In Mmwave 5G Validation Test
In Mmwave 5G Validation Test
Wi-Fi 6E, Other Advanced RF Test p8 Signal-Observation Tools p10 Out-Thinking Humans? p22
YOUR TRUSTED ENGINEERING RESOURCE FOR OVER 50 YEARS MARCH 2021 mwrf.com
in mmWave 5G
Validation Test p13
$10.00
March 2021 VOLUME 60, ISSUE 2
IN THIS ISSUE 10
FEATURES
10 The Evolution of RF Signal-Observation Tools
Tools used to visualize RF signals have evolved over time from the
spectrum analyzer to today’s RF recorders. However, each era’s tools
have had limitations. This article shows how the modern approach
builds on the best aspects of what’s come before.
13 22
30
Starts on page 21
22 Smart Weapons Form Thinking Battlefields
One of the fastest-growing segments of military electronics is the
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which lets them do some of the thinking for themselves.
GO TO MWRF.COM 1
Editorial
DAVID MALINIAK | Editor
dmaliniak@endeavorb2b.com
GLOBAL 5G SURVEY
Paints a Rosy Picture
A survey of telecom-carrier decision makers revealed
that 99% of those polled predict 5G end users will benefit
within five years; nearly half of carriers surveyed predict
value for users within one year.
I
ndustry watchers, myself included, tend Only 60% of survey participants expect
to be a bit conservative regarding the a “killer app” or transformative use case
arrival of 5G’s full impact on the tele- to drive 5G adoption. Augmented reality,
com industry and our day-to-day lives. gaming, and smart-home applications
But a new global survey of decision mak- topped the list of primary consumer devices
ers from telecom carriers commissioned while robotics, logistics, and factories were
by Molex begs to differ. the leading 5G-enabled use cases for indus-
When it comes to the arrival of 5G as a trial and IIoT.
significant transformation force, the feeling Among primary use cases for fixed
is, by and large, optimistic. More than half wireless access, rural home access topped
of those surveyed expect to deliver substan- the list at 53%, followed by city and sub-
tial end-user benefits within two to five urban home access (45%) and remote
years, while 47% reported that users already industrial infrastructure access (41%). In
are seeing value or will within one year. addition, autonomous driving, vehicle-
Conducted by Dimensional Research in to-everything (V2X) communications,
February, the survey polled over 200 quali- and vehicle telematics will lead the way
fied participants in engineering, product, in automotive use cases. Remote patient
and R&D roles at network operators or monitoring, medical wearables, and remote
mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). surgery were identified as drivers for the
Among other key findings, 92% expect to medical market.
achieve 5G business goals within five years. While only 25% of respondents believe
5G consumer devices will be the first genera- that 5G is getting it done for consumers
tors of significant new revenue (43%), fol- today, nearly all expect substantial ben-
lowed by industrial and IIoT (35%) and fixed efits within five years. More than half say
wireless access (33%). Unsurprisingly, all customers in Japan and Korea are seeing
respondents report issues with 5G deploy- those benefits today, while China is viewed
ment, with the top three challenges named as a 5G giant in waiting. Meanwhile, 75%
as spectrum issues (41%), lack of consumer say it will take two to five years for U.S.
use cases (31%), and regulations (30%). consumers to reap 5G’s rewards nationwide.
What are the key technology or industry Small cell (48%), mmWave (46%), and
changes that would propel network opera- private networks (46%) were identified as
tors toward their business goals? Answers the top three technologies/topologies to
included reduced costs of 5G infrastructure play critical roles in enabling 5G advan-
and network equipment (41%); innovation tages. While no consensus was reached on
in enabling technologies, including semi- which technology would be first to impact
conductors and sensors (31%); availability users, mmWave emerged as the long-term
of new types of connected devices (26%); leader, garnering 47% of the votes, followed
and stable and consistent government regu- by sub-6 (27%) and wide-area low power
lations (22%). (26%).
EDITORIAL
SENIOR CONTENT DIRECTOR: BILL WONG bwong@endeavorb2b.com
EDITOR: DAVID MALINIAK dmaliniak@endeavorb2b.com
MANAGING EDITOR: ROGER ENGELKE rengelke@endeavorb2b.com
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ART DEPARTMENT
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Electronic Design | Machine Design | Microwaves & RF | Hydraulics & Pneumatics | Source ESB | Source Today | Evaluation Engineering
T
o accelerate G3-PLC Hybrid
connectivity in smart-grid and
IoT devices, STMicroelectron-
ics has debuted a development
ecosystem for its ST8500 programmable
powerline-communication (PLC) modem
chipset.
