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Department of Education: Learning Activity Sheets in Introduction To World Religions and Belief Systems

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS IN INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS AND


BELIEF SYSTEMS

Name of Learner: ____________________________________


Grade Level: 11__________________________________
Strand/Track: HUMSS / ACADEMIC____________________
Section: ____________________________________
Date: Week 2 ___________________________
Day 1- Introduction__ Day 3- Engagement___
Day 2-Development Day 4- Assimilation____

A. Background Information for Learners

This lesson will guide you in understanding the relationship between religion, culture
and geography. How geography and culture enhances the proliferation of religion and
affects the mindset of people particularly their beliefs to something divine.

B. Learning Competency with code

Analyze the interconnectedness of geography, culture and religion.


HUMSS_WRB12-I/IIIb-2.2

C. Directions/ Instructions

While going through this learning activity sheets, you are expected to:

1. Read and follow each direction carefully.


2. Accomplish each activity for the mastery of competency.
3. Use the Learning Activity Sheets with care.
4. Record your points for each activity
5. Aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. Contact/ coordinate with your teacher through messenger or text, if
questions or clarifications arise.

D. Exercises / Activities
Day 1
D.1 INTRODUCTION

a. What I Need to Know

After going through with this unit, the learners are expected to analyze the
interconnectedness of geography, culture and religion.

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
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www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

Specifically, this module will help you to:

 Distinguish the relationship of geography, culture and religion


 Appreciate the interplay of these concepts all throughout human history
 Observe the continuous influences brought by these concepts in every facet of our
life.

b. What’s New
Activity 1. “Step out! This place is holy”
Directions: Reflect on the religious beliefs of sacred places in the pictures
and then answer the following questions below.

Kamay ni Hesus, Lucban, Quezon (Christians) Alamy.com Buddha under a Bodhi tree (Buddhists) Asianews.it

Sacred mountain, Saudi, Arabia (Muslims) Dunyanews.tv Moses in Mt. Sinai (Judaism) Co.pinterest.com

Critical Thinking Questions:


1. Describe the religious beliefs of each picture in a separate sheet of paper.
2. In terms of geographical location, find out what are their commonalities or similarities.
3. What are your realizations upon doing the task?

MY SCORE:

____________

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

Day 2

D.2 DEVELOPMENT
a. What I Know
Activity 2: “Try This One”
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer and write it in
the space provided.

_____1. Various religions flourished all over the world carrying with them their religious
traditions and practices. One of those practices is worshipping their God. What is
the term for a particular space where they communicate or pray to their God or
gods?
A. sacred place C. holy altar
B. sacred images D. sacred symbols
_____2. Its concern is land and people. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers
and mountains. It is the fertile ground for the proliferation of religion. It refers to what
term?
A. Culture C. Religion
B. Geography D. Landscape
_____3. Whose belief is this: “Religion is philosophy and philosophy is religion.
A. Western belief C. Eastern belief
B. Southern belief D. Northern belief
_____4. Each particular religion has particular places where believers go and pray to their
God. What particular religion that considers temples as its places of worship.
A. Judaism C. Hinduism
B. Christianity D. Islam
_____5. There is a special relationship between religion and geography. Religion needs the
other in order to develop. What is the term appropriate for this kind of relationship?
A. Religious geography C. Cultural geography
B. Religious anthropology D. all of the above

MY SCORE:

____________

b. What’s In
Activity 3. “Oh My God! Where Art Thou?”
Directions: Go to a place which you considered as holy or sacred. It could be
a church, temple, mosque, or synagogue or any place. Write your experience with
the guide questions below.

Critical Thinking Questions:


1. Write a brief reflection with the title: “My Experience with God in a Sacred Place”
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_

MY SCORE:

____________

c. What is It
Activity 4. “Picture it out”
Directions: Analyze the picture and answer the following questions.

SAATCHIART.COM

Critical Thinking Questions:


1. What did you feel upon seeing the pictures?
2. Does it mean that there are only negative effects of culture and religion? Elaborate your
answer?
3. Based from your own experience, think of the positive effects of culture and religion.

MY SCORE:

____________

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

Day 3

D.3 ENGAGEMENT
a. What’s More
Activity 5. “SUSMARYOSEP”
Directions: Below are pictures of “Kamay ni Jesus” and “Regina Rica”. They
are located in Lucban, Quezon and Tanay, Rizal respectively. In essay type, answer
the following questions below:

Critical Thinking Questions:


1. How geography, culture and religion interplay in these examples? Particularly
concerning geographical location, the traditions or rituals being practiced or
associated with it.

