.
4. Dr. Vineet Kumar, Scientist F, FRI, Dehradun
5. Dr. Hema Yadav, Dy. Director, NIAM Jaipur
6. Dr. Purushottam Sharma, Sr. Scientist, Directorate
of Soyabean Research, Indore
7. Dr. Keka Ojha, Associate Professor, ISM Dhanbad
8. Dr. A.K. Jain G.M (Chem), WSS, ONGC
Ahmedabad
9. Dr. P.K. Mahato, Chief Chemist, WSS, ONGC,
Ahmedabad
10. Shri Somnath Manchanda, Dy. Manager, Feed Plant,
Jodhopur
11. Shri Purushottam Hissaria, M.D Sunita
Hydrocolloids, Jodhpur
12. Shri S.K. Sharma, Lotus Gum, Jodhpur
13. Shri Rajesh Kedia, Jai Bharat Gums and Chemicals,
Siwani, Hisar
...and many others.
Coordinating TIFAC Team:

Dr. Prabhat Ranjan, Executive Director
Shri Sanjay Singh, Scientist G
&
Shri Rahul Kumar, Scientist D

32
Country Wise Export Statement of Guar Gum from India

(Valu in Rs. Lakh)
Importing 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
(M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T)
GUAR GUM REFINED SPLIT
Albania 0.00 0.00 15.00 9.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Argentina 0.00 0.00 20.00 10.51 39.39 23.27 90.44 58.47 0.00 0.00 18.00 176.44 36.36 60.02
Australia 248.58 153.18 254.00 116.18 68.85 48.13 52.00 37.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 8.62
Austria 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.00 35.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Baharain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.59
Bangladesh 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.93 0.00 0.00 40.00 6.17 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.96 0.00 0.00
Belgium 367.46 180.61 370.00 162.32 216.50 143.61 60.00 45.51 160.00 278.34 280.00 945.73 340.00 581.42
Brazil 260.48 137.25 100.00 62.00 150.90 120.77 154.86 105.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 116.40
Bulgaria 5.20 2.94 6.00 3.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Canada 151.68 97.92 0.00 0.00 57.04 22.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chile 80.00 42.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.20 13.68 0.00 0.00 22.00 123.15 0.00 0.00
China 23339.12 10086.82 27297.99 11453.39 12231.39 5225.73 22770.99 13547.39 40645.81 81747.77 27578.00 120762.87 47435.20 81472.12
Colombia 20.00 10.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Congo, D.R. 0.00 0.00 4.13 3.73 0.05 0.14 0.10 0.13 7.57 4.82 0.00 0.00 0.20 1.30
Cote
d'Ivoire
(Ivory
Coast) 3.00 2.70 19.74 7.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.70 9.53 0.00 0.00
Czech
Republic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.10 11.62 20.00 11.86 40.00 53.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Denmark 20.00 10.55 20.00 9.38 20.20 12.83 93.80 78.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Djibouti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ecuador 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Egypt 10.00 5.11 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
France 60.42 29.80 60.00 28.35 18.00 6.94 10.00 6.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Germany 738.76 360.71 895.01 411.73 392.29 281.88 912.62 562.68 241.00 330.49 140.00 437.14 20.00 63.60
Ghana 13.20 9.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 52.24 0.00 0.00 0.26 1.01 0.00 0.00
Greece 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Guatemala 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hong Kong 40.00 21.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.06
Hungary 0.00 0.00 20.00 12.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Indonesia 37.22 16.19 60.00 33.45 20.00 11.13 148.85 101.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.98 100.00 268.81
Iran 40.00 20.48 42.30 15.98 18.25 13.69 20.00 12.37 20.27 44.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Israel 0.00 0.00 37.00 11.53 40.45 23.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.54
Italy 176.20 98.67 177.00 86.49 16.27 7.07 1367.01 338.07 872.80 1383.64 20.00 37.67 0.00 0.00
Japan 48.00 23.11 20.01 10.92 25.92 99.78 195.16 301.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.30
Jordan 51.00 28.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.45 10.64 0.00 0.00 4.00 13.25
Kenya 0.10 0.05 6.85 3.47 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.79
Kuwait 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.10 5.80 0.95 1.23 5.63 15.54
Korea DP R 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Korea
Republic
(South) 53.57 29.36 18.10 9.48 32.69 17.64 73.64 43.14 0.50 1.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lebanon 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 9.91
Lithuania 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 102.98 6.00 10.58
Malagasy
(Mada-
gascar) 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malaysia 69.96 35.67 0.00 0.00 5.00 3.73 136.05 65.17 10.00 10.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mauritius 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mexico 68.00 39.59 40.00 21.46 40.24 25.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nepal 23.31 6.31 24.55 8.27 38.13 15.01 4.20 2.74 15.39 17.14 0.00 0.00 5.03 7.58
33
(Valu in Rs. Lakh)