Comprising two evaluation boards
targeting the 868-MHz and 915-MHz
license-free RF bands, with document-
ed firmware, the ecosystem helps users
quickly build and test nodes that comply
with G3-PLC Hybrid, the industry’s first
published standard for dual PLC and RF
connectivity.
T
Equipment such as smart meters, envi- The two new hardware development
ronmental monitors, lighting controllers, he two new kits handle PLC and RF connectivity
and industrial sensors containing the as well as application processing. The
ST8500 chipset, which supports G3-PLC
hardware EVLKST8500GH868 kit is configured
Hybrid, can select the powerline or wire- development kits handle for 868-MHz RF operation as recom-
less channel autonomously and change PLC and RF connectivity mended in the EU, while the EVLKST-
dynamically to ensure the most reliable 8500GH915 kit operates in the 915-MHz
connection. as well as application band used throughout the Americas and
Launched in 2019, the chipset combines processing. Each kit comes Asia. Each kit comes with the STSW-
the ST8500 protocol controller system- ST8500GH software framework and
on-chip (SoC), which runs ST’s G3-PLC with the STSW-ST8500GH documentation.
Hybrid firmware, with the STLD1 PLC software framework and Ready to combine with an STM32
line driver and S2-LP sub-GHz radio. Nucleo board for scalable application
Devices containing the chipset are back-
documentation. processing and compatible with ST’s
ward-compatible and interoperable with large portfolio of X-NUCLEO expansion
any G3-PLC network. mesh networking for communication boards for convenient function extension,
ST’s hybrid protocol stack is based on between smart nodes and data collec- the kits provide a platform for develop-
G3-PLC, IEEE 802.15.4, 6LowPAN, and tors. Unlike simple point-to-point links, ing a wide range of smart-grid and IoT
IPv6 open standards. By embedding sup- hybrid mesh-networking interconnects applications.
port for RF Mesh at the physical (PHY) nodes extensively to improve reliability, The EVLKST8500GH868 and EVLK-
and data-link layers, the ST8500 combines strengthen fault-tolerant connections, and ST8500GH915 are available now from ST
the strengths of powerline and wireless extend communication distance. and distributors for $250.
The Evolution of
RF Signal-Observation Tools
Tools used to visualize RF signals have evolved over time from the spectrum analyzer
to today’s RF recorders. However, each era’s tools have had limitations. This article
shows how the modern approach builds on the best aspects of what’s come before.
R
F engineers have always been
obsessed with pursuing new
and better ways to observe
and analyze RF signals. In
the earliest days of RF engineering,
GO TO MWRF.COM 11
Observing RF Signals
trum analysis. It builds upon all previous natively capture time-series data. A truly record time-series data but still allow the
generations of spectrum analyzers with continuous, gap-free stream of RF signal operator to view signals in a conven-
the added capability of storing a perma- data is preserved as a permanent record. tional spectrum-analyzer-style display.
nent record of raw RF signal data. Of course, most human operators Under the hood, these RF recorders are
Unlike the RTSA, most RF recorders will not gain much insight by viewing retrieving time-series data from disk and
don’t need to break an incoming RF sig- raw times-series IQ data on a screen. computing a “just-in-time” FFT to cre-
nal into discrete chunks for further FFT A well-designed RF recorder, such as ate a user-friendly, frequency-domain
processing. Instead, these instruments Spectrum Labs’ Spectrum Defender, will display.
W
ith a time-
series
RF recorder, there’s no
need to worry about the
FFT length or resolution
bandwidth used when
the signal was originally
observed or recorded in
the field.
Importantly, this instrument archi-
tecture enables the user to change the
FFT length (and related resolution band-
width) to any desired value, at any point
in the future, without fundamentally
altering the underlying record of signal
data. With a time-series RF recorder,
there’s no need to worry about the FFT
length or resolution bandwidth used
when the signal was originally observed
or recorded in the field. This is a neat
trick that the RTSA is hard-pressed to
duplicate.
The permanent record provided by an
RF recorder allows us to capture a true,
continuous view of the electromagnetic
environment with no acquisition dead
time, and no advance knowledge of the
optimum FFT length. Engineers can
retrieve and interrogate any portion of
the RF spectra on demand in the time
domain, frequency domain, or joint
time-frequency domain. The very lat-
est RF recorders even allow engineers to
capture spatial-domain information with
multiple phase-coherent channels.
One hundred years ago, that wasn’t
something Nikola Tesla could have ever
imagined.
