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AGRIVITA
Journal of Agricultural Science
www.agrivita.ub.ac.id
Cite this as: Badrudin, U., Jazilah, S., & Prakoso, B. (2022). The effect of soil submersion and conditioner materials on
residual organophosphate pesticides in soil and shallot bulbs. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(1), 1-10.
http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v41i0.1291
2
exchange capacity (CEC), and disturbance of soil submersion and the use of soil conditioner
aeration. In addition, improper usage of pesticides materials. Before planting, submersion of the
generates environmental pollution and causes cultivated soil could decrease residual pesticides in
pesticide residues in soils and agricultural products the ground (Ogolla et al., 2016). In addition, the soil
(Aktar, Sengupta, & Chowdhury, 2009; Bagali, conditioner materials improve the characteristics of
Patil, Chimmad, Patil, & Patil, 2012). Application the soil physically, chemically, and biologically and
of inorganic fertilizers that are not based on soil reduce the soil degradation resulting from the use of
properties and plant nutrient requirements neither fertilizers and pesticides irrationally (Akbar Basri et
improve soil health nor replace organic matters lost al., 2013; Jemal & Abebe, 2016).
during cultivation (Hernández, Chocano, Moreno, & According to Shahraki, Ganjali, & Javadzadeh
García, 2016). (2017), organic manure is numerous. It improves the
Boulange, Thuyet, Jaikaew, Ishihara, & behaviors of several elements in soils through active
Watanabe (2016) affirm that in fields where crop groups (fulvic and humic acids) that retain the details
rotation is practiced, the residues of pesticides in complex chelate forms. Organic amendments
applied to the previous crop might be taken up by increase soil pH and reduce exchangeable acidity;
the following crop depending on the persistence exchangeable aluminum and exchangeable iron
and uptake characteristics. Pesticides have been altered soil chemical properties in a way that
commonly used in agriculture since the second enhances the availability of phosphorus (Ch’ng,
half of the twentieth century (Pivato et al., 2015). Ahmed, & Ab. Majid, 2014). It increases nutrient
However, the widespread use of pesticides has content in the soil and positively influences soil and
resulted in drifting, leaching, and running off of microorganisms’ physical and chemical properties to
pesticides from target crops to off-target areas, encourage their life (Bonanomi et al., 2020; Lasmini,
adversely impacting the environment (Afari-Sefa, Kusuma, Santoso, & Abadi, 2015). Moreover, Ayeni
Asare-Bediako, Kenyon, & Micah, 2015). (2011) and Yoldas, Ceylan, Mordogan, & Esetlili
In general, farmers sprayed pesticides (2011) stated that organic fertilizers contained plant
intensively during the cultivation of the crops. nutrients and enhanced soil productivity. However,
Badrudin, Suryotomo, & Prakoso (2015) find that Melese, Yli-halla, & Yitaferu (2015) find that manure
Chlorpyrifos residual pesticides in the soils have application in acid soil do not increase plant height,
been detected and in the shallot bulbs are above dry shoot biomass, and P uptake of wheat. Zeolites
the maximum residue levels of pesticides. It is due are excellent carriers, stabilizers, and regulators
to farmers spraying the crops with mixed pesticides of mineral fertilizers. The zeolites enable better
(Triwidodo, 2020) every 2 or 3 days. Pathak, plant growth, improve the efficiency of nitrogen and
Solanki, Renuka, & Kundu (2016) confirm that potassium fertilizers, improve water infiltration and
total concentrations of Organochlorine pesticide retention, crop yield, retain nutrients for long-term
(OCP) residues in vegetables ranged from 0.31 to use by plants. It improves soil quality, reduces loss
109.03 μg/kg (wet weight). All samples have some of nutrients, helps absorb toxic metals from the
contamination of 1 or more OCP residues. Mean soil, and makes them less available for uptake and
concentrations of DDT, HCH, endosulfan, Aldrin, accumulation in crops (Safiul Azam et al., 2013;
and dieldrin over all vegetables are 27.01 ± 2.67, Soltys, Mironyuk, Tatarchuk, & Tsinurchyn, 2020).
