KEZSHIA LAHINA

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Lesson 1
Directions: Explain your understanding of inquiry by answering the following questions intelligently. (Depending on the
teacher, the students may do this in a socialized recitation or in a small group-writing work.)
1. Compare and contrast the three foundation theories behind Inquiry-based Learning.
- The first of the three foundation theories behind Inquiry Based Learning is John Dewey- “Experiential Learning”,
where in we learn by doing something or anything. Secondly is Lev Vygotsky - “Zone of Proximal Development” that
refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he/she can achieve with guidance and
encouragement from a skilled partner. The third one is Jerome Bruner- “Cognitive Development Theory” in which it
explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait
and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the
environment.
2. Describe one who thinks in a linear fashion.
- An individual who thinks in a linear fashion is someone who sees things and thinks in one direction only, contrary
circumstances and facts are therefore not well balanced and can cause conflict or unwise decision making. Furthermore, a
linear person differs from someone who thinks outside the box. Briefly, someone with a narrow mind.
3. How do you learn something through inquiry?
- Inquiry-based adopts a research approach to the teaching and learning providing the students with opportunities for
researching a problem, seeking possible solutions, making observations, asking issues, testing ideas, thinking and using
their intuition.
4. Why is inquiry a scientific way of thinking?
- An inquiry is considered a scientific way of thinking because this allows our minds to engage in fact-finding activities
5. In your opinion, is this an effective learning method? Why or why not?
- Yes, it will be very important for students and it will also assist society to rely on a method of learning based on
research that is great to foreign students.
6. What kind of thinking is involved in this learning method?
- From a point of view of the student, research-based learning focuses on an open issue or problem. To achieve a
conclusion that they must defend or present, they must use evidence-based rationale and creative problem solving. The
students can share their own ideas and questions about a topic with a research-based approach. This helps to encourage
more curiosity over the material and teaches students skills to explore further themes they are interested in.
7. Do you agree that inquiring on something means you are researching about it? Explain your point.
- Yes I agree, take note of the word "to inquire" that means to show interest in something, to ask and examine. Inquiry
means searching on the other hand, you ask and collect a lot of information according to your goal. You take a time to
request confirmation on a report, and you are looking for new things.
8. Was there an instance in your life when you, too, did a sort of an inquiry or
research? Describe your experience.
- Yes there is, I often do a research to the things I’m not familiar with I research about those to enhance my knowledge
and to learn new things.
9. Do you know someone in your school or community who often does this kind of learning? Describe how he or
she did it.
- Yes I know someone who always do this things, he always seems like do not know something and kept asking things
because he is curious about it.
10. Characterize the person you are referring to in number 9.
- He is my classmate when I was in 10th grad
Lesson 2
Directions: Do the following activities:
Identify the specific type of research for each given topic by entering the letter of the research type in the correct column.
Likewise, below the letter representing your answer, write the importance of such research in your day-to-day life.
Action Pure Applied Descriptive Explanatory Correlation
B, D A, K F, I H, L E, J C, G
A. Theory of Relativity
B. University Belt Street Foods
C. Landline vs. Cellphone
D. Reasons Behind Tuition Fee Increases
E. Manila Flash Flood Solutions
F. College Assessment Practices
G. Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking in Learning-Teaching Situations
H. The Why and How of Internet Use
I. Effects of Korean Telenovelas on Filipino TV Viewers
J. Digital Age
K. Teaching Through PowerPoint Presentations
L. Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy
2. In the space provided, make a graphical presentation of the classification
and types of research.
Types of research

