U Krajina
U Krajina
U Krajina
Introduction
Background
Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful
state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and
eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian
nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an
uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years.
During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of
czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule
that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were
responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine achieved independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and
prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil
liberties.
A peaceful mass protest referred to as the "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged
presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO.
Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in parliamentary
(Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada
elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with
media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the
EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against students, civil society activists, and
other civilians in favor of the agreement led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to
break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and
the president's abrupt departure for Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office in
June 2014; he was succeeded by Volodymyr ZELENSKY in May 2019.
Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula
falsely claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a "referendum" was held regarding the integration of
Crimea into the Russian Federation. The "referendum" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN
General Assembly (UNGA). In response to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea, 100 members of the UN passed UNGA resolution 68/262,
rejecting the "referendum" as baseless and invalid and confirming the sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity of
Ukraine. In mid-2014, Russia began supplying proxies in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel driving an
armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government that continues to this day. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized Russian
proxy republics signed the Minsk Protocol and Memorandum in September 2014 to end the conflict. However, this agreement failed to stop the
fighting or find a political solution. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany
negotiated a follow-on Package of Measures in February 2015 to implement the Minsk agreements. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, the
unrecognized Russian proxy republics, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe also meet regularly to facilitate
implementation of the peace deal. More than 13,000 civilians have been killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in eastern
Ukraine.
Geography
Location
Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east
Geographic coordinates
49 00 N, 32 00 E
Map references
AsiaEurope
Area
land: 579,330 sq km
water: 24,220 sq km
note: approximately 43,133 sq km, or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-
third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts
almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries
total: 5,581 km
border countries (7): Belarus 1111 km, Hungary 128 km, Moldova 1202 km, Poland 498 km, Romania 601 km, Russia 1944 km, Slovakia 97
km
Coastline
2,782 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,
lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the
country, hot in the south
Terrain
mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean
Peninsula
Elevation
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
mean elevation: 175 m
Natural resources
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 71.2% (2018 est.)
Nationality
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic groups
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%,
Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)
Languages
Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-
speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.)
note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's
population to be given the status of "regional language" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was
unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language
Religions
Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (osnovana 2018) (OCU) and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)),
Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)
note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox 78%, but many do
not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek
Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total
population
Age structure
male: 68.51 years
total: 15.4%
male: 15.5%
Government
Country name
conventional long form: none
etymology: name derives from the Old East Slavic word "ukraina" meaning "borderland or march (militarized border region)" and began to be
used extensively in the 19th century; originally Ukrainians referred to themselves as Rusyny (Rusyns, Ruthenians, or Ruthenes), an endonym
derived from the medieval Rus state (Kyivan Rus)
Government type
semi-presidential republic
Capital
name: Kyiv (Kiev)
geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note: pronounced KAY-yiv
etymology: the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary
founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him
National symbol(s)
tryzub (trident); national colors: blue, yellow
Flag description
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky
Economy
Economic overview
After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the
output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil accounted for more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided
substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment
such as large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.
Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization,
but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by
1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope
of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law,
bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite
political turmoil between the prime minister and president. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic
performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on
its naval base in Crimea.
Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2013 but remained behind peers in the region and among Europe’s poorest.
After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine’s economy fell into crisis because of
Russia’s annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in
GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. The international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian
economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $17.5 billion, of which Ukraine has received four disbursements, most recently in
April 2017, bringing the total disbursed as of that date to approximately $8.4 billion. Ukraine has made progress on reforms designed to make the
country prosperous, democratic, and transparent, including creation of a national anti-corruption agency, overhaul of the banking sector,
establishment of a transparent VAT refund system, and increased transparency in government procurement. But more improvements are needed,
including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, improving the business environment to attract foreign investment, privatizing state-
owned enterprises, and land reform. The fifth tranche of the IMF program, valued at $1.9 billion, was delayed in mid-2017 due to lack of
progress on outstanding reforms, including adjustment of gas tariffs to import parity levels and adoption of legislation establishing an
independent anti-corruption court.
Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and ongoing Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a
major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, the economy contracted by 6.6% in 2014 and by 9.8% in 2015, but it
returned to low growth in in 2016 and 2017, reaching 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively, as key reforms took hold. Ukraine also redirected trade
activity towards the EU following the implementation of a bilateral Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, displacing Russia as its
largest trading partner. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraine’s key
industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in
September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond.
Agricultural products
maize, wheat, potatoes, sunflower seed, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, tomatoes
Industries
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, food processing
Unemployment rate
Exports - partners
Russia 9%, China 8%, Germany 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities
corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)
Историја
Модерна историја прихвата овај улаз као један од три који је конструисао Јарослав Мудри. Златна капија саграђена је од 1037 (6545.
по византијском календару), отприлике у исто време када је подигнут Саборни храм Свете Софије. Прича о старијој грађевини која је
представљена на слици Јана Матејка, и која представља пољскогкраља Болеслава I који удара Златна врата својим мачем током
интервенције у кризи наследства у Кијеву 1018. године, сада се сматра легендом. Првобитно названа једноставно Јужна капија, била је један
од три главна улаза у град који је имао зидине, заједно са Ладским и Жидивским (пољским и јеврејским) вратима.[2] Ова два улаза нису
преживела. Камена утврђења протезала су се у дужини од само 3,5 км. Утврђивање Старог Кијева (Горњег града) протезало се од Јужне
капије до данашњег Трга независности, где су била Лехитска (Ладска) врата.[3] Одатле је шанац следио садашњу Костилску улицу,
обуватајући манастир Светог Михаила и настављајући данашњом Житомирском улицом према Јеврејској капији (на Тргу Лавов). Одатле се
утврђење пружало садашњом улицом Јарославива Вала назад до Јужне капије.[4]
Касније је Јужна капија постала позната као Кијевска велика капија. Након што је уз капију саграђена Црква Благовести, њене златне куполе
постале су истакнута знаменитост лако видљива изван града. Од тада, капија се назива Златна капија Кијева. Пролаз кроз капију био је висок
око 40 и широк 20 стопа. Скоро пола миленијума служио је као Тријумфални лук града, истакнути симбол Кијева. Наводно је била
направљена по узору на Златна врата Цариграда. Касније је слично име је добила и капија града Владимира где је један од Мономакиних
потомака, Андреј Богољубски, основао своју државу, Велико војводство Владимир. 1240. године капија је делимично уништена од
стране Златне Хорде Бату-Кана.[5] Монголи су продрли унутар града преко слабије, Ладске капије, и уништили су Златну капију изнутра.
Остала је као капија града (која се често користила за церемоније) током 18. века, иако се постепено урушавала.
1832. митрополит Еугениј је ископавао рушевине и тада је извршено прво истраживање ради очувања капије. Средином 18. века одлучено је
да се капија затрпа земљом, јер се сматрало да није прикладна за рестаурацију. Само 80 година касније, захваљујући марљивости археолога
аматера К.Лохвитског, са Златне капије је склоњена земља и делимично је обновљена.[6] Каснијим радовима 1970-их додат је павиљон, у
коме је смештен музеј капије. У музеју се посетиоци могу упознати са историјом изградње Златне капије као и древног Кијева.
1982. капија је у потпуности реконструисана за 1500-ту годишњицу Кијева, иако је то било доведено у питање. Неки историчари уметности
захтевали су да се та реконструисана капија сруши и да се остаци оригиналних капија изложе јавности.[тражи се извор]
1989. године, ширењем кијевског метроа, у близини је отворена станица Золоти Ворота. Његова архитектонска целина заснована је на
унутрашњој декорацији древних руских цркава. Ако се иде по станици у смеру казаљке на сату, јасно се може видети читава историја древног
града.[7]
1997. године бронзани споменик Јарославу Мудром откривен је у близини западне стране Златне капије.
Црква при Капији служила је "небеској заштити града"[9], али је била и редовна црква - људи су тамо долазили да се моле[10].