W
e’re living in an higher bandwidths (100 MHz/400 MHz) only in the desired direction and null in
era inundated with and data rates, but allows for a flexible other directions. This improves the SNR
smart devices and subcarrier spacing (15/30/60/120 kHz), and increases the chances of signal recep-
their need for data facilitating a scalable deployment. tion at high frequencies.
and seamless connectivity. This influx For a certain gain, the size of the anten-
will only intensify with the arrival and 5G Operation Over mmWave na aperture is inversely proportional to the
adoption of 5G. With support for enhanced mobile frequency. This necessitates that many of
Unlike previous generations of cellular broadband (eMBB) applications, 5G these elements be integrated in a physi-
technologies, which primarily focused on can operate over mmWave frequency cal antenna module to maintain a certain
mobile communication, 5G is designed bands. Though these frequencies offer output power and capture capability.
to offer more ubiquitous support for wider channel bandwidths, dramati-
heterogeneous devices used in several cally improving throughput, they’re Integrated RFFE
industry verticals. 5G comes with a lofty exceptionally prone to path loss due to Though the beamforming technique
promise of theoretical data rates as high smaller wavelengths, causing reduction may sound simple, it drives significant
as 10 Gb/s, latency lower than 1 ms, and in power density and distance of propaga- changes in the radio-frequency front end
massive connection density of nearly 1 tion. As a result, the communication in (RFFE) and antenna design.
million/connections/km2. the FR2 range requires devices to oper- A RFFE contains active electronic cir-
5G is truly optimized to support not ate in a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cuitry that’s responsible for converting the
just data-hungry use cases like video environment, making it sensitive to RF information from the baseband to radio
streaming over smartphones, tablets, and impairments. signals. The information for each band is
customer-premises equipment (CPEs), To compensate for this loss, 5G New processed by several elements in the RF
but also latency-sensitive use cases such Radio (NR) employs beamforming, which chain (power amplifiers, low-noise ampli-
as remote healthcare and automotive con- uses multiple phased-array antenna mod- fiers, filters, tuners, and so on) and fed at
nectivity as well as dense communication ules to maximize and steer radio energy the appropriate power level to the right
between indoor and outdoor IoT devices. in a specific direction (Fig. 1). This is antenna. For devices designed to operate
But how does 5G deliver such enhanced achieved by independently feeding each at lower frequencies, the RFFE circuitry
capabilities? of the elements in the array with a signal and antennas are physically separate as
5G brought about several transfor- that’s adjusted for phase and amplitude. the antenna dimensions are larger and
mations in the air interface to deliver As a result, there’s a constructive addition the RF losses are low.
high performance with improved effi-
ciency, one of which is the addition of
new spectrum. It’s supported in both the
sub-6-GHz frequency range 1 (FR1) span-
ning from 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz, and
the mmWave frequency range 2 (FR2)
spanning over mmWave frequencies
from 24.25 to 52.6 GHz. Adding these
higher frequencies not only enables more
continuous spectrum, translating into 1. Shown is a graphical representation of beamforming using mmWave antenna modules.
GO TO MWRF.COM 13
Validation Test for 5G mmWave
GO TO MWRF.COM 17
Validation Test for 5G mmWave
5. Shown is a total test-case count sweeping across multiple resource block allocations. Note that the test-case count can vary significantly
based on a combination of physical parameters under test.
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), thereby con- Furthermore, the process could still Simplifying the Complex OTA Test
straining the use of higher-order modula- become much more complicated if the Setup
tions and limiting the ability to detect and device were to support multicarrier oper- The goal for any technology is to be the
demodulate weaker signals. Other factors ation in the form of carrier aggregation, first to market while satisfying the com-
affecting modulation accuracy could be a necessitating a well-built automation peting motives of maintaining quality and
dc offset due to LO leakage, phase imbal- framework to support validation across high production yield—mmWave is no
ance caused by a phase shift between the I varied intra- and inter-band combina- different. However, what does differ is the
and Q output signal from local oscillator tions. Not only does this magnify the dramatic increase in test-setup complexity
or amplitude imbalance resulting from effort of test case design, development, when scaled from R&D to production,
gain shift between I and Q signals (Fig. execution, and verification, but it also especially when moving from single-DUT
4), errors in digital-to-analog converters directly translates into increased time to multi-DUT testing.
(DACs), or inconsistencies in the analog to market, significantly curtailing pro- An ideal R&D lab setup would look
mixers. All of these defects could cause a duction throughput and overall cost simple with a seemingly direct connec-
shift in EVM, resulting in an attenuated economics. tion between the test equipment and the
signal and distorted waveform. (Continued on page 31)
Hi-Rel Products
For the Toughest Environments
Software Design
Tools Blend
Shipboard Radar
and Video
CAMBRIDGE PIXEL’S MARITIME DIS-
PLAY FRAMEWORK (MDF) software
design tools enable maritime inte-
grators to speed development of
automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA)
radar display consoles.
