Drainage Master Plan
Drainage Master Plan
Drainage Master Plan
Sewerage Authority
May, 2016
Prepared for:
Dhaka Water Supply and
Sewerage Authority (DWASA)
Prepared by:
Joint Venture
JPZ-FCEA-SARM
Project Office:
Dream House 2/4, 5th floor, Block-A,
Mohammadpur Housing Estate, Dhaka-1207
Tel. +88 02 8129609
E-mail: jpzbdltd@gmail.com
Web: www.jpzbd.com
May 2016
Joint Venture of
Jurutera Perunding Zaaba Sdn. Bhd. (JPZ), Malaysia
Farhat Consulting Engineers and Architects Ltd. (FCEA), Bangladesh
SARM Associates Limited (SARM), Bangladesh
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Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City Master Plan Report
Table of Content
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Executive Summary
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Description of Study Area
Chapter 3 Stormwater Drainage Issues in Dhaka City
Chapter 4 Urban Planning and Drainage Development
Chapter 5 Review of Previous Studies
Chapter 6 Master Planning Methodology
Chapter 7 Stormwater Best Management Practices
Chapter 8 Formulation of Master Plan
Chapter 9 Strategic Environmental Assessment
Chapter 10 Recommendations
References
Annexes:
Annex-A: Survey Methodology and Baseline Data
Annex-B: Detail Basin Maps and Khal Cross Sections
Annex-C: Data Analysis and Drainage Modeling
Annex-D: Institutional and Legal Issues
Annex-E: Stormwater Drainage Design Manual
Annex-F: Social Impact Assessment, SIA
Annex-G: Stakeholders’ Inputs
Annex-H: Strategic Environmental Assessment, SEA
Annex-I: Financial and Economic Analysis, FEA
Annex-J: Projects Identification, Prioritization and Estimated Costs
Annex-K: Zone-Wise Maps and Calculations
N.B: Annex B and Annex k are kept in separate volume of main report
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Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................ VIII
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................ X
1. The Background and Objectives .................................................................................................................... xviii
2. Key Planning Concepts .................................................................................................................................. xviii
3. Existance Drainage Networks .......................................................................................................................... xix
4. Proposed Drainage Measures ............................................................................................................................ xx
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE MASTER PLAN STUDY .......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY .................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 Collection and Review of Data ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Survey & Mapping .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.3 Drainage Improvement Projects ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.4 Data Analyses & Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 4
1.3.5 Complimentary Projects and Programs ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.6 Legislative and Institutional Arrangement ...................................................................................................... 4
1.3.7 EIA and Stakeholder Input .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 DELIVERABLES .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 REPORTING SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.6 OUTLINE OF FINAL REPORT ................................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................ 9
2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARY ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 EVOLUTION OF DHAKA CITY ................................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.3.1 Climate .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Rainfall.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Temperature ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.4 Evaporation ................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.5 Geology/ Soil ................................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4 LAND USE ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.1 Existing Land use ............................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.2 Proposed Land use ........................................................................................................................................ 22
2.4.3 Structural Plan............................................................................................................................................... 24
2.5 INFRASTRUCTURES .................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.5.1 Road Network ............................................................................................................................................... 26
2.5.2 Drainage System ........................................................................................................................................... 29
2.5.3 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................ 34
2.5.4 Sewerage System .......................................................................................................................................... 34
2.5.5 Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................................................. 37
2.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION ................................................................................................................................... 38
2.6.1 Population ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
2.6.2 Household Size ................................................................................................................................................. 42
2.6.3 Land Ownership ............................................................................................................................................ 42
2.6.4 Income and Expenditure ............................................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 3: STORMWATER DRAINAGE ISSUES IN DHAKA CITY................................................................. 43
3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.1 Non Structural and Legislative ..................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2 Structural ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.2 INVENTORY OF KHALS IN DHAKA ....................................................................................................................... 43
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List of Figures
FIGURE 1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF DHAKA CITY ................................................................................................... 9
FIGURE 2: STUDY AREA MAP ......................................................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 3: DHAKA CITY IN 1980’S ................................................................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 4: PRESENT CONDITION OF DHAKA CITY .............................................................................................................. 15
FIGURE 5: TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 6: AVERAGE RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE OF STUDY AREA ................................................................................ 18
FIGURE 7: EXISTING LAND USE............................................................................................................................................ 21
FIGURE 8: PROPOSED LAND USE MAP IN DMDP AREA ........................................................................................................ 23
FIGURE 9: DMDP STRUCTURAL PLAN (1995-2015))........................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 11: EXISTING ROAD NETWORK OF CORE CITY AREA IN DAP ................................................................................. 27
FIGURE 10: ROAD HIERARCHY NETWORK OF CORE CITY AREA ......................................................................................... 28
FIGURE 12: EXISTING DRAINAGE NETWORK OF DWASA ................................................................................................... 31
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FIGURE 54 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN RAMPURA ZONE .................................... 169
FIGURE 55 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN BADDA ZONE ......................................... 172
FIGURE 56 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN UTTARKHAN ZONE ................................ 175
FIGURE 57 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN GAZIPUR-TONGI ZONE ........................... 179
FIGURE 58 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN SAVAR ZONE ......................................... 182
FIGURE 59 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN KERANIGANJ ZONE ................................ 185
FIGURE 60 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN NARAYANGANJ ZONE ............................ 188
FIGURE 61 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN PURBACHAL ZONE ................................. 191
FIGURE 62: THE LOCATION MAP OF PROPOSED PUMPSTATION IN DMP AREA .................................................................. 193
FIGURE 63: PROPSOED RETENTION AREA AND FLOOD FLOW ZONE BY DMP .................................................................... 195
FIGURE 64: PROPOSED RETENTION POND BY DAP AND DMP IN DMDP AREA ................................................................ 196
FIGURE 65: THE LOCATION MAP OF PROPOSED GPT IN THE DMP AREA. ......................................................................... 197
FIGURE 66: PROPOSED MAJOR GPT IN ALL PHASES........................................................................................................... 200
FIGURE 67: PROPOSED MINOR GPT IN ALL PHASES ........................................................................................................... 203
FIGURE 68: PROPOSED SLUICE GATE AT DIFFERENT LOCATION IN MASTER PLAN AREA.................................................. 206
FIGURE 69: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN PHASE 1 .................................................. 208
FIGURE 70: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN PHASE 2 .................................................. 210
FIGURE 71: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES PHASE 3 ...................................................... 212
FIGURE 72: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEAASURE IN ALL PHASE.............................................. 214
List of Tables
TABLE 1: LIST OF DELIVERABLES IN EACH REPORT .............................................................................................................. 5
TABLE 2: DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONAL AREA IN DHAKA ..................................................................................................... 10
TABLE 3: CLASSIFIED ELEVATION OF DHAKA CITY............................................................................................................. 16
TABLE 4: CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN THE STUDU AREA .......................................................................................................... 16
TABLE 5: MAXIMUM DAILY RAINFALL IN DHAKA .............................................................................................................. 18
TABLE 6: EXISTING LAND USE CLASSIFIED AREA ................................................................................................................ 20
TABLE 7: PROPOSED LANDUSE BY RAJUK IN DMDP AREA ................................................................................................ 22
TABLE 8: FLOOD PROOFING STRUCTURE IN DHAKA CITY.................................................................................................... 29
TABLE 9: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF DHAKA WASA ........................................................................................................ 34
TABLE 10: SEWERAGE SYSTEM OF DHAKA WASA ............................................................................................................. 35
TABLE 11: POPULATION OF DHAKA CITY CORPORATION AREA .......................................................................................... 38
TABLE 12 : INCREASE OF POPULATION IN DHAKA CITY ...................................................................................................... 39
TABLE 13: EXISTING KHAL INVENTORY IN CORE CITY OF DMDP AREA .............................................................................. 47
TABLE 14: DETAILS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM DHAKA WASA ............................................................................................... 55
TABLE 15: CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK OF WASA........................................................................................ 55
TABLE 16: CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK OF DCC ........................................................................................... 55
TABLE 17: FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES AROUND WESTERN DHAKA .............................................................................. 60
TABLE 18: PRESENT STATUS OF PROPOSED RETENTION AREAS IN WESTERN DHAKA BY FAP-8B........................................ 63
TABLE 19 : EXISTING LANDUSE IN DECLARED FLOOD PLAIN AND WATER RETENTION AREAS BY DAP .............................. 65
TABLE 20: LIST OF COLLECTED DATA ................................................................................................................................. 66
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Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City Master Plan Report
PREFACE
In order to manage drainage of Greater Dhaka City and its surroundings more efficiently and in a
comprehensive manner, Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) needs an updated and/or
preparation of a new master plan and guidelines that will meet the drainage demand of Dhaka for the year up
to 2040. It may be mentioned here that the Government of Bangladesh has received a credit from the
International Development Agency (IDA) to execute a project-‘Dhaka Water Supply and Sanitation Project
(DWSSP) which is being implemented by DWASA. A part of the credit will be spent for
‘Preparation/Updating of Master Plan for Drainage of Dhaka City’ by employing an independent
consultanting firm.
A strategic plan for storm water drainage will be developed covering the city area as depicted in the Detailed
Area Plan (DAP) of Dhaka City, which has been prepared by the concerned city development authority
(known as RAJUK) and subsequently approved by the Government of Bangladesh recently. Total area of
DAP is approximately 1528 square kilometers. It is expected that the consultant employed for this study will
consider necessary factors for developing the proposed master plan including but not limited to the economic,
social and land use of the study area. Considering all the factors, the consultant had divided the study area into
two categories i.e. the core city area of about 350 sq. km. and the city fringe areas of about 1178 sq. km. The
core city area is mostly developed but there is a lack of effective drainage system. The Balu River on the East,
the Tongi Khal on the North, the Turag-Buriganga Rivers on the West and the Dhaka-Demra-Chittagong
Road cum embankment on the South bounded this area. This area includes both flood protected western part
and unprotected eastern part. At present DWASA is mainly responsible for storm water drainage of this part
of the proposed study area, which may also be treated as project area.
One the other hand, the city fringe areas consist of suburb, developing and or developed area. Development of
drainage infrastructure for these areas is being neglected indiscreetly. Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (DND) of
about 57 sq. km. is one of the burning examples of such negligence.
Storm Water of the study area is usually drained into the peripheral rivers gravitationally. Considering the
flood plain of the surrounding rivers, the study area may be divided into three drainage zones: The Buriganga
River Left Bank, the Turag River Left Bank and the Balu River Right Bank. The Buriganga River Left Bank
includes Old Dhaka, Dhanmondi and Kallyanpur area and its adjacent areas covering about 42 sq. km. This
zone is protected from river flooding by embankment. The Turag River Left Bank zone covers the north-west
part of Dhaka City including Mirpur, Airport and Uttara areas. It is about 64 sq. km., which is protected by
flood embankment along the Turag River. The Balu River Right Bank zone covers most of the eastern part of
Dhaka City. It is about 170 sq. km. The Bishaw Road or Progoti Sorani that goes through the central part of
the city acts as the flood embankment for a part of this zone.
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Data Analyses & findings and recommendations of the latest Structure Plan, Urban Area
Recommendations Plan and Detailed Area Plans for the study area.
Assignment 5 Recommend possible changes or modification to solid waste program to
Complimentary Projects and improve drainage management systems. Study the feasibility and impact
Programs of having combined sewer network for stormwater and wastewater,
especially in the new developing area of Dhaka. Recommend structural
and non-structural measures necessary to protect and improve the
drainage system.
Assignment 6 Review the current legislative and regulatory structures for protection of
natural drains, khals and flood plan or any other water body. Make
Legislative and Institutional recommendation for improvement to the regulatory structure for future
Arrangement protection of these.
Assignment 7 Prepare Strategic Environmental Assessment and assess social impact of
EIA and Stakeholder Input the proposed drainage master plan and the major development work
associated with the plan.
Consistent with the key activities, the Master Plan report has been structured, as follows; Item
Chapter
Executive summery
1 Introduction
2 Description of Study Area
3 Storm Water Drainage Issues in Dhaka City
4 Urban Planning and Drainage Development
5 Review of Previous Studies
6 Master Planning Methodology
7 Stormwater Best Management Practices
8 Formulation of Master Plan
9 Strategic Environmental Assessment
10 Recommendations
This report, entitled ‘Master Plan Report’, is one of the key outputs of the consultancy contracted to support
the World Bank financed ‘Storm Water Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City’. The schematic diagram below
highlights where and how this ‘Master Plan’ output report has been produced.
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Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Assignment 3
Assignment 4
Assignment 5
Assignment 6
Assignment 7
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Executive Summary
1. The Background and Objectives
Bangladesh is a developing country. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is the center of all development
activities. It can be undoubtedly noted that unplanned rapid growth of development activities results in
significant problems for the city dwellers. Being a flat topographic land, water logging is one of the major
problems for the city residents, especially during the rainy season. The city is already densely populated and
the volume of population will further increase in future, following the recent trend. Stormwater drainage is an
essential issue for this city where 40% of the people are slum dwellers who are facing acute problem during
heavy monsoon. In absence of stormwater drainage master plan, stormwater drainage structures are built up in
an unplanned way. On the other hand, there are no specific rules and regulations for operation and
maintenance of stormwater drainage system. Existing drainage facilities of Dhaka city are quite inadequate
and most of the natural drains are not functioning properly due to blockage by improperly handled
construction material along the roadsides, choked by garbage and poor maintenance. Dhaka Water Supply and
Sewerage Authority (DWASA) which is mainly responsible for maintenance of stormwater drainage, has
taken a step forward to improve the last longing stormwater drainage problems of Dhaka City by preparing a
master plan.
This report has been prepared to cover specific objectives and deliverables as provided in the ToR of the
assignment. This report contains one main report comprising of ten chapters, along with eleven annexes. The
main report consisting of ten chapters including introduction, study area, storm water drainage issues in
Dhaka city, urban planning and drainage development, review of previous study, master planning
methodology, stormwater best management practices, structural and non-structural proposals regarding the
improvement of drainage condition and management, reform of legal and institutional arrangements, land
acquisition and protective measures, strategic environmental assessment, social impact assessment, cost
estimation with calculations and cost recovery suggestions sequentially.
The goal of DWASA is to foster a rapid transition from government or donor funded drainage system, in
which the majority of city dwellers are currently facilitated to public-private oriented sustainable drainage
system. This will require profound changes at all levels of urban economical activities, as well as significant
adjustment of planning, development and operations patterns. If drainage facilities are increased and
stormwater is managed properly, water logging problem will be mitigated within the urban area. It will take
time for urban people to respond to these new opportunities, since responding effectively will require them to
absorb new knowledge and acquire new skills. This situation suggests that the support to public-private
oriented drainage system must be flexible in order to adjust the changing technical and institutional
circumstances.
Planning for modern drainage system in Greater Dhaka City through diverse technologies will ensure
sustainable water logging & flood free zone through the introduction of high-value mechanical equipment
with efficient and strong discharge potential.
In order to achieve water logging free Dhaka City, a number of interventions have to be initiated by DWASA
to transform the drainage demand into reality by developing short-, medium- and long-term strategic drainage
plans. These include:
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Environmental issues
Stormwater drainage master plan of the city has been formulated based on Integrated Catchment Management
(ICM) principles that will balance social, economic, and environmental concerns to achieve sustainable
development. Without an integrated and co-ordinated planning, potential benefits may not be fully realised or
drainage improvements in one location may worsen problems in another place.
The following concepts and principles are generally followed in planning and design process of the drainage
master plan:
Stormwater drainage is a regional phenomenon that does not respect boundaries between government
jurisdictions or between public and private properties
Stormwater drainage is a sub-system of total urban water resource system
Drainage management is a space allocation problem and therefore an intrinsic part of town planning
process
Getting rid of runoff as quickly as possible may not be a responsible drainage management practice
Planning and design of drainage systems generally shall not be based on the premise that problems can
be transferred from one location to another
An urban drainage strategy shall serve multi-purpose
Planning and design of Stormwater drainage management systems shall consider the features and
functions of natural drainage systems
In new developments, drainage flow rates after development shall not exceed pre-development
conditions, and pollutant loadings shall be reduced
Stormwater drainage systems shall be planned and designed, beginning with the outlet or point of
outflow from the catchment
Drainage components shall not be put in place if they cannot be maintained or will not receive regular
maintenance
It is estimated that there are approximately 45 natural khals, a total of about 142 km in length that are part of
the khal system. In addition to the open channels and lakes, there are about 380 km of storm sewer lines that
covers about 140 sq.km (40% coverage area) of Dhaka and 8.75 km of box culverts under DWASA making
up the stormwater system of Dhaka. Size of storm sewer lines are ranging from 0.6 m to 3.0 m in diameter
made of brick and concrete. In order to assure the proper amount of drainage network to exist within the city
boundary, the study team has done comprehensive survey works. Detailed information of that survey
methodology along with collection of baseline data is briefly discussed in Annex-A. Western Dhaka is
protected from river flooding by the embankment constructed along the Turag and the Buriganga rivers under
FAP 8 program. There are 2 pumping stations and 11 sluice gates along the western embankment. These
pumping stations are located at Kallyanpur and Goranchatbari, evacuating stormwater from western and
northwestern part of the city. Capacities of these stations are 20m3/sec and 22m3/sec respectively.
It may be mentioned here that the Progoti Sorani-Airport road-Atishdeepankar road at the north leading to the
Bishwa Road at the south of the city is treated as the central spine road and acts as the embankment for the
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central and eastern part of Dhaka City. It has been found that there are 13 outlets across this boundary, out of
which eight have flood-proofing structures (FS). These FS are normally remained closed during the peak
monsoon following the flood water level at the riverside. Amongst the eight (8) flood-structures (FS),
Rampura and Kamalapur (near Maniknagar) on Begunbari Khal and Segunbagicha Khal catchment area
respectively, have permanent pumping arrangements for evacuating stormwater from countryside. The
capacity of Rampura pump station is about 25 m3/sec and capacity of Kamalapur pump station is about 15
m3/sec. There is also a pump station at the downstream end of Dholai Khal at Mill Barrack, with a capacity of
22 m3/sec, to drain stormwater from southern portion of Old Dhaka. Moreover, temporary pumps are installed
at different points of western embankment. The floodwalls in western embankment pump out stormwater out
of the embankment during monsoon and heavy rainfall.
The Plate-2 and Plate-3 (Chapter 2) show the flood controlling structures. All these Land uses, Cross section
of khals and other Detail Drainage Networks Maps are shown in details in Annex–B, (Detail Basin Maps and
Khal Cross sections.)
Types of structural measures will vary in accordance with the location of application. For better
understanding, the whole area has been divided into three main categories, which are:
1. Core City East
2. Core City West, and
3. Fringe Areas
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Fringe Areas
Flood flow zones: Preserve area specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
development
Embankment: Where affected, construct to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD.
Pump Station: Construct two new pump stations at Adamjee Nagar and Pagla for improving the
drainage condition of DND area.
It has been proposed to make an elevated expressway in the eastern part of city instead of eastern
embankment beside the Balu River.
Non-structural measures are mainly formulated in previous studies on the basis of three major perspectives
and those areas
Implement effective solid waste management
Legal and Institutional
Socio-economic issues
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the land grabbers and encroachers, and ensure khash (Government) lands and natural canals would not
be leased to private developers.
Stormwater drainage in Dhaka city can only be successfully performed if all government agencies and
real estate developers work in collaboration. Form a high-level steering committee including Ministers
of relevant Ministries to facilitate Stormwater management in Dhaka.
Create public awareness regarding necessity for conserving and protection of the drainage systems,
manmade or natural.
The entire Master Plan area has been divided into 13 Drainage Zones, which are based on the delineation of
the catchment areas. Each of the Zones is divided into a number of sub-catchments. The zones are
Goranchatbari, Kallayanpur, Dolaikhal & Old Dhaka, DND, Kamalapur, Rampura, Badda, Uttarkhan,
Gazipur & Tongi, Savar, Keraniganj, Narayanganj and Purbachal.Separate GIS maps are prepared with
proper zone boundary and provided in this report (Annex-K).
6. Projects Identification
In all the 13 zones, some 250 numbers of projects have been identified in this Stormwater Drainage Master
Plan. Gazipur & Tongi zone has maximum number of projects (46 nos). Next in order are Purbachal,
Narayanganj, Keraniganj and Savar zones (with 34, 24, 22 and 20 projects respectively in the list). A zone-
wise project summary is given below.
No. of projects
Zone No. Zone Name (Zone ID)
Identified
1 Goranchatbari (GCB) 17
2 Kallayanpur (KLN) 17
3 Dholaikhal & Old Dhaka (DHK) 5
4 DND 16
5 Kamalapur (KML) 16
6 Rampura (RMP) 6
7 Badda (BDD) 18
8 Uttarkhan (UTK) 9
9 Gazipur & Tongi (GZT) 46
10 Savar (SVR) 20
11 Keraniganj (KRN) 22
12 Narayanganj (NRN) 24
13 Purbachal (PRB) 34
Total
250
projects
Details of proposed projects identified and their estimated costs are provided separately in Annex-J.
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(2030-2040). The majority of investments need to plan in DND Zone (approx. 15%) and Gazipur zone (14%).
Rampura and Dholai Khal zones in the core area have least numbers of projects identified (6 nos.) and also
investment wise these are on the bottom side (with approx. 0.7 and 2.5% investment proposal). For purposes
of developing an overall drainage infrastructure capital improvement cost for the core City and fringe area,
costs are summarized below by basin/ drainage zones. In some cases, several different alternatives are shown
for basins, usually based upon conveyance only, detention, or conveyance plus detention. These plans should
have budget estimates that can be used for disbursements and monitoring.
The zone wise costing for the development of the drainage sector is shown in the Table below:
Total Cost
SL Zone ID
(Mil. Tk)
1 GCB 8753.52
2 KLN 6051.04
3 DHK 3604.02
4 DND 22269.43
5 KML 13808.17
6 RMP 1763.55
7 BDD 16627.92
8 UTK 10380.13
9 GZT 21531.65
10 SVR 10105.23
11 KRN 13522.11
12 NRN 16841.56
13 PRB 14598.04
Total Cost (BDT) 159856.37
All the projects are prioritised and divided among the 3 phases. These are provided in Annex-J. The projects
in Phase-I, II & III are the following.
Phase 1
Project Name Zone Cost(BDT million)
1 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal at Kallyanpur (Zone 2) 643.68
Katasur Main Khal (1874 m)
2 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal Of Kamalpur (Zone 5) 848.95
Manda Main Khal (2,922 m)
3 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal of Badda (Zone 7) 2590.20
Sutivola Main Khal (8,914 m)
4 Construction of pump station at Bahatira near Turag . Uttarkhan (Zone 8) 3962.0
Capacity 15 m3/s.