23.13 ± 3.92, 9.97 ± 1.83, 1.43 ± 0.79, and 1.06 ± Zeolite has a beneficial effect on the content of
0.37 μg/kg (wet weight), respectively. The maximum total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and phosphorus
OCP residue accumulation is in root vegetables, in the above-ground parts of spring rapeseed
followed by leafy and fruit vegetables. Levels of OCP (Radziemska & Mazur, 2017). Moreover, Rehan
residues are below the recommended maximum et al. (2017) state that catalytic features of zeolites
residue levels set by the European Commission such as microporous structure and the high surface
and Indian government except for classes for area improve plant growth and yield.
dieldrin, making the vegetables unsafe for human The purpose of this study is to determine
consumption. pesticide residues in the soil and shallot bulbs after
Technologies to improve soil health and submerging the soils for 12 hours or 24 hours and
environment quality need to be found. Two of applying chicken litters or zeolite in the ground
the technologies that could be applied are soil before planting.
3
under the amount of available water and pesticide nature of zeolite played a vital role in thermal
concentration. Moreover, Motoki, Iwafune, Seike, cracking reactions by adsorbing selective larger
Otani, & Akiyama (2015) stated that some pesticides hydrocarbon chain molecules and other impurities to
absorbed into soil particles could be eluted into produce improved quality liquid soil. The catalyst’s
soil water. El-Saeid & Selim (2016) noted that the surface area and pore volume could be increased
reduction of pesticide residues was influenced significantly by chemical treatment such as acid
by several factors, including the mechanical and leaching or thermal activation to enhance further
physical treatments such as washing activities with its catalytic functions (Sriningsih et al., 2014).
water that might result in the removal of pesticide The amendments were necessary to optimize soil
residues due to the dissolution. The soil conditioner productivity (Kavitha & Sujatha, 2015).
materials improved the health and quality of the soils
The soil amendment such as soil conditioner
in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological
could be organic matter and zeolite. Organic
properties.
fertilizers could improve soil physical properties,
According to Pérez-Lucas, Vela, Escudero,
water holding capacity, and organic carbon content.
Navarro, & Navarro (2017), the addition of organic
In addition, it supplied good quality of nutrients
wastes significantly increased the sorption of the
(Ayeni & Adetunji, 2010; Lasmini, Kusuma,
studied pesticides. The addition of organic fertilizers
Santoso, & Abadi, 2015). Natural zeolites were
improved soil structure and enhanced the activities
alumina-silicates complex structured minerals
of helpful soil organisms (Seran, Srikrishnah, &
containing several earth metals such as Na, Ca, K,
Ahamed, 2010). Furthermore, Minardi, Haniati, &
Mg, and Fe (Nizami et al., 2016; Rabai, Ahmed, &
Nastiti (2020) stated that adding zeolite had the
Kasim, 2012), as adsorbents and ion exchangers,
best improvement on soil chemical properties,
remove heavy metals (Latosińska, 2016). As a soil
soil organic matter, and pH. Zeolite improved the
amendment, zeolite had beneficial effects on the
soil chemical adsorption power and decreased the
growth and yield of crops (Safiul Azam et al., 2013;
groundwater contamination risk. The microporous
Theofanoudis, Petropoulos, & Antoniadis, 2015).
