HONEY GRACE L.

LEMORENAS

FIRST YEAR COLLEGE

BSBA

GE 2

READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES HISTORY

SIR RENZ RAHNEE INOCILLASS

A. TRUE OR FALSE. Write true if the statement is true. Otherwise, write false in the
space provided.

FALSE . 1. Non-written documents are not useful as primary sources in conducting

historical research.

EXPLANATION:

Non- written documents still serve as evidence. They are still important as much as the
recorder document such as interviews, photograph, and so on.

FALSE . 2. The assassination of ninoy Aquino is an important historical event that

fueled people’s anger and condemnation of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos.

EXPLANATIOM:

Although Marcos was officially declared the winner of the election, widespread
allegation of fraud and illegal tampering on Marco’s behalf are created with sparking the
people power revolution. which resulted in Marcos fleeing the country and conceding
the presidency to Mrs Aquino.

TRUE . 3. Apolinario Mabini penned the “ Kartilya ng katipunan”

EXPLANATION:

Magellan and his fleet receive a warm welcome from all of the chieftains and local
leaders in Philippine island. The American radically altered the social structure in the
Philippines after they took over from Spain in terms of socioeconomic equality.
 TRUE . 4. Magellan and his fleet receive a warm welcome from all of the chieftains
and local leaders in Philippine island.

EXPLANATION:

YES he did, but his religious zeal of subjugating the chieftains and insisting on baptising
them to be, Christian and immediately cast their own belief away, resulted in a pointless
skirmish in which Magellan and 45 of his crew were killed.

FALSE . 5. The Americans radically altered the social structure in the Philippines
after they took over from Spain in terms of socioeconomic equality.

EXPLANATION:

The US sent doctors and teachers along with its soldiers but no attempt to reorder
Philippine society was undertaken. The Tagalogs of the Manila district remained the
ruling class as they continued to be right up until the advent of Duterte, former long-term
mayor of Davao City on the island of Mindanao. The norte americanos brought the
Remingtons and the Springfields and the Krags and the Garand later on, but there was
no basic reform. The old municipal set up was followed; election was instituted but the
surviving ilustrado controlled the votes. As late as 1950s, believe me when I tell you,
100 percent of one town voted (it seems so) to one candidate, giving zero to the other
(opponent). The Court overturned the vote on the grounds of statistical improbability.
See? Lands of the Friars were distributed, yes (bought from the Friars) but it was
distributed not to the poor via land reform but to the (of course) rich whose grandsons
and granddaughters are in the Congress warbling fine tunes of democracy and human
rights. See? Forget all this mantra of US brining the concept of equality (socio or not). It
did not exists in the norte american lands, how can they bring it to Pinas? But grant (be
fair) that the norte americanos taught us to read, rite and to rithmetic and also ice cream
and movies. Radically altered what? Nothing much except elections mostly we Pinoys
can easily rig, mastered by the late Marcos.
 FALSE . 6. The “proclamation of Philippine independence” reflect the social and
economic discontent of the masses about land ownership and other agrarian issues.

EXPLANATION

The enmity between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio did not affect how the former's
revolutionary government credited Bonifacio to the beginnings of the Philippine
Revolution. The most significant achievement of Aguinaldo's Dictatorial Government
was the proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898.
The day was declared a national holiday. Thousands of people from the provinces
gathered in Kawit to witness the historic event. The ceremony was solemnly held at the
balcony of General Emilio Aguinaldo's residence. The military and civil officials of the
government were in attendance.

TRUE . 7. The enmity between Aguinaldo and bonifacio did not affect how the former’s
revolutionary government credited bonifacio to the beginnings of the Philippine
revolution.