Total cost 8045.31
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Phase 2
Project Name Zone Cost(BDT million)
1 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal at Badda 607.89
Khilkhet-Boalia Khal-B, (5997 m)
Phase 3
Project Name Zone Cost(BDT
million)
1 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal at Goranchatbari 617.78
Digun Main Khal (4453.74 m)
2 Construction pipe line at Dhaka University, Saat Rawza, Old Dhaka 1805.28
Siddique Bazar, Nazira Bazar, Naya Bazar, Zinda Bazar,
Tati Bazar, Nawabpur, Goalghat area (12466.4 m)
3 Construction pipe line at DIT road to West Rampura Rampura 113.87
(1380 m)
4 Construction of pump station at Adamji . Capacity 50.2 DND area 5356.34
m3/s.
5 ………………..
A tentative breakdown of total budgeting for the development of the drainage sector, in different major cost-
heads is proposed in the table below. Tax on the drainage services may be implemented for the cost recovery
and budget for the development of the drainage system in the city.
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The total costs in the project have been planned in differents sectors in three phases. Eighty percent cost of the
total budget has been used for infrastructure development and which is TK 12788.5 crore. The infrastructure
development costs in the first phase, second phase and third phase are TK 268.0 crore, TK 6652.0 crore and
Tk 5868.45 crore respectively. Around 10% of total cost has been proposed for operation and maintenance.
The total cost for operation and maintenance is Tk 1534.6crore whereas Tk 32.1 crore, Tk 798.24 crore and
Tk 704.21 crore have been proposed for phase 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Year 2015-2040
Strategy Budget (Million BDT)
Phase I Phase II (10 Phase III (10
(5Years) years) years)
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zone technical advisors. The latter will liaise with research and link up with the drainage network to be
established by the organisation. The technical advisors will follow a regular management schedule to meet
local people in their respective zone.
7. Institutional Arrangements
The institutional arrangement for development, operation and management of Drainage Systems may be made
one of the following three options. The government may choose the most suitable, in consultation with senior
management and professionals. The consultants’ recommendations have been provided in the
recommendation Chapter 10.
Like in other big cities, the solid waste as well as stormwater drainage management should be handled by one
organisation, i.e. the Municipality or the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC). As the solid waste is managed by the
City Corporation, the whole city drainage management may be controlled under the City Corporation. Then
one authority might be responsible for the overall drainage management, and also for solid waste management
of the city. As for example, the solid waste as well as the sanitary sewerage system is currently being managed
by the Chittagong City Corporation (CCC), Khulna City Corporation (KCC) and Rajshahi City Corporation
(RCC) in Bangladesh. In considering worldwide practice, Storm water drainage and solid waste system are
managed by one authority such as City authority, Municipality or City Corporation. Though the Dhaka City
Corporation has presently been divided into two parts, in the north part named as DNCC and south part named
as DSCC, the tertiary and secondary drainage system with road network within the city corporation area are
presently managed by City Corporation. In addition, the city corporation manages the overall solid waste
management system in Dhaka city area. Furthermore, the two mayor of the city corporation selected by the
public can ensure the political support from down to top level regarding on development.
Presently, DWASA is in charge of water supply and sanitation in Dhaka city, along with the operation and
management of the stormwater drainage network. It is so organised that different organs of drainage
components are placed under different units. The example is that the organs like i) Planning & Design, ii)
Construction, iii) Rehabilitation & Development (R&D) and iv) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) are placed
under two different Deputy Managing Directors and two different Chief Engineers. This sometimes creates
coordination and cooperation problems within the same organisation.
It is suggested that a separate unit may be set up within the existing organisation structure of DWASA, under
an exclusive DMD, with full drainage responsibilities. This unit will be independent, and could be named e.g.,
Stormwater Drainage Unit (SDU), in addition to the ‘Water Supply Unit’ and ‘Sanitation and Sewerage
Unit’. The SDU would operate under the same MD for better coordination and management.
7.3 Option 3 - Independent Authority
A new independent authority under the same ministry (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development &
Co-operatives) may be created for the drainage sector whose exclusive responsibility will be planning,
development, operation and maintainance of the stormwater drainage system of the entire Master Plan area, in
coordination with other local authorities.
This organisation may be called “Dhaka Stormwater Drainage Authority (DSDA)” and will have a separate
independent office, with a specific mandate.
This study has analysed all the above three options and finds option-1 most suitable under the present
circumstances.
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CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is providing drainage service along with water
supply and sewerage facilities for the core area of Dhaka city. In parallel with Dhaka WASA, Dhaka City
Corporation is also providing drainage facilities (mainly surface drainage which include tertiary drains and
pipes; length varies within a range of 10 to 700 m and dia of pipe varies from 0.3 m to 2.1 m) within the city
corporation boundary. Dhaka WASA is mainly responsible for management of stormwater drainage within its
jurisdiction. Under DWASA, the Stormwater Drainage System include 380 km storm sewer line, 65.6 km
open channel, 8.75 km box culvert and total 4 pump stations (DWASA, 2011).
The earliest detailed study to prepare a Master Plan for flood protection and internal drainage of Dhaka City
was undertaken by the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) in 1968. Afterwards Bangladesh
Water Development Board (BWDB) initiated to prepare a detailed plan. At the same time, DPHE had also
prepared a separate plan for the internal drainage system in 1976. In 1978, DPHE reviewed the 1968 Master
Plan and prepared a plan for flood control and drainage works covering an area of 144 Km2 of Dhaka. Another
drainage plan, namely “Interim Scheme for Removing Water Logging within Dhaka Metropolis” was
completed in June 1983. The “Revised Crash Programme for construction of Stormwater Drainage in Water
Logged Area of Dhaka Metropolis” was prepared by DPHE in 1985, which was continuing at the time of
finalization of report of another comprehensive study, namely “Study on Stormwater Drainage System
Improvement Project in Dhaka City” which was carried out by JICA (JICA, 1987) and was reviewed in 1990.
At that time another study was conducted under Flood Action Plan- FAP 8A and FAP 8B regarding drainage
and flood control. After FAP reports, IWM performed a study in 2006 regarding drainage Master plan of
Dhaka city.
However, the drainage situation in a mega city like Dhaka is still far from being satisfactory, which is acutely
evident during periods of even moderate showers. Therefore, Dhaka WASA has initiated to prepare a
“Stormwater Drainage Master Plan (SDMP)” of future Dhaka covering the area of Detail Area Plan (DAP)
under the jurisdiction of city development authority (known as RAJUK). In this regard DWASA hired an
independent consultant group JPZ-FCEA-SARM-JV for updating/preparation of a comprehensive drainage
master plan for Dhaka City. Accordingly, the consultant group commenced the work on 22 July 2012 and
submitted the Inception Report on 30 August 2012 and its revised copy on 22 Novembor 2012. This master
plan is prepared considering all structural and non-structural issues, which are necessary for sustainable urban
drainage. Along with the master plan this project also been conducted extensive survey work, computer
modelling, technical, and financial analysis, and management related works.
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support from World Bank. This Stormwater Drainage Master Plan (SDMP) is a part of the DWSSP. The brief
objective of the present SDMP study is to develop a detailed and comprehensive master plan for the
stormwater drainage system of Greater Dhaka that will meet the demand within the year 2040. DWASA
already has carried out a number of studies on Stormwater Drainage System conducted by different agencies.
But these studies could not serve much benefit to provide the services in drainage sector by overcoming the
limitations. Therefore, development of detailed and comprehensive Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for
greater Dhaka City has been widely felt which is also needed for developing an efficient drainage networks
and to establish numerous drainage projects for helping economic growth. This will be a master plan to guide
and development of an implementation tool for the planned drainage system and other infrastructures. The
overall objective of Stormwater master planning is to develop a legal, institutional and technical tool to
address current problems as well as guide the execution of long-term programs that anticipate future problems
resulting from urban development. The specific objectives of the Storm Drainage Master Plan according to
Term of Reference (ToR) are to:
1. Develop an accurate inventory of all drainage structures and assess their capacity existed within the
study area.
2. Develop accurate drainage basin maps with detail feature affecting drainage for the study area.
3. Develop a practical and cost-effective drainage improvement plan to meet demand for year 2040 for
the project area.
4. Prepare an investment plan to be required for developing an effective drainage system into the project
area.
5. Provide guidance and design criteria for stormwater management in new development area.
6. Identify institutional and regulatory factors that impact drainage and recommend possible changes or
modifications.
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Also to identify/ establish the permanent reference Benchmark of PWD or GTS at a rate of 10 sq km for core
area and 25sq km for the remaining study area.
2. Carry out detailed topographic survey for preparation of accurate drainage basin map(s). Show profile
of each watershed and sub-shed with contour lines and demarcation of each basin. Identify the primary,
secondary and tertiary drains. Basin characteristics to be included with the maps are as follows:
Size
Slope
Shape – length and width
Drainage density
Discharge rate and flow direction
Land use
Contour lines
Surface and sub-surface geology
Depression storage information
3. Prepare drainage basin maps covering the entire study area. Maps should have minimum scale of
1:10,000 and be presented in the form of digital and paper. Also include a modified version of the map
considering future landuse and growth for year 2040. Basin maps must include flow diagrams with
discharge rates for both existing and proposed drainage system network.
4. Identify sources of wastewater entering storm drainage system and location of major obstruction.
Prepare map depicting the locations and quantity of major waste water lines/ channels contributing to
drainage system.
5. Identify and recommend land acquisition, regulatory issues, protective measures and resettlement
action necessary to implement the Updated Master Plan of Stormwater Drainage for Dhaka City.
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infrastructure as well as urgency of the development of such infrastructures, prepare the detail design
and necessary procurement documents for development of such infrastructures.
5. Determine the criteria to be used for designing and constructing of drainage structures, such as storm
drains, channels, retention reservoirs and pumping stations. Criteria include design rainfall, minimum
and maximum velocity, minimum and maximum channel slope, side slopes, depth, etc. Based on these
criteria develop standard design approaches, standard drain sections, calculation methods, preliminary
sketches, etc. For example, for improvement of khals, standard section must include lining options and
standard cross sections for open or closed drains.
6. Prepare a timeline for implementation of each of the recommended projects by phasing of construction
and a funding schedule.
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4. Review the existing law, legislative and institutional arrangement of DWASA and suggest modified
law, legislative and institutional arrangement for stormwater management to protect the policy of
DWASA for development of separate sewer system i.e. domestic sewage and stormwater management.
5. Undertake economic and financial analyses of the proposed interventions in order to: (i) allow for a
prioritization of interventions based on identifying those with the highest economic returns (comparing
and intervention’s costs with the benefits accrued by it from the floods avoided, real estate appreciation
etc); and (ii) provide a comparison of the costs of operating and maintaining the proposed interventions
and identify revenue streams for covering these costs.
6. Undertake an analysis of those services that are interrelated with drainage, such as sanitation (sewerage
and wastewater disposal) and solid waste management (garbage and sediment accumulation), and their
impact on the existing and planned stormwater drainage networks, and make proposals related to the
legislative and institutional arrangements concerning these complementary services in order to
minimize their negative impact on the proper functioning of the drainage system.
7. Assess the city’s urban development policy, strategy, patterns and trends and the increasing impacts of
these on the city’s floods, and make recommendations regarding urban development policy, regulation
and strategies in order to minimize these impacts.
1.4 Deliverables
The consultants are to deliver the updated ‘Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka city’, containing in
six reports and covering at least the following component Table 1
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1. Inception Report: The Inception Report for the study project was submitted to DWASA on 30 August
2012
2. A Revised Inception Report was submitted to DWASA on 22 November 2012.
3. First Interim Report: This report was submitted on 30 December 2013. This report presented all
findings of data review, confirmation of basic idea, criteria and standard for formulation of the Master
Plan.
4. Second Interim Report: This Interim Report was submitted on 02 September 2013 and includes items,
listed in serial 3 of section 1.4 of this report.
5. Third Interim Report: This Report was submitted on 30 October 2013 and includes all the items, listed
in serial 4 of Section 1.4 of this report.
6. Draft Final Report: This Report was submitted on 30 December 2014, as Draft Final along with all
items listed serial 5 of section 1.4 of this report.
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7. ‘The Final Report’ of the Study project was submitted in 29 February 2016, incorporating all the
comments from DWASA, WB and their Consultants TTI, so far received on the earlier submitted DFR.
This is the updated revised version of the FINAL REPORT and is submitted in 29 February 2016, for record.
1. Introduction
2. Study Area Description
3. Stormwater Drainage issues in Dhaka
4. Urban Planning and Drainage Development
5. Review of previous Studies
6. Master Planning Methodology
7. Stormwater Best Management Practices
8. Formulation of Master Plan
9. Strategic Environmental Assessment
10. Recommendations
Supporting Annexes:
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CHAPTER 2:
Description of Study Area
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Dhaka Metropolitan Development Area (DMDP) of RAJUK is considered as the study area for Drainage
Master Plan (DMP). The total land of the study area is 1528 square kilometers. DCC area (345sq.km) within
the DMDP area is defined as the core city. Other areas are considered as the fringe area. The core city area is
of about 350 sq km, which is mostly developed but there is a lack of effective drainage system. The core city
is surrounded by four rivers, including the Balu River on the East, the Tongi Khal on the North, the Turag-
Buriganga Rivers on the West and the Shitalakhya and Pagla Bhuigor-Bhuigor Mouchak road on the South. In
the study, the Progoti Sharani-Airport Road-Atishdeepankar Road has also divided the core city in two parts.
One is core city western part having area of 143sq.km and the other is core city eastern part with a total area
of 121 sq.km. Progoti Sharani-Airport road is a common boundary line between core city western part and
core city eastern part. The Figure 2 shows the study area with showing core city eastern and western part and
fringe area.
The core city area includes flood protected western part and unprotected eastern part. DND area developed by
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), which is located at southern side of the city area. This flood
free, comparatively low value, urban fringe land has undergone tremendous pressure of development. Though
the area is free from external flooding, waterlogging occurs during the rainy season sometime for prolonged
duration.
The city fringe area is outside the periphery of core city area and bounded by Detail Area Plan boundary,
which is demarcated by RAJUK. The total area of city fringe area is about 1178 sq km, which consists of
suburban, developing and or developed area. This area includes low land, rivers, floodplain and agricultural
land. Figure 2 represents the project boundary, core city area and city fringe area.
The study area comprises Dhaka City Corporation (South and North), Narayanganj City Corporation
(including old Kadamrasul Municipality) and part of Gazipur City Corporation (including adjacent municipal
areas of Savar, and Tongi). Important service providing organizations in this area are Dhaka Metropolitan
Police (DMP), Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA), Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA),
Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Limited (TGTDL), Bangladesh Telecommunication Company
(BTCL), Rajdhani Unnyan Kortripakhkha (RAJUK), Dhaka Electricity Supply Company (DESCO), Dhaka
Power Distribution Company (DPDC) and Department of Environment (DoE) which are serving city dwellers
with specific services and facilities. Apart from these, health, education, planning, housing, transportation and
other infrastructure related organizations do exist in the city area. Area under jurisdiction of different
authorities serving Dhaka also varies. Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) is somewhat larger than the DCC
area, and currently holds 49 Police Stations. Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (DSMA) is considered as
Dhaka Mega city. Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) has a Strategic Planning Zone-wise plan of
Dhaka city which is known as Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP). It currently consists of total
26 zones of which 19 may cover Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area, though the total area is about 1528 km2
(DMDP, 1997). Total areas under different jurisdictions are summarized in Table 2
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Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) specified the boundary for the project
of“Updating/Preparation of the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City”. The description of
services in Terms of References (ToR) stated that,
“A strategic plan for stormwater drainage will be developed covering the city area as depicted in Detailed
Area Plan (DAP) of Dhaka City prepared by the concerned city development authority (known as RAJUK)
which has been approved by the Government of Bangladesh recently”.
The areas under DAP coverage include Gazipur Municipality to the north, the Dhaleshwari River to the south,
rivers Bangshi and Dhaleshwari to the west and rivers Sitalakhya and Meghna to the east. The total land area
of DAP is approximately 1528 sq km (DAP 2010) which encompasses Dhaka, Narayanganj and Gazipur
district. Considering economic, social and landuse characteristics of the study area, it may be classified into
two categories i.e. the core city area and the city fringe areas.
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2.3.1 Climate
Climate of Dhaka is Tropical and generally experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Climatic
condition of the Dhaka City and its adjoining area is more or less same and is influenced by Indian Ocean
Monsoon climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, one of the most widely used climate classification
system; Dhaka has a tropical wet and dry climate. In line with regional climatic characteristics Dhaka city
experiences four meteorological seasons like pre-monsoon (May to June), Monsoon (July to September), Post-
monsoon (October to November) and Dry (December to April).
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2.3.2 Rainfall
Bangladesh Meteorological Department has 35 meteorological stations throughout the country. In our study
area, BMD has one rainfall station at Agargaon. BWDB also has four rainfall stations around the study area.
Rainfall data from the Dhaka station (BMD) for 1980 to 2012 show that the annual average rainfall in the city
is about 2,117 millimetres, of which about 50 per cent falls during the months of June. July and August.
Average rainfall during the winter months (December, January and February) is negligible, less than 2 per
cent of annual rainfall. Figure 6 shows average monthly rainfall of Dhaka. In the drainage study, maximum
daily rainfall intensity is one of the most important design parameter. In case of Dhaka, people experiences
flooding when a sudden heavy rainfall occurs. In September 2004, 341 mm rainfall occurred in 8 hours in
Dhaka which led to severe urban flooding (Ahmed, 2008). Serious drainage congestion took place in Dhaka
city due to 333 mm rainfall on 28 July, 2009 (Uddin, 2009). On that day around 290 mm rainfall occurred in
six hours. A ranked list of historic highest rainfall is given in Table 5.
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2.3.3 Temperature
Maximum temperature may rise up to 400C and minimum temperature may go down to 60C. Average
humidity remains in the range of 80% to 90% during monsoon. Figure-6 describes the average monthly
maximum temperature, average monthly minimum temperature and average monthly rainfall of Dhaka. It was
found that maximum rainfall occurs during the period of June to September and average highest temperature
was observed during March-May.
2.3.4 Evaporation
Evaporation is the primary process of water transfer in the hydrological cycle. The evaporation including
transpiration form vegetated surface is known as potential evapotranspiration. Monthly evaporation varies
from 80 to 130mm.
The geotechnical characteristics of the Madhupur Clay in Dhaka city and its surroundings vary significantly
both aerially and vertically. The evaluated parameters, particularly its low strength and high compressibility
values indicate that the clay, to some extent, is problematic for engineering construction. The moisture content
and plastic limit results show that Madhupur Clay is normally consolidated to over-consolidate. The clay is
normal to active and has intermediate to high plasticity. The compressibility values suggest that the clay is
very low to highly compressible at different locations.
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Figure 8: Proposed Land use map in DMDP area (Source: RAJUK, 2012)
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Figure-9 shows the Structural Plan (1995-2015) of RAJUK under DMDP. The broader strategies of Dhaka
Structure Plan 1995-2015 and their different aspects are given below:
Urban Strategies
Land Consolidation
Accelerated Development
Planned New Area Development
Long Term Planned New Area
Development Opportunities
Rural and Special Areas Policies
Areas of High Agricultural Value
Flood Flow Zones
River Pollution Control
Flood Retarding Ponds
Infrastructure Consolidation
Fringe Area Growth Acceleration
Flood Protection Works
Infrastructure Initiatives
Community Based Development Initiatives
Priority Satellite Town/Dhamsona
Long-term Satellite Town
Purbachal New Town Project
Special Incentive Zone (Economic Base)
Socio Economic Sector
Industrial Estates
Foot Loose Industries
Polluting Industries
Informal Sector Activities
Dispersal of Commercial Activities
City Open Space
Infrastructure Sector
Incremental Network Development
Eastern By Pass
Commuter Rail Network
Subway Development Program
Water Transport Development Program
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2.5 Infrastructures
Infrastructure of Dhaka city is merely inadequate against the demand of 12 million people. Traffic congestion
is one manifestation of inefficient and insufficient road and poor management. To carry out the demand of
housing the city already covered every corner in an unplanned manner. The services providing organization
are facing tremendous pressure with their limited resources and capacity. DCC and DWASA are the essential
city dwelling services providing Authority. DWASA currently supplies water to about 70% of the population
of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and its suburbs i.e., the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA). Sewerage
networks are only existent in the urban core area ostensibly covering about 30% of core Dhaka. DWASA is
also responsible for developing and operating the city’s stormwater drainage system that covers an area of
about (140 km2), including a network of stormwater drainage canals (“khals”) and pumping stations. The
city’s stormwater drainage system covers about 38% of the DCC area, to drain out flood waters through
natural canals into adjoining rivers. While DWASA is responsible for the stormwater drainage systems in
Dhaka, solid waste management in Dhaka remains the responsibility of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC).
Inefficient solid waste management in Dhaka adversely affects DWASA’s operations of the stormwater
drainage, particularly in slum areas where solid and other wastes are frequently thrown into the canals. Many
drains in DCC also double up as combined sewers carrying domestic sewage form the residence. Back-flow of
sewage into residential premises is a common occurrence during monsoon, period.
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Figure 10: Existing Road Network of Core City Area in DAP (DCC, 2012)
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Figure 11: Road Hierarchy Network of Core City Area (DCC, 2012)
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It may be mentioned that the Progoti Sorani at the north leading to the Bishwa Road at the south of the city is
treated as the central spine road and acts as the embankment for the central and eastern part of Dhaka City. It
has been found that there are 13 outlets across this boundary, out of which 8 have flood-profing structures
(FS). These FS are normally remained closed during the peak monsoon following the flood water level at the
river side. Amongst the eight (8) flood-profing structures (FS), Rampura and Kamalapur (near Maniknagar)
on Begunbari Khal and Segunbagicha Khal catchment area respectively, have permanent pumping
arrangements for evacuating stormwater from country side. The capacity of Rampura pump station is about 25
m3/sec and Kamalapur pump station with capacity of about 15 m3/sec. There is also a pump station at the
downstream end of Dholai Khal at Mill Barrack, with a capacity of 22 m3/sec, to drain stormwater from
southern portion of Old Dhaka. Moreover, temporary pumps are installed at different points of western
embankment and flood walls to pump out stormwater out of the embankment during monsoon and heavy
rainfall out of the embankment during monsoon and heavy rainfall.
The Plate-2 and Plate-3 shows the flood controlling structures. All these Land uses, Cross section of khals
and other Detail Drainage Networks Maps are shown in details in Annex–B, (Detail Basin Maps and Khal
Cross sections.)
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Dhaka WASA has developed a Sewerage Master Plan to provide public sewerage system for the entire city.
The Sewerage Master Plan proposes five new waste treatment plants in Dasher Kandi, North Dhaka, South
Dhaka, Gabtoli and Uttara and setting up of new pipelines by 2035 to provide sewerage service for about 32
million people. In the first phase, the capacity of Pagla Sewerage Treatment Plant would be increased to two
lac cubic metre per day. Sewerage system, transmission mains and treatment plants would be constructed at
Uttara, Mirpur, Rupganj, DND-Demra, Narayanganj and Rayerbazar catchments in the second phase. In the
third phase, sewerage treatment plants would be constructed within greater Dhaka including Gazipur, Tongi,
Savar and Keraniganj. Figure 123 shows existing sewerage network of Dhaka WASA.