Importing 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Country
(M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T)
Netherlands 2026.17 975.35 1376.52 707.00 1425.52 736.29 1777.57 935.70 2657.30 3926.21 400.00 2183.09 900.00 1880.68
New
Caledinia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 272.82 0.00 0.00
New
Zealand 100.80 46.50 0.00 0.00 17.50 10.90 0.00 0.00 3.50 2.67 0.00 0.00 1.00 3.25
Nigeria 0.00 0.00 2.01 1.45 0.00 0.00 10.24 1.91 0.50 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Norway 20.00 8.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Oman 18.04 9.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Pakistan 60.00 26.85 100.00 45.65 1085.41 473.21 2255.97 1139.11 1010.00 1631.53 160.00 538.35 80.00 169.99
Peru 2.00 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 4.69
Philippines 160.20 84.84 40.00 23.47 0.00 0.00 26.00 25.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Poland 60.00 30.21 20.00 10.98 20.10 12.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Russia 46.30 31.99 90.00 42.19 100.03 39.49 1062.53 1024.09 36.00 41.88 36.00 264.58 0.00 0.00
Saudi
Arabia 24.19 11.60 65.51 26.64 14.41 7.67 20.83 6.79 12.73 11.81 5.11 7.46 0.60 1.27
South
Africa 4861.78 2179.96 2330.48 1067.85 600.00 310.81 5145.44 2761.63 3140.00 3746.62 320.00 469.34 40.00 101.03
Spain 588.00 268.50 327.00 133.44 280.26 131.48 180.00 78.93 400.00 817.17 141.00 441.25 80.00 136.40
Sri Lanka 2.49 1.46 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 25.88 2.40 0.00 0.00 3.20 6.72 2.51 8.25
Sudan 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.15
Swaziland 36.00 8.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 220.10 396.95 0.00 0.00 20.00 63.62
Switzerland 247.50 115.35 35.00 28.88 42.00 20.91 470.43 489.13 1232.14 4100.29 1160.00 9183.55 1140.00 2329.90
Taiwan
(Taipei) 105.00 47.25 40.00 17.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Thailand 298.10 144.81 58.90 32.01 31.72 16.93 25.00 13.36 3.00 10.35 0.00 0.00 4.00 13.67
Turkey 114.52 60.94 6.00 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.00 18.88 0.00 0.00 322.00 65.57
U.A.E 433.00 186.65 88.00 38.75 16.00 11.91 20.00 12.72 100.20 70.79 0.20 0.97 1.42 2.84
UK 505.41 327.70 210.80 95.08 345.69 172.56 116.20 72.44 272.00 436.19 70.00 118.64 120.01 186.19
Unknown 122.50 51.95 160.00 70.87 430.00 178.07 164.66 138.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
USA 27931.10 14126.00 20972.72 10162.96 14275.71 7418.55 40868.79 25578.25 51289.89 93228.35 40023.91 202961.17 31964.58 60798.85
Uganda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.81 0.00 0.00
Viet Nam 20.00 9.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yemen 3.00 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 8.99
Zambia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.35 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 63711.35 30206.76 55433.05 24999.17 32137.06 15656.10 78477.47 47706.35 102423.74 192330.04 70515.24 339053.79 82689.08 148408.77
GUAR MEAL
Australia 0.86 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.20 29.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.47
Bangladesh 0.00 0.00 10.00 6.21 245.00 38.22 88.00 13.32 0.00 0.00 231.00 44.01 743.00 135.63
Belgium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.00 2.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 930.00 288.88
Bulgaria 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1500.00 519.66
Chile 0.00 0.00 40.00 4.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 14.43
China 160.00 50.30 466.90 63.21 347.00 44.09 1280.42 265.07 9975.00 1904.12 678.00 387.52 2136.00 736.36
Colombia 0.00 0.00 22.30 6.42
Cook
Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 5.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cyprus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 3.56 898.00 200.04
Denmark 0.00 0.00 600.00 214.92
Ecuador 0.00 0.00 616.00 81.11 0.00 0.00 630.00 90.46 3225.00 504.93 1302.00 268.70 1120.00 238.11
Egypt 10.00 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 419.20 67.50 4947.00 708.96 10060.80 1724.90 28434.00 5956.08
Franc 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.00 7.48 20.00 3.52 438.00 87.42
Georgia 0.00 0.00 10.00 4.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.00 8.75
Germany 25.80 62.56 20.00 10.71 1709.00 297.51 522.20 102.92 313.00 75.03 270.00 44.86 1102.00 283.22
Greece 0.00 0.00 240.00 29.89 480.00 84.18 660.36 130.54 4204.90 943.65 6118.00 1502.25 7945.00 2449.06
Hong Kong 0.00 0.00 21.00 3.20 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.90 600.00 74.97 660.00 99.33 0.00 0.00
34
(Valu in Rs. Lakh)

