Module 6

Rocks
Objectives
a. classify and describe the three basic rock types;

b. explain how and what type of environment each of these rock types are formed;
c. explain how rocks are transformed from one rock type to another through the rock cycle;
d. identify and describe the different geologic processes that operate within the rock cycle.

Lecture
Power Words
Aggregation formation of a mass of soil particles in a cluster
Compaction the process when sediments are deeply buried, placing them under pressure because of the
weight of overlying layers
Solidification a phase change of matter that results in the production of a solid
Lithification the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually
become solid rock
Cementation hardening and welding of clastic sediments by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore
spaces
Contact a type of metamorphism in which the mineralogy and texture of a body of rock are changed by
Metamorphism exposure to the pressure and extreme temperature associated with a body of intruding magma
Regional a type of metamorphism in which the mineralogy and texture of rocks are changed over a wide
Metamorphism area by deep burial and heating associated with the large-scale forces of plate tectonics

 A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of a collection of one or more minerals or
mineral-like substances, formed through the action of various processes such as heat, pressure,
aggregation, and compaction and transformation of its mineral components

 The rock components of the crust are slowly but constantly being changed from one form to another
and the processes involved are summarized in the rock cycle.

 In describing the rock cycle, we can start anywhere we like, although it’s convenient to start with
magma. The rock cycle is still active on Earth because our core is hot enough to keep the mantle
moving.

 Below is a diagram showing the different types of rocks and how the different processes lead to their
formation.

Types of Rocks
Classified based on how thay are formed

Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic

rocks
Non-clastic
Types according Types according Non-foliated
to process and to silica content (Contact metamorphism)
- accumulation mineral crystals are not
place of of biologic or
solidification arranged in bands
Granitic Basaltic organic material
- 45 - 55% (fossils)
Plutonic - 65% silica
silica Foliated
Igneous hig viscosity
Clastic (Regional
Rocks
- breakdown of metamorphism)
Andesitic Ultramafic pre-existing rocks arranged in bands
- below - 55-65% -less
earth`s surface siliica than 45% silica
 Igneous Rock low viscosity

- at the1earth`s
Activity
Name:surface
___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: _________________________

Get puzzled with Rocks

A. Directions: Use the clues below and the concept map above to complete the crossword puzzle below..
Write the letters in the boxes. (1 pt each)

T E X T U R E

S E D I M E N T A R Y R O C K
https://www.teachervision.com/rocks/key-term-review-rocks-their-origins

Clues
Across Down
1. “ Changed Rock 1. Melted minerals(2 words)
4. A sedimentary rock made up of fragments 2. Mixture of minerals, generally cemented
6. Magma that reaches Earth`s surface 3. A metamorphic rock with mineral crystals
10. Molten rock inside Earth arranged in bands
12. Group of sedimentary rock made up of 5. Rock particles carried and
dissolved minerals or the remains of 7. A metamorphic rock that does not have
13. Crystal size mineral crystals arranged in bands
14. Series of events that happen over and over 8. Rock formed by the crystallization of hot
again melted rocks or minerals ( 2 words)
15. Rock that forms from pieces of other rocks 9. A large body of igneous rock that can form
that are pressed together (2 words) 11. Series of natural processes by which rocks
Slowly change from one kind to another.
(2 words)
B. Working pair in Rock Classification
Directions: Work in pairs and examine at least 5 rock samples gathered from different places
(mountain, beaches, riverbanks, road cuts, old mines quarries, vacant lot, etc.). Use the classification guide
below and a magnifying glass in classifying and describing their features. Collect the labeled rock samples in
plastic with your names and pass them to your teacher. (10 pts)
Rock
Sample Rock Type
Examine rock. Look for the following characterisics:
1

There is Has visible May be foliated;

sedimentary layer; has no mineral 2
arrangement of
mineral crystals; not foliated and crystals; no
there is no fossils generally weak; may layers and 3
and foliation be broken by a fossils.
hammer; may 4
contain fossils
Metamorphic
Igneous Rock Rock 5
Sedimentary
Rock
____________________________________ _________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
Group Activity 2
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________

Igneous Rock Formation

Part A
Objectives:
a. Describe how the rate of cooling affects crystallization.
b. Classify igneous rocks based on silica content
c. Explain how silica content affects the viscosity of igneous rocks.

Materials:
Microscope
Microscope slide
Copper sulphate solution
Salt solution

Procedure (A):
Simulating Crystallization of Igneous Rock

( to be done 1 day before the activity)

Prepare salt solution (A) and copper sulfate solution (B). Place one drop of each solution on
separate microscope slides. Next, place three drops of each solution on another set of microscope
slides. Leave the microscope slides in an open place and let the slides.