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Figure 13: Existing Sewerage Network Coverage in Dhaka City (DWASA, 2013)
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Primary Collection: DCC is responsible for secondary waste collection to remove waste from its
dustbins/containers, and transport the waste to final disposal sites. Residents are responsible for bringing their
waste to DCC’s waste collection points where dustbins/containers are located as shown in Figure 14
It is commonly observed that NGO/CBO or private firms are engaged in primary collection in Dhaka City.
Various local civil societies or CBOs duplicated the system of door-to-door collection introduced in
Kalabagan in 1987 that uses rickshaw van as basic collection tool.
Transportation: The wastes are transported by fleet of open (flat bedded) or closed vehicles (with vertically
sliding shutter on both sides) from the old part of the city where the roads and the lanes are narrow. In the new
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part, de-mountable container system (hydraulically operated) is working. Every vehicle has got specified areas
and route through which they move to collect wastes. 370 Nos. of trucks (Both open and covered) and
container carriers are engaged in transporting the Solid Wastes from the dustbins/containers to the disposal
sites.
Final Disposal: Garbage Trucks and Carriers bring the collected Solid Wastes to the selected Dumping Sites.
City Wastes are only being used for filling low-lying lands. Some heavy equipment like Bull-Dodger, Tire
Dodger, and Pay Loader Excavators are being used for dressing and compaction of the dumping site. The
waste is presently being disposed of mainly on a low land (Matuail) about 3 kilometers from the corporation
area and a number of minor sites which are operated by uncontrolled manner without any proper earth cover
and compaction. The uncollected wastes are dumped in open spaces, streets, clogs drainage system creating
serious environmental degradation and health Risks.
Recycling: Dhaka City Corporation yet to have any Solid Waste re-cycling project; however, wastes which
have market value are being reclaimed or salvaged for recycling. Recycling contributes to resource
conservation as well as environmental protection. The major component of municipal waste organic food
waste is totally ignored even though it has a potential value and can be converted into organic compost. A
number of other recycling schemes (like waste to electricity, Waste to Bio-Gas, Waste to Tiles/building
materials etc) are under the consideration of the City Corporation and also the Government. Hopefully in a
near future some of those projects will be launched in the city.
2.6 Socio Economic Condition
2.6.1 Population
In global and regional context, Bangladesh population has drawn considerable attention of the social
scientists, policy planners and international organizations. Capital City Dhaka has emerged as a fast growing
megacity in recent times. It began with a manageable population of 1.6 million in 1974 (according to 1974
censes) which reached 12.04 million in 2011 (2011 census). Its share of national urban population was 25% in
1981, 31% in 1991 and 34% in 2001 respectively. The growth rate of the population during 1974-2000 was
6.9% (UN, 1998). There is no city in the world, which has experienced such a high growth rate in population
during this period. The United Nations (1999) describes the rapid population growth of this city as
‘exceptional’. The rapid growth of population is sinking this overloaded metropolis. Dhaka City Corporation
(DCC) area is the most densely populated area in our study area. It was found that present area under DCC
(South and North) is 131 sq km and population density is 64,192 per sq km. Population growth rate in DCC
area is 4.65%.
Figure 15 shows the distribution of population in DAP area according to 2011 census which indicates that
most people live in Mirpur, Azimpur, Badda, khilgaon, Postagola area. Increase of population of Dhaka over
time series is described in Table 12. Population forecasting has been estimated for Dhaka city up to 2040.The
distribution of population in DAP area in 2040 is presented in Figure 16.
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CHAPTER 3:
Stormwater Drainage Issues in Dhaka City
3.1 General
The purpose of this chapter is to identify the different types of stormwater drainage issues and challenges
those prevail in the study area. It will guide to find out solutions for effective and sustainable urban
stormwater drainage. The drainage obstruction and challenges can be characterized as followings:
3.1.2 Structural
Siltation and slugging into main channels, canals or networks
Improper solid waste management
Illegal encroachment flood plain and low lying lands
Indiscriminate Land Development
Defective Drainage Structures
Inadequate Pumping facilities and Drainage Infrastructures
Obstruction of drains by utility lines
Bridges and culverts
In order to address all these above-mentioned issues regarding stormwater drainage system in Dhaka, critical
analysis can be done from two perspectives as – structural and non-structural view. Some of the major
observations from these two perspectives are discussed in following part of the chapter.
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encroachment problem from starting point to end. This branch also has sedimentation problem and
filling with solid waste in different places. Kallayanpur UMA khal is about 1.06 km long and main
problem is blocking with sediment and solid waste. Kallyanpur KHA khal (3.33 km) starts from
Mirpur 1 and falls on main khal at Gabtoli. At upstream part the khal is sedimented at some point.
Solid waste was found floating all through the khal.
3. Katasur Khal:
This khal having a length of 2.27 km starts from Zafarabad area and ends on Ramchandrapur Khal.
Katasur Khal carries stormwater from Dhanmondi-Shonkor area. This khal also has common problem
of encroachment. Dumping of solid waste was found in many places which need to clean. There exists
14 road crossing on the khal through culvert and crossing with bamboo in many places (more than 25).
At upstream part, the khal is full with solid waste.
4. Ramchandrapur Khal:
It starts at the ending of Katasur khal. Total length is 1.42 km, which drains out stormwater of
Mohammadpur area. The khal has been found narrow in some places. During pick flow, it overflows
on box culvert near Mohammadpur.
5. Ibrahimpur Khal:
This khals starts from north corner of old airport and ends near Kachukhat bazaar area and is connected
to Baunia khal through box culvert. Total length is about 0.85 km. The bed of the khal is raised by
sedimentation.
6. Baunia khal:
It has a length of 7.64 km starts from Mirpur 14 and falls on Digun khal. It has a bridge near Kalshi. At
upstream part of the bridge, there exists water body that holds stormwater. However, this water body is
under threat of landfilling (Plate-4).
7. Abdullahpur Khal:
The length of the khal is 5.6 km, which starts from Abdullahpur sluice gate and falls on Digun khal.
The khal is in good condition but solid waste and sedimentation is reducing the capacity.
8. Digun Khal:
This khals having a length of 4.15 km starts from the confluence of Abdullahpur khal and Baunia khal
and ends at reservoir of Goranchotbari pump station. This khal is also in good condition.
9. Shangbadik Colony khal:
This khal is 1.91 km long, which starts from Mirpur 11 and falls on Baistec khal. This khal is
rectangular channel and main problem is sedimentation and solid waste. Another issue is sewerage
connection.
10. Mirpur Housing Khal:
Length of this khal is 1.01 km staring from Mirpur 11 and ends on Baistec khal. People are
encroaching from both sides of the khal. Solid waste is also reducing the carring capacity of this khal.
11. Baistec khal:
Length is 0.5 km and carrying the combined discharge of Shangbadik Colony khal and Mirpur Housing
khal. It falls on Baunia khal.
12. Sec-6 Digun Khal (Rupnagar):
Rupnagar khal is carring the stormwater generated from Rupnagar area. The length of this khal is 4.09
km.
13. Hazaribagh Khal:
Length of this khal is 0.44 km and it carries stormwater from hazaribag area. The khal is carrying huge
tannery waste. Solid waste is also reducing the capacity of the khal.
14. Koshai bari-Boalia khal:
It starts from the sluice gate of new airport and falls on Bowalia-Bowfar Khal. Total length is about
4.21 km.
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It is estimated that there are approximately 45 natural canals/khals, with a total of about 142 km that works as
the natural drainage system of Dhaka city. Out of these 45 canals, it was identified that 26 canals are under
jurisdiction of Dhaka WASA, a major part of which is under threat of encrotchment and filling.
The 26 canals are Kalyanpur main canal, Kalyanpur Ka, Kha, Gha, Uma and Cha canals, Katasur,
Ramchandpur, Abdullahpur, Diyabari, Digun, Gulshan-Banani, Mohakhali, Hazaribagh, Begunbari,
Khilgaon-Basabo, Manda, Sutivola, Badda-Shahjadpur, Rupnagar, Baisteki, Bouniya, Ibrahimpur canals,
Housing canal in Mirpur-14 and Jirani canal.
The other canals in the list, which are not under WASA, are Char Kamrangir Khal, Begunbari-Meradiya-
Gajariya, Dakkhingaon-Nandipara, Rajarbagh-Nandipara, Nasirabad-Nandipara, Nandipara-Trimohoni and
Boufar (Boualiya) canals.
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Figure 17 shows the location map of existing khal in the core city area of Dhaka.
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Figure 17: The Existing Khal inventory map in Core city area. (Source: Field survey, 2013)
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maintaining the flood embankment, floodwall and some sluices. DC office also owns some natural khal/canal
and khas land. This fragmented jurisdiction of area and services regarding drainage is constraining for an
integrated drainage system. Furthermore, these organizations work under different ministry.
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The Government has framed the Natural Water Bodies, Open Space, Playground and Park Protection Law,
2000 to protect the natural water bodies, canals, rivers, and depressed low laying areas and open spaces within
metropolitan areas of Bangladesh. It provides power to the concerned authorities to protect water bodies and
avoid environmental hazards. But in reality from the field survey, it has been found that most of the buildings
and housing companies are developing land by violating this Act. For lack of law enforcement and strong
monitoring, people violated the plans during the construction of their buildings and structures. They build
their structures in their own way. They do not follow the instructions, which has described in the Building
Construction Rules, 2008. For the shortage of building inspectors in RAJUK, negligence of their duties and
above all their corruption, people take opportunity of violating plan. With the growth of Dhaka, RAJUK has
failed to prepare the Detail Area Plan on time as per the guidelines of DMDP that has created an opportunity
to violate some important proposals of DMDP. Proposals of Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan of DMDP
are being violated in many cases and RAJUK failed to take action against the responsible person and land
developing companies. RAJUK failed to implement the planning standards of DMDP and planning rules of
DAP.
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city area. Another common scenario is to make temporary house on the drainage canal for slum people.
Outside the core city area, the land developers and other private companies already bought huge land area
which includes floodplain and wetland. Some portion of the land is already filled and the rest are on the way
of filling.
Encroachment of natural drainage system has become a common practice in Dhaka where the land value is
tremendously high. Many of the natural drainages of Dhaka City disappeared or are in way to lose their
existence due to illegal encroachment. The filling-up of vast areas in Ashulia, Banashree, Aftabnagar,
Meradia, Baunia, Badda, Amin Bazar and Hatirjheel, known as water catchments, increased the hazards of
water logging that swamped much of the city (Plate-6). The Detail Area Plan has clearly marked these areas
as a water retention area. But the developers and land owners have occupied and filled up those areas. A
significant amount of impervious surface has increased in these watersheds due to expansion of the Dhaka
Metropolitan area over the last few decades. Due to rapid urbanization with unplanned construction, most of
the khal in the city has been encroached and filled up, causing obstruction to the smooth flow of water to the
out fall rivers. In July 2001, BIWTA prepared a list of 309 illegal establishments. However, environmental
activists assert that the illegal structures may be as high as 5,000.
Again, the DND area is bounded by the Lakhya River in the east, the Buriganga River in west, the Nrayanganj
Municipality in the south and the Dhaka-Demra-Chittagong Road cum embankment in the north. The DND
project area was an irrigation project, protected from floods by polders and drained by pumps. Because of
flood free area with comparatively low value of land, urban fringe land has undergone tremendous pressure of
development. Due to the encroachment and filled up the khal, low land and water bodies in the city, the
storage facilities have been reduced. Furthermore, the pump station is below requirement from the beginning.
The Fringe area is about 1168 sq km which include three municipal areas as Savar, Gazipur and Kadamrasul.
The rest of the area is rural in nature and under natural drainage system. Within the area of these three
municipalities, the major problem is unplanned drains, insufficient and defected drains.
Plate 8: Clogging of Drains and Inlets due to Unconscious Works of the City People
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Box Culvert 8.5 km 8.5 km 8.5 km 8.5 km 8.59km 8.75 km 8.75 km 8.75 km
Fixed 4 4
Pumping 2 2 3 3 4 4
Station
10 20 20 20 20 20
1) Kallyanpur 20 m3/sec 20 m3/sec
m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec
22 22 22 22 22 22
2) Dholaikhal 22 m3/sec 22 m3/sec
m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec
25 25
3)Rampura - - - -
m3/sec m3/sec
15
4)Kamlapur
m3/sec
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) has also constructed one pumping station (capacity
22 m3/s) at the northwestern part (Goran Chadbari at the outfall of the Degun khal into the Turag
River) of the city. Another pumpstation (14.52 m3/s) in shimrail has been used for agricultural
purpose. But recent this pumpstation is working for dual purpose such as flood control.
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Goranchatbari pumpstation
maintained by BWDB
Rampura pumpstation
Kallayanpur pumpstation
Kamlapur pumpstation
Dholaikhal pumpstation
Figure 18: The Map of Existing Drainage Network of Different Organisations in Dhaka City
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Roadside Drains: These drains are suffering from defects of size, shape, slope and blockage. There is a
variety of drain size of same order. In some cases, higher order drains are not big enough to carry out the
stormwater to the main canals. In most cases, the shape of the drains is not in uniform shape. Partially broken
drains are found which reduces flow capacity. Many pipes were found crossing the roadside drains which
create resistance during peak flow. However, the foremost critical problem is blockage of the drains with solid
waste, construction materials and other obstacles.
DCC pipes: The size of pipe installed by DCC generally varies from 0.3 to 0.6 meter which is not adequate to
carry stormwater in many cases. A variety of slope was found along pipe network. Moreover, the most
prominent and common difficulty is blockage of the pipe.
Box Culvert: Dhaka WASA has 8.75 km box culvert. The main problem of the box culvert is blockage with
solid waste and construction materials.
Storm Sewer Line: The inlet and outlet of storm sewer line is blocked in some places.
Catch pit connection: The catch pit connections are inadequate in number and in many places it is blocked
with solid waste or construction materials and also covered by road carpeting.
Natural canal: The size of natural canal is narrowing due to tremendous pressure of urbanization. Moreover,
the shape of the canals inside the core city area is not uniform and most of the canals lost its natural slope due
to sedimentation and dumping of waste. At some places the canal is almost blocked due to combined effect of
encroachment and waste dumping. Making temporary house on canal for slum people is a common scenario in
Dhaka which also causes blockage of the canals.
Manholes: A major portion of manholes in Dhaka city is defective from engineering point of view. The
common defects are missing cover, fixed cover, and carpeting over manhole, improper placing and blockage
(Plate-10).
Culvert: In most cases the size of the culvert is smaller than the size of the canal. In some cases, culvert is
constructed narrowing the canal which creates a scope of encroachment at both sides of the culvert. It was
found that dumping of waste near culvert is much more than other part of the canal which also causes
blocking of the culvert (Plate-11)
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Figure 19: Existing Drainage Network and Flood Control Structure of Dhaka city (Field Survey, 2013)
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Due to the shortage of proper infrastructure, the city people have been experiencing frequent water logging
during monsoon. Some of the areas of Dhaka such as Shantinagar, Mirpur, Fakirapool, motijheel etc. are very
well known for their flooding character. With a minimum amount of rain these areas are used to go under the
water. During field survey , the major water logged areas in core city and DND have been identified and
which are shown in Figure 21
Figure 21: Major Water Logged Areas in Core City and DND Area
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RAJUK provides ‘Planning Permission’ and ‘Land use Clearance’ to the private landowner to construct any
structure on his/her land in the urban areas in accordance with the provisions made under master plan. But due
to severe shortage of skilled manpower, corruption in the planning permission process, lack of visionaries and
weak monitoring capacity of RAJUK, Dhaka city grew in a haphazard way and has turned into an
unmanageable mega city. The validity of the 1959 Master Plan ended in 1981. Thereafter, up to 2010, there
was virtually no valid plan for Dhaka city. The 1959 Master plan was carried up to the recent time, when the
Detailed Area Plan was prepared within the framework of DMDP Structure Plan and got approval of the
government, though its implementation is still uncertain. As a result, absence of the city’s master plan in the
last 30 years and the weak monitoring system of development authority, Dhaka grew haphazardly during this
period when the pressure of growth was tremendous. In this period, urbanisation has taken place in two ways;
densification in the built up areas and city expansion for new urban areas in the low land surroundings of the
city. During 1990-2000, about 270 sq km of wetlands in and around Dhaka city has been filled up.
3.4.5 Undesired Land Development at Retention Areas and Flood Flow Zone.
FAP-8B study by JICA was to provide a relatively flood free and secured living environment within the
framework of a long term flood protection program for Dhaka. FAP-8B had four parts namely: Part-A: Flood
Protection; Part-B: Drainage; Part-C: Environmental Improvement; Part-D: Implementation Assistance. Part:
A & B comprised of the proposals on drainage and retention ponds. FAP-8B proposed for three retention pond
areas with pumping facilities. Location of these retention pond areas were Goranchotbari, Kallyanpur and
Dholaikhal. Table 18 shows the amount of proposed, acquired and present amount of effective land for
retention pond in the FAP-8B area. In Goranchotbari site, about 274 hectors of land was designated as
retention pond areas, whereas FAP-8B proposed 304 hectares of land for the said purpose. The scenario of
Kallyanpur site is most frustrating, out of proposed 306 hectares, only 3.2 hectares of land was brought under
retention pond site. The old Narinda pond was the third retention site, chosen for Dholaikhal Pumping Station
comprising of 4.2 hectares of land.
Table 18: Present Status of proposed retention areas in western Dhaka by FAP-8B
Name of the pond Proposed area according to Acquired/ Govt. land
Present Status
area the map of FAP-8B (ha) (ha)
Goranchatbari 304.4 274 247 Ha (approx)
Kallyanpur 306.4 3.2 45 Ha (approx)
Dholaikhal - 4.2 Not Defined
Total 610.8 281.4
(Source: Islam et all, 2010)
During formulation of Detailed Area Plan (2006-2015) of DMDP area (future Dhaka city) almost 5508.95
acres (2230. 44 hectares) of land had been proposed as water retention area where all types of landuse were
prohibited except water storage. Again 77413.12 acre (31341.34 hectares) of land was proposed as flood flow
zone in outer fringe area of the core city which is supposed to be submerged during monsoon. Except
fisheries, agriculture and water based recreation no types of landuse can take place within these demarcated
areas. At present people are filling these lands for commercial and residential purposes indiscriminately. It
decreases the effective amount of flood flow zone and retention areas of the city as well as increasing the risk
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of flood in a great scale. Figure 22 shows the proposed amount of retention areas and flood flow zone by
DAP.
Figure 22: Proposed Flood Flow and Water Retention area in DAP (2006-2015)
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Table 19 : Existing Landuse in Declared Flood Flow and Water retention Areas by DAP
Flood Flow Zone Water Retention Areas
Landuse Type Area(Acres) Landuse Type Area(Acres)
Commercial Activity 34.28 Commercial Activity 28.61
Community Service 5.50 Community Service 0.06
Diplomatic 7.32 Education and Research 10.25
Education and Research 46.22 Filled Land 217.29
Filled Land 11.24 Governmental Services 0.84
Manufacturing and
Forest Area 46.78 16.32
ProcessingActivity
Homestead 322.20 Mixed Use 2.76
Manufacturing and
1,200.52 Open Space 0.46
ProcessingActivity
Miscellaneous 4.78 Residential 661.66
Mixed Use 5.77 Restricted Area 0.15
Open Space 97.42 Service Activity 5.16
Recreational Facilities 0.33 Transport and Communication 60.11
Residential 5,728.64 Vacant Land 249.93
Restricted Area 598.74 Water Body 1,098.16
Rural Homestead 41.09 Homestead 3,157.19
Service Activity 7.67
Transport and Communication 469.71
Vacant Land 6,127.96
Water Body 5,091.62
Agriculture 57,565.33
Grand Total 77,413.12 Grand Total 5508.95
(Source: RAJUK, 2012)
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Figure 23: Water Level & Discharge stations around Dhaka (BWDB, 2012)
It has been found from analysis of data that stations in the southeast and southwest direction have trivial tidal
effect. The variation of water level during the year around Dhaka is 0.00 to 8 mPWD and highest water level
was observed during the month of July-August-September. The lowest water level was observed during
December to March. A water level hydrograph is presented in Figure 24, which describes the daily maximum,
daily minimum and daily average water level during 1990 to 2011.
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Figure 27: Box Plot of the mean Monthly Rainfall Data in Dhaka
A box plot for monthly evaporation data has also been generated from observed data and presented in Figure
28. This indicates that the maximum evaporation in Dhaka occurs during the summer months (March-May),
the highest evaporation generally occurs during April. The mean monthly evaporation varies from the
minimum of 51 mm in winter to a maximum of 183 mm in summer.
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Figure 32: Existing and Proposed Major Road Network in Dhaka (RAJUK, 2015)
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Figure 33: Proposed strategic zone of DMP area (2016-2035) (RAJUK, 2015)
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Surveying Khals/Canals
There are 45 khals covering approximately 142 km length. To get the present condition of the khals cross
sectional Figure-34 survey has been conducted at an interval of 200 meter. The khals mainly consist of two
parts – under water bed and above water land portion (on both bank). The total station and level machine have
been used for surveying of land portion; on the other hand echo-sounder has been used to get the bed profile
of khal. Position and level have been carried out from nearest BM. Additional TBM has been established as
required. The data have been recorded at an offset of not greater than 5 meter. Furthermore, edge of bank, toe
of slope and deepest point have also been marked. From the edge of bank maximum 20 meter has been
covered towards country side. RL of water level and direction of flow have been recorded for every section.
After collection the data have been combined to get the cross section. The data format has been Khal Name,
Chainage, Distance, RL, Easting, Northing, Water level, flow direction, and remarks in excel. An Autocad
version of these data showing the cross sectional profile also supplied. The bank line, outfall position, capacity
condition, any structure like bridge, culvert and encroachment or other obstacle have been identified. The
position of structures has been shown in plan view of the khal.
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The alignment (GIS shape files) of storm sewer line has been collected from WASA. The elevation (RL) of
storm sewer line has been surveyed along the alignment with level machine and GPS. RL of inner bottom
surface and inner top surface of pipe has been recorded at every accessible point (manhole, gullies) along the
network Figure 35. At the same time, position of the features has been recorded by using GPS. The direction
of flow along the drainage network has been recorded. The diameter of the pipe has been calculated from
difference of top and bottom RL. Recorded data have been updated in GIS database. A recording procedure of
pipe network RL is shown in Plate-13.
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The pipe network of the drainage system has been collected as same procedure described above. For open and
covered drains, cross sectional survey has been conducted with level machine, GPS and measuring tape at an
interval of 250 meter. The level has been carried out from nearest BM. Additional TBM has been installed if
required. The data format has been Name of road, Chainage, Easting, Northing, Top width, Bottom width,
Top RL, Bottom RL and remarks.