Table 1. The analysis results of the pesticide residues with the type of organophosphate in the soil
Organophosphate (ppm)
Treatments
Dia MRL Fen MRL Met MRL Mal MRL Chl MRL Par MRL Pro MRL
PITI - - - - - - 0.047 - - - - - - -
PIT2 - - - - - - 0.039 - - - - - - -
P2TI - - - - - - 0.044 - - - - - - -
P2T2 - - - - - - 0.050 - - - - - - -
Remarks: Dia: Diazinon, Fen: Fenitrothion, Met: Metidation, Mal: Malathion, Chl: Chlorpyrifos, Par: Paration, Pro:
Profenofos, MRL: Maximum Residual Limit, P1: soil submersion for 12 hours, P2: soil submersion for 24 hours, T1: soil
conditioner of chicken manure, T2: soil conditioner of zeolite, -: not detected
Table 2. The analysis results of the pesticide residues with the type of organophosphate in the soil and bulb
of farmer in Brebes district in 2015
Organophosphate (ppm)
Sample
Diazinon Malathion Chlorphyrifos Profenofos
Soil 0.011 0.136 0.194 0.056
Bulbs 0.042 0.027 0.055 -
Remarks: Source: Badrudin & Suryotomo (2015)
5
Pesticide Residues in Bulbs Andrade et al. (2015) reported that leaching was
Laboratory analysis of the residues of more effective on water-soluble pesticides. Residual
organophosphate pesticides in shallot bulbs diflubenzuron was the lowest since it was more
indicated that most pesticide residue values were soluble in the water than the other pesticides.
still below the maximum residue limits of pesticides The application of chicken manure possibly
(Table 3). Badrudin, Suryotomo, & Prakoso (2015) reduced environmental pollution (Ali et al., 2018).
find that pesticide residues, especially active The farm manure treatments lowered DDT residues
ingredients from the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, than that of samples without fertilizer. The addition of
in bulbs of shallots are above the maximum residue corn straw and farm manure increased soil organic
limits. The value of pesticide residues below the matter content and decreased the soil pH, retard the
maximum residue limits might result from synthetic degradation of DDT in the soil (Wang et al., 2006).
pesticides not applied during shallot cultivation. Previous researchers found that 50-100 ton manure
During the cultivation of shallot, only preventive per ha reduced Atrazine, HO-Atrazine, Propachlor,
measures were used against the potential presence and HOpropachlor (Doyle, Kaufman, & Burt, 1978).
of pests and diseases of the shallot crops, namely De Smedt, Ferrer, Leus, & Spanoghe (2015)
light traps, material feeder (sex pheromones), reported that zeolite had a high affinity to pesticides
and glue traps. Furthermore, the emerging pests and acted as an absorbent of residual pesticide
were controlled mechanically by taking the pests in wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, Pucarevic,
manually. Stojic, & Kuzmanovski (2017) said zeolite is alumina
Submersion of soil will leach some soil silicates with very high adsorption capacity and
content. Satpathy, Tyagi, & Gupta (2012) say that good catalytical characteristics with good chemical
leaching could reduce residual pesticides such as and thermal stability.
malathion, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos. In addition,
Table 3. The analysis results of the pesticide residues with the type of organophosphate in the shallot bulbs
Organophosphate (ppm)
Treatments
Dia MRL Fen MRL Met MRL Mal MRL Chl MRL Par MRL Pro MRL
B1PITI 0.084 0.5 0.034 0.05 0.029 0.2 0.242 0.5 0.033 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 0.013 0.05*
B1PIT2 0.054 0.5 <0.0100 0.05 0.010 0.2 0.084 0.5 0.020 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 <0.0101 0.05*
B1P2TI 0.091 0.5 0.017 0.05 0.065 0.2 0.159 0.5 0.018 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 <0.0101 0.05*
B1P2T2 0.061 0.5 0.015 0.05 0.012 0.2 0.123 0.5 0.020 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 0.01 0.05*
B2PITI 0.043 0.5 0.013 0.05 0.015 0.2 0.137 0.5 0.028 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 0.011 0.05*
B2PIT2 0.101 0.5 0.014 0.05 0.059 0.2 0.114 0.5 0.034 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 0.019 0.05*
B2P2TI 0.072 0.5 0.011 0.05 0.017 0.2 0.099 0.5 0.023 0.05 <0.0101 0.7 <0.0101 0.05*
B2P2T2 0.104 0.5 0.013 0.05 0.024 0.2 0.233 0.5 0.076 0.05 0.012 0.7 0.017 0.05*
Remarks: Dia: Diazinon, Fen: Fenitrothion, Met: Metidation, Mal: Malathion, Chl: Chlorpyrifos, Par: Paration, Pro:
Profenofos, MRL: Maximum Residual Limit, B1: drying of tubers for 3 days, B2: drying of tubers for 7 days, P1:
submersion of soil for 12 hours, P2: submersion of soil for 24 hours, T1: soil conditioner of chicken manure, T2: soil
conditioner of zeolit, *: the Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation
6
Applying synthetic pesticides to control pests Afari-Sefa, V., Asare-Bediako, E., Kenyon, L., & Micah, J. A.