MY SCORE:

____________

b. What I Can Do
Activity 6. “DRAW-OUT”
Direction: Choose one activity from the following applying the principle
below: poster/ caricature/ comic strip /sketch/ symbolism

“Unity in diversity” and “Many paths yet only one destiny.”

MY SCORE:

____________

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

c. What Other Enrichment Activities Can I Engage In


Activity 7. “Sensitivity Check”
Directions: Apply the values of compassion and solidarity of religion to the
ethnic identity issues below then answer the following questions in a separate sheet
of paper in an essay form.

Tagibo Watershed Advocacy


(An Excerpt)
Source: Odchigue, R. (2010). Bibo Ergo Sum: Theo-Social Reflections of the Taguibo
Watershed Advocacy. Hapag 7.No.1, 79-71.

“Tagibo is a watershed area found in Butuan in the province of Agusan in Mindanao.


For years, exploitations of the forest have been looming over the Watershed of
Butuan. A presidential decree was enacted by President Ramos in 1995 supposedly
to ensure that the Watershed is protected from all forms of environmental exploitation
including mining and logging. In the meantime, thousands of board feet of logs and
timber are transported through the river and the contamination of the water supply
from manganese mining poses a big problem to the natives.”

Critical Thinking Questions:


1. What are the possible effects of forest degradation in the area?
2. How can religion be a starting point to examine this particular ethnic issue utilizing one of
its functions which is compassion and solidarity with the poor?

MY SCORE:

____________

Day 4
D.4 ASSIMILATION
a. What I Have Learned
Activity 8. “My Gain”
Directions: Complete the following sentences.
  I learned that ________________________________________________.
As a religious being, I should ____________________________________.
 
  MY SCORE:
 
____________

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

b. Assessment/ What I Can Show


Activity 9. “Got It!”
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate
sheet of paper.
_____1. It is referred to as “ordinary way of life” in its broadest sense. It is the way how we
wake up in the morning, fold our bed, brush our teeth, take a bath and pray before and after
meals, the way we dress for work, the way we mingle with friends, etc. It is the way we do or
act in our everyday life from morning to sunrise. What is this?
A. Society C. Politics
B. Culture D. Science

_____2. Within Christianity there are a lot of divisions among themselves. History is a
witness to the numerous wars brought by religion. Towards the middle of the 20th century a
movement was formed by both Catholic and their Protestant counterparts to heed to the
original gospel message of Unity, Holiness, Universality and Apostolic. What movement is
this?
A. New Age Movement C. Renewal
B. Ecumenism D. Activism

_____3. “Culture is adaptive, “is one of the characteristics of culture. One of the statements
does not reflect this characteristic. Which statement are we referring to?
A. is genetically structured in man’s biological component
B. can be accumulated throughout the lifetime of a person
C. is diverse, and we should adjust to other culture
D. is never stagnant and keep on changing due to new social experiences of people

____4. There is a symbiotic relationship between these three (3) concepts; geography,
culture and religion. Which statement reflects this kind of relationship?
A. Religion influenced culture and geography.
B. Culture influenced religion and geography
C. Geography influenced culture and religion.
D. All of the above

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

____5. Amidst our modern lifestyles and technology, a Filipino superstition that attributes its
illness to the greeting of a stranger still prevails. What is this belief called ________.
A. Filipinos are polytheistic.
B. Filipinos are monotheistic?
C. Filipinos are animistic?
D. Filipinos are polytheistic, monotheistic and animistic?
____6. The Western and Eastern religions have different mindset in terms of
worldview, beliefs and philosophy in life. Which statement does not reflect
the difference between the two?
A. Western religions are linear while Eastern religions are cyclical.
B. Western religion separates religion and philosophy while Eastern religion
treats religion and philosophy as one.
C. Eastern religion believes in Incarnation while Eastern religion believes in
Re-incarnation.
D. all of the above.
____7. Identify which group of religions traces their history from Abraham?
A. Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism
B. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism
C. Judaism, Christianity, Islam
D. Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism
____8. A certain guy approached you and asked this question, how can I be saved? What
will be your best answer?
A. You should be a member of any of the religions?
B. Don’t worry about salvation, just enjoy life and be happy?
C. Go to Quiapo and your prayers will be answered?
D. You should go beyond religions in believing God.
____9. What characteristic of culture applies when Filipinos adapted and embraced the
Christian religion from the Spaniards?
A. Culture can be shared and learned
B. Culture is transmitted from generation to another
C. Culture is adaptive and integrated.
D. All of the above.
____10. Find out which phrases below is not an element of religion?
A. Belief in supernatural powers
B. Belief in the holy or sacred?
C. Curing the sick
D. Mode of worship