Topographic survey
Topographic survey has been carried out to prepare a basin map. Spot level has been taken with total station
and RTK GPS. Nearest BM or TBM has been used to carry out the position and level. In the city fringe area
(about 1178 sq km) data have been taken at 100-meter grid. For core city area spot level has been taken on the
road and adjacent area and on open space. These data have been used to update the Detail Area Plan Data.
Data Processing and Mapping
Collected data have been processed to produce a drainage inventory. The drainage inventory has been
incorporated the following information but not limited to:
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Another two studies under Flood Action Plan programme namely FAP 8A and FAP 8B was carried out by
JICA and Louis Berger respectively in 1991. After that IWM performed a study in 2006 regarding drainage
Master plan of Dhaka city. On the other hand, city development authority (RAJUK ) prepared Detail Area
Plan which specifies detail landuse pattern and development plan for future Dhaka. This study has an
advantage for current project. A list of different studies related to drainage is given in Table 24. Review of
important studies is presented in the following chapters.
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CHAPTER 4:
Urban Planning and Drainage Development
The urbanization of Dhaka started from the banks of the Buriganga River back to the Mughal dynasty (400
years ago). Dhaka became one of the biggest cities of this region after the arrival of British. The British rulers
initially expanded the city up to Palashi where they built a garrison of the company army. It also became a
communication hub then. In 1801, Dhaka was a city with 200,000 people. But the population decreased due to
the destruction of the Cottage Industries of Dhaka. Moreover, the establishment of small industries made
Dhaka more important. After the independence of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971, the city’s population
raised suddenly to 1.4 million in 1974 (Ali K.B, Taleb M.A. et.al.2012) which was quite manageable. But
within the timeframe of 40 years after liberation it turns into a huge figure (over 13 million), which becomes
intolerable for everyone to be accommodated with life saving basic needs. Unplanned urbanization and
uncontrolled growth is the ultimate outcome of such rapid urban population especially from rural-urban
migration. It forces the authority expand the city area and their service coverage indiscriminately, very often
beyond to their capacity. At present Dhaka is being started to expand in all directions, specifically to
northeast, southeast and southern trends by filling up low-lying areas. Dhaka is expanding apace, at an
average rate of 4.24% yearly projected to be the third largest mega city in the world by the year 2020 (World
Bank, 2007).
Where Un: level of urbanization Up: Total urban population Tp: Total population
According to this assumption level of urbanization for different time period in Dhaka City are calculated in
Table 25
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The above table shows the misery and rapidness of urbanization for Dhaka city. This numerical analysis is
only the representative scenario of none other than uncontrolled urban growth and urbanization.
The growth of the city before 50's was very low and gradual (Chowdhury and Faruqui, 1991). After 1950,
Dhaka City has experienced significant but discontinuous and uncontrolled expansion. This growth is
characterized by two main features – areal expansion and population increases. Present limit of Dhaka city
which is known as “Greater Dhaka City” is in the North and North-West are Tongi and Savar across the Turag
River and in the West is up to Mirpur, South and South-West is Keraniganj, Kamrangirchar, across the
Buriganga River and in the East and South East are Rupganj, Narayanganj and Sitalakhya River. City is
growing almost in every direction (e.g. horizontal and vertical expansion). This vertical intensification has
started late 80's and added a new dimension in the city growing process. This recent phenomenon of high rise
building in both commercial and residential sectors, clearly manifest the city to adopt this process to cope with
the ever increasing population pressure and unavailability of land within central part of DMA.
For the purpose of forecasting future landuse and land cover scenario, three type’s landuse transformation
alternatives can be discussed:
All these probable future landuse transformation alternatives are shown in Figure 36
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The Strong Central Spine Scenario is the concept that future urban growth and development will be
concentrated on the existing north-south axis and absorb population growth. The concept is basically an
application of the urban corridor concept in which the dominance of central axis is reinforced by the
development along the existing railway, from Tongi to Kamalapur railway station and up to the Narayanganj
railway station. Along this railway line, main roads are also connected. Due to the development of existing
north-south axis, urban development would be encouraged on both sides of rail and roadway.
The Regional Growth Centers Scenario is based on central place theory and growth pole concept in which
regional growth centers will accommodate a greater percentage of population growth in conjunction with the
investments made in emerging industrial development areas. Transportation and communication from regional
growth centers to Dhaka are to be developed in a better way. In the north, Savar has a great importance to
develop commercial and industrial activities in Export Processing zone (EPZ). The Strategic Transport Plan
(STP) proposed construction of the Western Bypass, which would enhance new developments from the
northern growth centers towards southern of Dhaka city. The continuation of this Bypass through Narayanganj
would provide additional opportunities for urban development within the southern part of the DND Triangle.
The Dispersal Scenario is the concept that future urban growth and development will be dispersed mainly
toward the north and southeast, but with developments that are more balanced. Inter-linkage within existing
communities and emerging development corridor will be encouraged. The northern towns like Savar, Ashulia
and Gazipur are encouraged to be sub-regional centers with educational and medical facilities. The sub
regional center of agro-based industry is proposed in Kaliganj. The southern area including Narayanganj,
Bandar, Munshiganj and Sonargaon would be developed by using inland water shipping services to send
goods to the north. Within Dhaka city, it is encouraged to build self-sufficient communities. By observing the
present trend of urbanization and development alternative adopted by RAJUK, alternative-2 namely as "The
regional growth center scenario" along with other two alternatives was developed under Structure Plan (1995-
2015) ant it was incorporated in strategic transport plan of Dhaka City under BRTA. The second alternative
was recommended as the most realistic one that can be executed within the study target period. In DMP study,
the consultant team has adopted that estimation of future urban landuse transformation and expansion.
Figure 37 shows the probable locations for future urban expansion within DMDP area and trend of internal
migration that can take place. This figure clearly illustrates that in future the authority will encourage the
citizens to shift/ live in peripheral satellite towns rather than living in core-city areas. RAJUK has already
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initiates some satellite towns such as Purbachal, Uttara 3rd Phase, Jhilmil etc. Due to implementation of these,
accumulated volume of built up areas will be increased drastically, whereas city will lose its wetlands and
agricultural lands very fast too. Especially the construction of Eastern Bypass and implementation of
Purbachal will impart very negative impacts such filling of low-lying lands, environmental degradation,
disturbance in natural drainage etc.
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Figure 37 : Detail Regional Growth Direction Scenario of DMDP Area (RAJUK, 2015)
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The above-mentioned figure shows future urban expansion strategy of current authorities is largely based on
managing new satellite cities or sub-urban areas for accommodating the ever-growing huge population of the
city. Some of the satellite towns are already in course of implementation such as Purbachal, Uttara 3rd Phase,
Jhilmil etc. Despite from these lots of private developers are also promoting real estate based urban residence
in these areas too. Such sort of urbanization is causing the uncontrolled growth of urban sprawl accompanies
by decreasing agricultural and low lying lands. Implementation of eastern bypass is assumed to have same
impact on wetland and low-lying areas. If the situation continues, urban residential areas and commercial
areas within DMDP area will be the dominant character by 2040 instead of water bodies, wetlands,
agricultural lands and open spaces.
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Population
Economic Development
Shelter and Housing
Social Facilities and Open Space
Transport
Flood Control and Drainage
Utility Services
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denote an area as ecologically critical area where the area is threatened or at risk situation. The
discharge of any environment pollutants occurs due to any accident or other unforeseen incident, the
person responsible and the person in charge of the place of occurrence shall take measure to control the
environment pollution.
7. The Natural Water Body, Open space, Park, Play Ground Protection Law, 2000
This law is a landmark for the private residential land development in Dhaka City. The major features
of the law are given below: The unidentified river, khal, beel, lake, natural water body, flood flow and
sub-flood flow zones in the master plan must be protected. These areas should be published under
gazette notification. The character of the areas cannot be changed to protect the environment. This
legal instrument can protect environmentally sensitive areas of Dhaka by preventing land filling for
development of residential areas. But the application of the law become difficult, because the natural
water bodies, the low lying and the retention pond, khal etc. within the DMDP are not marked on
Mouza map.
contains constituents in amounts sufficient to cause damage to cement or buried metals, a chemical
analysis of samples of ground water and soil shall be obtained and necessary precautions shall have to
be taken. Details about Draining and Sanitation, Water supply, Floor area ratio, environment impact
assessment etc. are described in this code.
4.4.3 Institutional
DWASA is the prime institution for operating and maintaining the prime and secondary drainage within the
core city area. Tertiary drains remain to City Corporation. All these drains are needed to clean regularly after a
certain interval. Unfortunately, DWASA do not have sufficient amount of cleaners and human resources to do
this works regularly. All activities of DCC are carried out under the appropriate Ordinance. Near about 3000
temporary cleaners have been appointed on daily basis.
They do not have job security. They work on the “no work – no pay basis”. This situation causes problems in
the efficiency of solid waste management. Cleaners should have job security with increased remuneration.
They should be given proper medical facilities and be provided with protective measures like masks and
gloves. Proper training is essential for the cleaners. There should be strict action for negligence of duties by
cleaners and sweepers. The ordinance does not provide enough legal action against violators. As a result, city
dwellers do not dispose of waste in designated places and even do not carry out the timely disposal of waste in
nearby bins. This area must be strengthened. For this purpose, the relevant sections or provisions of Ordinance
should be amended. Stringent laws should be enacted locally so that people are constrained from throwing
solid waste here and there.
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4.4.4 Political
No amendment in the ordinance is possible without passing it through the National Parliament. The process of
submitting this to the parliament is lengthy and difficult. It involves a large number of ministries and
departments. However, it is not impossible. If problems in the ordinance can be put forward with sufficient
logical arguments, the government would solve them as quickly as possible. Dhaka is already a large city and
expanding rapidly. Therefore, the massive quantity of waste generation every day is already threatened to the
environment. But, there is no scientific and technological method for disposal of solid waste applied today. As
a result, large pieces of low land and water bodies are used for solid waste disposal, which encroaching the
natural water bodies and causing pressure as well as having a negative impact on the environment. There
should be consistent forward plan to manage solid waste for the future. The solid waste management system
of different countries, which are successful in the world, can be followed.
4.4.5 Financial
DWASA has very much shortfalls in drainage management logistics and finance. There is no Tax regarding
drainage that the authority can take from the citizens, which turns the whole system as a social or voluntary
service. At present all sorts of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) works including new drainage
constructions largely depends on government allowances and subsidies. So it needs more financial and logistic
support from Government of Bangladesh and as well as from donor countries and agencies to achieve more
efficacy.
Imperviousness creates specific hydrological processes in the urban area. When rain falls on city two parallel
processes takes place, which depends on the characteristics of the water-receiving surface. Major parts of the
rainwater infiltrate into the unpaved areas at the beginning of the rainfall, but the excess rainwater creates a huge
volume of surface runoff. After ponding, it starts moving slowly towards the low-lying areas of the city. Land
development or urbanization process within the city in the low-lying areas reduces the natural storage areas and
increasing impervious areas day by day. Imperviousness is reducing the storm runoff "lagtime" and consequently it
is increasing the flood peaks. Therefore, waterlogging is very common problem during the rainy season in Dhaka
City. DMA, itself does not have a proper and well-planned stormwater drainage system. A huge amount of runoff,
produced by the storm event in the period of June to October, cannot be discharged through the existing stormwater
system. Most parts of DMA, especially where natural drainage channels are disturbed and also demolished by the
human interference are facing sever waterlogging and associated environmental problems during monsoon,
resulting in disruption of the socio-economic life of the city dwellers as a byproduct. If the stipulations of the urban
planners become true that the eastern part of DMA is going to be urbanized by the year 2010, then this could
result in increased flood peaks even for the normal annual floods.
It is reducing the storage area for the rainfall-generated runoff, which aggravated the internal flooding
in terms of frequency, duration, and depth.
Disrupting the hydraulic link between major and minor channels.
It is affecting the ground water regime of the city.
Destruction of the ecological balance of the city and its surrounding area and reducing the Natural fish
breading ground.
As entire DMA is surrounded by rivers from three sides, existence of natural water retention areas are
essential particularly along the rivers, which would cope with overflow of river and storage of urban storm
runoff during monsoon.
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The ever-growing city extent should be limited in somewhere; if the city keeps growing, it will create lots of
problem for citizens as well as the management authorities. The negative urbanization approach regarding
filling of low-lying lands should be avoided. The authority must realize the value of preserving wetlands and
low-lying lands. They must search for alternative options or space to accommodate the city population.
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Decentralization is the most effective approach that can be followed in this respect. District headquarters and
divisional headquarters must be prioritized to develop as a self-sustained city instead of extending Dhaka.
1. Decentralization: The urbanization growth of the Dhaka is going fast in an unplanned manner. All
services sectors of the country are remaining in the core of Dhaka city. For that reason, people of other
cities of the country are coming to the city for leading their livelihood. For controlling density and
growth management Ebenezer Howard proposed the model of 'Garden City', decentralization and
deconcentration of employment opportunities and housing are the main tools to control the Garden
City. Decentralization of the different offices, both public and private sector, of the city to the other
cities is the key and main strategy for the management of the growth of Dhaka city.
2. Effective and Enforcement of Law and Regulation: if enforcement of law, not only the objective,
will not be achieved, but the very principle of regulations will discriminate between those who wish to
adhere to and those who wish to flout them (Cullingworth, 1979). Development control techniques of
Dhaka city largely failed due to lack of proper monitoring of construction activities. At present, there
are a few legal instruments that ought to be used for controlled development of Dhaka. Though these
legal instruments are not enough, the city management authorities do not widely use even these few
instruments. In considering the development control, the land use of metropolitan Dhaka should follow
the provisions made under the City Master Plan. Housing, commercial and industrial project buildings
need land use clearance and building permits. These must be in conformity with the land use
provisions of the Master Plan.
3. Urban Service Boundary: Delineating boundaries to restrict growth comes in two major types; one is
to permit and limit residential, commercial or industrial development within a given jurisdiction
boundary. These boundaries seek to limit urban growth to specific geographic areas through regulatory
restrictions and/or limitations on infrastructure expansion. Another type is phasing development areas
where development approval is deferred until a certain period or until existing developed areas are
substantially developed. In the simplest case, a phased development system prohibits development in
areas that lack sewers or some other basic public services. Phased development controls can slow
growth to allow municipalities to budget expenditures for expansion of municipal services to
developing areas over a longer period. Slower growth can prevent the overburdening of existing
facilities while new ones are being constructed. Phasing can also encourage growth near existing built
up areas, helping to reduce haphazard development.
4. Building Permission: Building Permit is an alternative option for controlling population growth of a
city. By limiting the number of new dwellings built per year, a city can control its growth rate.
5. Infrastructure Adequacy: These measures typically prohibit the construction of new development
unless the public infrastructure is in a place to support it. In this method, prior to or as a condition of
residential development approval or of commercial/ industrial development approval, it is specifically
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required to assess the ‘level of adequacy of services’ (i.e. road capacity or traffic congestion) or service
capacity (i.e. water or sewer service capacity)
6. Building Height with considering FAR: In spontaneous growth areas, development up to six stories
should only be permitted where it would not over-burden inadequate infrastructure networks.
Mohanagar Imerat Nirman Bidhimala (MINB) 2007 amended in 2008 provided more authority to
RAJUK, clear- cut responsibility to monitor the development of the city, spread out the responsibilities
to various actors, spell out the responsibilities of building designers, structural engineers, site
supervisors and the penalties if they fail. Importantly, it introduced FAR to manage the growth of the
city by its rules of building coverage area, allowable floor space and relation among building height,
road width and plot size etc. Obviously, success of it will fully depend on how
these rules are implemented by RAJUK in a transparent way.
7. Fixing Floor Area Ratio (FAR): FAR was developed as a more refined and adaptable measure of
intensity than building coverage. Previously ‘plot ratio’ was also practiced for this purpose. It
expresses in one measure, instead of several, the mathematical relation between volume of building
and unit of land. FAR, however, cannot replace more traditional bulk controls entirely. Often it is
neither a sufficient height control nor does it regulate the placement of the building on the site. So this
technique mainly uses for regulating a building within a site.
8. Zoning: Zoning is, of course, the most basic and commonly used land use regulatory tool. Zoning
typically dictates the uses permitted on each parcel of land. RAJUK will strictly maintain a zoning
approach.
9. Protect Retention Area: The urbanization trend of Dhaka city shows that the retention pond of west
part of Dhaka will not be available in the future. RAJUK should take the initiative to preserve the
retention pond in this area. If it is not ensured by RAJUK, the alternative strategy will be followed.
Such as, the proposed retention pond of western part of Dhaka city will be acquired or purchaged by
the DWASA and RAJUK.
Natural canals and water bodies can be used for recreational and fisheries purpose within the core city
area and additionally for agriculture purpose in fringe areas during dry season. Authority may lease
these lands to local people for maintenance or fisheries or other acceptable use. That will create a
sense of ownership among the local people regarding those canals and water bodies and they will
prevent any sort of unacceptable activities such as encroachment, landfilling, waste dumping etc.
willingly. For example, in Kolkata many of canals are maintained by the local people which are
leased to them by the authority.
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Canal, water storage, retention areas etc. can be used as recreational space or public gathering space.
With sufficient and cost effective landscaping within these spaces will attract people to these lands
more as a recreational space. At present in Dhaka people treating such sort of lands as their backside
of their courtyard and preferable dumping place of wastes.
Multipurpose landuse policy can be adopted for these retention areas, low-lying areas, wetlands which
may not have any negative impact on the prime use of those lands. In Detailed Area Plan (2006-2015)
three sorts of alternative landuses are proposed within the designated flood flow zone as- agriculture,
fisheries and water based recreation. Except these no other landuses can be approved there to be built.
The concerned authority like DWASA, DCC, RAJUK, BWDB and BIWTA will have to establish “right-of
way” right over the natural drainage system and ensure that the drainage system is free from any obstruction,
blockage, or encroachment. On the basis of the Drainage Improvement Plan, all areas where existing main
drains are located or will be required in future will have to be identified and also be enforced existing
legislation to prevent unauthorized development or encroachment on the drain alignments. Immediate action
and steps will have to be taken by the concerned authority to remove all blockage and unauthorized
constructions, encroachments etc. from the existing natural drainage system by enforcing necessary
regulations. DCC and RAJUK should stop encroachments of the low lands, water bodies and riverbanks by
using them as dumping sites. Proposed channel geometry will have to be ensured by the authority to keep
waterway free from all unwanted intrusion, encroachment etc.
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Promoting coordination between DNCC, DSCC, RAJUK, DWASA, the planning authority, line ministries
and utility agencies in urban projects in Dhaka City: While ad hoc committees can be a viable short or
medium-term solution to coordination problems, in the long run, the Dhaka City Corporation should be given
more means to make a safe and comfortable Dhaka city. This long-term goal should be explicitly linked to any
progress in the decentralization process in the country.
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CHAPTER 5:
Review of Previous Study
5.1 General
A number of drainage studies for Dhaka City have been conducted by various international and national
organizations to assess the problem associated with stormwater management. Study area has been divided into
three zones: i) Western Core City, ii) Eastern Core city and iii) Fringe area. Findings and recommendations of
different studies are summarized in this chapter. Overview of the previous studies are shown in Table 26
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1. Digun-Ibrahimpur-kallyanpur khal,
2. Gulshan-Banani-Begunbari-Dhanmondi khal,
3. Dholai-Gerani-Segunbagicha khal,
During the previous JICA study, an observation was made and recommended that enforcement of controls
should be done to prevent any reduction of minimum cross sectional area of the khal.
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i. Prepare and adopt a national policy for providing clear direction on urban development policies and
strategies, and alleviation of urban poverty;
ii. Preview, approve and adopt physical planning and land use control legislation;
iii. Prepare up-to-date Master Plan and Structure Plans for long term guidance and strategic planning;
iv. Develop land use standards, development standards, and control mechanisms;
v. Review Government land ownership and needs and recommend appropriate Government policies and
strategies for rationalizing the use of vacant and under-utilized lands considering the potentials for
disinvesting the lands, converting the lands for public use, for use for low income residential use, or
transferring/leasing/selling to squatters/ settlers to provide long term security of tenure;
vi. Establish a formal development review committee with representatives from RAJUK, DWASA, DCC,
DoE and all utility agencies;
vii. Develop a strategic long term plan for land acquisition for public use and for low income
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2. Establishing aims, policies and general proposals to guide Metropolitan Dhaka’s long term growth
and development,
3. Providing a framework and mechanisms for ensuring coordination of public and private sector
agencies and development planning and investment programs and decisions within the metropolitan
area in particular, phasing of development.
Large scale land development through land acquisition is not possible for financial and social reasons.
This can be adequately handled if people are involved in the process.
The DND spine road right of way has capacity to accommodate a rail section in it.
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RAJUK and NHA can go for new land development approaches like, Land Readjustment, Guided
Land Development, Infrastructure Based Area Development and area specific action programs.
In Dhaka City, waste collection consists of two parts, namely primary collection and secondary collection.
DCC is responsible for secondary waste collection to remove waste from its dustbins/containers, and transport
the waste to final disposal sites. Residents are responsible for bringing their waste to DCC’s waste collection
points where dustbins/containers are located.
NGOs/CBOs/private sector provide primary collection services to collect waste from door-to-door and
transport the waste to dustbins/containers, or sometimes to vacant lands, by rickshaw vans. At present,
NGOs/CBOs/private initiated primary collection services are prevalent in wide areas of Dhaka City.
JICA conducted study on solid waste generation in dry and wet seasons to obtain the unit waste generation
rate of domestic waste and commercial waste. It is estimated that, average waste generation rate from
domestic source was 0.34 kg/c/day. From street, the rate of average waste generation is 364.5 kg/km. Road
side drains are playing a vital role to collect the stormwater and discharge them into nearest water bodies or
canals. If the solid waste generated from street is not cleaned properly it will definitely block that stormwater
drains. It is reported that, DCC cleans the street by deploying approximately 5,000 cleaners. It was estimated
that on an average, one sweeper sweeps 110 m of road length.
There are six groups of cleaners besides truck/container cleaners. According to DCC, there are 119 storm
sewer cleaners and 179 VIP road cleaners. Duties of the storm sewer and road cleaners are to carry the waste
to nearest bin or container. But in practice, it is found that, solid waste from roads are cleaned and heaped near
to a roadside drain, which is supposed to be collected by van or DCC trucks. Many of the cases, these wastes
go into the storm drains and results in clogging of storm drains, more specifically inlets.
This master plan emphasizes highly on Demarcation and Collaboration Work of Drain Cleaning with
WASA as well as sharing of ownership. According to the Clean Dhaka Master Plan, DCC is cleaning all of
the channels beside the roads and drainage under the footpath and some roads but not the big pipelines.