EXPLANATION

the revolutionary really credited and that is as it said the beginning

TRUE 8. Corazon Aquino did not want to forge alliance with the united state
because the latter was a known important all of marcos

EXPLANATION

Corazon Aquino was swept into the presidency by the February 1986 "People's Power"
uprising amid high expectations that she would be able to right all of the wrongs in the
Philippine body politic. It soon became evident, however, that her goals were essentially
limited to restoring democratic institutions. She renounced the dictatorial powers that
she had inherited from President Ferdinand E. Marcos and returned the Philippines to
the rule of law, replacing the Marcos constitution with a democratic, progressive
document that won overwhelming popular approval in a nationwide plebiscite, and
scheduling national legislative and local elections. [Source: Library of Congress *]

The new constitution, ratified in 1987, gives the Philippines a presidential system of
government similar to that of the United States. The constitution provides the checks
and balances of a three-branch government. It provider for the presidency; a two-house
Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives; and an independent judiciary
capped by the Supreme Court. The constitution also provides for regular elections and
contains a bill of rights guaranteeing the same political freedoms found in the United
States Constitution. Fueled by a constitutionally guaranteed free and open press, the
freewheeling political life that had existed before the martial law period (1972-81) soon
resumed. But most of the political problems, including widespread corruption, human
rights abuses, and inequitable distribution of wealth and power, remained.

TRUE 9. The conservative attitude of the youth toward sexuality did not change since
the Spanish period until the 1930s.

EXPLANATION

Sexuality in the Philippines encompasses sexual behavior, sexual practices, and sexual

activities exhibited by men and women of the Philippines past and the present. It
covers courtship strategies for attracting partners for physical and emotional intimacy,
sexual contact, sexual reproduction, building a family, and other forms of individual
interactions or interpersonal relationships, as set and dictated by their culture and
tradition, religion, beliefs, values and moral convictions, psychology, foreign influences,
and other related factors.

FALSE 10. The forces of Magellan were successful in defeating and conquering Lapu
lapu.

EXPLANATION

The warriors of Lapulapu, one of the Datus of Mactan, overpowered and defeated a

Spanish force fighting for Rajah Humabon of Cebu under the command of Portuguese
explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who was killed in the battle.

B. Critical Essay. Identify a primary source in the Philippine history from

the examples provided in this chapter. Write an essay discussing (1)
importance of the text, (2) background o f t h e t e x t ’ s a u t h o r , ( 3 ) c o n t e x t o f
 t h e d o c u m e n t , a n d ( 4 ) t h e t e x t ’ s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o understanding
Philippine history.

El Filibusterismo is one of the primary sources in Philippine history. It is

important asthis novel defends Filipino people from foreign accusations of
foolishness and lack ofknowledge and it shows how the Filipino people live
during Spanish colonial periodand the cries and woes of his countrymen
against abusive officials. It is written byJosé Protasio Rizal Mercado y
Alonso Realonda who was a Filipino nationalist andpolymath during the
tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines and tagged as
the national hero of the Philippines. El Filibusterismo was written about fouryears
after Noli. In it Rizal reveals a more mature and less hopeful outlook
regardingt h e p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . T h e
f r u s t r a t i o n s h e h a d experienced in his efforts toward social reform in
those years account for the book'sgraver tone.El Filibusterismo serves as an
inspiration to the Filipino people. It brings a profoundeffect on Philippine
society in terms of views about national identity, the Catholic faithand its
influence on Filipino's choice, and the government's issues of
corruption,abuse, and discrimination, and on a larger scale, the issues
related to the effect ofcolonization on people's lives and the cause for
independence. The book awakenedthe Filipinos in the past and is still
awakening the Filipinos of today, to fight for whatwe believe is right. We
may not be the victor always in every battle but the most important is,
we continue to fight until our very last breath, just like Rizal.