The software provides a .NET
framework, optionally with source
code, that designers can use as the
starting point for a custom shipboard
application that displays primary
SecureSync now can access Prevent, Respond, and Recover video from radar by Furuno, Hensoldt,
JRC, Koden, Raymarine, Raytheon,
PNT protection steps through integration of interference Simrad, Sperry, and Terma, with con-
and GPS jamming detection technology. trol of the radar supported for certain
models.
O
ROLIA USA is introducing GPS SecureSync is scalable, flexible, and con- The MDF software supports bear-
jamming detection for the com- figurable. In addition to interference detec- ing lines, range markers, trails, closest
pany’s SecureSync time servers tion, resiliency on SecureSync is available point of approach, and time to closest
for DISA-approved resilient timing and through a multi-layered approach that point of approach. It also supports
synchronization; positioning, navigation, uses anti-jam antennas, Orolia’s Interfer- camera video to integrate radar and
and timing (PNT); and cybersecurity. ence Detection and Mitigation (IDM) suite camera display for security against
Interference detection is a key enabler with spoofing detection, as well as time piracy and smugglers.
for resiliency in critical infrastructure, as error minimization with internal oscilla- The MDF software is compatible
defined in the DHS Resilient PNT con- tors. Qualified military customers also are with Cambridge Pixel’s radar process-
formance framework and the federal PNT eligible for secure military signals such as ing products, such as SPx Server for
Executive Order. SAASM and M-Code. target tracking and SPx Fusion. The
SecureSync users now can take advantage Military and critical infrastructure Maritime Display Framework is written
of Prevent, Respond, and Recover PNT pro- operations depend on GPS signals, PNT in the C# language and is designed
tection steps through integration of interfer- data, time, and frequency to synchronize for development of a Windows WPF-
ence and GPS jamming detection technology. systems. based client application.
GO TO MWRF.COM 21
DEFENSE ELECTRONICS
M
ODERN BATTLEFIELDS Equipped with artificial-intelligence
One of the fastest-growing are immersed in electronic (AI) and machine-learning (ML) tech-
segments of military devices and data, whether nologies, many of these weapons are
on the ground, at sea, or in the air. The guided by light, sound, or electromag-
electronics is the use
amounts of data from well-established netic (EM) waves to reach a selected
of artificial intelligence systems and technologies such as radar, target with high accuracy. In addition,
and machine learning in sonar, and LiDAR are becoming too much smart weapons can be programmed to
for any warrior to process, encouraging filter unwanted signals in multiple-signal
guided weapons, which
the development of semi-autonomous environments and find a specific tar-
lets them do some of the or “smart” weapons that can share in the get on a battlefield with many potential
thinking for themselves. decision-making. targets.
Electronic warfare (EW) has long relied A government-appointed panel has The Path to Autonomy
on the development of novel technolo- reviewed the benefits and risks of smart Systems currently called smart weapons
gies such as LiDAR and radar, typically weapons on the battlefield. The indepen- are limited in their autonomous capabili-
to gain an edge over an adversary or pro- dent National Security Commission on ties, although the use of AI and ML tech-
vide advanced warning of an adversary’s Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI), created in nologies is expected to increase signifi-
actions. Smart military-guidance systems 2018, recently completed a 130-page draft cantly within the next decade. The concept
once referred to steering by Global Posi- report that’s scheduled for submission to of computing machines for the battlefield
tioning System (GPS) satellite signals. the U.S. Congress this month. It recom- isn’t new. In fact, it’s been in development
However, operations that take place in mends the use of AI and ML technologies since the aftermath of World War II with
areas in which GPS signals aren’t avail- for military use, noting that AI-enabled the creation of tables of firing statistics
able, or are being jammed by an adver- weapons are expected to make fewer that were analyzed and used to increase
sary, require alternative guidance based on mistakes than human combatants and the targeting accuracy of ballistic missiles.
available AI and ML technologies. can play a vital, positive role in national Military system designers are plan-
Smart weapons and guidance systems security. ning for three levels of AI: artificial
F
use AI and ML empowered by embed- narrow intelligence (ANI) with limited
ded computers to “share” some of the decision-making capabilities for specific
decision-making concerning a response
uture battlefield tasks; artificial general intelligence (AGI)
with their human controllers. Weapons in strategies are with decision-making capabilities that can
which human guidance is still required are being planned with AI match human intelligence for any task;
known as semi-autonomous devices. Ulti- and artificial superintelligence (ASI) with
mately, organizations such as the Defense as a vital component in decision-making capabilities that exceed
Advanced Research Projects Agency analysis of battlefield human intelligence for any task.