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accommodate the time lag required for pumping out of the excess water. The proposal includes provision of
separate Pump Houses for each compartment, located in three convenient locations for quick discharge into
the outfalls.
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CHAPTER 6:
Master Planning Methodology
6.1 General
Preparation of stormwater drainage master planning is a multidisciplinary task, which requires input from
various areas such as, urban planning, policy making, infrastructure management, hydrology, hydraulics,
ecology, environment, law, sociology, economy, political support, etc. The following major and mandatory
activities (which are discussed detail in their relevant Chapters) have been performed in formulating the storm
drainage master plan for Dhaka City. Whereas, the specific concepts, criteria and standards considered in the
master planning process are discussed in detail in the subsequent sections of this Chapter.
One of the basic concepts of a storm drainage master plan is to convey excess rainwater economically to a
safe outlet minimizing the impact on the environment. As such, the stormwater drainage master plan of Dhaka
was devised,
The methodology was founded on the ideas that the sustainable drainage master plan objectives for Dhaka
City can be achieved when:
The urban development process is drainage-friendly and the planning, design and construction of
drainage facilities are done as per the required criteria and standards, and also adequate to serve the
requirements of new and future developments;
There is compatibility with existing drainage facilities, operational methods, and maintenance
techniques;
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Drainage facilities provide adequate social, environmental, and financial protection consistent with the
acceptable planning, design, and construction requirements, and in line with the principles of
ecologically sustainable urban development.
Eventually, such concept ends up with a system having structures that look physically unattractive and
ecologically unsound. Such system is infested with numerous problems when more new developments take
place, making the system difficult to expand and less cost efficient. Drain size will increase with drainage
distance from the source to the receiving waters and the system normally calls for excessive costs and
continuous drainage improvement works, which can damage the aquatic ecosystem, including nearby khals
and rivers.
However, the traditional ‘rapid disposal system’ has certain advantages, such as:
Rapid removal of stormwater from the developed area to the water bodies;
Maximising land available for development by minimising land requirement for drainage; and
Well established analysis and design procedure.
The rapid disposal concept also has its disadvantages, such as:
Conveyance systems must be sized for the total increase in flows resulting from urbanisation;
Downstream conveyance systems often have insufficient capacity to contain increased flow peaks and
volume, which can result in flood and sedimentation problems;
Traditional hard lined open conveyance systems can be a hazard to the public during and after rain due
to high flow velocities; and
Urban pollutants are transported to downstream areas, due to absence of any treatment component in
the system.
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According to this concept, stormwater has to be regarded as a resource, rather than a nuisance to be disposed
of as quickly as possible. Most of the urban rivers and lakes in Dhaka are degraded by uncontrolled
stormwater, due to excessive river flows, poor water quality, and disruption of riparian vegetation and aquatic
habitats. Flood can also cause property damage and is a risk to public health. Besides managing floods, the
master plan considered water quality, aquatic habitats, riparian vegetation, recreation, and aesthetics, as
integral part of storm drainage infrastructure of the Dhaka city.
Sustainable urban drainage management concerns on controlling both the quantity and quality of runoff
through structural and non-structural BMPs. This approach was adopted as it provides avenue for improving
the liaison among the stakeholders and incorporate the temporary storage of runoff at or near its point of
origin, with subsequent slow release to the downstream system or receiving water, or infiltration into the
surrounding soil. Implementation of such concepts were given due considerations to minimise water logging
and flood damage. Storm runoff is proposed to be stored for reuse as source of water supply for landscaping,
groundwater recharging and domestic non-potable usages.
The principal storage-oriented elements and techniques used in the master plan are:
Detention facilities;
Retention facilities;
Eco-friendly natural drainage system; and
Stormwater reuse.
Based on the drainage problems prevailing within Dhaka, solutions are proposed to provide optimal flood
protection by controlling stormwater quantity and improving stormwater quality within the constraints
imposed by location and existing land-use patterns.
Storm drainage is a regional phenomenon that does not respect boundaries between government
jurisdictions or between public and private properties:
Storm drainage management is central to the overall catchment management program involving both
the community and government. Government authorities are recommended to involve directly with co-
ordination and strategic planning, but the planning must be integrated on a regional level if optimum
results are to be achieved. Therefore, several alternatives have been considered to have a strong
drainage authority for the City.
Due considerations have been given for the drainage system planning and design to be compatible with
catchment management plans and co-ordinated with planning for land use, open space, road network,
etc. Erosion and sediment control, flood control, sewage system, solid waste management and land
grading are all closely inter-related to urban drainage management and therefore, given due
considerations in the master planning process.
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Drainage management is a space allocation problem and therefore an intrinsic part of town
planning process
Storm runoff volume at a given point in an urban region cannot be compressed or diminished. All
components of a storm drainage system have the potential to both convey and store runoff. If adequate
provision is not made for the space required for a drainage system, runoff will overflow or encroach
onto other landuses, will result in damage, or will impair or even disrupt the function of other urban
systems and services. Therefore, drainage reserves for primary and secondary systems have been
considered in the methodology. Most part of the Dhaka City was and is being developed as individual
plot development. It was realised that the existing urban development pattern and policy of Dhaka is
not drainage-friendly. As such, the city development authority (RAJUK), in cooperation with other
authorities must change from drainage-unfriendly existing style of individual development to drainage-
friendly cluster or sector-wise development (e.g. Uttara, Purbachal, etc.). Therefore, drainage-friendly
development policies are recommended as non-structural measures to improve the storm drainage of
Dhaka.
Getting rid of runoff as quickly as possible may not be a responsible drainage management practice
Urbanisation increases downstream peak flow rates by increasing runoff volumes and velocities.
Providing only conveyance-oriented systems in development areas may result in increased cost to both
private developers and the community through adverse downstream effects. As such, a storage-oriented
approach to drainage management has been adopted for the master plan, wherever possible.
Planning and design of drainage systems generally shall not be based on the premise that problems
can be transferred from one location to another
Providing conveyance-oriented solution to stormwater flood problem usually transfer the problem to
another location further downstream. A storage-oriented approach by temporarily storing runoff in
detention and/or retention facilities reduces the capacity required in downstream conveyance systems,
thereby reducing the likelihood of flood problem being transferred downstream. Such concepts are
given priority in the drainage master plan development for the Dhaka City.
There are a number of competing demands placed upon space and resources within an urban area.
Therefore, storm drainage master plan strategies have been targeted to meet a number of objectives
including non-structural initiatives and structural flood control, water quality enhancement,
groundwater recharge, wildlife habitats, wetlands creation, protection of landmarks and amenities,
control of erosion and sediment and creation of open space, which were considered in the master plan.
Planning and design of storm drainage management systems shall consider the features and
functions of natural drainage systems
Most of the undeveloped catchments of the DAP area contains natural drainage features that may
contribute to the management of storm runoff under existing conditions. Existing features such as
natural watercourses, depressions, lakes, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, permeable soils, and vegetation
provide natural infiltration, help control the velocity of runoff, reduce the peak runoff flow rates,
extend the time of concentration, filter sediments and other pollutants, recharge groundwater and
recycle nutrients. As such, the master plan carefully identified and mapped the existing natural systems
to incorporate the natural drainage features as part of the proposed drainage system. Ecofriendly
engineering techniques have been proposed to preserve and enhance the area of interest and maximise
post-development economic and environmental benefits, particularly in combination with open space
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and recreational uses. Emphasis of proper planning and design has given priority to improve the
effectiveness of natural systems. However, the implementation of the proposed natural drainage
features depends on several critical factors such as, inter-agency cooperation, political commitments
and supports, public cooperation, etc.
In new developments, drainage flow rates after development shall not exceed pre-development
conditions, and pollutant loadings shall be reduced
The following concepts are inter-related and have been considered for the storm drainage master plan
of Dhaka.
The perviousness of a catchment was recommended be maintained to the greatest possible
extent;
The rate of runoff should be reduced. Preference has been given to drainage management
systems that help maintain high vegetative and porous land cover. Such systems have been
considered to promote infiltration, filtering of silt/sediment and slow down runoff rates; and
Pollution control is proposed to be accomplished by implementing a series of measures, which
can include source control, minimisation of directly connected impervious area, and
construction of on-site, community and BMPS to reduce runoff and pollution.
Storm drainage systems shall be planned and designed, beginning with the outlet or point of outflow
from the catchment
The downstream conveyance system or receiving water has been evaluated to ensure that it has
sufficient capacity to accept design discharges without adverse backwater or downstream impacts such
as flooding, stream bank erosion, and sediment deposition.
Drainage components shall not be put in place if they cannot be maintained or will not receive
regular maintenance
Failure to provide proper maintenance reduces both the hydraulic capacity and pollutant removal
efficiency of a system. The keys to effective maintenance are the clear assignment of responsibilities to
an established agency and a regular schedule of inspections to determine maintenance needs and to
ensure that any required maintenance is done. Such concepts are very relevant for Dhaka city where
lots of sediments are trapped within the drainage system, making the maintenance a costly but item.
Therefore, upon consultation with the relevant authorities, long closed box culvert as conveyance has
been avoided in the master plan. The existing local maintenance performance has been considered for
the selection of specific planning and design criteria. This concept is very important for Dhaka City.
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For the post-construction phase, the water quality enhancement is proposed to be achieved by controlling the
pollution loads at source to minimise the amount of pollution entering the drainage system. This is based on
the basic understanding that it is generally easier and more cost-effective to control pollution at source rather
than removing pollutants from the drainage system. Non-structural measures are given emphasis for the
mitigation of storm runoff quantity and quality issues. Suitability of the control method has been selected
based on the nature of problem and site condition.
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by the less frequent long-duration storms. Proposed design criteria for runoff quantity and quality control are
highlighted in the following sections.
The minor system is intended to collect, control and convey runoff from buildings, infrastructures and utilities
in relatively frequent storm events (up to 5 year ARI) to minimise inconvenience and nuisance flooding.
During any event larger than the minor storm ARI, the higher runoff will overspill the minor drainage
components.
The major system is intended to safely convey and control runoff collected by the minor drainage system
together with its possible overspill to the larger downstream systems and water bodies. The major system must
protect the community from the consequences of large and reasonably rare storm events (generally up to 50
year ARI), which could cause severe property damage, injury or loss of life.
Based on past local practices and comparing with other developed and developing nations, the design ARI or
return period for various drainage items for Dhaka city are given in Table 30:
3 Primary Drains 10
The design ARI of a stormwater facility is selected on the basis of economy and level of protection (risk) that
the facility offers. ARIs to be used for the design of minor and major stormwater quantity systems are
provided in Table 30. It is assumed that the design flow of a given ARI is produced by a design storm rainfall
of the same ARI. Design rainfall intensity (mm/hr) depends on duration (minute or hour) and ARI (month or
year). It is strongly recommended that performance of the designed drainage system must be examined for a
range of ARIs and storm durations to ensure that the system(s) will perform satisfactorily.
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Runoff quantity control criteria for any size of development or re-development project is “Post
development peak flow of any ARI at the project outlet must be less than or equal to the pre-
development peak flow of the corresponding ARI (Qpost ≤ Qpre)”.
Local rainfall data have been used to calculate pre-development allowable discharge limit for the whole study
area. Only one specific peak runoff flow value is proposed for simplicity of the implementation of this new
regulation for Dhaka, which is 0.035m3/s. ha. Therefore, as per the runoff flow regulation, the specific peak
flow rate after the development of an area must not be greater than 0.035m3/s.ha.
Where,
Q = Peak flow (m3/s)
C = Runoff Coefficient (Table 31)
i=Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr); and
A = Drainage area (ha).
The primary attraction of the Rational Method is its simplicity. However, now that computerised procedures
for hydrograph generation are easily available, making computation/design by computerised method or
software is highly recommended. The most critical part of using the Rational Method is to make a good
estimate of the runoff coefficient C. In general, the values of C depend mainly on landuse of the catchment
and are very close to its imperviousness (in decimal form). The value of C also varies with soil type, soil
moisture condition, rainfall intensity, etc. The user should evaluate the actual catchment condition for a
logical value of C to be used. For larger area with high spatial variability in landuse and other parameters, this
can easily be done by the use of AutoCAD, GIS or other computer software.
Portions of different landuse within a sub-catchment can be combined to produce an average runoff
coefficient. For example, if a sub-catchment consists of portions with different landuses denoted by j = 1,
2,…… m; the average runoff coefficient can be estimated, by:
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Residential
Open Spaces
Note: The runoff coefficients in this Table are given as a guide for designers. The near-field runoff coefficient for any
single or mixed landuse should be determined based on the imperviousness of the area.
Assumptions
The peak flow occurs when the entire catchment is contributing to the flow;
The rainfall intensity is the uniform over the entire catchment area; and
The rainfall intensity is uniform over time duration equal to the time of concentration, tc.
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Time of Concentration
Time of concentration (tc) is the travel time of runoff flows from the most hydraulically remote point
upstream in the contributing catchment area to the point under consideration. The concept of time of
concentration is important in all methods of peak flow estimation as it is assumed that the rainfall occurring
during the time of concentration is directly related to peak flow rate. The design storm duration was taken as
equal to or greater than the time of concentration (tc). The tc was calculated as the sum of the overland flow
time (to) and the time of travel in street gutters (tg), or roadside swales, drains, canals and khals (td). The
relevant equations necessary to calculate the tc is given in Table 32. Calculation of tc is subject to the
catchment properties, particularly length, slope and roughness of the drainage path. The overland flow time to
was (?) estimated with proper judgment of the land surface condition due to the fact that the length of sheet
flow is short for steep slopes and long for mild slopes. This equation was applied only for distances (L)
recommended in Table 32. Catchment roughness, length and slope affect the flow velocity and subsequently
overlandflow time to. Typical values of Horton’s roughness n* for various land surfaces are given Table 33.
The drain flow time equation has been used to estimate td for the remaining length of the flow paths
downstream. Care has been given to obtain the values of hydraulic radius and friction slope for use in the
drain flow time equation. The recommended minimum time of concentration for a catchment has been taken
as 5 minute, which applies to small areas.
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Grassed Drain
Short Grass Cover (< 150 mm) 0.035
Tall Grass Cover (≥ 150 mm) 0.050
Lined Drain
Concrete
Smooth Finish 0.015
Rough Finish 0.018
Brick/ Stone
Brickwork with plaster 0.020
Dressed Stone in Mortar 0.020
Random Stones in Mortar or Rubble Masonry 0.035
Pipe Material
Vitrified Clay 0.012
Precast Concrete 0.013
UPVC 0.011
Design Rainfall
Statistical analysis has been conducted to develop the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) values of various
storm durations and frequencies. The IDF values have been fitted into regression model to develop the
equation, which is convenient to use in the spreadsheet. Two equations are proposed. One is for rainfall
duration up to 30 minutes and the other one is more than 30 minutes but up to 168 hours (7 days). The
equations are given below:
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As illustrated in Figure 39, two types of hydrographs are recommended to be used for the sub-catchment using
the RHM procedure. Each hydrograph type is a function of the length of the rainfall averaging time, d, with
respect to the sub-catchment time of concentration, tc.
Type 1 (d is greater than tc): The resulting trapezoidal hydrograph has a uniform maximum discharge Q, as
determined from the Rational Method. The linear rising and falling limbs each has a duration of tc. Figure 39
Type 2 (d is equal to tc,): The resulting triangular hydrograph has a peak discharge Q. The linear rising and
falling limbs each have a duration of tc. Figure 39
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In summary, hydrograph type in the RHM is determined by the relationship between rainfall duration and the
time of concentration of the sub-catchment. Given the hydrograph type, the peak discharge is determined
using the Rational Method.
6.10 Storage Facilities
Storage facilities are the core elements of achieving one of the major stormwater quantity control criteria
proposed for Dhaka. The post-development peak discharge cannot be more than the pre-development peak
discharge. It is achievable with proper locating and sizing of the storage facilities. The recommended storage
facilities are on-site detention (OSD) and detention pond. Depending on the land availability, these facilities
can be located in-line or off-line to the conveyance system.
Provision was considered for dry detention pond to bypass small flows through or around the pond using low
flow channel or pipe. This is recommended to ensure that the pond floor, particularly if it is grassed, is not
inundated by small storms or continually wetted by dry weather base flow. The minimum amount of bypass
flow is recommended to be 5% of the 2 year ARI flow.
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access. The criteria apply to both major and minor systems. The surface flow criteria adopted for conveyance
design are provided in Table 35.
Table 35: Surface Flow Criteria
Criteria Recommended Limit
Overland flow velocity x depth for vehicle stability and < 0.5 m2/s
pedestrian areas
Flow width for street gutters 2 to 2.5 m or a half-lane
Flow velocity of soft lined drains < 2.0 m/s
Flow velocity of hard lined drains < 4.0 m/s
All roads in urban areas are generally recommended to provide with hydraulically efficient of integral curb
and gutter inlets. Provision of functional inlet has been given special important role in pavement drainage, as
inadequate inlet capacity or poor inlet location cause flooding on the roadway, resulting in hazard to the
travelling motorists. This is one of the critical issues in the roads of Dhaka.
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pollutants from new and re-development projects. Stormwater quality control facilities, temporary or
permanent best management practices (BMPs), are proposed for all types of developments, in accordance with
the criteria in Table 36 Additional criteria, specifically related to the BMPs are described in the following
sections.
Primary Outlet Sizing Based on the peak flow calculated from the 3 month ARI
rainfall event
Secondary Outlet (Spillway) As per the ARIs recommended by the relevant Authority
sizing (may vary from 10 to 50-year ARI).
This master plan gave attention not only to stormwater runoff quantity control, but also to reduce runoff
related NPS pollution, specifically to reduce solid wastes, sediments and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
The reduction targets are set such that those can be achieved with the help of available technologies. The
proposed BMPs will also help reduce other pollutants such as metals, organic and nutrients. The minimum
criteria is given in Table 37
Sediment basin shall be sized to retain a minimum of 80% of total suspended solid (TSS) for all storms that
produce rainfall up to 50 mm. Such condition will not be applicable (for the compliance purpose,) to any
storm that produces event rainfall greater than 50 mm.
These structural BMPs are considered for the master plan to trap garbage, sediments and dissolved polluting
from storm runoff. Such pollutants are needed to remove from the storm runoff with the help of permanent
structural BMP facilities. Gross pollutant traps (GPT), swales and ponds are proposed for such purposes.
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6.13.1 Infiltration
Infiltration facilities (sumps, trenches, porous pavements and basins) are recommended to capture a volume of
stormwater runoff, retain it, and infiltrate all or part of that volume into the ground and the excess to overflow
to the conveyance system. The system is to be designed and constructed to remain functional for a long
period. The limits of the maximum contributing catchment areas for infiltration sump, trench and basin are
recommended as 500 m2, 4 ha and 15 ha, respectively. Saturated soil infiltration rate of the proposed
infiltration facility site should have a minimum value of 20 mm/hr. The base of all facilities should be located
at least 0.5 m above the seasonal high ground water level and/or any impermeable layer.
6.13.3 Swales
Swales are wide but shallow channels designed to store and/or convey runoff at a non-erosive velocity, as well
as to enhance stormwater quality through infiltration, sedimentation and filtration. Swales are proposed within
open space areas, parklands and along roadways. A swale is designed to convey the peak flows without
exceeding the maximum permissible velocity. Where this is not practical or the space is limited, designer
should consider dividing the flow into surface and subsurface components, where underground pipeline or
drainage blocks are recommended as subsurface drains.
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the treatment train. However, if no plan is available, the designer should still investigate options for providing
treatment trains in order to achieve the project objectives. In this master plan, the components of a treatment
train are intended to treat different pollutants. For example, GPT is considered to trap coarse sediment and
litter, combined with a water quality pond to treat fine sediment and dissolved nutrients. In this case, each
device is sized according to its own design guidelines. Treatment trains have been considered in all new
development, redevelopment, or stormwater system upgrading. Each component is designed for a different
annual pollutant retention or reduction target. However, it is proposed that the overall annual pollutant
reduction of the whole treatment train must fulfil the targets given in Table 32.
Diverting runoff from other catchments or sub-catchments can cause adverse impacts on downstream
properties and stormwater systems due to greater runoff volumes than would otherwise occur from the natural
drainage catchment. Therefore, the diversion of runoff to or from other catchments or sub-catchments is not
permitted without approval of the authority.
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CHAPTER 7:
Stormwater Best Management Practices
7.1 Introduction
Implementation of the urban stormwater best management practices (BMPs) involves planning and design of
a combination of non-structural and structural measures to reconcile the conveyance and storage systems to
regulate the quantity and quality aspects of the storm runoff with ultimate target of meeting the needs of the
urban environment. Typical measures used for stormwater management are represented in Figure-41.
There is increasing recognition in environment conscious countries that stormwater management needs to
undertake in a safer and more ecologically sustainable manner. As such, the stormwater is proposed to regard
as a resource to be valued, rather than the traditional attitude of regarding it as a nuisance to be disposed of as
quickly as possible. The rivers, lakes, and khals of Dhaka are degraded by urban stormwater, wastewater,
removal of riparian vegetation, and the destruction of aquatic habitats. Therefore, the existing storm drainage
management practices in Dhaka City need to improve based on the experiences gained in the developed and
developing countries, to consider environmental issues such as water quality, aquatic habitats, riparian
vegetation, and social issues such as aesthetics, recreation, economics, etc.
Non-structural BMPs do not require construction of any physical structures and usually less expensive but
brings more sustainable benefits to the overall performance of the storm drainage system. The importance and
benefits of non-structural measures for large cosmopolitan cities like Dhaka are widely acknowledged
worldwide and is given priority in the preparation of this master plan. The roles of the relevant authorities,
managers, planners, contractors, NGOs, citizens, politicians, consultants, contractors, traders, business
community, etc. are given due consideration for effective implementation of the drainage master plan of
Dhaka City.
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Quantity Quality
REGIONALLEVEL
POST-CONSTRUCTION Reservoirs/Lakes
RegionalPonds
COMMUNITYLEVEL WetPonds/Wetlands
DryDetentionBasins
X
InfiltrationBasins
GrossPollutantTraps
X
DetentionStorage X
ON-SITELEVEL
MediaFiltration
X
On-siteTraps,
OilSeparators
X
Swale, Infiltration
Sump,Trench,Porous/
ModularPavements
Regulatory /O&M/HousekeepingBMPs
X
PublicEducation
X
DevelopmentandBuildingControl/Administration
ContractorActivityBMPs
CONSTRUCTION
ErosionandSedimentControlBMPs
Figure 40: Typical Stormwater Management Measures for Dhaka City (DID, 2000)
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The non-structural BMPs components addressed in the master plan includes (but not limited to) the
followings:
1. Operation and maintenance of urban drainage system by a “Single Authority”, instead of a fragmented
system;
2. Inter-agency cooperation in resource sharing and problem solving for the issues related to drainage and
other related systems;
3. Implementation of integrated drainage-friendly development approval process;
4. Drainage-friendly legislations, acts, policies and strong impartial;
5. Public education and awareness through school curriculum and various printed & electronic media;
6. Conservation of ponds, lakes, khals, natural drains, wetlands, flood plains, flood ways etc.;
7. Implementation of peak runoff flow control and storage oriented concepts including reduction of
directly connected impervious areas (DCIA);
8. Designing the drainage system following the approved stormwater management manual and
guidelines;
9. Continuous monitoring and follow up of the implementation of the master plan;
10. Training for capacity building and local R&D for drainage sector; and
11. Economic and financial strategy for sustainable stormwater management.
Although non-structural measures are preferred over structural measures, there are certain situations where
structural measures are inevitable. For instance, it is virtually impossible to improve the drainage situation at
certain places of the core city areas without some structural measures. As such, the following structural
measures are considered in the storm drainage master plan of Dhaka City for runoff quantity (flow) and
quality (pollution) control.