Importing 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Country
(M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T)
Hungary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.80 5.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Indonesia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 304.00 50.70 228.00 34.33 4738.80 488.80 12429.00 1897.93 10472.00 1563.66
Iran 4.00 2.24 5567.41 819.63 2916.58 594.36 170.00 24.42 696.00 78.94 0.00 0.00 60.00 10.85
Iraq 4.00 2.24 471.00 88.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Israel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 2.66 266.00 59.74 0.00 0.00
Italy 0.15 0.18 1080.40 143.19 3494.68 597.35 7281.74 1650.84 9437.52 1647.17 7732.10 1778.50 15974.20 3858.17
Japan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.26 26.88 80.00 7.78 0.11 0.05 1261.09 222.60
Jordan 17.00 2.44 728.00 98.70 110.00 17.34 20.00 2.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.00 14.39
Korea
Republic
(South) 33.50 37.82 1105.22 144.44 7.00 6.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 191.00 28.35 3211.00 522.02
Latvia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6128.00 1546.16 9844.00 2406.94
Lebanon 10.00 2.01 56.00 5.55 112.00 15.45 225.00 29.45 230.00 19.93 40.00 11.78 370.00 59.45
Liechten-
stein 0.00 0.00 120.00 34.94
Lithuania 0.00 0.00 20.00 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3255.00 828.01
Macedonia 0.00 0.00 20.00 5.01
Madagascar 0.00 0.00 21.00 4.12
Malaysia 4002.00 555.82 9230.30 1006.58 7650.00 934.47 8153.32 1005.71 17139.00 1788.35 11505.00 1567.74 11743.00 1674.61
Malta 0.00 0.00 40.00 9.69
Myanmar 0.00 0.00 40.00 8.38
Maldives 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mexico 0.00 0.00 11.00 10.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Morocco 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 540.00 59.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Namibia 0.00 0.00 20.09 2.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nepal 1.85 0.36 15.20 1.77 0.94 0.33 1.30 0.23 2.08 1.09 0.00 0.00 25.00 6.22
Netherlands 16.50 33.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
New
Zealand 0.00 0.00 249.00 36.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 3.64 40.00 10.28
Nigeria 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.64
Norway 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 120.00 17.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Oman 0.00 0.00 60.00 5.22 0.00 0.00 665.59 125.73 1519.00 198.65 632.00 95.76 112.00 24.41
Pakistan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.00 8.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 4.09
Philippines 0.00 0.00 301.00 47.07 3938.04 584.03 3515.00 486.92 4067.90 434.05 3238.00 601.80 2589.00 597.75
Poland 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.15 40.00 6.05 0.00 0.00 3489.94 715.86 1183.00 272.31 4071.00 1007.12
Portugal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 120.00 16.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qatar 0.00 0.00 20.00 2.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Romania 0.00 0.00 20.00 5.74
Russia 50.34 20.74 37.00 28.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 4.00 20.00 6.23 0.00 0.00
Saudi
Arabia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.00 2.69 1.00 0.10 105.00 14.33 10.02 1.67 0.00 0.00
Singapore 0.40 0.07 300.00 40.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Slovania 0.00 0.00 20.00 6.69
South
Africa 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Spain 0.00 0.00 44.00 14.47
Sri Lanka 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.67 2.31 0.00 0.00 4011.00 880.25 7601.00 1606.64
Syria 23.00 2.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Switzerland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.00 22.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Taiwan
(Taipei) 0.00 0.00 40.00 6.23 692.00 88.50 736.00 93.34 155.00 19.83 2310.00 342.62 4611.00 744.99
Thailand 9.00 9.28 20.00 2.17 822.00 114.07 750.45 113.52 465.00 48.41 675.00 112.95 1788.00 343.28
Turkey 0.00 0.00 792.00 95.17 10030.00 1697.62 12706.20 1742.92 12839.27 1549.40 4503.00 613.77 7327.00 1568.57
U.A.E 0.00 0.00 302.00 34.21 1.35 0.57 100.00 9.65 540.00 73.54 2.40 0.88 420.00 98.34
35
(Valu in Rs. Lakh)