(DARPA) and the U.S. Army Combat Although the vision of many system
Capabilities Development Command
situations on land, at sea, planners is for fully autonomous weap-
Armaments Center (CCDC) are develop- and in the air. ons operating without supervision, many
ing different types of smart weapons with applications will require advanced human-
an eye toward fully autonomous versions machine training and interaction. The use
that can make a decision on a strike or The panel was led by Eric Schmidt, the of multiple robotic systems is one such case.
respond on their own. former chief executive of Google. It was For example, it might apply to remote
DARPA recently announced that six opposed by a coalition of non-govern- direction of a “flock” of miniature
teams will receive funding as part of mental organizations and 30 countries unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for
the Next-Generation Nonsurgical Neu- that has pushed for a treaty banning smart surveillance purposes, or when miniature
rotechnology (N3) program to develop weapons on the grounds that human con- drones armed for attack must be guided
technology for two-way communication trol is necessary for the ethical manage- to a target and detonated. This need for
between human brains and machines ment of the battlefield. a reliable, remote man-machine interface
without requiring surgery. The program Future battlefield strategies are being under battlefield conditions emphasizes
assumes that humans, overwhelmed by planned with AI as a vital component in the importance of military-grade com-
the amount of data received on the battle- analysis of battlefield situations on land, munications networks capable of handling
field, would have AI-powered machines as at sea, and in the air. AI will be used as large amounts of data under hostile oper-
partners and require almost instantaneous part of embedded EW systems to provide ating conditions, including cyberattacks.
response times. augmented-reality (AR) information to
Humans now suffer delays in deci- operators. Increasing Effectiveness
sion-making with machines due to the The AR data will be collected by many A starting point for many smart weap-
way the nervous system interacts with different battlefield sensors, such as those ons is the application of AI and ML to EW
machine microprocessors. The program aging radar and LiDAR systems. It will systems for improved performance, such
would explore the use of viral vectors or be presented on different forms of dis- as increased targeting range and accuracy.
viruses that carry proteins into the brain plays to human soldiers and/or smart Northrop Grumman Corp. was recently
for detection of light from neurons. By electronic weapons systems that will be contracted by DARPA’s Tactical Technol-
detecting the activity of neurons, it may programmed to respond to the inputs via ogy Office (TTO) for an advanced tech-
also be possible to determine a human’s actions that include identifying threats as nology weapon capable of much greater
thoughts and thought processes for faster well as friendly troops, classifying threats, range and accuracy than current systems
interaction with AI-driven systems. and prioritizing targets. when deployed against airborne threats.
Our critical-grade RF and Power inductors are built We also offer comprehensive product testing and
to withstand the most punishing conditions imagin- validation services in accordance with MIL-STD-981,
able, including extreme temperatures, thermal shock, as well as custom screening to your electrical and
G-forces, EMI and vibration. physical specifications.
• Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) terminations for the best possible Learn more about how our battle-tested
board adhesion. RoHS terminations also available. components will keep your mission
• Extended temperature ranges (-55°C to +200°C) on target. Call or visit us
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-
Configurations from 2x1 to 32x32, up to 50GHz
Nx1, Transfer and Matrix switching configurations
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- Field proven performance, quality and reliability
- World-class quality and support (ISO 9001:2015)
3. The Smart D2
is an autonomous
ECM subsystem
that combines AI
with secure data
collection and
AI-guided analysis.
It can be integrated
into existing and
future ECM systems.
(Courtesy of BAE
Systems)
measurement antenna. However, in a the setup requires use of multiple RF • The components are compatible
production environment, the setup will switches, control box, measurement with each other, enabling seamless
mostly involve use of multiple additional antennas, RF cables, and adapters. Each integration.
components. of these elements exhibits a certain per- • The entire setup is well calibrated,
Figure 6 shows a four-DUT OTA test formance loss or gain based on frequency with path loss determined and tak-
setup. Apart from the mmWave test of operation. For this reason, care must en into consideration when making
equipment, DUT, and OTA chambers, be taken to ensure: device measurements.
• Choice of a chamber with a far-
field distance proportional to the
antenna module under test, thus
limiting the OTA path loss.
• Avoiding the use of components
that have limited operating life,
minimizing operational cost.
• Software-automation tools enable
simple customization and deliver
fast test times.
GO TO MWRF.COM 31
InfoCenter
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dBmCorp, Inc
32A Spruce Street Oakland, NJ 07436
RF Test Equipment for Wireless Communications
Tel (201) 677-0008 Fax (201) 677-9444
email: info@dbmcorp.com www.dbmcorp.com