Звоник је репродукован у облику тробродног храма са једном куполом на четири стуба. У архитектонском уређењу фасада коришћени су
украси од опеке, типични за древне грађевине тога доба. Под цркве је украшен мозаиком, чија се слика заснива на дизајну старог
пода Саборног храма Свете Софије у Кијеву.
Саборни храм Свете Софије или Софијски сабор (укр. Собор Святої Софії, Софійський собор) у Кијеву је изванредан архитектонски
споменик из раздобља Кијевске Русије, највећа знаменитост града Кијева и први споменик из Украјине који је уписан на Унесков списак места
Светске баштине у Европи, заједно с оближњим посебним манастирским комплексом Кијевско-печерска лавра.
Istorija crkve
Градња храма св. Софије започета је 1011. године у време кијевског кнеза Владимира Великог који је 988. прихватио хришћанство као
службену религију Кијевске Русије. Храм је завршен након 1037. године, за време владавине кијевског кнеза Јарослава Мудрог, познатијег
као великог градитеља цркви. Храм св. Софије име је добио по својој нешто познатијој истоименој изворној верзији у Константинопољу Аја
Софији (грчки за "Црква свете мудрости").[2] Храм је првобитно био маузолеј Кијевских владара те су ту поред кнеза Јарослава
Мудрог сахрањени и Владимир Мономах и Всеволод I Јарославич.
Након што је Андреј Богољубски, кнез Владимир-Суздаља, опустошио Кијев 1169. године,[3] и потом Татари 1240. године, храм је у великој
мери оштећен. Након Брестовске црквене уније 1596. године, храм је припао Украјинској гркокатоличкој цркви, али га је већ 1633. године
преузео новоименовани кијевски православни метрополит молдавског порекла Петар Могила.[4] Он је наручио опсежну обнову која је
најочигледнија на горњим деловима храма које је извео италијански архитекта Октавиано Мансини у препознатљивом стилу
украјинског барока који је мешавина италијанског барока и византијске архитектуре. Радови на њему су извођени и током
напада козачког хетмана Ивана Мазепе, те је 1740. године довршен у данашњем изгледу.[5]
Током совјетске власти, у духу антивјерског покрета 1920-их година, украјинска совјетско-комунистичка влада је планирала срушити храм
како би се на његовом месту подигао "Парк хероја Перекопа" како би се прославила победа Црвене армије на Криму. Храм су спасили
научници и историчари, али су совјетске власти ипак 1934. године конфисковале сву имовину, а храм претворили у Музеј историје.
Крајем 1980-их покренуо се поступак враћања храма црквеним властима, али због сукоба Гркокатоличке и Украјинске православне цркве које
су обе полагале право на њега, то је одложено. Једно време је православним црквама било дозвољено обављање верских обреда у
посебним данима, али након покушаја сахране патријарха украјинске православне цркве, Володимира, 1995. године, што је изазвало крваве
протесте, црква је затворена за верске обреде. Данас је само Музеј хришћанства, а већина њених посетиоца су туристи.
http://www.ukrainatour.com/en/as/knyagynya-olga
http://kiev-assist.com/princess-olga-female-ruler-of-kiev-rus
Odlican - https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0pQv8nUHkUI&ab_channel=BiographicsBiographicsVerified
Andrew - the first disciple of Christ, the patron saint of Ukraine. Legend has it that he preached in the
lands of Rus. Once, before reaching a mountain, he placed a cross and prophesied great glory the city
which arises at this point. Later, there was formed the city of Kiev - Ukraine`s heart.
Duga -
The People’s Friendship Arch opened in 1982. That date coincided with three important dates in Ukrainian and Soviet history: the
60th anniversary of the USSR, the 65th anniversary of the October Revolution, and the 1500th anniversary of Kyiv’s founding. The
complex opened with much fanfare with the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Volodymyr
Shcherbytskyi directing ceremonies.
The monumental complex comprises a massive titanium arch fifty meters in diameter as well as the bronze statue of the two men
and a granite stele (standing stone slab). There is amphitheater seating built into the hillside facing the arch and an observation deck
behind it that overlooks the city. In 2019, a massive pedestrian bridge linking the complex to the nearby Saint Volodymyr Hill Park
Complex was completed.