MY SCORE:

____________

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

E. Reflection
Directions: Meditate on the phrase below and reason out against the claim or
opinion about the world.
“The world is corrupt and evil. It is a perennial a source of temptations and a constant
distraction on our way to heaven. Needs to be avoided.”
Your answer in essay form:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________

F. References for learners

Electronic Resources:

Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems. Division of City Schools – Manila
retrieved from https://www.coursehero.com/file/70717298/IWRBS-Q1-Mod2-
Worldviews-Belief-Systems-and-Religionpdf/

Newberg, Andrew (2010). Principles of Neuroethology retrieved from


www.npr.org>2010/12/15>nuerotheology-where-religi...

Kong, Lily (1990). Geography and Religion: Trends and Prospects retrieved from
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2239/

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, (2007). Ecumenism retrieved from


https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism

Calderon, J. Foundations of Education. Retrieved from


https://www.books.google.com>books>about?Foundations_of_Education

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannca,(2007) . Second Vatican Council


ROMAN CATHOLIC HISTORY [1962–1965] retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Vatican-Council

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

Books:

McKinney, Laurence O. (1994). Nuerotheology: Virtual Religion in the 21st Century


retrieved from https://www. Amazon.com>Nuerotheology-Virtual-2

Ramos, Christine Carmela R. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human


Person.Rex Bookstore.2016

Cornejo, Nigel L., et al. Fundamentals of World Religions. MaxCor Publishing House,
Inc., 2019

Serapio, Maria Perpetua Arcilla. Introduction to World Religions for Senior High
School. Mindshapers Co., Inc. 2016
Vega, Violeta A. et al. Social Dimensions of Education. Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2009
Ramos, Christine Carmela, PhD. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. Rex Bookstore.2016
Articles:
Odchigue, R. (2010). Bibo Ergo Sum: Theo-Social Reflections of the Taguibo
Watershed Advocacy. Hapag 7.No.1, 79-

Prepared by:

RHITZLEE M. ARGUELLES
Teacher II

Checked by:

LINA P. FALTADO
Head Teacher VI-BTIHS

Noted by:

GABRIEL R. ROCO, EdD


Principal IV-BTIHS

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

LEARNING HANDOUTS

A. Topic: Interconnectedness of Geography, Culture and Religion

B. Most Essential Learning Competency


Analyze the interconnectedness of geography, culture and religion.

C. Instructions:
The following are some reminders on using this learning handouts:
1. Use the learning handouts with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of the handout.
2. Read carefully and be critical on analyzing and understanding the content
of the lessons.
3. This will serve as your guide on answering the activities on your learning
activity sheet.
4. You can jot down notes from this handout on a separate notebook or
journal.
5. If you have any questions, contact, or see your teacher through
messenger or text.
D. Lecture

Religion and Geography


How did religion develop? Religion flourishes in space and time not in a vacuum. Geography
is the fertile ground for religion to flourish. Geography is the study of earth and its people. Its
features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. (www.Wikipedia). The
relationship between religion and geography can be termed as Religious Geography by
which geographical ideas are influenced by religion such as early map-making, and biblical
geography that developed in the 16th Spreading the faith has been shaped by geographical
context. For example, for the Jews the land of Canaan, is the land promised to them by their
God Yahweh through Abraham. In the book of Genesis God said to Abraham, “Go from your
land, from your birthplace, and from your father’s house to the land that I will show you.”
(Genesis 12:1). This passage is central to their belief. They have to defend the land at all
cost because it was given to them by Yahweh, their God. century to identify places from the
Bible.(Kong, 1990).
Do you know that major religions of the world have their origins in Asia? Asia is the largest
and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism,
Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism,
Taoism, and Zoroastrianism. Some of them spread in other grounds like Europe hence
they were branded as Western religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Those that
remained in Asia are called the –Eastern Religions which are Hinduism, Buddhism, ,
Taoism, Shintoism to name a few. There is a significant disparity between Western and
Eastern religions in terms of belief systems, worldview and philosophy about life.