Importing 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Country
(M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T)
UK 0.00 0.00 24.50 2.18 61.48 9.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Unknown 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 594.00 100.37 306.00 45.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
USA 12.00 6.82 309.22 188.20 10.55 16.38 235.70 167.15 650.88 294.35 123.70 27.27 720.17 558.40
Viet Nam 2639.00 531.88 10061.00 1221.57 7808.00 1051.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 435.00 99.83 235.00 33.87
Yemen 9.70 5.40 23.00 3.23 90.00 12.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 7029.10 1329.44 32268.24 4243.03 41574.61 6381.01 38992.80 6308.88 80150.29 11682.44 74814.14 14027.88 132110.86 28993.79
GUARGUM TREATED & PULVERISED
Afghanistan 52.00 30.70 21.00 11.63 18.00 8.13 42.00 25.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.01 341.47
Albania 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.00 12.90 0.00 0.00 5.00 15.75
Algeria 200.10 111.01 140.00 76.03 60.00 36.75 120.30 80.83 20.00 22.37 50.00 160.44 90.00 215.34
Angola 2.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.00 92.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Argentina 1194.26 624.65 1494.43 850.60 849.03 500.17 1482.99 1153.66 1440.12 2299.48 334.00 1311.25 2291.88 5991.78
Australia 3609.24 1790.35 6280.38 3186.23 3970.63 2085.61 4431.93 2902.18 9380.84 25319.10 3959.35 22708.07 1719.00 4127.09
Austria 80.00 36.84 18.15 22.06 5.00 2.92 36.23 21.72 27.00 51.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bahrain 22.04 13.24 26.00 15.83 4.00 4.12 2.00 2.00 4.30 6.27 0.00 0.00 4.60 18.26
Bangladesh 95.51 54.75 177.05 126.00 209.00 138.06 133.13 91.79 18.00 8.99 0.00 0.00 5.03 12.77
Barbados 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.48 2.00 1.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Belarus 0.00 0.00 20.00 10.24 20.10 11.77 20.00 20.32 82.30 177.70 20.00 58.73 50.00 113.82
Belgium 2122.06 1300.38 2905.08 1664.62 1451.50 1149.39 1957.94 1615.74 3485.48 6457.55 222.13 780.83 782.00 1745.44
Benin 320.00 179.82 400.00 252.70 220.00 147.69 400.00 244.67 600.00 1618.41 40.00 256.08 0.00 0.00
Bhutan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 3.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bolivia 19.00 10.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bosnia-
Herze-
govina 0.00 0.00 40.00 22.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Brazil 2610.67 1411.09 2697.95 1572.61 3312.01 1937.44 3471.02 2411.31 3758.52 7507.03 2045.74 8089.61 3046.09 8451.81
British
Virgin
Islands 39.00 19.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Brunei 18.00 10.06 39.10 16.70 40.00 23.80 0.00 0.00 31.00 131.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bulgaria 60.20 31.33 60.00 33.02 102.24 52.19 124.63 92.65 141.35 211.36 30.00 100.72 22.50 56.88
Cambodia
(Kampu-
chea) 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 5.00 3.74 15.00 31.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Camaroon 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Canada 1824.80 1110.48 1791.28 1194.97 1152.14 838.75 4215.70 3234.45 8088.35 22888.97 5466.60 36045.07 8736.38 22132.47
Cayman
Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chad 18.00 9.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 47.85
Chile 746.99 400.28 924.43 510.06 635.64 356.06 720.33 459.88 1133.34 2165.90 460.00 1601.01 788.05 1691.49
China 10799.87 5671.56 11460.87 6188.00 12683.10 6930.60 10700.23 6870.81 7409.70 13342.25 4012.43 15682.55 7396.98 14580.89
Christmas
Island 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.22 12.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cocos
Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Colombia 239.98 130.38 186.80 106.02 207.75 125.29 300.85 188.59 222.77 351.16 140.00 535.50 197.13 449.60
Comoros 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Congo Rep 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.28 31.04 48.19 15.00 53.91
Congo
D.Rep 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Costa Rica 43.00 23.43 20.00 12.02 40.00 21.16 40.00 24.24 20.00 20.11 10.00 37.66 12.00 27.31
Cote
d'Ivoire
(Ivory
Coast) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.24 26.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Croatia 20.00 10.20 0.00 0.00 12.00 5.47 56.05 41.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.00 44.43
Czech
Republic 40.00 19.71 62.00 32.75 18.00 9.90 360.52 271.14 226.37 375.02 40.00 106.03 98.00 155.66
Denmark 1615.90 858.26 1590.00 865.83 1701.61 931.23 2033.98 1337.35 2218.78 3711.96 1196.54 6222.69 752.28 1977.15
Djibouti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00 27.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dominican
Republic 32.99 19.00 0.00 0.00 40.00 21.88 40.00 24.10 0.00 0.00 17.00 58.12 25.00 63.25
Ecuador 147.00 84.56 56.00 28.22 32.00 17.69 62.00 42.04 14.00 25.60 5.00 13.45 49.03 99.06
36
(Valu in Rs. Lakh)