The bronze statue depicts Ukrainian and Russian workers holding hands, together lofting the Soviet Order of Friendship of Peoples.
This order was awarded to people, organizations, military units, and divisions of the USSR responsible for “strengthening inter-ethnic
and international friendship and cooperation.” The granite stele features a relief of Ukrainian leader Bogdan Khmelnytsky and
Russian ambassador Vasyl Buturlin at the Pereyaslav Council of 1654. In Russian historiography, the Pereyaslav Council is regarded
triumphantly as marking the unification of Ukraine with Russia. Some Ukrainians, however, view the event more morosely as the
moment when Ukraine lost its independence.
The controversy has manifested in popular nicknames for the People’s Friendship Arch, which humorously refer to the rounded
shape as “The Bagel” or “Monument to the Cyclist” – both of which would seem to refer to it as broken, as the arch is an incomplete
circle. Nationalists sometimes refer to it as “The Yoke,” directly associating it with repression and occupation, similarly to the
“Mongol Yoke,” the name often used in Russian historiography for that period in which Russia was part of the Mongol Empire.
više - https://museumstudiesabroad.org/kyiv-peoples-friendship-arch-history-controversy/
Muzej vode
Marinski Palata
This beautiful two-story palace, formerly known as Tsarsky, It is located next to the building of the Verkhovna Rada and is a ceremonial
residence of the President of Ukraine, as well as a com home chimeras.
The palace in the Tsar's Garden (now the Parque Mariinsky) It was commissioned by Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in 1744 and built by 8 years.
The building design was developed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who also designed the Church of St. Andrew. Unfortunately, the client did not have
time to visit the palace, since the early predictors of the seven-year war with the Swedes began to appear.
In the early eighteenth century, the palace of the czar was burned as a result of a series of fires. Half a century later, in 1870, Alexander II
instructed to rebuild the palace, doing the old plans and schemes. After restoration, it was renamed the Mariinsky in honor of the Empress
Maria Alexandrovna. Upon your request, the south side of the palace there was a large park. The palace served as a residence for visiting
members of the imperial family in Kiev for the sad events of 1917, when the revolution ended.
Before the Great Patriotic War, the palace was a military headquarters, school, Museum, but most of the time – it was empty. After the war it
became clear that the building was badly damaged and it was decided to rebuild it, what was done before 1950. Unfortunately, Soviet restorers
committed many blunders (for example, completely removed the walls in some rooms), which resulted in the interior of the authenticity of loss.
Another major reconstruction in the late 1980, Also in the Soviet Union, though not leave the palace collapses, but still less left of the original
plans of Rastrelli.
From 2015, the Mariinsky Palace is undergoing another rebuilding, which occurs at a very slow pace due to lack of funding. The estimated cost
of the work is 367 million to 400 million hryvnia. As a result, the terms of the completion of the reconstruction were transferred from 2010 for
December 2015. They promise that again there will be guided tours.
In the century 18, Colombian coca and pineapple growing in the Tsar's garden.
Located on the banks of the river Dnieper, near the Dnipro metro station, the monument was inaugurated on the 1500th anniversary
of the Ukrainian capital, in 1981.
The sculptural composition, officially known as the “Hovering Swan”, was created by Vasiliy Boroday and Nicolay Feshenko, and
was made entirely of hammered cooper. The composition appears as if emerging from a granite pool, which creates an illusion of a
boat sliding over a calm sea.
Aside from its historical importance, the monument also has a romantic meaning. Ukrainian brides come here on their wedding day
and throw bouquets over their heads in the direction of the boat, while standing with their backs to it. The idea is to have the
bouquet land inside of the boat, as a sign of a family's future happiness. Also, near the Ladya grows a “marriage” tree upon which
the brides tie ribbons for a happy life and beautiful and healthy children.