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
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www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

The mindset of the West is different from the mindset of the East. It is possible that the
difference in mindset is brought by geographical influence.
Let us look at the specific characteristics between the western (occidental) and eastern
(oriental) paradigm as discussed by Christine Carmela R. Ramos in her book, “Introduction
to the Philosophy of the Human Person.” 2016. In gist the disparity of mindset can be
summarized as follows;

Western (Occidental) Eastern (Oriental)

• Religion and Philosophy are different • Religion is philosophy and philosophy


disciplines is religion
• Mindset is linear which means there • Mindset is circular. The end conjoins
is a beginning and end. the beginning in a cyclic manner
• Speculate and theorize, no • Acceptance of the validity of intuition
application to life is necessary and mysticism

Western minds were influenced mainly by the Greek culture spreading through the Roman
Empire which was termed Hellenism or the influenced of Greek culture among the
Romans. Then the Roman Empire extended all over Europe which was termed as the
western hemisphere of the globe.

Sacred Places
Religious experiences and the belief in religious meanings transformed physical spaces
into sacred places.(Serapio, 2016) The Hindus consider the Ganges river as sacred, the
Jews consider Mt. Sinai as holy. Temples, churches and mosques are some of the sacred
places for Buddhists, Christians and Muslims respectively. There are plenty of geographical
places that are considered holy or sacred because of religion. The interplay of geography
and religion not only highlights the role of religion in affecting landscape changes and in
assigning sacred meanings to specific places, but also acknowledges how religious
ideology and practices at specific spaces are guided and transformed by their location
(Kong, 1990). The above picture is the Regina Rica (Regina Rosarii Institute for
Contemplation in Asia) located in a thirteen and half )13.5) hectares along Marilaque or
Marcos Highway at Sitio Aguho, Sampaloc Tanay, Rizal. It used to be a mountainous,
serene, and peaceful location very close to nature overlooking Laguna lake. Now it is
transformed into a pilgrimage site especially for Catholic Christian believers. This is a
concrete example of how religion changes the landscape of a geographic location and
context. Filipinos are very religious people and their dependence to God can be traced to
the numerous sacred images and places around the country. Regina Rica in Tanay, Rizal
is just one of them.

REMEMBER:
Geography is the study of earth and its people. Its features are things like continents,
seas, rivers and mountains
Religious Geography by which geographical ideas are influenced by religion such as
early map-making, and biblical geography that developed in the 16 th century to identify
places from the Bible.
Western religions – are religions that flourish in the Western hemisphere of the globe or

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

sometimes called the Occidental religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Eastern Religions are religions from the Eastern hemisphere which are also called the
Oriental religions that include Hinduism, Buddhism, , Taoism, Shintoism to name a few.
Sacred places - is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion.
Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites.
Paradigm – is a worldview, belief or a model of thought.
Hellenism - is the term used to describe the influence of Greek culture on the entire
Roman Empires. The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history
between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman
Empire .

What is Culture
Culture is “a whole way of life” The way we think, act or speak. It is “ordinary.” (Williams,
1958). Culture can be also dynamic, it can be shared, learned, transmitted from one
generation to another, adaptive and integrated (Bodley,1999). UNESCO defines culture as
“The whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that
characterize a society or social group. It includes not only the arts and letters, but also
modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and
beliefs.”
By the way, if you consider your own culture as superior from the rest, then your belief is
termed as ethnocentrism. On the other hand, if you are open minded towards other
culture without judging them and respect the diverse culture around you then you believe in
cultural relativism. In our present age of technology wherein the world is one-big
community and every human beings communicate through the internet from different
cultural backgrounds, we cannot help but become a cultural relativist. We should respect
the culture of others because we are all citizens of this world and we are all equal. As a
member of a society, we have no choice but to interact with our fellowmen. In so doing, we
can encounter people with different beliefs, practices or even have different philosophy in
life. We are in a multi-cultural society or simply we live amidst a multiculturalist world
wherein multiculturalism should prevail. The word “multi” implies many. According to
Harrison (1994) multiculturalism is a theory about the foundations of a culture rather than
a practice which subsumes cultural ideas. In a broader sense, the term is often use to
describe societies which have many distinct cultural groups, usually as a result of
immigration. (Vega, et al, 2009). Although we can still observe people who are ethno
centrists. In the course of time there are people who are ethno centrists and there are
those who are cultural relativists. In terms of religious beliefs, there are people who are
fundamentalists who defend their beliefs at all costs, and there are people who are open
minded enough to respect the beliefs of others.