Importing 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Country
(M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T)
Egypt 1104.88 661.52 1028.53 737.52 920.32 663.20 1064.46 978.13 1020.93 1814.52 196.00 748.76 1020.03 1302.49
El Salvador 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Estonia 0.00 0.00 18.00 29.03
Falkland
Islands
(Malvinas) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fiji 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.00 13.68 2.00 2.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Finland 63.00 34.82 53.00 32.88 71.00 43.35 105.05 72.85 35.00 53.09 31.00 115.47 100.00 212.31
France 977.03 567.94 1432.07 973.63 2854.91 2215.42 2390.16 1517.78 1965.51 3660.33 572.30 1856.74 685.05 1423.01
Gambia 18.00 8.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.00 39.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 1.59
Germany 17135.12 9305.82 21594.02 11851.99 18497.63 9836.09 28451.47 16648.35 34543.80 65217.66 11674.87 37067.01 15834.65 32875.30
Ghana 0.00 0.00 15.15 7.44 0.00 0.00 115.00 71.12 50.28 164.47 0.30 3.40 4.40 6.49
Greece 209.92 110.06 157.84 87.31 75.00 41.72 110.15 89.19 358.87 344.79 144.47 91.49 318.00 275.10
Grenada 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.00 21.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Guatemala 405.77 221.23 307.16 184.53 268.16 161.48 375.89 261.78 309.16 570.88 123.00 388.83 148.04 324.96
Haiti 0.00 0.00 43.30 37.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Honduras 20.00 10.61 20.00 11.77 40.00 22.88 60.00 39.70 40.00 67.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hong Kong 1254.34 642.80 653.88 342.42 146.74 79.04 65.51 37.78 101.04 184.88 20.03 112.48 19.00 55.88
Hungary 60.00 30.19 84.00 46.84 20.24 9.37 80.00 48.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 34.69
Indonesia 1716.33 875.97 1718.05 947.96 1816.97 997.31 2921.25 1968.23 3027.64 7334.46 1998.00 9469.54 2109.17 4978.58
Iran 1082.00 577.33 1298.99 624.27 1447.35 791.39 1472.42 930.20 668.69 1322.64 296.00 980.30 1067.70 2883.56
Iraq 39.64 20.26 59.80 32.54 220.00 121.57 40.00 22.19 0.00 0.00 20.70 80.58 50.00 77.82
Ireland 7.08 6.57 22.00 11.82 40.00 22.56 0.00 0.00 0.30 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Israel 888.92 439.80 689.00 366.11 377.98 172.48 1031.74 740.51 611.42 1099.82 630.00 2439.39 360.02 670.71
Italy 4720.54 2557.29 4647.57 2494.58 3243.87 2179.67 6626.36 5128.67 12017.36 19806.05 4899.20 16139.64 5322.75 12594.13
Jamaica 0.00 0.00 8.80 6.44 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.72 5.50 11.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Japan 2394.71 1567.28 1787.83 949.52 1862.72 1882.88 2423.76 2236.55 2123.08 5313.37 1027.38 5568.73 1580.95 5510.86
Jordan 283.07 144.06 291.00 144.14 297.55 160.04 229.75 152.13 254.00 336.65 197.25 675.99 317.45 731.79
Kazakhstan 100.00 64.65 100.32 69.34 160.00 122.30 0.10 0.26 83.20 152.50 13.80 25.61 80.00 145.82
Kenya 23.24 4.72 90.13 71.70 35.44 22.03 47.89 42.64 32.25 60.29 53.95 51.62 2.60 10.92
Kiribati 0.00 0.00 6.00 3.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Korea DPR
(North) 121.60 69.00 53.00 34.14 62.10 36.57 170.83 119.39 129.77 291.80 88.83 385.38 116.01 256.49
Korea
Republic
(South) 1435.54 953.02 1392.91 750.49 1547.12 1116.26 1736.03 1401.60 1783.47 3955.83 564.28 1946.40 908.99 2020.57
Kuwait 20.25 10.99 40.20 18.58 40.00 24.51 1.00 0.92 5.00 21.09 5.00 11.39 0.30 1.14
Latvia 40.00 20.03 40.00 19.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 56.47 1061.60 1985.01
Lebanon 20.00 12.01 74.50 69.65 0.00 0.00 15.00 8.14 0.00 0.00 10.00 38.37 20.00 47.64
Libya 10.00 5.35 64.00 43.81 62.00 39.23 125.94 96.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lithuania 16.00 9.31 0.00 0.00 20.00 12.84 119.09 138.74 100.26 270.57 45.00 134.45 177.00 134.65
Macedonia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.00 42.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malagasy
(Mada-
gascar) 0.00 0.00 22.81 18.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malaysia 2090.33 693.53 576.05 313.76 548.59 291.49 1067.53 718.26 2042.93 5273.45 597.58 2296.76 1170.39 2285.37
Mali 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 73.84 0.00 0.00 31.07 44.23
Malta 8.00 3.92 27.00 13.95 7.00 3.46 10.00 5.58 9.90 11.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Martinque 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.24 10.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mauritania 0.00 0.00 21.00 10.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mauritius 1.50 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mexico 1181.70 568.36 1594.70 886.06 1588.91 897.57 2075.82 1355.96 2245.56 3577.41 1342.20 4404.84 1376.40 2893.73
Mongolia 0.00 0.00 15.00 7.85 0.00 0.00 14.00 15.66 0.00 0.00 20.00 149.92 10.00 29.00
Morocco 49.87 20.51 56.06 31.29 40.00 21.81 80.80 54.83 23.00 53.39 40.00 130.98 78.10 120.92
Mozam-
bique 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 64.00 138.94 0.00 0.00 9.50 18.24
Myanmar
(Burma) 3.25 2.14 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.80 15.00 35.57
Nepal 80.00 34.41 79.04 28.09 56.42 22.07 100.87 45.68 68.73 125.89 1.46 11.96 0.37 1.08
Netherlands 2396.80 1674.36 2485.72 1349.37 1936.18 1668.60 3263.74 2796.38 7167.57 15506.91 3244.37 13843.55 2831.58 6769.31
Netherlands
Antilles 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.00 45.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
37
(Valu in Rs. Lakh)