In 2010, the statue was partially damaged, but restored quickly, just in time for the Independence Day celebration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv
Concrete at that time was a new and rare material, only rich people could buy. The architect
was one of those Gorodetskiy, then he not only used this materal in your own home, but also in
various decorations' 'the outside world'. To show that the cement is able, the facade of the
building was lavishly decorated with chimeras pictures, fabulous mythical creatures. It also
depicts mermaids, giant frogs and lilies, rhinos, antelopes, and elephants whose trunks serve as
a trough during the rains.
It is less surprising in the house. On the stairs there is a ba lamp shaped like a giant catfish, the stucco on the ceiling depicts a ship with the
participation of a large octopus, and the sides of the marble stairs there enchanted birds.
Gorodetskiy was an enthusiastic hunter, this was a hobby that led him to think about creating such unusual interior.
At first, It decided that the apartments in this region would be leased and brought to the income Gorodetskiy, However, there were few rich
people in Kiev and only some of these apartments have been delivered. Today, the building belongs to the presidential administration and
serves for the reception of foreign delegations.
AR NUVO
Krstarenje
Dnjepar
Дњепар (рус. Днепр, укр. Дніпро, блр. Дняпро) река је у источној Европи која извире у Русији, тече кроз Белорусију, а у Украјини се улива
у Црно море. Трећа је по величини европска река (после Волге и Дунава) с дужином од 2285 km.
Међу првима, Дњепар спомиње старогрчки историчар Херодот (5. век пре Христа) под именом Бористен (у дословном преводу са старогрчког
„онај што тече са севера“). Римски историчар називају ову реку Данаприс док је за време Кијевске Русије међу Словенима био познат као
Славутич.
Дњепар извире у Валдајском горју у западној Русији и наставља кроз степска подручја Белорусије. 115 km свога тока чини природну границу
између Белорусије и Украјине кроз коју наставља свој пут према Црном мору, у које утиче делтским ушћем. Дуж тока реке изграђен је низ
хидроелектрана (Кијевска, Каневска, Кременчугска, Cредњодњепровска, Дњепрогес, Каховска и Дњепрогес II), а последњих 800 km пре
уливања у Црно море, сачињавају ланци неколико акумулационих језера насталих њиховом изградњом. Електране на Дњепру производе
енергију која покрива 10% потреба целе Украјине.
Плован је 1990 km од ушћа. Местимично се пловидба одвија бочним каналима. Тим пловним каналима Дњепар је повезан са Западном
Двином, Њеменом, Западним Бугом који га спајају с Балтиком. Залеђен је од децембра до марта или априла.
bitka na dnjepru
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEcjkDi-iYk&ab_channel=ThePacifist
Mostovi
2. Černobilj
Чернобиљска катастрофа је нуклеарна несрећа која се догодила 26. априла 1986. у нуклеарној електрани Лењин у близини
града Припјат у Украјини.[1] Сматра се да је то највећа еколошка катастрофа у историји нуклеарне енергије.
Електрана се састојала од 4 реактора типа РБМК-1000, сваки реактор је производио 1 гигават електричне енергије, а сва четири реактора су
заједно производили око 10% укупне електричне енергије трошене у Украјини. Прва експлозија на четвртом реактору је проузроковала даље
експлозије које су праћене ослобађањем велике количине радиоактивног отпада у атмосферу. Радиоактивни облаци прекрили су готово
целу Европу. Из области је евакуисано преко 100.000 становника. Припјат је данас напуштен и налази се у центру забрањене зоне.
Нуклеарна електрана је затворена 15. децембра 2000.
http://www.chernobylgallery.com/chernobyl-disaster/what-is-chernobyl/
The Holy Dormition Kiev-Caves (“Kiev-Pechersk”) Lavra is the first and the most ancient monastery on the territory of contemporary Ukraine.
At present, only three monasteries are endowed with the status of “lavra” and all are consecrated in honour of the Dormition of the Most
Holy Theotokos, they are: Kiev-Caves Lavra, the Pochayiv Lavra and the Holy Mountains (“Svyatogorsk”) Lavra. This bears witness of the
special veneration of the Most Holy Mother of God by our Orthodox people and is a testimony of the close ties between the monasticism of
Kievan Rus and the ancient skete of the Dormition on Mount Athos.