and diseases during plants cultivation would leave (2015). Pesticide use practices and perceptions
residues on the plants, have adverse effects on of vegetable farmers in the cocoa belts of
human health, and disturb the ecosystem (Ahmed, the Ashanti and Western Regions of Ghana.
Advances in Crop Science and Technology,
Randhawa, Yusuf, & Khalid, 2011; Aktar, Sengupta,
3(3), 1000174. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-
& Chowdhury, 2009). After harvesting, the bulbs were 8863.1000174
dried. The drying could reduce pesticide residues
in the bulbs due to evaporation, hydrolysis, and Ahmed, A., Randhawa, M. A., Yusuf, M. J., & Khalid,
chemical degradation (Amvrazi, 2011). Moreover, N. (2011). Effect of processing on pesticide
Akogbéto, Djouaka, & Kindé-Gazard (2006) said residues in food crops - A review. Journal of
Agricultural Research, 49(3), 379–390. Re-
that solid sunrays degraded insecticide residues
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generated by agricultural practices. However, the upload/1374741403 _92_543__2931 --4013-
value of pesticide residue of chlorpyrifos was 0.076 1_%2810%29.pdf
ppm. It was above the maximum residue limits
(MRL) of pesticides which were 0.05 ppm. The Akbar Basri, M. H., Abdu, A., Jusop, S., Ahmed, O. H.,
areas surrounding the research had been cultivated Abdul-Hamid, H., Kusno, M.-A., … Junejo, N.
conventionally. Most farmers applied synthetic (2013). Effects of mixed organic and inorganic
fertilizers application on soil properties and
pesticides during shallot cultivation. Amilia, Joy,
the growth of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
& Sunardi (2016) and Sharma, Peshin, Shankar, cultivated on bris soils. American Journal of
Kaul, & Sharma (2015) stated that the pesticide Applied Sciences, 10(12), 1586–1597. https://
residues that remained in the soil resulted from doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2013.1586.1597
direct pesticides usage. The pesticide residues
could be carried away by the flow of water, wind, or Akogbéto, M. C., Djouaka, R. F., & Kindé-Gazard, D.
air to other areas and crops. A. (2006). Screening of pesticide residues
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It can be concluded that submersion of soil Aktar, W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact
12 to 24 hours and applying organic fertilizer and of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits
zeolite before planting reduced pesticide residues and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(1),
in the soil and bulbs of shallot. Pesticides residue in 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-
the treated soils only malathion was detected and 7
other pesticides not detected; residual pesticides on
Ali, M., Khan, N., Khan, A., Ullah, R., Naeem, A., Khan, M.
bulbs of shallot harvested from treated soils were
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The authors would like to thank the Directorate
of Research and Community Service (The Ministry Amilia, E., Joy, B., & Sunardi. (2016). Residu pestisida
of Research, Technology and Higher Education), pada tanaman hortikultura (Studi kasus di Desa
which funded the research project. Cihanjuang Rahayu Kecamatan Parongpong
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