Importing 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Country
(M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T) (M/T)
New
Zealand 159.00 86.44 204.77 108.34 133.29 76.43 46.12 35.95 222.69 624.24 136.80 573.37 100.71 294.88
Nigeria 38.00 21.98 104.11 59.26 132.38 114.47 35.50 24.71 93.20 160.53 85.50 506.55 165.95 433.14
Norway 65.00 34.34 0.00 0.00 66.00 40.97 34.00 23.23 51.00 68.26 0.00 0.00 9.00 17.10
Oman 47.76 27.23 100.38 75.17 56.00 18.27 52.40 39.24 37.00 27.96 5.00 27.50 151.00 445.43
Pakistan 18.04 11.55 0.10 0.07 280.42 130.84 78.00 42.11 122.00 106.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panama 0.00 0.00 32.00 18.03 30.00 18.87 20.00 11.31 17.00 33.01 22.00 75.30 0.00 0.00
Panama
Central
Zone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Panama
Republic 0.00 0.00 35.04 73.46
Paraguay 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Peru 177.30 101.77 129.00 82.79 108.00 58.19 230.91 174.98 253.00 480.29 94.00 470.55 114.01 208.00
Philippines 335.09 177.41 546.20 268.41 454.52 252.93 574.72 398.50 612.77 1046.91 224.05 1092.76 329.00 786.30
Poland 756.21 388.47 818.71 417.72 886.71 438.28 1402.76 964.50 2121.44 3068.71 373.28 1392.51 684.00 1352.40
Portugal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.66 27.46 20.00 26.37 0.00 0.00 9.00 18.93
Qatar 149.88 83.40 93.00 46.92 147.53 74.60 40.00 26.38 20.00 18.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Romania 34.00 18.73 25.00 23.97 80.00 59.32 143.46 120.16 134.00 307.64 22.30 173.55 41.00 92.87
Russia 3708.45 1930.07 6565.98 4105.09 6000.96 3875.45 12983.19 10798.99 10990.88 30688.49 5332.80 28940.87 10970.50 30067.14
Saudi
Arabia 727.41 480.21 1046.09 551.33 549.68 441.17 544.91 437.52 482.81 816.85 249.10 1255.99 263.00 936.24
Senegal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.00 28.28 5.00 1.87 20.00 165.63 9.00 14.87
Sierra
Leone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 11.30 0.00 0.00 59.76 116.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Singapore 199.06 110.27 166.64 95.98 203.91 113.56 130.50 105.23 111.55 228.16 27.65 111.06 570.94 1996.04
Slovakia 0.00 0.00 5.00 4.84 0.00 0.00 67.12 80.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Slovenia 20.84 9.54 45.00 22.91 40.00 22.98 80.00 45.93 20.00 22.23 0.00 0.00 78.00 127.35
South
Africa 4082.63 2029.43 2035.18 1039.20 2477.28 1336.02 2422.17 1603.42 2661.58 6054.75 1061.00 3910.96 1553.00 3281.70
Spain 1193.94 645.99 1052.76 581.87 962.27 515.99 2241.06 1414.27 1070.36 2238.51 603.00 2416.22 574.25 1082.04
Sri Lanka 84.94 59.60 88.37 60.04 175.62 113.53 75.67 58.35 122.27 232.77 23.30 79.80 23.01 72.47
Sudan 79.76 41.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.43 0.09 0.03 0.37 0.00 0.00