Religion and Culture


What is the role of culture in the development of religion? The evolution of culture is
simultaneous with the evolution of man. As man progresses from homo habilis to homo
sapiens, from Old Stone Age to New Stone Age then to Iron Age, Industrial Age and
Technological age, significant changes in the way human acts, lives, or use tools have
been observed. This is true in all dimensions of human life including religion. It was
believed that man’s consciousness of the divine can be traced back to the time of the

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

Neanderthals. Lawrence McKinney observed that, “the discovery of bear skulls with
unusual markings indicates the basis of a primitive religion while others, noting the
existence of flower petals and pollen in ancient burial sites, have speculated on the
possibility of Neanderthal funeral rites (McKinney,1994). The reality of death developed
into a cultural funeral rite as a way of respecting the dead. This reality is taken seriously by
religion and sought divine aide to solve the riddle of life.
Our experience of the Covid-19 pandemic can attest to this. The sight of people dying left
and right in hospitals, coffins paraded in the streets and millions of people all over the world
struggling to survive from this malady triggered humans to depend on some divine power to
intercede. The pandemic as of June , 2020, hit a record high of almost ten (10) million
people affected all over the world and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Since no vaccine
is in sight, posts in Facebook, messenger, Instagram, Twitter and even mainstream media
are all dominated by God-related shares in a form of prayers and pleas for divine
intervention. The “new normal culture” is our way of coping our vulnerability. The new
normal culture changes the landscape of our daily lives including religious practices. “New
normal” is a word of mouth now that the whole world is experiencing the Covid-19
pandemic but the phrase “new normal culture” Among the many functions of religion
identified by Calderon (1998) are the following: is used for the first time in this module. This
is not found yet in any dictionary or in a sociology book. What does it mean? It means a
deviation from the “normal” to the “not normal” way of life. It is more of an awareness and
prevention against the pandemic. This is one characteristic of culture, being dynamic and
adaptive and so we adjust and adapt to the new culture. In the church for example, one
important law is, Thou shalt keep Holy the Lord’s day. If one violates this commandment a
believer commits a grievous sin. Under the new normal culture this is not relevant anymore.
The church now can accommodate only a few. We can now attend masses or services at
home. The church has to adjust to the new culture. This is how culture influences religion
and vice versa. There are certain periods in history that the intermarriage between culture
and religion, the latter dominates in shaping the way of life of the people. Let us take for
example the functions of religion laid down by Calderon. He assumed that religion also
influence not just the religious life but also social, economic and even political way of life of
people.
1. Religion serves as a means of social control.
2. It exerts a great influence upon personality development.
3. Religion allays fear of the unknown.
4. Religion explains events or situations which are beyond the comprehension of man.
5. It gives man comfort, strength and hope in times of crisis and despair.
6. It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills, spiritual and cultural values and practices.
7. It serves as an instrument of change.
8. It promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness.
9. Religion alleviates sufferings from major calamities.
10. It provides hope for a blissful life after death.

The above functions show that religion penetrates the whole dimension of one’s life and
society even to non-believers. When the Spaniards brought Christianity in the Philippines, it
changes the social, economic and political life of the people. The Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, the two famous novels of our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal reflect how
religion dictates the way of life of the people. How religion became an instrument of power
to control the Indios or the Filipinos. Christianity was used as a sword or weapon to make
the natives obey from the whims and caprices of the Spaniards. As history goes by, the