The monastery was founded in the mid-11th century by the venerable Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves (of “Pechersk”). The
incorruptible relics of more than 120 saints currently rest in peace in the caves of the monastery. Some of the saints (“God-pleasers”) are
known all over the world such as venerable Nestor the Chronicler, the venerable Ilya of Murom (his amazing feats of strength continue to be
recounted in folk tales. He wasn’t a fictitious fairy-tale character but a real-life bogatyr-warrior, who actually existed and who later on took
monastic vows) and the venerable Agapit of the Caves, the unmercenary physician. For over a millennium, innumerable miracles and
healings have occurred as a result of the many prayers that have been said to all the venerable fathers of the Kiev-Caves.
The holy relics of the very founders of the cradle of monasticism in Rus, the venerable Saints Anthony and Theodosius, according to Divine
Providence, are also to be found in the Kiev-caves, out of sight in a secret crypt to be revealed at a preordained time. All the saints glorified
by their spiritual deeds (“podvigs”) and who now lay at rest in the Kiev-Caves Lavra, still offer succor in their holy prayers at the Throne of
God, for those of us coming to them with our sorrows, hardships, and pleas for aid.
The territory of the Kiev-Caves monastery occupies over twenty hectares and is located in the very heart of Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, which
since the 11th century according to the “Primary Chronicle” (the work of venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves) has been known
as “the mother of all the cities of Rus”. The Lavra complex has over a hundred buildings, including numerous churches. On Sundays, up to
ten Divine Liturgies are celebrated. While on weekdays, divine services are permanently celebrated throughout the many churches. Six
ancient underground churches are located in the Far and Near Caves of the Monastery.
At present, unfortunately, the most ancient monastery of Rus remains separated into two parts – the so-called Lower and Upper Lavras. The
caves and the active monastery are located in the Lower Lavra whilst the Upper Lavra is currently under the authority of the Ministry of
Culture of Ukraine and is known as the National Historical and Cultural Preserve. The brethren of the monastery regularly celebrate divine
services both in the Refectory Church of the Venerable Saints Anthony and Theodosius and also in the main church, which is the Dormition
Cathedral (at the Upper Lavra).
Situated within the walls of the Kiev-Caves Lavra, is the Kiev Theological Seminary, which was resurrected in 1989, whilst the Kiev
Theological Academy has been in operation since 1992. Its building was earlier located in one of the districts of the capital, Podol (Podil),
where the most famous secular institute of higher education, the National University of Kiev Mohyla Academy now resides.
The residence of the Primate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the Synodal Departments are located on the territory of the active Kiev-
Caves monastery, His Beatitude Metropolitan of Kiev and All Ukraine is the ruling archimandrite of the Holy Dormition Kiev-Caves Lavra.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVX7lWV5RHM&ab_channel=UATVEnglish
Istorija - https://lavra.ua/en/history/lavra-in-the-christian-history/
Motherland statue
4.Odesa
Odessa or Odesa is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and
transport hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. It is also the administrative
center of the Odessa Raion and Odessa Oblast, as well a multiethnic cultural center. Odessa is
sometimes called the "pearl of the Black Sea",[3] the "South Capital" (under the Russian
Empire and Soviet Union), and "Southern Palmyra".
Before the Tsarist establishment of Odessa, an ancient Greek settlement existed at its location. A
more recent Tatar settlement was also founded at the location by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea in
1440 that was named after him as Hacibey (or Khadjibey).[4] After a period of Lithuanian Grand
Duchy control, Hacibey and surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottomans in 1529 and
remained there until the empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792.
In 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great.
From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free port—a porto-franco. During the Soviet period, it was the
most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000, the
Quarantine Pier at Odessa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic
zone for a period of 25 years.