Application Objectives Types of Source

information of data
sought

Descriptive Exploratory
Applied
Correlational Explanatory Primary
Qualitative
Pure
Secondary
Quantitative
Lesson 3
Directions: Explain the concepts you have learned by answering the following questions.
1. What comes to your mind the moment you hear qualitative research?
- The first thing that comes to my mind when I hear about “qualitative research” is, it is the way of conducting ideas and
thoughts to fully understand the insights of the problem and give a concrete hypothesis and solution. Also qualitative
research does not use numerical numbers and instead it uses words to express the result.
2. If you want to conduct a research study about your favorite restaurant in town, what method of qualitative
research is appropriate for your study? Explain your choice.
- If I were to conduct a research study on my favorite local restaurant, the proper method for qualitative research is "case
study”. This qualitative research method will allow me to learn more about the company and the business.
3. Differentiate subjectivity from objectivity.
- Objectivity is personal neutrality; it allows the facts to speak for themselves and not be influenced by the personal
values and biases of the researcher. Subjectivity is judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and
opinions rather than external facts
4. Explain the connection between subjectivity/objectivity and your research work.
- During the often-extended process of research and experimentation, subjectivity is used at the beginning to correctly
formulate the hypothesis and at the end when interpreting the data. In the middle - the actual performing of the
experiments - it’s more about being objective while setting up the experiment and collecting the data.
5. How is grounded theory different from other qualitative research methods?
-Grounded theory differs from either qualitative content analysis or thematic analysis because it has its own distinctive
set of procedures including theoretical sampling and open coding. In contrast, the procedures in the other two are not
specified at the same level of detail.
6. Is the researcher himself the data gathering instrument? Why? Why not?
- Yes, the researcher himself is the tool for data collection because he is the one who participates, observes, takes note of,
interviews and gathers the necessary information. In a researcher all of this skill has been found, without a researcher it
would be impossible to conduct a study, it’s the researcher’s responsibility to do research.
7. Can all research methods be used in one research study? Give reasons for your answer.
-When the design is chosen to meet the objectives of the research question, mixed research can have many opportunities,
at the same time. However, not just using more than one method is quite difficult to integrate, but also integrating the
results from two or more methods. I therefore propose that you begin by assessing how far the 'best' method can achieve
your goals, and ask then what you can gain by adding another method.
8. Pretend you are the subject of a phenomenological study how will the researcher obtain data through you?
- Focus group and/ or interview
9. Given the chance to research, would you right away choose qualitative research? Give reasons for your answers.
- I don't think I'll go to qualitative research easily, qualitative research is more about words, more about descriptions, and
these could sometimes be quite misleading because they can be subjective. Quantitative research is numerical, however,
this type of research is less likely to involve bias, because it is based purely on facts, numbers and statistics.
10. If you will do a qualitative research about the area in which your house is situated, what could be your
research problem or topic?
- Management of Depression Among School-going Teenagers of Diego Silang, Diffun, Quirino
Directions: Name the type of qualitative research best suited for the following topics.
1. The Mangyans’ Burial Practices
-Ethnography
2. Relatives of Typhoon Victims
-Phenomenology
3. The Effectiveness of the K–12 Curriculum
-Case Study
4. Spiderman: The Very First Film in the 21st Century
-Content and Discourse Analysis
5. Philippines’ Political Party System: Then and Now
-Grounded Theory
6. Filipino Caregivers in Japan
-Phenomenology
7. Travails of Senior Citizens at the LRT/MRT Stations
-Phenomenology
8. The Lone Grade VI Speed Reader of UST High School
-Case study
9. Grade 11 Science Textbook
-Content and Discourse
10. Student Activism Since the Marcos Era
-Historical Analysis
Lesson 4
Directions: Think of the correct expression to complete each sentence.
1. Numerical data are true for the scientific approach.
2. For the naturalistic approach, words is the unit of analysis.
3. The focus of social research is to define ethical or unethical behavior for the common good.
4. Human values, creativity, and active nature of human beings is the focus of a humanistic research.
5. Quantitative is to scientific approach; Qualitative to naturalistic approach.