The main target of the drainage master plan is to mitigate the water logging and flooding problem in Dhaka
City. As such, the following on-site, community and regional level structural facilities are considered in the
master plan. The storage facilities, which are the main features of this master plan, would be:
Infiltration
On-site Detention
Dry or Wet Detention Pond/Lake
Retention Pond/Lake
Recharge Wells
The conveyance oriented structural facilities, considered in this master plan are:
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Miscellaneous types of flood control facilities considered in the drainage master plan are:
Bunds
Raising Platform Levels
Various universally accepted BMPs are used in the large cities to reduce non-point source pollution (NPS) due
to storm runoff. However, the suitable BMPs are considered in the drainage master plan of Dhaka City and
which are listed below:
Sediment Traps
Log-Booms
Gross Pollutant Traps
Wet Detention/Retention Pond
Constructed Wetland
7.4 The Most Common Structural BMPs
The non-structural BMPs are very subjective to the administrative set-up, public cooperation and other site
conditions. Therefore, continuous adjustments might be required to suit the requirements demanded by the at-
site drainage issues. On the other hand, the structural BMPs with proven performance can be applied to the
drainage condition of Dhaka with minor modifications. In fact, even for the implementation of the structural
BMPs in Dhaka more non-structural efforts would be necessary from all stakeholders. As such, brief
descriptions on the most commonly used structural BMPs are given in the sections below.
Infiltration facilities proposed for Dhaka in form of pits, trenches or basins. All of these facilities work by
storing stormwater flow and promoting infiltration into the soil. They are primarily for removing fine
pollutants from stormwater. Depending on availability of land for the infiltration facilities that can be of
various types. Typical examples are shown in Figure 41
Figure 41: Application of Infiltration Facilities as Storm Drainage BMPs (Source: Internet)
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These facilities (Plate-14) use a filtering action to remove pollutants, dissolved and fine particulate material.
Two types of filtration are used: biofiltration, using biological methods, and media filtration through porous
media such as sand. Bioretention facilities are good for abstracting soluble nutrients and fine colloidal
particles, which are difficult to retain in sediment basins and water quality ponds.
Swales are vegetated drains that can be used to convey and filter runoff. These are proposed in the master plan
as they take advantage of biological processes to improve pollutant removal from the storm runoff. Biological
controls provided by swales (Plate-15) are typically cheaper and have better aesthetics than structural
controls, but may involve more maintenance and land areas.
Plate 14: Vegetated Swale potential for developing area in Dhaka (Source: Internet)
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Gross pollutant traps (GPTs) are strongly recommended in the master plan, as these remove floating and
submerged gross litter and coarse solids. They can be either pre-fabricated (Plate 16a) or built in-situ (Plate
16b). The GPTs mainly help improve the visual quality of the storm runoff. However, these facilities require
frequent maintenance for them to meet the designed efficiency. Regular maintenance is recommended as
choked GPTs in the drains may cause nuisance flooding in the locality.
Log booms are floating barriers placed against the flow of the channels to collect floating solid wastes from
the urban areas. Log booms (Plate 17) are proposed to trap the floating debris from the Khals and small rivers
in and around Dhaka. As the log booms are not so high-tech facilities, they should be locally fabricated.
Similar to the GPTs, the log booms also require regular maintenance, especially after the rain events.
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Water quality ponds (Plate 18) are strongly recommended for the city, as they have beneficial effect on
stormwater quality treatment by controlling the volume of runoff and providing treatment by gravity settling,
biological stabilisation of soluble pollutants such as nutrients and adsorption anddecomposition of
biodegradable pollutants such as BOD and nutrients. In practice, most water quality ponds contain macro-
phyte zones (wetlands) which are necessary to improve run-off quality. Usually the water quality
improvement ponds are proposed as wet pond, meaning that having some initial water in the pond all the time.
7.4.7. Wetlands
Wetlands can be natural (Plate-19a) or constructed (Plate-19b). Although there is little scope to place
wetlands in the core city areas of Dhaka, there are lot of opportunities to make use of the existing wetlands as
integral part of the future stormwater BMPs. The functions of wetlands are similar to those of wet ponds
except that areas of active vegetation growth are the main component of wetlands instead of open water.
These wetlands are included in the drainage system, as they promote biological action in addition to
sedimentation. The wetlands proposed for Dhaka city can be without filtration media or with filtration media.
The constructed wetlands without filtration media require large areas and the filtration media reduces the large
area requirement. The master plan recommends a combination of various types of plants to be placed in a
wetland. Local varieties of floating and submerged plants are recommended for the wetlands. But cleaning up
of wetland is not easy. For cleaning up wetland we need to know about the habitants depending on this
wetland. The types of habitants and plants determine the category of wet land. Different wet lands need
different type of maintaining process. For these purpose only expert with good knowledge about wetland,
should lead this process. Besides, experts, available expenditure and labor are heavily needed to clean up a
wetland.
a) Natural b) Constructed
Plate 18: Urban Wetlands and Stormwater BMP (Source: Internet)
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CHAPTER 8:
Formulation of Master Plan
8.1 General
Current status of Dhaka city’s drainage system, drainage network and disposal system is one of the backbones
of the city utility services. The drainage sector is very fragile, however, suffering from structural constraints
compounded by climatic hazards and frequent monsoon floods. Average stormwater disposal growth over the
last five years has remained at 40% against a target of 100%. This poor growth is due to structural
weaknesses, decreased land, drainage, limited availability of inputs, inefficient technologies, lack of access to
support services and vulnerability to monsoon flood. Drainage facility growth is attributable more to expand
urbanization than to increase only infrastructure facilities. Although most of drainage facilities are increased,
benefits have fallen due to lack of operation, maintenance and lack of public awareness and coordination.
Public fund for drainage system have risen slightly during the past five years, from approximately 5% to 6%
in DWASA’s annual budget. This figure is very low considering that the present drainage demand of greater
Dhaka city. It is also far lower from the 10% target set by DWASA.
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A computer model has been developed as part of the Master Plan that simulates water runoff during a storm
event in Dhaka city. SWMM model has been used in the core city of the study area to find out the stormwater
drainage capacity. The model not only is a vital tool in analyzing the existing and future storm drainage
situation for the master plan, but also allow Dhaka City to update and analyze continuously for potential
drainage deficiencies. It facilitates the analysis of conceptual design of alternative mitigation measures.
The Master Planning Methodology provides for improving drainage in this master plan study. This
methodology has been developed based on the appraisal of structural and non-structural issues affecting
Dhaka city. This approach is supported by model simulations of the existing drainage conditions and various
improvement scenarios with future land use patterns.
The Figure 42 shows the different models, which have been used in different parts of study area. The result of
HEC-HMS and SWMM model are briefly given as the following Table 38 and Table 39. PCSWMM
professional 2D is the strong modeling software. The node flooding of the drainage system at Mirpur of study
area showing in PCSWMM interfaces is given in Figure 43
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Table 38: HEC-HMS Simulated Peak Flow for different duration of 2 Yr Return Period
Subcatchment Peak Flow (m3/s)
SC_F01 11.4 18.8 22.2 24.8 24.5 30.9 28.2 25.3 21.2
SC_F02 10.6 16 18.5 20.4 20.3 25 23.1 21.1 18.2
SC_F03 14.1 28 34.5 39.3 38.3 50.4 45.1 39.5 31.8
SC_F04 9.3 11.5 12.5 13.3 13.6 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.1
SC_F05 9.4 11.4 12.5 13.2 13.7 15.7 15.2 14.5 13.6
SC_F06 11.9 17.5 20.3 22.4 23.9 29.2 27.9 26.3 23.9
SC_F07 9.1 12.2 13.6 14.6 14.1 16.7 15.4 14.1 12.3
SC_F08 15.9 35 43.8 50.3 48.3 64.7 57.2 49.2 38.3
SC_F09 10.4 17.7 21 23.3 21.8 27.8 24.6 21.3 16.8
SC_F10 9.8 16.2 19 21 19.3 24.5 21.5 18.6 14.6
SC_F11 15.2 25.2 30.3 34.1 37.2 46.7 44.6 41.9 37.7
SC_F12 9.4 12.2 13.6 14.5 14.5 17 16 14.9 13.4
SC_F13 17 36.8 46.1 52.9 52 69.2 61.9 53.9 43
SC_F14 9.5 14 16 17.4 16.6 20.3 18.4 16.5 13.8
SC_F15 20.6 43.8 55 63.3 64.9 85.7 78.3 69.9 58.2
SC_F16 18.2 36.3 45.1 51.7 53.3 69.7 64.1 57.6 48.6
SC_F17 41.2 79.8 100.3 116 134.9 173.5 168.6 160.3 146.9
SC_F18 18 40.7 51.3 59.1 57.6 77.3 68.7 59.5 46.9
SC_F19 11.4 18 21.1 23.5 23.6 29.5 27.3 24.8 21.3
SC_F20 9.6 13.2 14.9 16.1 15.9 19 17.6 16.2 14.2
SC_F21 25.1 48.1 50.1 57.7 57.3 76.3 68.6 60.1 48.4
Table 39: SWMM simulated Peak runoff of all minor basin for different duration of 2 Year Return
Period
Sub catchment Peak Flow (m3/s)
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Five permanent pump stations and four temporary pump stations in the core city of master plan area have been
used as a location of outfall in SWMM model. The result summary of pumpstation in terms of peck discharge
and total volume of stormwater in 1hr in 2-year return period at each outfall in core city area is given in Table
40.
Table 40: Pumping Summary of 1hr in 2year Return period in the study area
Max. |Flow| Avg. Flow Total Vol. Power
Name Inlet Node Outlet Node (m³/s) (m³/s) (ML) Usage(kw-hr)
Goranchotbari
Goranchotbari reservoir Goranchotbari 22 22 30.665 296.31
Kallyanpur
Kallyanpur reservior Kallyanpur 20 19.66 2425.277 33692.49
Pump3 R3 Dholaikhal 12.355 2.88 107.187 278.72
Pump4 R4 Kamalapur 11.738 2.53 79.065 347.83
Rampurapump Hatirjil5 Rampura 16 16 0.008 0.08
Sadarghat J651 Sadarghat 3.493 0.57 14.406 0
Kamalbagh J593 Kamalbagh 2.2 0.34 7.749 4.22
Shahidnagar J545 Shahidnagar 2.859 0.71 20.822 5.67
Nawabgonj J242 Nawabgonj 7.062 1.19 33.094 9.01
The flood inundation map, which is shown in Figure 44, has been created based on the model result. The map
shows that the eastern fringe area is mostly affected by urban flooding.
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Annex C - Data Analysis and Drainage Modelling, describes the modelling process and results in detail.
For Western Dhaka, IWM 2006 proposed overall non-structural measures such as:
In Eastern Dhaka, with four management zones, IWM 2006 raised the following non-structural concerns for
the option without the embankment and Eastern Bypass Road:
RAJUK should guide the development of Eastern Dhaka based on a Master Plan to integrate land use
types with service, utility, stormwater, water supply and wastewater systems.
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As the low lands act as flood retarding areas, raising it to above the design levels of Balu River would
result in higher flood levels and wider extent of inundation on the river’s right-bank plains. A detailed
study should be conducted to quantify the impacts due to land filling in Eastern Dhaka.
The existing natural drainage channels should be acquired and protected to prohibit encroachment that
would ensure indiscriminate land filling. Most of the khals here also drain stormwater from Western
Dhaka.
RAJUK should immediately form special task force to address lack of stormwater and wastewater
facilities for the development of new township in the Eastern Dhaka and apply control measures.
Protect the khals from solid waste disposal, wastewater discharges and public encroachment.
Formulate and enforce legislation for protecting the khals from illegal encroachment.
Conduct a land settlement survey to confirm status of land availability and its use patterns.
Secure Retarding Ponds from illegal encroachment.
No further development either from government or private sector should be allowed without a
comprehensive development master plan.
For North zone, the minimum allowable platform level and plinth level need to be considered as 8.0 mPWD
and 9.0 mPWD respectively. For the South zone allowable platform and plinth level can be considered as
7.0mPWD and 8.0 mPWD.
It’s a proposal from the consultant part based on modeling and calculation. In the core city area and
municipality area, the authority may lessen these values by 1.0 mPWD as drainage networks for these areas
are largely dependent on pumping system.
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Fig
Figure 45: Proposed Platform and Plinth Level for the Study Area.
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Option 1: DCC will take the whole responsibility for stormwater drainage and solid waste
management.
Option 2: The independent Unit within WASA has to be formed and named as Storm Drainage Unit
SDU. DMD will be the key person to control the whole work.
Option 3: A new independent authority under the same ministry (Ministry of Local Government,
Rural Development & Co-operatives) may be created for the drainage sector.
The integrated approach among different organizations can ensure the non-structural measure in
stormwater management. In South East Asia, such as Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand and others, the integrated approach of managing the solid waste and stormwater
drainage system is being currently managed by inter-ministerial steering committee headed by the
Prime Minister’s office/secretariat. A Steering committee headed by the Ministry of local government
will be formed as considering an integrated approach for properly managing stormwater drainage
system and solid waste in Dhaka city. In this regard, all stakeholders have to come under one umbrella.
The possible members of the steering committee will be DCC, RAJUK, WASA, BWDB, Cantonment
Board, and LGD (Detail in Annex-D)
2. Political Support: To ensure the political support from down to top, a local level committee will
be formed in each ward where ward councilor will be the head. The respectable persons of the
community, Imam of the mosque, teacher, political leaders and community leader will be the member
of this committee. The committee will have the task to influence and increase awareness of politicians
regarding the development plan. In this regard, the ministry of local government can take initiative
eagerly to help this committee.
3. Proposal for Solid Waste Management: The Clean Dhaka Master Plan 2005 that has been
adopted by DCC encourages collection of solid waste from households but does not place any
emphasis on segregation of waste and treatment or resource recovery from waste. Composting as a
method of disposal is well recognized and has been successfully implemented by “Waste Concern,” an
environmental NGO. However, no such initiatives have been taken or have been encouraged by the
Clean Dhaka Master Plan.This 4-R (reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery) principle has changed the
waste management hierarchy and is now being increasingly employed worldwide (Table 41).
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) approach is based on this principle. While source
reduction and separation are considered as an important element, ISWM approach can also be applied
at the ultimate disposal point where it may take some time to introduce source reduction and separation
practice in Dhaka city. Implementation of “integrated solid waste management” approach at waste
disposal sites would bring significant changes in the present solid waste management scenario. It is
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therefore, recommended that DCC gives proper consideration to ISWM while designing disposal sites.
The detail process and action plan of SWM has been discused in Annex-H.
This concept of ISWM is based on its generation from different sources including domestic, commercial,
industrial and agriculture. This waste could be further classified as hazardous and non-hazardous waste
(Figure 46). The former has to be segregated at source and treated for disposal in accordance with the strict
regulations. 4R approach (reduce, reuse, recycle and recover) is also applicable both at source as well as at the
different levels of solid waste management chain including collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.
The waste from different sources is classified into different steps. First step is collection of waste, secondly
segregation of waste, followed by recycling waste (organic & inorganic), waste exchange, and discarded
waste. Then the resourceable wastes such as, plastic, wood, steel, papers, glass and compost/Biogas will be
separated from others. By recycling process, these wastes can be reused. Finally, non-reusable wastes will be
decided as final disposal. All kind of wastes will be classified into another three steps which are treatment,
recovery, and final waste.The details has been described in Annex-D
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Energy
Collection of waste
Segregation of waste
Treatment Resources
Recycling waste
Recovery
(Organic & Inorganic)
Final waste
Waste Exchange
Stop allowing individual plot development, which is more towards Horizontal kind of development and
increases impervious area per capita. It is necessary to move towards Vertical Development to have
more space for parks; sports fields, which will help reduce urban heat island. Most importantly, having
more green and water bodies will help reduce “Urban Heat Island” effect that is experienced dwellers
of Dhaka city.
Enforce “Cluster/Sector Development”. For instance, Uttara, Lalmatia, Dhanmondi, Banani, etc.
Sectoral development will help make the city with more natural amenities (parks, sports fields, etc.).
The selling point to the public would be that the Cost of Construction materials at Uttara (with better
roads, parks, open space, etc.) and Uttarkhan (without proper access roads, parks, open space) are
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almost same, however the comfort of living at Uttara and Uttarkhan would be very different due to
difference in infrastructure facilities and amenities.
Cluster development will also help to use “land grading” as one of the techniques to use for surface
runoff by using “Grassed Swales”.
Ensure at least 10% of the cluster is as “Pervious Open Space” with at least 3% water retention bodies,
in each cluster. Although there are such policies in Mohanogor Imarat Nirman Bidhimala (MINB,
2008) but could not be implemented for individual plot based developments being practiced in most of
the places.
At present people wants to “Own” a piece of land. To change the mindset of the people,
Govt/developers should take charge of the land and come up with the clustered development same as,
Uttara, Lalmatia, Banani, Baridhara, Gulshan, etc. but with On-site detention and pond facilities.
Proper infrastructural plan must be approved by govt/public before starting the development.
Implement “On-site Detention” facilities for storm runoff control from each development project.
Periodical inspection of the development projects to ensure constructions are being done as per the
approved plan and design (say 3 or 4 times during the project period).
There must be RAJUK surveillance teams to ensure that the buildings are constructed as per the
approved plan and design. Any violator will be given two choices:
Possibility of taking charge of the urban drainage system, as they construct the roads, roadside drains,
collect holding tax and manage solid wastes.
Ensure annual/routine cleaning of surface and tertiary drains under DCC jurisdiction.
Strictly implement standard hydraulically efficient Roadside Drainage Inlets.
Design and construct the storm drainage elements as per the proposed “Stormwater Drainage Design
Manual” being prepared by DWASA.
One of the main sources of solid wastes on the roads is from the vendors, shops, etc. DCC should
make mandatory for each trader (hawker/shop) to keep 2 large enough plastics for the customers to
dump litters in the plastic bags. One should be for perishable wastes (food wastes) and the other for dry
items (paper, plastic, bottles, aluminum, etc.).
Improved solid waste management and “Reuse” to reduce blockage of drains. Solid waste should be
considered as raw material to produce energy and composts. Norway is in short of solid wastes and
importing from other EU countries.
Keep the roadside drainage Inlets “Functional”. Cleaning before and during monsoon immediately
when any water logging is reported.
Implement improved ways of handing construction materials in the city area. Presently materials are
dumped on the roadsides and the inlets are blocked preventing the storm runoff from entering the
drains.
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Use of porous materials to reduce imperviousness of the urban areas (parking lots, swales, etc.).
Install gross pollutant traps (GPTs) to capture litters from the drains.
Buildings must be inspected by the relevant Authorities (such as RAJUK, DWASA, DCC, DESCO,
Titas Gas, etc.) during and upon completion, and “Fitness Certificate” (similar to fitness certificates of
Vehicles) once all compliances are met. Any non-compliance must be made good or all the utility
services MUST be DENIED. Such strict measures will deter the public to violate plan and other
requirements. On the other hand, in order to encourage the people to comply with the requirements, for
full compliance there can be incentives, (such as certain amount of money may be rebated from first
month of holding tax, water bill, electricity bill, gas bill, etc.)
The DAP Consultants and Govt. Town Planners must ensure that adequate importance is provided to
take care of the stormwater drainage system to take care of the extra runoff generated due to the
increased developments.
UDD and LGRD to play important roles for proper stormwater drainage system in the other
Municipality areas.
Planning Commission may play role to ensure that the agreed matters are materialized by ALL Parties
involved.
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Phase 3 3
Existing Sluice gate
Approan Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Weir
Flood Flow zone 1.34 km2 1.34 km2 1.34 km2
Retention area 3.11 km2
Inlets 2597 2597
B. Structural Measures
Major proposed structural intervention for this area is enlisted below by turns
To provide 2.45 sq. km storage/retention at potal beel, western housing, birulia bridge.
At Kalshi along with the Matikata Road and Mirpur-11 all the illegal infrastructure need to be removed
as early as possible to protect the water bodies and low-lying areas.
Baunia khal is the major channel for this zone, but unfortunately, it is narrowed down due to illegal
encroachment. All these encroachments need to be removed immediately. Total 7.63 km long khal
from Mirpur-14 to Uttara 3rd phase need to be excavated and widened up to 40 m.
Sanbadik Colony Khal, Baistec Khal and Mirpur Housing Khal are silted up and its effective capacity
has been narrow down in a great scale. So cleaning along with excavation and realignment is very
much necessary to do.
Available land allocated for Goranchotbari Pump station must be kept free from all sort of
encroachment and undesirable landuses.
Uttara 3rd phase is a new emerging urban residential area and its proper drainage planning with
feasibility study needs to be done immediately.
Confluence at the meeting place of Digun, Baunia and Abdullahpur khal need to be maintained with
undisturbed and well designed. Due to land development at Uttara 3rd phase, this confluence has been
disturbed.
New sludge treatment and disposal units have to be created.
Northwestern part of Uttara and Northern area of Uttara 3rd phase is predominantly low-lying area, but
now people are using these lands as residential zone and other purposes. So these areas need to be
served with some DWASA drainage facilities.
Within the above-mentioned zone some of the lands are used to play the role of temporary retention
pond (Eastern Bank of Tongi Khal), which need to be preserved.
10.8 km long of pipes drain needs to be constructed in some areas (Monipur, Ibrahimpur and
cantonment area) of this zone. (Project Id: 2nd phase-9)
DWASA needs to construct some earthern drains with a length of 20.63 km at area of Noanagar,
Uttara residential area, Baidrtek, Shahjalal international airport area, and Bhashantek area in this zone
immediately. (Project Id: 3rd phase-7)
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 43. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 48.
C. Non-structural Measures
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This zone is densified with low-lying areas and water bodies, all of these are highly recommended
(gross area greater than 2.0 hectare) to protect from unnecessary encroachment.
New emerging urban areas such as Uttara 3rd Phase, Pallabi DOHS etc. requires proper planning by
incorporating drainage and other relevant issues. DWASA and RAJUK should work jointly in this
concern.