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


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perspective of religion changes. Religion today is used as a weapon not of oppression


but of compassion and solidarity with the poor. From the perspective of Christianity,
this is the original intention of the founder, Jesus Christ. The Bible, the sacred book of the
Christians is very specific that Christ’s leaning is towards the poor and the oppressed.
Plenty of parables in the New Testament can attest to this. What happened when
Christianity embraced different cultures along the way?
Historically, in 313 AD, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which accepted
Christianity: 10 years later, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
(www.pbs.org>empires>romans>empire>christians) The sudden shift of attitudes and
lifestyles among the Christians was observable among which; a) being powerless, they
become powerful; b) being persecuted, they become persecutors. We have a long list of
abuses since then especially during the Dark Ages of the church. What does this mean?
The development of religion is influenced by the cultural milieu where it belongs. When
Christianity was embraced by the Greeks and Romans, it became a religion of the mind. It
became and academic subject devoid of compassion and mercy. Compassion and mercy
are the original values of Jesus Christ. Thanks to Vatican II which happened in the 1960’s
the church realized that there was a need to retrieve the real spirit of the Bible. The Vatican
Council II of the Catholic Church discussed about the urgency of the spiritual renewal of
the church. It became the marching order from the top echelon of the Catholic Church from
the Pope to the Cardinals, bishops and priests all over the world. This movement caught
fire and duplicated by other Christian denominations and sects. Hence we have now the
term, ecumenical movement or ecumenism.

Ecumenism- is a movement or tendency foward worldwide Christian ecumenical unity or


cooperation. The movement seeks to recover the apostolic sense of the early church for
unity in diversityironies catholicJesus Christwww.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism, and it
confronts the frustrations, difficulties, and of the modern pluralistic world. It is a lively
reassessment of the historical sources and destiny of what followers perceive to be the
one, holy, , and apostolic church of . (). If you look at the picture of Ghandi, he has a
perfect reminder for everyone. He said, “Nobody in this world possesses absolute
truth. This is God’s attribute alone. Relative truth is all we know.” Today, ecumenism
is not only exclusive among Christian churches but it extends towards other religions
through the principles of “unity in diversity” and “many paths yet only one destiny.”
Ecumenism simply means that no religion possesses the whole truth as Gandhi reiterates.

REMEMBER
• Culture – is the whole way of life. It is ‘ordinary” according to Raymond Williams which
means all we do from sunrise to sunset is part of our culture.
• New Normal Culture-is a deviation from the “normal” way of life to the “not normal” due
to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is more of awareness and prevention against the pandemic
which includes social distancing, wearing masks and washing of hands or using alcohol to
avoid the virus.
• Ecumenism- is a movement or tendency toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation
• Renewal - Second Vatican Council, also called Vatican II, (1962–65), 21st ecumenical
council of the Roman Catholic Church, announced by Pope John XXIII on January 25,
1959, as a means of spiritual renewal for the church and as an occasion for Christians
separated from Rome to join in a search for Christian unity.

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS

E. Learning Resources/ References:

Electronic Resources:

Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems. Division of City Schools – Manila
retrieved from https://www.coursehero.com/file/70717298/IWRBS-Q1-Mod2-
Worldviews-Belief-Systems-and-Religionpdf/

Newberg, Andrew (2010). Principles of Neuroethology retrieved from


www.npr.org>2010/12/15>nuerotheology-where-religi...

Kong, Lily (1990). Geography and Religion: Trends and Prospects retrieved from
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2239/

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, (2007). Ecumenism retrieved from


https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism

Calderon, J. Foundations of Education. Retrieved from


https://www.books.google.com>books>about?Foundations_of_Education

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannca,(2007) . Second Vatican Council


ROMAN CATHOLIC HISTORY [1962–1965] retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Vatican-Council

Books:

McKinney, Laurence O. (1994). Nuerotheology: Virtual Religion in the 21st Century


retrieved from https://www. Amazon.com>Nuerotheology-Virtual-2

Ramos, Christine Carmela R. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human


Person.Rex Bookstore.2016

Cornejo, Nigel L., et al. Fundamentals of World Religions. MaxCor Publishing House,
Inc., 2019

Serapio, Maria Perpetua Arcilla. Introduction to World Religions for Senior High
School. Mindshapers Co., Inc. 2016
Vega, Violeta A. et al. Social Dimensions of Education. Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2009
Ramos, Christine Carmela, PhD. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. Rex Bookstore.2016
Articles:
Odchigue, R. (2010). Bibo Ergo Sum: Theo-Social Reflections of the Taguibo
WatershedAdvocacy. Hapag 7.No.1, 79-

Address: Provincial Sports Complex, Bolbok, 4200 Batangas City


(043)722-1840/722-1796/722-1437/722-2675/722-1662
deped.batangas@deped.gov.ph
www.depedbatangas.org

CRN 44 100 18 93 0045

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