6. A researcher in Humanities studies his subject with the use of his Observation.
7. Playgrounds, classrooms, workplaces make up the Collecting data to yield qualitative data.
8. Laboratory experiments give way to a Measurable/Quantitative way of collecting data.
9. Hard sciences present research findings in Visual forms.
10. Objectivity is to hard sciences; subjectivity is to soft sciences.
LESSON 5
Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Identify the word or phrase referred to by the following expressions.
1. A descriptive word for a topic useful to society’s progress
-Relevant
2. The effect of a topic you like so much or find close to your heart
-Determined
3. Topics appealing solely to a person’s thoughts and feelings
-Controversial/personal story
4. Topics needing an intensive reading in the library
-Hard to Investigate/Too narrow
5. A remedy against a very broad topic
-Narrow the topic to a smaller one
6. The effect of working on a vague or not-so-clear topic
-Prevent you from having a clear focus
7. The reason behind a topic hard to investigate
-Few readily available reading materials
8. Very easy research topics
-Arm chair research
9. Topics not needing factual data
-Too broad topics
10. An adjective for a topic attuned to current happenings
-Timely
Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Check the title that appears to be the best in terms of narrowing down a broad topic.
1. Symptoms of AIDS
Physical Symptoms of AIDS
√ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS

2. √ History of Traditional Grammar

History of American Traditional Grammar
Traditional Grammar

3. The Psychology of Reading

√ A Study of Human Behavior
Sensory Experience in Reading

4. World Ideologies
Feminism in the Digital Era
√ Feminism in Nick Joaquin’s Latest Novel

5. √ Communication Skills
The Writing Process
Pre-writing Strategies

6. War Among Nations

√ World War II
Japan’s Role in World War II

7. Hotel and Restaurant Management

 √ Food Serving Techniques
Russian-Plate Service

8. The University of the Philippines

The History of the University of the Philippines
√ The University of the Philippines in the 1960s

9. √ Philippine Transportation System

Metro Manila’s Transportation System
Manila’s LRT/MRT Systems

10. The Enactment of Laws in Congress

The Governing Bodies of the Philippines
√ The Congress of the Philippines

LESSON 6
Directions: Keeping in mind what you learned in this lesson, do the following with your partner.
1. On a piece of paper, make a list of some problems in your environment that need immediate solutions.
2.Choose one problem in the list. Based on this problem you selected, identify your research topic, give or describe the
justifications/reasons behind your decision to do a research work, and mention, too, the benefits and the beneficiaries of
your research work
3.Formulate one general or “mother” question to reflect your research problem or topic.
4.Banking on whatever background knowledge you have about your chosen topic, formulate five research questions or
sub-problems that are closely related to the general question.
LESSON 7
Directions: INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. Circle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. D
10. A
Directions: Explain each expression the way you understood them in relation to research.
1. Related Literature- This related literature consist of discussion and evidence that is
factual and linked to the present specific subject or associated studies and its useful
to study literature for research and tasks when making a list of notes and keywords.
2. Review of Related Literature- The research knowledge and findings of the existing
literature which are relevant to the subject are examined in the associated literature
or also known as RRL.
3. Traditional review of Literature- A traditional literature review is a comprehensive,
critical and objective analysis of the current knowledge on a topic. They play an
 essential role in the research process and help to develop a theoretical framework
and focus or context.

4. Systematic review of related literature- Research is identified, selected and critically

appraised in a systematic literature review (SLR). Prior to conducting the systematic
review, the review criteria should be clearly stated. Searching multiple databases and
grey literature in a transparent manner allows other researchers to duplicate and
reproduce the results.
5. Structure of literature review results- A literature review should be structured like any
other essay: it should have an introduction, a middle or main body, and a conclusion.

LESSON 8
Directions: Write the letter of the word or phrase in column B that corresponds in meaning to the expression in
column A.
A B
H 1. Theme or theory a. Some paragraphs but one article per par.
I 2. Wikipedia b. Lacking in well-learned ideas
G 3. Websites c. Comparing-contrasting two findings
F 4. HOTS d. Elicits opinions on the topic
B 5. Dump method e. Biographical list
A 6. Serial abstract f. Inferring, criticizing, applying, creating
C 7. Juxtaposing ideas g. Dependent on readers for its quality
D 8. Argumentative review h. Basis of linking authors’ ideas
E 9. Aquino (2018) suggested... i. Reading comprehension
J 10. Grey literature j. Thesis, dissertations, posters
k. Plain union of authors’