All the illegal encroachments and structures over the water bodies and low-lying areas need to be
removed immediately. Local law enforcing agency, RAJUK, City Corporation and DWASA can work
as a team in this context.
Regular program shall be undertaken for cleaning of the drains/ pipes/ khals before the advent of the
monsoon.
Create public awareness
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Existing Goranchatbari
Pump Station, capacity
44 m3/s
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Kallayanpur (KLN)
Table 44: Structural Measure in Zone KLN
Item Capacity/Length/ Total Grand total
area/ number
Total Area 32.03 km2 32.03 km2 32.03 km2
Sub catchment 55 55 55
Critical design rainfall duration 1 and 3 hrs
Pump Existing pump 20 m3/s 20 m3/s 20m3/s
station Proposed pump
Location name of proposed pump station
Coordinate
Pipe RCC concrete Phase 1 29974 29974
drain(m) Phase2 29974
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1 665.05 665.05
(m) Phase2 665.05
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 1874 17050 17050
Phase2 5706
Phase 3 9470
Canal Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Retention pond Phase 1 1.33 km2 1.33 km2
Phase2
Phase 3 1.33 km2
GPT Major Phase 1 3 10
Phase2 2
Phase 3 1
Minor Phase 1 7
Phase2 4
Phase 3 3
Sluice gate Phase 1 19 19
Phase2 11
Phase 3 8
Aprons Phase 1 6 6
Phase2 3
Phase 3 3
Weirs Phase 1 6 6
Phase2 3
Phase 3 3
Flood Flow zone 4.65 km2 4.65 km2 4.65 km2
Retention area 1.929 km2 1.929 km2 1.929 km2
Inlets 997 997
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A. Structural Measures
Kallayanpur Main Khal, Ramchandrapur Khal, katasur Khal, Kallayanpur Kha Khal, Kallayanpur Gha
Khal, Kallayanpur Uma Khal all are silted up with sludge. Immediate cleaning and realignment works
necessary for this khals.
To construct 2.35-km long new pipe line from Mirpur-10 to Kallyanpur Kha Khal along new road.
(project Id: 2nd phase-10)
Another 7.14 km pipeline needs to construct from Mirpur-1 to Kallayanpur Branch Kha through
Technical moar and Gabtoli. (project Id: 2nd phase-11)
Retention area about 1.929 sq. km is proposed of which 1.33 sq. km of retention pond at area of
Gantoli in this zone need to be acquired/ managed.
At Sheorapara and Kazipara (partly falls within the zone) water logging problem is very much severe
due to the absence of adequate drains. DWASA needs to construct some secondary drain / pipe drain
within this zone immediately.
At Rayerbaazar a temporary pump station needs to be installed along with some arrangement of
retention pond.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 44. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 49.
B. Non-structural Measures
Formulation of a separate drainage management zonal authority
To formulate and enforce legislation for protecting the khal, waterbodies etc. from illegal
encroachment.
All the illegal encroachments and structures over the water bodies and low-lying areas need to be
immediately removed.
Establishment of Right of Way for the natural channels.
DWASA needs to recover the proposed amount of retention areas for Kallaynpur pump station in FAP
study immediately. DWASA may adopt both legal enforcement and land acquisition approach in this
context.
Proper Landuse planning.
Proper guided solid waste management is another prerequisite to achieve a sustainable stormwater
drainage management.
O & M works along with proper monitoring system must be introduced that the ward dwellers as well
as the cleaners and relevant personnel could not neglect their duties.
Create public awareness.
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Temporary Pump
Station Rayer
Bazar, capacity
9.9 m3/s
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Based on the existing flooding conditions in this zone (2 – Kallyanpur), indicated as waterlogged areas in
Figure 50, its drainage systems have been modelled in EPA-SWMM to simulate hydrodynamic responses
during the assigned design rainfall events. Design improvement of the pumps, channels and various conduits
were investigated so as to arrive at the appropriate structural measures for mitigating floods.
The results of the model simulations (described in Annex-C of this report) reveal the following proposals for
drainage system improvement (ordered from top-most priority, downstream to upstream):
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Major water
logging area
Figure 50: Structural Drainage Improvement for Waterlogging Areas at Kallayanpur Zone
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A. Structural Measures
Up gradation of pumping capacity at Dholaikhal pump Station is required phase by phase. At present, the
available capacity of the pump station is quite operational, but needs to maintain regularly rather than
being temporary.
A temporary pump station needs to be installed. Probable location for this temporary pump station can be
the either at the outfall / outlet of Sadarghat or Imamganj.
At present there is only 0.042 sq. km (4.2 ha) area is available as retention ponds which is previously
acquired previously by the government.
Part of Buriganga River exists between Kamrangir Char and Brac land embankment (Baribadh) need to
be preserved and excavated immediately to increase its water holding capacity. At present, this low-lying
area is under severe encroachment.
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Effective cross-sectional length of Dholaikhal Box-culverts (3.8 km) exists within this zone needs to be
extended up to 8.0 m (4.8 m existing) and needs emergency cleaning work. Volume of sediment need to
be cleaned: 4700 m3
Sediment from Debdulai boxculvert (2.5m x 2.8m) needs to be cleaned. Volume of sediment needs to be
cleaned: 5500 m3
Capacity of existing Storm Sewer (6.15 km) is not sufficient, which requires upgradation or capacity
increment.
A new pipeline of 500 m (approx.) needs to construct from Nazirabaazar to Nazimuddin Road.
New pipe drains need to be constructed to minimize the flow path of water from BUET & other areas to
Buriganga River. These Pipe drains need high capacity development to accumulate large amount of
stormwater. At Kamalbag outlet, a new pipe drain can be installed instead of brick Sewer with high
capacity. All these pipe drains comprise about 2.20 km (approx.)
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown inTable 45. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 51
B. Non-structural Measures
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Figure 51: Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Old Dhaka and Dholaikhal Zone
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8.8.3 DND
Table 46: Structural Measures in Zone DND
ITEM Capacity/Length/ Total Grand total
area/ number
Area 97.47 km2 97.47 km2 97.47 km2
Sub catchment 47 47 47
Critical design rainfall duration 1 and 3 hrs
Pump Existing pump 1 14.5 m3/s 14.5 m3/s 89.6 m3/s
3
station Proposed pump 2 75.1 m /s 75.1 m3/s
Location name of proposed pump station Pump station near pagla, Adamji
Coordinate 90°31'37.16"E 23°40'17.38"N
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 70984
Phase2 36178 36178
Phase 3 34806 34806
Canal Phase 1 49191
Phase2 30409 30409
Phase 3 18782 18782
Retention pond Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
GPT Major Phase 1 10 22
Phase2 4
Phase 3 6
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 7
Phase 3 5
Sluice gate Phase 1 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Aprons Phase 1 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 5.92 km2 5.92 km2
Retention area (km2) .46
Inlets 1066 1066
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A. Structural Measures
Raise embankment to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD
Raise embankment to 50-year ARI flood protection level @ ~9.5-11m PWD
Increase pump capacity from 14.5 m3/s to 70 m3/s (FAP8A = 64.7 m3/s, IWM = 70.31 m3/s) at two
newly proposed locations, i.e. Pagla, Adamji
Provide 7 million m3 storage (Proposed at DAP Group B Report-2010) (FAP8A = 6.81 million m3,
IWM = 7.16 million m3) at 5 locations. Matuail, Godnail, MIzmizi, Kadamtoli, East Dogair
Improve drainage khals to maximize conveyance
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 46. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 52.
B. Non-structural Measures
At present BWDB has the authority for regulating the whole area to promote the irrigation facilities.
But in last two decades the whole landuse pattern within this zone has been changed. Moreover, this
area is considered as a part of Dhaka city. So in order to assure the modern urban drainage facilities
within this zone, the authorized power needs to be transferred to the proposed single authority or
DWASA.
Formulation of a separate drainage management zonal authority
Formulate and enforce legislation for protecting the khals and water bodies from illegal encroachment
and indiscriminate waste disposal.
Replacement of katcha toilets by sanitary latrines/sewerage system in the whole project area and all the
domestic sewer connections with drainage networks need to be disconnected immediately.
All the proposed irrigation canals by BWDB during conducting the irrigation project need to be
regenerated. In IWM study and Detailed Area Plan for Dhaka city, a good amount of retention areas /
retention ponds were proposed. Immediate action from high authority is immediately required to
initiate the procedure.
No further development either from government or private sector should be allowed without a
comprehensive development master plan. DWASA can provide advisory and other required support to
RAJUK to implement this.
Mitigation of water logging problem on priority of area basis.
Public participation should be encouraged different phases especially in implementation and O&M
works.
Numbers of local committee can be formed by combining local representatives and influential persons
to foster and smooth the activities of the Zonal Management Authority
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Proposed Permanent
Pump Station, Adamji,
capacity 50.2 m3/s
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11.2 Ha (0.112 sq. km of land is needed to be developed as retention pond at Kamalapur Pump Station.
At khilgaon temporary pump station 3.6 ha/ 0.036 sq.km of land is also proposed for retention purpose.
Rest of the retention areas are proposed for serving the Nourial khal pump station.
Improve secondary system conveyance. Stormwater flow from the western part plus that of eastern part
should be canalized.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 47. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 53
B. Non-structural Measures
Formulation of a separate drainage management zonal authority.
All drainage and flood control infrastructures along the DIT road should be handed over to single
authority for drainage or Dhaka WASA for operation and maintenance.
The city flood and drainage management should be linked with weather and flood forecasting system
for early warning and preparatory activities;
Any water body having an area greater than 2.0 hectare should be prioritized to protect from
landfilling.
RAJUK should develop and implement building codes, which would clearly give direction for
preserving drainage facilities in city areas, most importantly, in low-lying areas.
Responsible organization: DCC, DWASA, BWDB and RAJUK. Coordination of these agencies should
be done.
Special concern on shantinagar and segunbagicha
Increase conveyance of Segunbagicha, khilgaon Basabo, Gerani, Manda Khals
Increase conveyance of Segunbagicha Box Culvert (2.54 km) and needs to retain and clean regularly
to avoid water logging here.
1.78 km of Segunbagicha khal is silted up, requires alignment, excavation and widening.
Segunbagicha box culvert should be cleaned throughly & entirely.
The restriction at the Road crossing culvert near Notredame College, Railway culvert at TT Para area
& road crossing culvert at Gopibagh area should be removed.
According to the Mouja map all the illegal bridges, structures & illegal land grabs should be removed.
Manda khal should be acquired with the width of 150 feet, water flow should be ensured by building
retaining wall .
The solid waste & all other waste of the catchment area of Segunbagicha khal & Boxculvert should be
managed so that no waste can get into the pipe drain lines or box-culvert.
Construction sites should be managed.
All the roads at Shantinagar area are not on the same level. Roads in front of Popular Diagonstic
Center, entrance of Baily road, in front of DB office, in front of Gate no-3 of the police line of
Rajarbagh-Shajahanpur road have lower level. As a result, water logging occurs at these low areas for
several hours. All the roads of Shantinagar area should be built on same level.
All covered manholes & catchpits under road carpeting should be recovered.
Illegal markets & bazars should be removed from Shantinagar area.
DCC has built roads at the down side of the Manda Bridge by filling land of the canal. According to
the Mouja map, the canal has 17- 38 meter width. But now it has width of 8-23 meters. As a result,
water cannot flow at full capacity. So to increase the width of the canal according to mouja map.
Manda-Mugda Connected Bridge has an invert, which is higher than the invert level of the (Manda)
khal. Maniknagar-Mugda connected bridge & East Maniknagar Anandodhara Bridge has piles on the
canal, which creates barrier to flow. To take necessary step to solve this probles
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Cleaning of
Segunbagicha Box-
Preserving Water Bodies and
Culvert
low lying Lands.
Widening of Canals
Reservoir at Kamalapur
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A. Structural Measures
Pumping capacity for Rampura Pump Station needs to extend up to 25 m3/s. Operational pattern for
this pump needs to work regularly instead of temporary basis.
Hatirjheel and Gulshan-Banani Lake is the main retion pond in this zone. Hatirjheel Lake and Gulshan-
Banani Lake can play the role of water reservoir here. During the rainy season, the lake can hold
approximately 4.81 billion liter of water. In this context, Gulshan-Banani Lake needs to upgrade
immediately with proper depth and width.
Improve conveyance of Panthapath box culvert and Mohakhali Box-culvert.
The age-old faulty sewer line runing through the Hatirjheel Lake needs to be immediately realigned/
rehabilitated
Considering Hatirjheel Lake as the center point, sewer networks at North and East need to divert to
Dasherkandi. The remaining networks at West need to divert to Pagla STP.
Instead of constructing Eastern bypass road the designated authority (BWDB) may consider elevated
transport route option to assure undisturbed natural conveyance of stormwater and inundation.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 48. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 54
B. Non-structural Measures
RAJUK has already declared the whole Hatirjheel Area as a “Special Area” for Dhaka City, which
falls within this zone, so stormwater drainage management along with other water utility services need
to be specialized. Such as stormwater and sanitary sewer drainage should be kept separate.
High priority must be given on maintaining the water quality of Hatirjheel Lake and disconnect all the
domestic sewer and industrial sewer connection.
Protecting Hatirjheel Lake, Gulshan Banani Lake and other water bodies form industrial waste,
garbage dumping and illegal land capture.
Separate provisions for drainage and sewerage must be ensured and need to maintained regularly.
Formation of a separate drainage management zonal authority.
Introducing mechanical cleaning and maintenance by the concern authorities.
Demarcation of right of way to preserve the natural channels in association with DoE and RAJUK.
Public participation and social awarness.
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Improvement of
Panthapath Box-culvert Segunbagicha khal
improvement
Improvement of
Mohakhali Box-culvert
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A. Structural Measures
A new pump station of 60 m3/s needs to install at Beraid (Confluence of Sutivola khal with Balu
River).
Total 70 ha / 0.70 Sq. km of land needs to preserve at this pump station for retention purpose. Another
retention pond is required to manage at up stream of Sutivola.
Kuril-Boalia khal and Khilkhet-Boalia khal is almost grabbed by the landowners and these are at very
last stage of their extinction. These two khals need to regenerate immediately with proper design and
widening.
Same proposal is applicable for Meradia –Gojaria Khal and Shahzadpur khal.
Establishing and demarcating the Right of Way for existing and missing canals in accordance with CS
Mouza map is the priority for this zone.
Along the Kuril-Purbachal connecting road (on both side of the road), 100 feet wide open channel or
canal need to introduce to divert huge amount of flow to Balu River. In Master plan, 100 feet wide
open channel has been proposed beside both side of the 300 feet kuril purbachal road. One named as
khilkhet Boalia-B is in zone BDD and other named as khilkhet Boalia U is in zone UTK. Khilkhet
Boalia- B is passing through the proposed subcatchment ID (SP to 7K1.01-7K1.04 to 7I1.01) in BDD
zone.
The air port area in Uttara needs to keep free from flooding. For that reason, Khilkhet Boalia U and B
project should be implemented without delay
Set the minimum Plinth level (9.0 mPWD) and Platform level (8.0 m PWD) for any structural
development.
Along the Balu River, it is better to construct elevated roadway as it is discussed in chapter 10.
At present, there is no DWASA secondary drainage in this zone. So new drainage networks should be
installed by following proper drainage manual. Same legislation is applicable for other drainage
network developer such as City Corporation and private investors.
Detailed design criteria and guidelines are available as “Stormwater Drainage Design Manual” in
Annex-E.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 49. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 55
B. Non-structural Measures
Forming a single authority or extending the service capacity of Dhaka WASA needs to introduce
immediately to the project area through extension project.
Formation of a separate drainage management zonal authority under central command.
The whole area is predominantly low lying and there is high chance for rapid urbanization. So the
intensive care requires immediately in this zone to protect the natural water bodies and low-lying areas.
The proposed water retention area must not be used for any other purposes. Designated authority such
as RAJUK or DWASA may acquire all these lands to assure its functional ability.
A proper land use planning integrated with drainage master plan should be made.
Agricultural production should be encouraged predominantly within this zone and agricultural activity
such as crop production; aquaculture etc. will be predominant in this zone.
Public participation and mass awareness
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Proposed Pumpstation
Bara Beraid, Near
Rehabilitation of Kuril-Boalia shutivola, Dumni khal
Khal and Balu river. Capacity
60 m3/s
Existing
pumpstation in
Rampura
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A. Structural Measures
Because Khilkhet-Boalia and Kashaibari-boalia Khals are silted up, it requires realignment,
excavation and widening immediately.
In drainage master plan, 100 feet wide open channel has been proposed beside the both side of 300
feet kuril purbachal road. One named as khilkhet Boalia-B is in zone BDD and other named as
khilkhet Boalia U is in zone UTK. Khilkhet Boalia- U is passing through the proposed subcatchment
ID (SP to 8B7.01-8B7.02 to 8B13.01) in UTK zone.
Proper demarcation of alignment and establishing Right of way for both missing and existing canals
A new pump station (15 m3/s) is needed to install at Turag in Bhatira.
Total 330 ha / 3.3 sq.km of lands is need to preserve as retention area along the Balu River.
Set the minimum Plinth level (9.0 mPWD) and Platform level (8.0 m PWD) for any structural
development.
Service coverage of DWASA needs to extend in this zone in terms of constructing drainage network.
In this context, all the construction works must be aligned with drainage manual shown in Appendix–
E.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 50. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 56
B. Non-structural Measures
At present service of DWASA is not available within this zone, so at first DWASA need to extent
their service in this zone.
Formation of separate drainage management authority.
To guide on drainage management sytem friendly incorporating with landuse plan in an urgent here.
To formulate the landuse plan both RAJUK and DWASA should work in combined way.
The zone is densified with lots of low lying areas and water bodies, all these need to preserve to
assure the proper drainage as per DAP and other provisional gazetted plan.
Special attention must be given for flood flow zone and water retention areas.
Coverage of solid waste management of City Corporation is also absent here. So City Corporation
should extent their service in this area or assists the local authority by providing trained manpower
and machineries.
There is no sufficient facility for sewage disposal in the project area. People have no alternative
except drains for wastewater disposal and septic tanks for night soils. Sufficient facility for sewage
disposal should be provided in this zone.
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Major problem:
There are existing secondary drains and tertiary drains maintained by Municipality in this zone. The
Municipality drains are at places blocked by garbage bags, solid waste etc.
Main problems are the absence of roadside drains and integrated network.
Efficient and quick discharge of rainfall- runoff into the natural khals is not taking place.
Indiscriminate disposal of all types of solid waste is deteriorating the flow capacity of existing drains.
There are some ponds and ditches, which have no outlets.
A. Structural Measures
B. Non-structural Measures
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Drains in built up areas need better and regular maintenance for the proper drainage system.
Extension of piped water in new settlement areas especially in Tongi areas.
Timely action is needed to realize retention areas as envisaged by FAP proposals.
The authority should discourage all illegal development and keep its urban township/ private
development to the minimum.
Remove all unauthorized structures, which developed on drainage structures.
Demarcation of Right of Way to preserve the natural channels.
Comparatively large tanks and ponds, Dighis and lakes should not be disturbed or removed by physical
interventions through fillings or other means rather should properly be maintained and preserved.
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Major problem:
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The total number of the drains in the areas is inadequate. As a result, localized flooding occurs after
every heavy rainfall, causing inconvenience to the residents.
Gando area near highway, Talbag area near Anam M college, Subujbag, Jalesor area beside radio
colony, Registry office at Maddapara, Bazar road Nayabari area, Dogar Moth area beside CRP,
saranika road are subjected to water logging during and after heavy rainfall.
Secondary and tertiary drains are found to be under-sized and blocked by solid wastes, garbage etc.
Unplanned drainage system and improper operation and maintenance towards drains are another reason
of water logging.
A. Structural Measures
B. Non-structural Measures
A treatment plant with efficient management of solid waste should be provided in the study area.
At present, there are no solid or specific proposals for drainage system development.
Drainage channel should be kept from solid waste disposal and industrial waste.
Increase the public awareness regarding solid waste management
To strengthen the institutional and political arrangement in local level.
Regular cleaning of drainage should be done for proper drainage system.
Encroachment and illegal grabbing of wetland should be strongly prohibited.
The flood plain areas are suggested for further ecological, nature conservation and development
studies.
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A. Structural Measures
Kaliganj Khal is the heart of drainage system in this zone, but the present condition is worst due to
indiscriminate solid waste disposal. So high priority must be given for deepening this khal and
protecting it from all kinds of garbage disposal and domestic and industrial sewer/waste water
disposal.
The Subhadda khal will be kept open for the existing navigation facilities for commercial purposes.
Due to lack of culverts in Keranigonj, water logging has become serious problem. So more culverts
should be constructed.
A considerable amount of lands need to keep as flood flow zone as shown in Figure 8-11 and the local
authority/ municipality in association with DWASA must take proper action.
Develop the banks of Dhaleswari River as recreation spot by removing all illegal occupants,
Replacement of katcha toilets by sanitary latrines should be made in the whole study area.
Solid waste dumping ground has been proposed in the Konakhola and Basta mouzas. Except those
mouzas, area proposed for transport terminal, manufacturing industries and urban deferred areas
provision might be considered for solid waste dumping ground.
Underground drain should be provided according to the proposed plan.
A treatment plant for efficient management of solid waste should be provided in the study area.
At present, there are no solid or specific proposals for drainage system development. All the spill
channels (natural Khals) are to be kept open for drainage and navigation purposes.
An embankment with road and greenery should be constructed on the northern side of the Buriganga
river. This embankment will cover the riverbank from Malancha ferry ghat of western side to 1st
Buriganga Bridge of eastern side.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 53. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 59
B. Non-structural Measures:
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Major problem:
The lack of sufficient number of drains to carry the discharge into its outfall is main drainage problems
in the Narayangonj Municipality area.
Chasara area, Adamjee rail line area (Southside), Deobogh area, Tolaram College area and Goalbanda
area are dominate as a low lying area. These areas experience waterlogging during and after heavy
rainfall causing inconvenience to the Municipality residents.
Jimkhana khal is heavily silted up.
Secondary and tertiary drains are found to be under-sized and blocked by solid wastes, garbage etc.
Indiscriminate disposal of all types of solid waste is deteriorating the flow capacity of existing drains
Efficient and quick discharge of rainfall run-off into their natural khals is not taking place.
The existing tertiary drains and newly proposed secondary and tertiary drains need to plan and
constructed for efficient and quick discharge of stormwater to the primary khals (outfall).
A. Structural Measures
Secondary and tertiary drains need to construct as per proper design manual.
Jimkhana khal has been proposed for re-excavation.
All the outlets and outfalls need to identify and take action properly for smoothing the whole drainage
management procedures.
All the reserved areas for water retention and flood plain need to demarcate and manage well. Strict
landuse plan along with implementation is a must for achieving these goals.
Necessary amount of lands need to be acquired for retention area
All the proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 54. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 60
B. Non-structural Measures
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A. Structural Measures
DWASA needs to extend their service coverage to this area. At present, there is no DWASA activity in
this area.