(during the lab day)

Check the slides under the microscope. Record your observations. Answer the following
Questions:
1. Which slides take longer to dry? (1 pt)_____________________________________________
2. How do the salt and copper sulphate crystal appear under the microscope? (2 pts)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Under what condition can a bigger crystal form? (2 pts)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

*Attach pictures for the crystals here.

Part B
Objective:
Describe how the rate of cooling affects crystallization.

Materials:
Beaker
Benzoic acid
Alcohol
Warm water
Cold water

Procedure:
Benzoic acid in alcohol in: Crystal size
Mix certain amount of benzoic acid in alcohol in
three different beakers. Place each container at cold Cold temperature
temperature, room temperature, and high temp.
Use an alcohol lamp to heat your set up and ice bath for Room temperature
the other set up. Record your observations and answer
High temperature
the following questions.

Questions:
1. Which set up produced smaller crystals? (1 pt)_____________________________________
2. How does temperature affect crystallization?(2 pts)_________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How is this similar to the formation of igneous rock?(2 pts)____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

*Attach pictures for the crystals here.

Conclusion (5 pts):

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics
Accuracy of the results gathered= 15 pts
Total points to the answered questions= 15 pts
Delivery of conclusion= 5 pts
Participation = 5 pts

___________________________________ _________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
Activity 3
Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________________
Section: __________________________________ Date: _________________________

Rock Cycle
A. Directions: Make a rock cycle video presentation that lasts 3 – 5 mins. Be creative enough. Design your
procedure in presenting the rock cycle. Crayons or other materials can be used as igneous rocks. Gather all the
products in the process and put it in a 1/16 size of the illustration board. Draw the diagram below in that
illustration board and use the keywords from the word bank to complete the rock cycle.

https://www.teachervision.com/rocks/what-rock-cycle

WORD BANK Rubrics

Presentation and Creativity= 15 pts
Magma Igneous rock cooling and hardening Content of the Video = 15 pts
Melting sedimentary rocks weathering & erosion Organization of ideas = 10 pts
Sediment metamorphic rock heat and pressure Correct Concept Map Labelling = 10
Pressure and cementing
pts
STEM CHALLENGE SKILLS
Modeling, classifying, applying concepts
On the back of this worksheet, draw a rock cycle that shows the formation of quartzite. Use the labels
sand, granite, sandstone and quartzite in your diagram. Identify each substance as an igneous rock, a
sedimentary rock, a metamorphic rock, or sediment. Be sure to include the processes that change one kind of
rock to another.

____________________________________ _________________
PARENT’S SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME DATE
References
Earth Science by Renato A. Dela Pena, Jr.
Earth and Life Science For Senior High School by Roly B. Bayo-ang; Maria Lourdes G. Coronacion
https://www.teacherph.com/earth-life-science-teaching-guide/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5X1YJNq57YQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjgvA1XOggw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdwKhbtzsug
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)
https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-1-the-rock-cycle/
https://www.teachervision.com/rocks/how-are-metamorphic-rocks-formed
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3559.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/contact-metamorphism

Answer Key
Activity 1
 Get puzzled with Rocks!
A. Directions: Use the clues below and the concept map above to complete the crossword puzzle below..
Write the letters in the shaded boxes.

Across Down
1. metamorphic rock 1. molten rock
4. clastic 2. Rock
6. lava 3. foliated
10. magma 5. sediment
12. nonclastic 7. nonfoliated
14. cycle 8. igneous rock
9. pluton
11. rock cycle
Activity 2
Part A
Questions:
1. Which slides take longer to dry? Not certain yet I guess its copper sulfate
2. How do the salt and copper sulfate crystal appear under the microscope?
They form crystals.
3. Under what condition can a bigger crystal form?
Condition: slow drying will give bigger crystals
Part B
Benzoic acid in Crystal size
alcohol in:
Questions:
Cold temperature small
1. Which set up produced smaller crystals?
Fast cooling in ice will give smaller crystals Room temperature big
Slow cooling under heat will give bigger crystals
2. How does temperature affect crystallization? High temperature Biggest
Higher temperature affects the rate of
cooling of the crystals and the size of the crystals.
3. How is this similar to the formation of igneous rock?
Fast cooling (ice bath) = smaller crystals = Extrusive Igneous rocks (Fine texture)
Slow cooling(Beaker under heat/ hot water) = largest crystals = Intrusuive Igneous Rocks
(Coarse texture)

Conclusion:
I, therefore, conclude that silica content and temperature affect the cooling and crystal size of
igneous rocks. High Silica content and exposure to High Temperature will form bigger crystals and
more viscous it is.

Activity 3
Rock Cycle
A. Directions: Make a rock cycle video presentation that lasts 3 – 5 mins. Be creative enough. Design your
procedure in presenting the rock cycle. Crayons or other materials can be used as igneous rocks. Gather all the
products in the process and put it in a 1/16 size of the illustration board. Draw the diagram below in that
illustration board and use the keywords from the word bank to complete the rock cycle.