Activity: Modified True or False

Directions: Write T if the sentence is true and F, if it is false. Then, underline the part that makes the sentence false and
write the correct word/s on the line provided.
T 1. Doing a literature search alone proves that literature review writing is an interconnected
process.
T 2. Editing by readers contributes to the inferiority of Wikipedia as a source of information.
F 3. Much editing by readers happens in grey literature.
Wikipedia
F 4. Bibliographical list is not a good way to begin an article.
With Author’s name
F 5. A researcher is discouraged from using this opening: One study by (Lim, 2017) asserts
that...
Encouraged
T 6. Being an interconnected process, literature review stages affect one another.
T 7. HOTS take place extensively in Literature-review reading and writing.
T 8. Primary source is better than secondary source.
T 9. Similarly, also, on the other hand are good article openings.
T 10. You begin your review of related literature by peer-reviewed journals.
LESSON 9
Directions: Identify the citation style used; second, comment on the accuracy of each text based on what you
learned about in-text citation. Write your answers on the lines provided.
1. Many gave their comments about the medicinal powers of ampalaya. For instance, the latest study by
Santos and Gomez revealed that the juice of this vegetable can be a good cure against diabetes.
The information source reference provided was not verifiable because it did not include
a publication date, a book or source, and did not include the name of the person/people
cited. – APA Citation Style

2. De Jesus and Roces felt that one research study by (Collanto and Fernandez
p. 88) and Vallejo, 2015 validated Meneses findings on the Ebola virus.
I can say that the information does contain facts because there is a given citation or source
reference list that makes the work more well- organized and makes it look trustable.
– MLA Citation Style
3. A number of medicinal plants can be found in one’s family’s backyard. Fruit trees like santol, mango,
guava, tamarind, atis, and guyabano, among others, grow robustly in any spacious area in a yard.
Needing no regular watering, these plants always make themselves available to people believing in
their medicinal qualities. (Rafael Corpuz)
In the citation, there was no indication as to what year the reference was published. I'd
say that it's partly verifiable and partly not. – APA Citation Style

4. One study by Laguardia (2015) has identified the seven components of Intercultural competence that
according to Florentino (2015, p. 45) are likewise the leading elements of one “contemporary language
theory called Systemic Functional Grammar.”
I can say that the information does contain facts because there is a given citation or source
reference list that makes the work more well- organized and makes it look trustable.
– MLA Citation Style
5. According to William Smith, the K–12 curriculum is the key to the Philippines success in this era
of globalization. Agreeing on this, Mariano (2016) in his latest book said, “Any opposition
against the immediate implementation of K–12 curriculum must not be entertained by the
government agencies in charge of monitoring the operation of this educational program.”
The information source reference provided was not verifiable because it did not include
a publication date, a book or source, and did not include the name of the person/people
cited. – APA Citation Style

LESSON 10

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. C
 8. C
9. A
10. A

Directions: Answer the following questions intelligently and concisely.