Swaziland 40.00 20.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 144.20 251.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sweden 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.00 25.17 95.81 121.46 125.02 302.99 171.36 631.56 51.00 160.82
Switzerland 1223.35 668.44 520.28 262.14 475.66 259.54 589.45 346.54 1051.83 2591.62 240.00 790.33 481.00 1073.43
Syria 398.18 203.15 82.20 37.81 384.99 197.87 122.00 71.28 185.78 306.13 88.50 306.11 238.00 577.83
Taiwan
(Taipei) 616.58 360.01 838.68 496.54 687.26 452.53 661.28 508.46 483.00 648.76 318.74 599.49 368.69 657.04
Tanzania 21.00 18.49 73.75 75.17 250.10 254.66 141.10 137.36 166.67 207.98 7.10 16.88 13.70 33.75
Thailand 1107.64 561.82 1156.89 454.75 1426.13 714.88 1696.86 1160.96 1956.99 5595.06 727.34 3683.13 929.97 2122.33
Trinidad
and Tobago 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.98 1.20 1.22 0.00 0.00 6.00 8.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tunisia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00 29.86 0.00 0.00
Turkey 974.98 569.07 682.91 397.26 671.58 414.92 1264.81 865.49 508.59 946.22 500.45 1714.27 1007.84 2254.79
Turkmenis-
tan 2.00 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.25 14.74
U.A.E 1397.45 636.74 541.11 325.95 305.49 156.91 1235.61 951.22 2654.02 4014.27 354.33 1754.69 1879.22 5055.65
Uganda 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.10 56.00 22.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 1.46 0.00 0.00
UK 2042.42 1061.61 3285.92 1743.06 2995.38 1576.56 4586.15 3142.96 5944.97 11193.93 1534.73 5397.25 3091.46 6335.86
Ukraine 277.29 143.49 532.00 306.66 370.90 219.04 733.27 477.59 214.00 339.51 30.00 102.37 281.00 626.94
Unspecified 98.00 51.34 234.00 138.51 1050.56 547.45 1053.14 644.56 18.00 16.94 4.50 27.93 10.00 15.76
Uruguay 36.17 19.60 40.00 21.81 34.00 18.38 45.03 29.74 88.00 160.13 52.00 172.64 77.00 184.34
USA 53831.46 34282.18 75867.34 51953.75 57636.60 39409.59 164789.45 142848.89 382313.30 1151080.15 202455.75 1525176.77 299580.78 791601.43
Uzbekistan 0.00 0.00 65.53 48.58 0.00 0.00 40.30 28.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Venezuela 114.20 60.69 168.00 89.72 93.25 45.52 75.40 72.56 0.00 0.00 12.00 72.80 30.00 122.93
Viet Nam 394.48 210.91 506.89 229.28 252.93 149.68 320.35 200.64 337.88 671.70 163.70 659.32 262.02 595.26
Yemen 26.60 20.11 65.00 39.28 79.23 36.28 1.66 3.16 7.00 17.23 58.25 195.32 69.00 147.45
Zambia 0.00 0.00 80.00 40.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 1.44 2.00 4.29
Zimbabwe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 49.15 20.00 50.27
TOTAL 140430.12 81038.33 170866.27 104656.33 144768.07 91293.45 286204.73 227179.44 524750.76 1448374.22 260982.34 1775618.61 387161.62 996136.74
GRAND
TOTAL 211170563.00 112574.53 258567560.00 133898.53 218479738.00 113330.56 403675.01 281194.67 707326.43 1652386.70 406311.71 2128700.28 601961.56 1173539.30
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Guar Report