During the 19th century, Odessa was the fourth largest city of Imperial Russia, after Moscow, Saint
Petersburg and Warsaw.[5] Its historical architecture has a style more Mediterranean than Russian,
having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of
different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.[6]
Odessa is a warm-water port. The city of Odessa hosts both the Port of Odessa and Port Yuzhne, a
significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in
the same oblast, to the south-west of Odessa. Together they represent a major transport
hub integrating with railways. Odessa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to
Russian and European networks by strategic pipelines. Current population is 1,017,699 (2020 est.)[7]
https://kids.kiddle.co/Odesa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa
In the Odessa Archaeological Museum is stored the gold coin of Prince Vladymir – the first gold coin of Kyivan Rus,
minted at the end of XX beginning of XI century.
Opsada Odese
The siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defence of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase
of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
Odessa was a port on the Black Sea in the Ukrainian SSR. On 22 June 1941, the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union. In August, Odessa became a
target of the Romanian 4th Army and elements of the German 11th Army. Due to the heavy resistance of the Soviet 9th Independent Army and the
rapidly formed Separate Coastal Army, supported by the Black Sea Fleet, it took the Axis forces 73 days of siege and four assaults to take the city.
Romanian forces suffered 93,000 casualties, against Red Army casualties estimated to be between 41,000 and 60,000.[5]
Depending on the accepted terms of reference and scope, the Odessa massacre refers either to the events of October 22–24, 1941 in which some
25,000 to 34,000 Jews were shot or burned, or to the murder of well over 100,000 Ukrainian Jews in the town and the areas between
the Dniester and Bug rivers, during the Romanian and German occupation.
Before the war, Odessa had a large Jewish population of approximately 200,000, or 30% of the city's total population. By the time the Romanians had
taken the city, between 80,000 and 90,000 Jews remained, the rest having fled or been evacuated by the Soviets. As the massacres occurred, Jews
from surrounding villages were concentrated in Odessa and Romanian concentration camps set up in the surrounding areas.
On October 16, following a two-month siege, the Germans and Romanians captured Odessa.
Pozorišni trg
Operska kuća
bulevar Primorski
Potemkinove stepenice
https://www.enjoyukraine.info/article/Duke-de-Richelieu.html
Odeska luka
Deribasovska ulica
drvo ljubavi
Francuski bulevar
Arkadija
5.Nerubazskoe
tesko sranje
6.Akerman
Dekomunizacija ukrajine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommunization_in_Ukraine
Krimski Tatari
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars
Judmila Pavličenko
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjHkik2cYMQ&ab_channel=BiographicsBiographics
187 ubistava za vreme nacisticke okupacije odese
70 u sevastopolju
36 snajpova skinula
309 ukupno
Crno more
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyd0sW0Wu0w&ab_channel=EuropeanSpaceAgency%2CESA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3CvfrmHpt4&ab_channel=KingsandGenerals
https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-ec/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8
Dinastija Rurik
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurik_dynasty
https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-ec/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DDlr2s8uMI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT-QIQlyREk&ab_channel=OzbiljneTeme
Opšte info
1e - 32 hrivnje
Zanimljivosti
2.Prašuma
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
This transboundary property stretches over 12 countries. Since the end of the last Ice Age, European
Beech spread from a few isolated refuge areas in the Alps, Carpathians, Dinarides, Mediterranean and
Pyrenees over a short period of a few thousand years in a process that is still ongoing. The successful
expansion across a whole continent is related to the tree’s adaptability and tolerance of different climatic,
geographical and physical conditions.
3. Lviv grad
Prvi ustav ikada Ukraine was home to one of the world’s first ever constitutions, in the form of the Constitution of Pylyp
Orlyk, written by a Ukrainian Cossack in 1710. It established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in
government between the legislative, executive and judiciary branches, an idea perhaps made more famous by Montesquieu’s
Spirit of the Laws, which was published in 1748.
Kozaci
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA
%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_
%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BC
%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3
Hetmanat
1649–1764
Has
Chicken Kiev
Salo
Bors
Varenjike
Mesta za obici
Besarabski market blizu hotela u Kijevu
Suveniri
Ukrainian Matryoshka/Babushka
Ceramics
Vyshyvanka - viševanka
Himna
‘Shche ne vmerla Ukraina’, which translates into English as ‘Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished’.
Poznazi ukrajinci
Trocki
Pervak
Musafir