1. In what way are the qualitative research designs also called qualitative research types?
-Similar to the way you can group usability testing methods, there are also a number of ways to segment qualitative methods.
A popular and helpful categorization separate qualitative methods into five groups: ethnography, narrative, phenomenological,
grounded theory, and case study.
2. Which aspect of your personality is significantly involved in designing a research study? Why?
-Being Determined and confident- this is involved in making a research study since once you finalize your methods and designs
implementing it in the real environment will take some justification and the researchers need to have confidence in their research that
it will actually be useful and will have a great result.
3. What comes to your mind when you think of the word “research design”?
-Research design is a procedure or method on how to collect and analyze the data to come up with valid, objective, accurate and
concise research results. Research design is a procedure or method on how to collect and analyze data in order to come up with valid,
objective, accurate and concise research results. For researchers, research design provides a blueprint for the entire study. In this way,
the researcher can easily conduct his or her investigation.
4. Are you going to work on old and new data in a grounded theory research design? Why? Why not?
-Researchers review the data collected, repeated ideas, concepts or elements become apparent, and are tagged with codes, which have
been extracted from the data, before presenting them to the public. As more data is collected and reviewed, codes can be grouped into
concepts, and then into categories.
5. In choosing historical design, what could prevent you from finishing your study?
-The student must select a historical design that will help him/her in his/her motivational studies.
-Avoid historical designs that are not able to inspire courage in the study of the subject.
-Must have a goal in mind to complete the course of study.
-Investigate the possible sources of study-inspiring material.
-Pay attention to the most important aspects of studying.
Many have been designed in the past that can inspire students to complete their studies. Students who are motivated to complete their
studies will benefit greatly from choosing the right historical design.
6. Could an impatient researcher prosper under a phenomenological research design? Why? Why not?
-This method of research requires dedication, time and effort on the part of the researcher, in this field of learning and research, a
researcher who is impatient is doomed to failure. A research that is phenomenological in nature requires a rational and analytical
approach.
7. If one teacher of yours requires you to do a research following the historical research design, would you fully agree
with him/her on such kind of study? Explain your answer.
-If a teacher asks you to do research using the historical research design, you should be completely on board with the type of study
that is being asked of you and agree to it. Following teachers' instructions can have a positive impact on your grades, your ability to
learn new material, and your ability to execute skills.
8. Does choosing which qualitative research design to follow demand a lot of HOTS? Give reasons for your answer.
-In order to rationally select the best qualitative research design for you or the group, you'll need higher-order thinking skills. Please
keep in mind that qualitative research is not as simple as you might think. In qualitative research, you need to consider the following
Research questions, Method of data collection, Your collection tools, Data analysis.
9. Do you know of one who has done a research based on one of the qualitative research designs?
-There are several clues in this abstract that this is a qualitative study, the study's goal was to learn more about the participants' lives,
open-ended interviews were conducted by the researchers. When reviewing the interviews, the researchers used thematic analysis.
10. If you were to conduct a study, on which qualitative research design would you like to base your research work?
Justify your point.
-Phenomenology is the Research Design on which I would like to base my work. Because Phenomenology is concerned with
comprehending human experiences. Also, because it only collects data through interviews.

LESSON 11
Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. On the line before each number, write the letter of the expression in the box that
corresponds to the expression outside the box.
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. F
5. J
6. G
7. I
8. D
9. H
10. E
Directions: Write P if the sentence talks about probability sampling; otherwise, write NP.
1. P
2. NP
3. P
4. P
5. P
6. NP
7. P
8. P
9. NP
10. NP

LESSON 12
Directions: Answer each question intelligently.
1. Why is the psychological process of sensation important in observation?
- Sensory organs register the physical stimulus, as well as its physical properties, in sensation. The majority of
psychologists believe that sensation is a crucial component of bottom-up processing. This means that sensation occurs
when information from the sensory organs is transmitted to the brain.

2. Are the two psychological processes, sensation and perception, important in observation? Why or why not?
 - Yes, because first and foremost, sensations are required to present information in a way that piques public interest.
That way, you'll be able to complete the process flawlessly. Sensations are clearly linked to the ability to see, hear, or
become aware of something through the senses (which is perception). It is also necessary to be in a state of being or to
go through the process of becoming aware of something through the senses.

3. Is it right that the other name of observation is behavioral archaeology? Prove your point.
- Behavioral archeology does not mean "observation" in the literal sense. Observation is a key factor in determining
how behavioral archeology works because it is a study of the relationship between human behavior.

4. How are the methods of observation different from each other?

- Direction observation with intervention can be done in three ways: participant observation, structured observation, and
field experiments.

5. Make an analogy between an NBI detective and observation.

- Observations are when we use our five senses to record a fact or occurrence. We make observations using our senses
of sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. You've probably come across the terms observation and inference several times
in statistics. Observation is the act of using one's senses to monitor something, such as objects, units, people, or
anything else. During this process, the observer remains at the survey site and observes the objects in question, taking
notes on his observations.

6. If you were to choose one data collecting technique, would you choose observation? Why or why not?
- Yes, because you can observe the data presented and have a better understanding of it.