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What are the main products and by-products of guar?

What are the main products and by-products of guar?

What are some of the emerging issues related to guar production, processing and products?

What are some of the emerging issues related to guar production, processing and products?

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1. INTRODUCTION: GUAR ..............................................................................................................05

2. GUAR PRODUCTS & BY-PRODUCTS:

3. TIFAC WORKSHOP: OVERVIEW & PRESENTATIONS ..............................................................16

4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ROAD AHEAD ..............................................................................27

5. MISSION MODE APPROACH ......................................................................................................30

Annexure - I (Country wise export statements of guar gum) ..................................................................33

Rajasthan alone grows country’s 70%-75% guar and

Characteristics: Good quality guar gum have been defined

TABLE 4: Specification of Food Grade Guar Uses

TABLE 8: Industrial uses of guar gum and expected functions

Figure 7: Few industrial applications of guar gum and its derivatives

1.4 1.321 350

15,000 Year Quantity (Lakh Ton) Value (Rs. Cr.)

treated and pulverized 0.8

10,000 Guar meal contains residual guar gum (1%-1.8%)

Figure 12a: Broadcasting Method — common practice

Figure 12b: Line sowing Method — improved practice

TABLE 13: Details of promising varieties of guar

20% RGM -112 85-90 300-400 Ganganagar,

HG-365 Hanumangarh, Barmer,

HG-563 Jodhpur, Hisar,

2.2.4 Early Maturity 2.2.6 Processing and Products Developments

GUAR SEED LOT

SUBJECTED TO WET PROCESSING (ALKALINE SOLUTION)

VIGROUS BOILING AT 100°C FOR 5 MIN. LECHATE

WET DEHUSKED SEED

ACIDIFICATION SLIGHTLY (PINK COLOUR EXTRACT DISCARD)

ENDOSPERM / GUM SPLITS GERM CELLS

PULVERISING (PARTICLE SIZE 200 MESH)

PURIFIED GUM 95% CERTRIFUGATE AND DISCARD

(MAJOR FRACTION DYING & PULVERIZING TO 200 MESH)

(PARTIALLY PURIFIED GALACTOMANNAN)

Figure 14: Processing of guar for producing splits and powder

OVERVIEW Dr. Debjani Roy Executive Director, SHEFEXIL,

Figure 15: Brainstorming Workshop at Jodhpur on 29th May, 2014

Figure 15: Brainstorming Workshop at Jodhpur on 29th May, 2014

Threats: o There is no exclusive government department / agency

Practical Constraints: (number). Small and marginal farmers lack financial

Technical Constraints: gum industry 1500 KW of electricity may be required. If

Other Observation: 3.1.5 Sustaining Guar Industry in India - Some Technical

and yield response. In economic analysis of the dynamics of

farm supply response, price is usually considered the most

critical factors which influence farmer’s production

decisions (Khan et. al., 1988). However, acreage under a

crop is also influenced by various factors other than prices.

Figure 20: Schematic of Oil Drilling Operation

Figure 21: Chemical synthesis of HPG from guar gum

Figure 22: Chemical synthesis of CMHPG from guar gum

TABLE 18: Grades of CMHPG and HPG for oil drilling

Figure 23: Typical hydro -fracturing overview

Figure 24: Preparing the Frac Fluid

1. Dr. Debjani Roy, Executive Director, SHEFEXIL,