All the outfalls/ outlets in this zone have been identified and which should be managed properly.
All the natural channels and canals need to protect from illegal encroachment. Proper lining and
management of water bodies including khal and rivers is very much necessary.
Construct a number of secondary drainage especially within the area demarcated for Purbachal town.
All these constructions need to follow the standard drainage design manual properly.
Separate and independent sewerage network need to install in Purbachal Model Town.
A sewerage treatment plant and a waste treatment plant can be installed within this area for lessen the
pollution of water and drainage networks.
All the buildings and structures need to furnish with septic tank / sockwell to minimize the pollution. In
this context, RAJUK must play the key role before approving building plan. Again plinth level of these
structures needs to set higher than the average flood level.
DWASA should acquire sufficient amount of land for managing water retention/ reservoir.
All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 55. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 61.
B. Non-structural Measures
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Six pump stations with total capacity of 220 m3/s have been proposed at five zones in the master plan area,
out of which five pump stations are located in eastern of part of the city. Table 56 shows the information on
the proposed pumpstation in master plan area.The location of proposed pumpstation is shown in Figure 62
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Flood Flow Zone: Annual place of inundations are thus flood flow zones. A river in its flow regime
maintains a width within which the flows occur during flooding time. Main flood flow zone is the
cross sectional area of a river that carries the dominant flood flow whereas sub flood flow zone is that
area which conveys the floodwater only during high tide and storms (RAJUK, 2011).
Retention Pond: A retention pond is designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely
(Brownstown Charter, 2009).
Retention Area/Basin : A retention basin is used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding
and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay.
Sometimes called a wet pond or wet detention basin, it is an artificial lake with vegetation around the
perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of water in its design (USEPA, 1999). The total proposed
retention area in master plan is 47.98 km2 where as retention pond has been proposed is 33.34 km2.
The maximum retention pond area has been proposed in Gazipur zone. On the other hand, the total
area of 136.47 km2 has been kept for flood flow zone in keranigonj zone. The total land proposed for
keeping flow zone in master plan area is 308.6 km2.
Table 57 shows the proposed flood flow zone and retention area including retention pond. DAP
proposed retention area and flood flow zone about 22.30 km2 and 318 km2 respectively. Table 58
gives the informartion on the proposed retention area and flood flow zone in DAP and DMP
Table 57: Proposed flood flow zone and retention area in study area
Zone Proposed Retention area Proposed retention pond Proposed flood flow zone
(km2) (km2) (km2)
GCB 3.11 2.45 1.34
KLN 1.929 1.33 4.65
DHK 0 0 .22
DND .46 0 5.92
KML 3.24 1.54 0
RMP 0 0 0
BDD 8.24 1.78 .70
UTK 3.30 .875 1.25
GZT 11.54 10.34 52.71
SVR 5.686 5.68 42.41
KRN 3.96 3.44 136.47
NRN 2.819 2.27 7.33
PRB 3.7 3.7 55.6
Total 47.98 33.34 308.6
Table 58: Proposed retention area and Flood flow zone by DAP and DMP
Proposed DAP DMP
Retention area 22.30 km2 47.98 km2
Flood flow zone 313.41 km2 308.6 km2
The proposed retention area and flood flow zone in drainage master plan area is given in Figure 63. Also
Figure 64 represents the retention pond proposed by DAP and DMP
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Figure 63: Propsoed Retention Area and Flood Flow Zone by DMP
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Figure 64: Proposed Retention Pond By DAP and DMP in DMDP Area
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Proposed GPT:
Two types of GPT have been proposed in master plan area. The total number of major GPT is127. On the
other hand, 255 numbers of minor GPT have been proposed at different locations in DMP area. The map
shows below indicates the location of proposed major and minor GPT in DMP area. Figure 65 shows the
location map of GPT proposed in DMP area
Figure 65: The Location Map of Proposed GPT in the DMP area.
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Major GPT:
The total 127 number of Major GPT has been proposed in master plan area. 67 and 60 number of
major GPT have been proposed in phase 2 and phase 3 respectively.The coordinate of Major GPT in
phase 2 and 3 has been given in Table 59 and Table 60. Figure 66 shows the location map of Major GPT
proposed in this master plan
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MINOR GPT: The total 255 number of Minor GPT has been proposed in master plan area. 128 and
127 number of Minor GPT have been proposed in phase 2 and phase 3 respectively.The coordinate of
Minor GPT in phase 2 and 3 has been given in Table 61 and Table 62. Figure 67 shows the location map of
Minor GPT proposed in master plan.
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In considering proposed drainage network, three types of Drain have been proposed in DMP area. Those are
Khal, Pipe drain and unlined drain. Table 63 shows the proposed drainage data in all zones in different phases
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The total numbers of sluice gate and apron proposed in different locations in Dhaka are 159 and 291
respectively. 78 of sluice gates and 136 apron have been proposed in phase 2. On the other hand, the total
number of sluice gate and apron proposed in phase three are 81 and 155 respectively. The information of
proposed sluice gate and apron in all phase is shown Table 64 and Table 65. Figure 68 shows the location
map of sluice gate proposed in master plan area.
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Figure 68: Proposed Sluice Gate at Different Location in Master Plan Area
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The rehabilitation of three khals named as Katasur main khal, Manda main khal and Sutivola main khal
having length of 1874m, 2922m and 8914m respectively, have been proposed in phase one. The proposed
average width of katasur, Manda and Sutivola are 10, 15 and 12 m respectively. There is no proposal for
retention pond, GPT, apron and sluice gate in any zone in phase 1. One pumpstation having capacity of 15
m3/s has been proposed in Uttarkhan zone. The Table 66 shows the structural achievement in the project at
Phase-1. The proposed drainage system in phase one is shown Figure 69 .
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Rehabilitation of
Rehabilitation of Shutivola khal
Katashur khal
Rehabilitation of
Manda khal
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The total length of khal proposed in phase 2 is 336430.3 m., the length of pipeline is 251465.23 m and the
total length of earthern drain is 108411 m. 78 number of sluice gates have been proposed in phase 2. Three
pump stations have been proposed in three zones which are Badda, purbachal and kamlapur zone. The total
capacity of those pumpstations is 129.9m3/s. The proposed structural achievement in phase 2 is given in Table
67. The proposed drainage system in phase two is shown Figure 69.
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The total length of khal proposed in phase 3 is 377324.2 m., the length of pipeline is 81404.74m and the total
length of earthern drain is 315068.69 m. 155 number of sluice gates have been proposed in phase 3. Two
pump stations have been proposed in one zone which is DND zone. The total capacity of those pump stations
are 75.1m3/s. The proposed structural achievement in phase 3 is given in Table 68. The proposed drainage
system in phase three is shown in Figure 71
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The project will achive the improvement of 727.5 km khal by means of rehabilitation. 517.77 km piped drain
and 423.48 km unline drain will be covered in the project from year 2015 to 2040. Also 220 m3/s capacity of
pumpstation will be achived in project area within the project time period.
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General unit costs in BDT (in 2014) are summarized below in Table 70:
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A summary of costs for all basins and all projects within those basins is presented in Table 71 sorted first by
basin, and then sorted by project. Costs are tabulated through master planning routines and are based upon
unit prices developed in 2014. In some cases, multiple alternatives are proposed which have been designated
in the Basin ID. There is not sufficient information at this time to select a preferred alternative, so all
alternatives have been shown for comparison. This Drainage Master Plan does consider new development cost
and upgradation cost. In particular, capital improvements have been shown for retrofit improvement of
existing developments, although their funding will certainly be borne by DWASA and budgets than for new
developing areas whose cost will be borne by different entities.
Cost by Basin
For purposes of developing an overall drainage infrastructure, capital improvement cost for the core City &
fringe area, costs are summarized below by basin. In some cases, several different alternatives are shown for
basins, usually based upon conveyance only, detention, or conveyance plus detention. The following table has
been compiled by selecting the least cost alternative; however, due to external factors such as land acquisition,
a preferred alternative cannot be selected at this time. The total project cost to upgrade the City’s storm
drainage infrastructure to meet minimum current drainage criteria for the entire City is estimated to be about
BDT 16000 crore (2015 million US dollars) in Table 71
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Drainage projects should address financial sustainability. This will be achieved by ensuring that the user
charge should cover the operation and maintenance costs; O&M costs are clearly defined; and Drainage
service charges are collected and used transparently. Around 10% cost of total investment has been kept for
operation and maintenance purpose. The total cost for O&M are 15346.21 million BDT. The Table 73 shows
the phase wise cost being described in Annex-J.
Year 2015-2040
Strategy Budget (Million BDT)
Phase I Phase II (10 Phase III (10
(5Years) years) years)
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At the same time, to lessen a financial burden on small local operator, monetary support should be considered
through the provision of government subsidies. Drainage management team (DMT) can improve the problem
of small service charges and low collection rates of building development fee, as an increase in stormwater
drainage charges is the marked outcome of management transfer. Therefore, financial support, even if it is
substantially lower after DMT, or cost-sharing arrangements between the government and the private
operator, will be needed for sustainable drainage services. In estimating the ability to pay and to set the fee
levels, a balance between sustainability and affordability of the local middle income people needs will be well
managed. It is crucial to include a sustainable O&M plan in the project design with community based
participation. Transparent fiscal management should be in place to ensure accountability and sustainability.
Implementation of “Storm Drainage Service Fees”, say annual fee of Tk 0.20/sft for impervious area, which to
be collected in four monthly installments during monsoon. For a 2000 sft impervious area (IA) it will be Tk
100/month. On the other hand, if any property owner leaves 50% or more of his/her/their plot pervious then
he/she/they will have reduced drainage fee of Tk. 0.15/sft IA. Such contribution from the property owners
would help generate maintenance fee for the storm sewers. If there are 200,000 property owners, it will
generate Tk. 80, which would be sufficient for cleaning, at least, the roadside drains and inlets which is one of
the common problems. See the detail (Annex-D)
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In order to identify potential solutions and to screen alternatives for selection of a preferred approach,
technical working groups were challenged with establishing specific goals and objectives against which
alternatives could be measured for achievement. The proposed alternative matrix showing the achievement
(high, moderate, and low) is shown in the Table 76 on the following page.
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Table 76: Potential solutions and to screen alternatives for selection of a preferred approach
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Table 77: Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) of drainage infrastructures for prioritization
Table 78: Ranking of drainage infrastructures from multi criterion analysis (MCA) sources
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Inspections - determine what, if anything needs to do to restore the stormwater management practice to
its intended operating condition.
Maintenance - clean, repair, or replace system components as necessary to restore the practice.
Monitoring - evaluate is the system is meeting the performance criteria of the approved design.
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Wetland
Check for leaks and erosion on and around
Periodic Monthly maintenance programme
Soil banks, especially at leak collars.
Pipe System: Televising storm drain system pipes on a regular basis is an efficient and effective way to
identify illicit discharges and evaluate the condition of the pipes. A regular televising and subsequent
maintenance program would minimize the potential for catastrophic events (pipe collapse, illicit discharge).
The pipes comprising the storm drain system would be televised on a ten-year rotating cycle. Cleaning would
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be conducted when the inspections show sediment, debris, or roots that fill approximately one-third of the
pipe.
Pump station: DWASA to consider outsourcing operation and maintenance of pump station. In order to
maximize efficiency of operations and maintenance in the future, DWASA should consider installation of an
automated system via telecommunication to a central SCADA system.
The operation and matainence cost is continuous process. A number of skill personnel are needed for cleaning
and maintaining the system. Dut to lake of proper maintaince of the system, the better out put of system can
be achieved in proper time. The Table 80 shows the proposal on financial and personel requirement for O &
M.
During project planning and implementation, a capacity need assessment is required to strengthen human
resources. Expanding zonal drainage management authorities into community based organizations and
empowering them with self-management and monitoring and evaluation capability is essential.
The current human resource capacity of drainage stakeholders in Dhaka city is characterized by low technical
capacity. Although staff levels appear to be sufficient for the task at hand, competence levels among staff
members in DWASA’s existing institutions vary greatly. Frequently, personnel from other departments are
assigned duties related to stormwater drainage management. As a result, there is poor drainage management in
water logged areas. In many institutions, existing staff have been retained for core activities, leaving little if
any human resources to directly oversee drainage problems. In some cases, drainage personnel are present but
the level of training and technical capacity on drainage principles and applications are insufficient.
Training and awareness creation of drainage project implementation will be undertaken at different levels.
These levels will involve the central control, zonal authorities, the private sector, NGOs and local
communities. Training exercises will be customized according to each level’s needs to ensure adequacy in the
implementation of drainage projects. Training and capacity building of various actors is essential to ensure
that the proposed interventions are understood. Training is thus a continuous venture and an integral part of
long-term strategic planning. The technical assistance required in drainage projects should focus on research
and expansion. These services address water logging issues with priority areas of drainage systems, drainage
management and intensified stormwater disposal network.
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Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City Master Plan Report
Till submission of this FINAL REPORT, the study team has submitted five reports namely Inception Report
(and a Revised Inception Report), Interim Report-I, Interim Report-II, Interim Report-III and the Draft Final
Report (DFR). A Revised Draft Final Report was also submitted in December 2014. Project management Unit
(PMU) of DWASA, donor agency (World Bank) and other relevant personnel and organizations have given
their feedback after reviewing those reports. All these review comments and feedbacks are examined with
sufficient assessment and incorporated during formulation of this master plan after.
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CHAPTER 9:
Strategic Environmental Assessment
9.1 Report
The report has been prepared and submitted separately.
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CHAPTER 10:
Recommendations
10.1 General
This Master Plan report contains a study on stormwater drainage issues on Dhaka City, with structural and
non-structural proposals regarding the improvement of DWASA drainage conditions and management. The
plan focuses on the period up to the year 2040. It also contains recommendations on legal and institutional
arrangements. The study also includes a Strategic Environmental Assessment and a Social Impact
Assessment. Detailed cost estimations of the proposed structural investments and a cost recovery process have
been described in this Master Plan.
Planning, design, operation and maintenance of urban drainage systems are a challenge for urban authorities
because of unplanned development and landuse activities. The effectiveness of stormwater management
systems is largely linked to the efficacy of urban management. Therefore, to manage and operate the Dhaka
stormwater drainage system more effectively and sustainable, greater emphasis needs to place upon:
Co-ordination between urban authorities and agencies, which are responsible for different aspects of
urban infrastructure planning, provision and management;
Collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations and promotion of effective
partnership with civil society and the private sector;
Training and human resource development for improved planning, design, and operation of urban
drainage systems;
Development of an appropriate service-oriented financing and cost-recovery system for maintenance
activities;
Increasing the awareness among city dwellers of the relation between basic hygiene, solid waste and
clogging of drainage systems.
10.2 Structural and Non-structural measures
Non-structural measures to improve the Dhaka Stormwater drainage system are mainly formulated in previous
studies on the basis of three major perspectives:
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New pumps: construct new pumping stations at Norail Khal, Dumni Khal and Kashaibar-Boalia Khal
outlets (Balu River);
Existing pumps: increase capacities and improve operation; this is to be achieved through training of
staff, introducing specific operation rules and monitoring those. Also, monitor water levels, introduce
SCADA systems.
Sluice gates: increase capacities and improve operation; this is to be achieved through training of staff,
introducing specific operation rules and monitoring those.
Khals and Box culverts: remove obstructions, clear blockages, increase conveyance, reduce total
lengths, provide new lines, and improve conveyance of Norail, Dumni and Kashaibar-Boalia Khals;
Storages: demarcate surface areas specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
development, and provide new storage facilities.
Digital Elevation Model for cantonment area clearly shows that stormwater flows from east to west
towards Baunia Khal. On an average 70% of total surface runoff generates within cantonment area
ends at Baunia Khal. So the first and foremost proposal for Cantonment area is to get rid of water
logging, and to develop and protect Baunia Khal in this respect.
A new natural connection has been proposed from Dhamal Kote Lake to Baunia Khal, which is
encroached and silted up now. Although ownership of those lands belongs to government but still it is
a challenge to recover these lands.
Most of the runoff generates at cantonment area flows over free surface by following natural gravity.
So, proper watershed design and addressing these issues should be the prime component of the master
plan as a whole.
Water comes from surrounding areas to cantonment area such as Nikunjo-1, Nikunjo-2, Airport,
upstream of cantonment area etc. So, before designing the drainage system, this external additional
amount run-off needs to be assessed.
Outfall located at Banani Rail crossing carries a lot of importance for cantonment area. So, this outfall
needs to highlight more for a feasible solution.
From MES, a network has been proposed by connecting lakes and ponds which have ultimate outfall
at Banani DOHS Lake and Banani Lake later. Now a days, in Dhaka, so many groups are protesting
drainage inlet with lakes and again the ownership of Banani Lake matters also. So, an alternative plan
can be illustrated as a narrow canal or boropit from Banani rail crossing to Kuril flyover retention
pond and thereafter it will follow the course of proposed 100 feet (Northern part) wide canal along the
Kuril-purbachal highway up to Balu River.
Cantonment area has quite a good amount of storage facilities (lake, ponds, marsh land etc.). To find a
sustainable solution, all types of drainage interventions need to take account these storage facilities.
Using such natural facilities is sustainable and less cost involved.
Surface run-off generation for next 20-40 years (minimum 50 years return period) need to assess
properly through computer modeling and based on those results drainage network should be
developed.
So for the time being, a detail feasibility study including modeling for the area is very much required
to make a proper drainage system in this area. The study should include the following
Watershed Analysis
Hydrological Modeling (Flow identification and catchment delineation)
Scenario development and prioritization
Rainfall intensity & temporal analysis
IDF Curve
Design, construction and O&M manual
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In 1991, JICA carried out a detailed study for the flood control of Dhaka eastern part, which is known as
FAP 8A study. In 1996, Messrs Halcrow Fox and others completed a feasibility study on the construction of
Dhaka Eastern Bypass. Considering an option of combining the Dhaka Eastern Embankment with the Bypass,
they carried out a revised study in 1997, final report of which was published in April 1998.
The detailed area plan (DAP) proposed in the DMDP is
a step in the right direction. However, the proposed Eastern
Bypass Road Multipurpose Project as a measure of flood
control is not based on hydrologic principles, and will not be
able to reduce flood risks and waterlogging in Dhaka City.
This project is likely to create a false sense of security Existing
Embank Proposed
among the residents living on the floodplain and flood flow ment Elevated
zones of the Balu River. The embankments will not only transport route
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excavate, and enlarge to account for basin development factor to ensure proper draining of run-off. It is
suggested that instead of constructing Eastern Embankment, the concerned authority may consider elevated
transport route option to ensure undisturbed natural conveyance of stormwater and inundation. Limited
number of pump station may have to be installed in areas that act as a flow accumulation points. Some of the
proposed residential zones in the southern parts of the DAP are located in areas of natural flow accumulation
that need to be avoided for future development. In case of not implementation of eastern bypass elevated
option, the disposal of Stormwater of that may be followed by the pump stations as proposed
10.3 Drainage Zoning and Arrangements:
The entire Master Plan area has been divided into 13 Drainage Zones, which are based on the delineation of
the catchment areas. Each drainage management zone will be served by at least one (DWASA) technical
advisor, depending on the size of the project, area involved and specific drainage requirements. Regular
operation and management activities and works of new projects have to be carried out separately. A team of
subject-matter specialists will lead and coordinate the work of drainage management zone technical advisors.
The latter will liaise with research and link up with the drainage network to be established by DWASA. The
technical advisors will follow a regular management schedule to meet the demand of local people in their
respective zone.
A number of interventions have to be initiated to develop short, medium and long-term strategic drainage
plans. These shall include:
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must be in accordance with the findings and recommendations of the latest Structure Plan, Urban Area
Plan, and Detailed Area Plans for the area in concern. In addition, identify on-going and planned
drainage and flood protection projects of DWASA and other organizations and incorporate them into
the Master Plan.
iv. A Drainage Modelling Team (or working group), taking members from different sections, especially
from Drainage P&D Division, is to be developed and maintained within Dhaka WASA drainage
department, with a Team Leader. They may be trained further into the drainage data acquisition,
analysis and modelling techniques and utilised for the purpose, with additional incentives for additional
job. These trained staff should be provided sufficient job of this nature and should not be transferred
from drainage department until some suitable replacement is available.
Total cost of the projects is estimated to be BDT 159,98,563,700 or USD 1998,204,625 (Approx. Tk. 16,000
crore). The majority of investments need to plan in DND Zone (approx. 15%) and Gazipur zone (14%).
Hatirjheel and Dholai Khal zones in the core area have least numbers of projects identified (6 nos.) and also
invest-wise these are on the bottom side (with approx. 0.7 and 2.5% investment proposal).
Like in other big cities, the solid waste as well as stormwater drainage management should be handled by one
organisation, i.e. the Municipality or the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC). As the solid waste is managed by the
City Corporation, the whole city drainage management may be controlled under the City Corporation. Then
one authority might be responsible for the overall drainage management, and also for solid waste management
of the city. As for example, the solid waste as well as the sanitary sewerage system is currently being managed
by the Chittagong City Corporation (CCC), Khulna City Corporation (KCC) and Rajshahi City Corporation
(RCC) in Bangladesh. In considering worldwide practice, Storm water drainage and solid waste system are
managed by one authority such as City authority, Municipality or City Corporation. Though the Dhaka City
Corporation has presently been divided into two parts, in the north part named as DNCC and south part named
as DSCC, the tertiary and secondary drainage system with road network within the city corporation area are
presently managed by City Corporation. In addition, the city corporation manages the overall solid waste
management system in Dhaka city area. Furthermore, the two mayor of the city corporation selected by the
public can ensure the political support from down to top level regarding on development.
Option 2 - DWASA
Presently, DWASA is in charge of water supply and sanitation in Dhaka city, along with the operation and
management of the Stormwater drainage network. It is so organised that different organs of drainage
components are placed under different units. The example is that the organs like i) Planning, ii) Design, iii)
Construction, iv) Rehabilitation & Development (R&D) and v) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) are placed
under two different Deputy Managing Directors and two different Chief Engineers. This sometimes creates
coordination and cooperation problems within the same organisation.
It is suggested that a separate unit may be set up within the existing organisation structure of DWASA,
under an exclusive DMD, with full drainage responsibilities. This unit will be independent, and could be
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named e.g. Stormwater Drainage Unit (SDU), in addition to the ‘Water Supply Unit’ and ‘Sanitation and
Sewerage Unit’. The SDU would operate under the same MD for better coordination and management.
A new independent authority under the same ministry (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development
& Co-operatives) may be created for the drainage sector whose exclusive responsibility will be planning,
development, operation and maintainance of the Stormwater Drainage System of the entire Master Plan
area, in coordination with other local authorities.This organisation may be called “Dhaka Stormwater
Drainage Authority (DSDA)” and will have a separate independent office, with a specific mandate.
This study has analysed all the above three options and finds option-1 most suitable under the present
circumstances.
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