7. Which type of observation are you going to choose? Explain your answer.
- Controlled/structured observation is my preferred method because the researcher determines where the observation
will take place, when it will take place, with whom it will be conducted, and under what conditions it will be conducted.
Each independent variable group is assigned at random to participants.

8. How relevant is observation to ethnography?

- Because ethnography has the potential to aid in the investigation of extremely complex or significant design issues. A
successful researcher is essential when studying and/or communicating with target groups in their natural settings.

9. Have you already done observation to be more knowledgeable about your surroundings? Explain your
answer.
- Yes, and I do it every time I visit a place I'm unfamiliar with.

10. Right now, which around you would you subject to observation? Give reasons for your answer.
Directions: Express your agreement or disagreement on each sentence. Justify your answer.
1. You may observe a group openly or secretly.
-Agree, you get to make the decision but for me I prefer openly

2. Interview can be a replacement for observation.

-Disagree, it is irreplaceable.

3. Observation can be enhanced by interviews.

-Agree

4. Hurting people is possible through observation.

-Disagree, observation has nothing to do with hurting people.
 5. You can both be objective and subjective in research.
-Agree

6. There is only one observation method.

-Disagree, in observational research there are three different types of method

7. The basis of all research types is observation.

-Disagree, there are many possible bases

8. Secondary data is supremely important in observation.

-Agree, secondary data allows you to expand on previous research, resulting in more accurate results.

9. You can use covert observation in both observation types.

-Agree

10. You can go covert and overt in all observation types.

-Agree

Directions: Which among these topics can lend itself to observation technique?
Explain your choice.
1. K-12 Goals, Theories, and Methodologies
2. Historical Development of Cell Phones
3. Philippine Bridges in Metro Manila
4. Shoe Styles of UST Freshmen Architectural Students
5. Human Respiratory System
6. First Friday Mass with Quiapo Devotees
7. Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils
8. Molecular Contents of Water
9. Uniform Wearing by All Divisoria Vendors
10. Dirty Ice Cream Selling at UST Campus
Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils
-Bullying among students affects not only their academic performance but also their mental health and physical well-being. It's
possible that the bullying refers to being "picked on" by others. It refers to a variety of threats, harassments, abuse, ill-treatments, and
victimization that occur on a regular basis.

LESSON 13
Directions: Read through the text then, fill in the blanks with the correct answers.
1. A research consists of a set of questions that is prepared by the researcher before having an
interview with the interviewee. Answering the questions with open-ended questions makes the question fit
for unstructured interview. On the other hand, answering them with facts makes the questionnaire good
for structured interview.
2. Refusal to let others know of one’s answer is the reason behind the holding of answers but
agreeing with others on their answers to questions is one disadvantage of open question . These
 two interview approaches, Individual interview and group interview, are different from the mediated
interview approach in that, this last approach makes use of communication devices. Involving at the
same time a group of respondents makes the mediated approach, work/effective; having just one
respondents separately from each other, makes it better.

Directions: Without going back to the reading material about Interview, and by using your own words, compare and
contrast the following:

1. Structured interview vs. unstructured interview

- A structured interview is one in which the information is gathered through the use of a set of standardized and
predetermined questions. An unstructured interview, on the other hand, is one in which the data-gathering process does not
rely on a set of predetermined questions.

2. Factual answers vs. opinionated answers

- Both factual and opinionated responses are based on previously established facts, statements, or evidence. Factual answers,
on the other hand, are limited to the what, when, where, why, and how of a particular situation, whereas opinionated
answers, while similar to factual answers, contain the writer's own opinion.

3. Objective vs. subjective question

- Students must choose a response from a list of options or provide a single word or short phrase in response to objective
questions, there is only one correct answer. Subjective question types enable students to compose an original response in
their own words.

4. Sample vs. population

- The entire group about which you wish to draw conclusions is referred to as a population. A sample is a subset of the
population from which you will gather information. The sample size is never greater than the population's total size. In
research, the term "population" does not always mean "people."

5. Synchronous vs. asynchronous mediated interview

-Synchronous online interviews are the most similar to traditional interviews, as a result the interview is taking place in real
time. Asynchronous interviews, on the other hand, do not take place in real time. Emails, discussion boards, and listserv
environments are used in these interviews.

6. Closed questions vs. open-ended questions

-Open-ended questions are those that allow the respondent to provide a free-form response. Closed-ended questions have a
limited set of possible answers, such as A, B, C, or All of the Above, and can be answered with "Yes" or "No."

7. Group interview vs. focus group interview

- In group interviews, a single interviewer interviews a group of people or a panel of interviewers interviews one person.
The primary distinction is that focus groups are used for market research while group interviews are used for job interviews.

8. Postal questionnaire vs. self-administered questionnaire

- This form of quantitative data gathering involves sending paper questionnaires by post to potential participants,
who then complete the surveys themselves and return them by post to a survey company. Questionnaires can be
self-administered or administered by others. It is called self-administered since the respondents fill it out
themselves, without an interviewer.
 9. Schedule vs. questionnaire
- A questionnaire is a data collection technique that consists of a series of written questions with multiple options for
answers. Schedule is given a formalized set of questions, statements, and spaces for answers, which they use to ask
questions of the respondents and record their responses.

10. Self-introduction questions vs. interview proper questions

- The self-introduction is a type of icebreaker: a get-to-know-you exercise for kicking off conversations. "Describe one or
two things that are most important to you in life," and "Why did you decide to move to where you live now?" are two other
icebreaker questions.
-An interview is a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to find out if they are suitable for a job or a
course of study

LESSON 14

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer

1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. C

6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. A
Directions: Check the sentence that expresses what is true about qualitative data analysis.
x 1. It is a time-saving analysis of data.
√ 2. Its unit of analysis is large language structures like paragraphs.
√ 3. It centers its analysis on opinionated knowledge.
x 4. It is prone to examining numbers.
√ 5. It cannot use data matrices.
√ 6. It examines verbal language as well as non-verbal language.
√ 7. It puts into codes abstract qualities of people.
√ 8. It analyzes data first before it collects them.
√ 9. Exempted from qualitative-data analysis are prose and non-prose materials.
x 10. Coding is not for numerical data.
LESSON 15
Directions: Answer each question intelligently.
1. Give the connection between conclusion and data analysis results.
- A scientific research process requires both data and conclusions. Data is the outcome of testing when conducting a
study or experiment. Your interpretation of the data is your conclusion.

2. Why should the conclusion section be the final part of your paper?
- The conclusion is an important part of the paper because it gives the reader closure while also reminding them of the
paper's contents and significance. It does so by taking a step back from the details and looking at the document as a
whole.

3. How do you determine the validity of evidence to back up your conclusion?

- The purpose of analysis is to determine the relationship between the parts of a whole in order to determine their
meaning, function, and nature.

4. How can drawing conclusions improve your logical thinking?

- Drawing conclusions is an appropriate expression because, when thinking critically, concluding often entails mapping
out data and visualizing it. You analyze and weigh the data, information, and sources you have to support action when
drawing conclusions.

5. What is falsified evidence?

- False evidence, also known as fabricated evidence, forged evidence, or tainted evidence, is information that has been
created or obtained illegally in order to sway a court's decision. Falsified evidence can be created by either side in a
case, or by a sympathizer on either side.

6. In what way do your conclusions appear unbelievable?

- When it's more exaggerated and hard to believe

7. Would you rather avoid revealing the findings of your paper that run counter to previous research findings
than discuss them extensively with others? Why? Why not?
- I'd rather talk about it with others because I'd rather tell the truth, even if it's not the answer I was looking for.

8. In research, what conclusion sounds detrimental or damaging to others?

- You can introduce noise into studies where you're evaluating a program by having treatment implementation that isn't
reliable. A threat to conclusion validity is something that can cause you to draw the wrong conclusion about a
relationship based on your observations. When it comes to relationships, there are two types of mistakes you can make:
Conclude that there is no relationship when there is (you missed or didn't see the relationship). The degree to which the
conclusions we reach about relationships in our data are reasonable is known as conclusion validity. For example, if
we're conducting research on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and attitudes toward capital
punishment, we'd like to come to a conclusion.

9. Are you playing the role of a debater in writing the conclusion of your paper? Justify your point.
- Yes, because the debater is in charge of the entire conclusion

10. How could you help your classmates create a good conclusion section of their paper?
LESSON 16

Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer

 1. A
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C
Directions: Answer each question intelligently and concisely.
1. Describe a successful reporting or sharing of your findings.
- A successful reporting or sharing of your own findings requires that the person you will interview or report to have
that much information so that the person with whom you will share the information understands it. That much
information is also required for your report to add up.
2. How can your readers get an understanding of all important aspects of your research paper in
a short period of time?
- The title should catch the reader's attention and briefly summarize the content of the article. Keywords and a
summary Select the keywords that best describe your work. Introduction. Section for Experiments Results.
Conclusions and further discussion References/Bibliography.

3. How does citation happen in APA and MLA referencing styles?

- Each citation includes the author's name, publication date, and, if applicable, a page reference; The format of
parenthetical citations is correct; The block-quotation format is used for longer quotations.

4. Explain the types of MLA documentary notes.

- The Modern Language Association (MLA) sets standards for citing sources in a research paper. For citing sources, the
MLA citation style employs a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system: Citations in a paper's text refer to
the alphabetical list of references. Works at the end of the paper, there is a list of references.

5. Describe the link between the APA citation and the reference list.
- Citation is a method of indicating that a quote, image, chart, statistics, or other item was obtained from a third-party
source within the main body of the text. A reference list is a list of all the sources that were used to research or cite the
article or assignment. It is the primary source of information for the readers.

6. Are bibliography and references the same? Why or why not?

- Sources that have been directly cited in your paper are included in the references. Bibliographies, on the other hand,
list all of the sources you used for your paper, whether or not they were cited directly. In a bibliography, you should list
all of the sources you used to write your paper.
7. Is a bibliography or reference list absolutely required in each referencing system? Justify your
answer.
- A bibliography is a detailed list of all references cited in your work, as well as any background readings or other
material you may have read but did not cite. Depending on the course, a reference list, a bibliography, or both may be
required.

8. What is common knowledge in relation to referencing your research?

- It is not necessary to cite common knowledge because it is widely accepted and known: Easily verifiable facts When
you're researching a subject, you'll notice that the same facts keep cropping up. You're working on a paper about nuclear
 power, for example.

9. What comes to your mind about research papers and academic books with no bibliography or
reference list?
- The bibliography is located at the end of the document. A bibliography entry's main purpose is to give credit to
authors whose work you used in your research. It also allows a reader to learn more about your topic by looking into
the research you conducted for your paper.
10. How do you prove your appreciation for the authors’ expertise and honesty in relation to your
research study?
-The bibliography is located at the end of the document. A bibliography entry's main purpose is to give credit to
authors whose work you used in your research. It also allows a reader to learn more about your topic by looking into
the research you conducted for your paper.

Directions: The following are pieces of information about each reading material. Examine each set of data. If
each group is correctly written, put a check mark before it; otherwise, rewrite the whole thing correctly on
the lines provided below.
√ 1. Regalado, Willy P. Electrical Gadgets, 4th edition: 2017. Manila Publishing House.
√ 2. Miranda, Elena F. “Philippine Board Licensure Exams” Baguio Chronicle, Baguio City:
Pines City Press, Vol. XXII, pp. 30–37, 7 November 2016.
√ 3. Legarda, O. P. 2016. The essence of being an environmentalist. Manila: Rex Publishing
Company.
√ 4. Rimando, H. M. Communicative Competence vs. Linguistic Competence. Pasig City: SM
Publications, 2017.
√ 5. Alacala, N. A., Banez, V. L., Paras, J. P., Lizardo, B. O., and Lim,
D. C. People’s retirement period. Quezon City: UST Publishing House