C. Group Work. Following primary sources: (1) The Laguna Copper Plate
Inscription; (2) The Poem, “Ang Pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa” by Andres Bonifacio;
(3) the declaration of martial law in 1972 by Ferdinand marcos ; (4) the speech
of KALIBAPI Acting Director Camilo Osias on 7 December 1943; and (5) the
1935 constitution

1. ) The Laguna copperplate inscription (Tagalog: Kasulatang tansong

natagpuan sa Laguna) is an official document, more precisely
an acquittance, inscribed in the Shaka year 822 (Gregorian A.D. 900). It is the
earliest known calendar-dated document used within the Philippine Islands. [1]
 The plate was found in 1989 by a labourer near the mouth of the Lumbang River in
Wawa, Lumban, Laguna in the Philippines. The inscription was written in Old
Malay using the Kawi script with Sanskrit and Old Javanese influences. After it was
found, the text was first translated in 1991 by Antoon Postma,[2] a Dutch anthropologist
and Hanunó'o script researcher.[1]
The inscription documents the existence and names of several surrounding states as of
A.D. 900, such as the Tagalog city-state of Tondo.[1] Some historians suggest that this
implies economic, cultural, and political connections between these states, as well as
with the contemporaneous Medang Kingdom in Java for its explicit mention.[1]

2. )Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang lupa (English Translation: Love for One's Homeland) is

a poem written by hero Andres Bonifacio. The said poem was published in the
first issue of Kalayaan. The poem exhorted Filipinos to join the crusade to
achieve real Philippine independence. Bonifacio used the initials "A.I.B." that
stands for Agapito Bagumbayan, Bonifacio's pseudonym along with the poem
"Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog", another piece written by Bonifacio, according
to historian Jim Richardson
3. ) At 7:15 pm on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced
on television that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law.
[1][2]
 This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one-man rule which would
effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 24, 1986. [3]
[4]
 Even though the formal document proclaiming martial law – Proclamation No.
1081, which was dated September 21, 1972 – was formally lifted on January 17,
1981, Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator until he was
ousted.[5][6]
While the period of Philippine history in which Ferdinand Marcos was in power actually
began seven years earlier, when he was first inaugurated president of the Philippines in
late 1965,[7] this article deals specifically with the period where he exercised dictatorial
powers under martial law,[1] and the period in which he continued to wield those powers
despite technically lifting the proclamation of martial law in 1981. [8][9]
When he declared the martial law in 1972, Marcos claimed that he had done so in
response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of
the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Mindanao Independence
Movement (MIM). Opposition figures of the time, such as Lorenzo Tañada, Jose
Diokno, and Jovito Salonga, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them
as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his tenure beyond the two
presidential terms allowed by the 1935 Constitution. [citation needed]
After Marcos was ousted, government investigators discovered that the declaration of
martial law had also allowed the Marcoses to hide secret stashes of unexplained wealth
which various courts[5][better source needed] later determined to be "of criminal origin". [10]
[better source needed]

This 14-year period in Philippine history is remembered for the administration's record
of human rights abuses,[11][12] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists,
[13][better source needed]
 journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against
 the Marcos dictatorship.[citation needed] Based on the documentation of Amnesty
International, Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and similar human rights
monitoring entities,[14] historians believe that the Marcos dictatorship was marked by
3,257 known extrajudicial killings,[14][additional citation(s) needed] 35,000 documented tortures, 77
'disappeared', and 70,000 incarcerations.

4. ) Speech delivered by the Acting Director General of the Kalibapi Camilo

Osias, over Station PIAM, in connection with the first anniversary of the
Kalibapi, Manila, December 7, 1943:

Tomorrow the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or the Kalibapi for short,

will be exactly a year old, for it was on December 8, 1942, that the Association was
inaugurated. It is only meet and proper that on the eve of its first anniversary we pause
awhile to ponder upon the significance of its establishment and take stock of its
achievements as a popular agency in the promotion of the general welfare and in the
pursuit of our national ideals.

The Kalibapi was born of a dire need for creating a new Philippines out of the ruins and
debris of the old which the Greater East Asia War, declared one year earlier, had left in
its wake. Countrysides had been laid waste, farms had been devastated, towns and
cities had been scorched out of existence. The normal course of civilized life had been
disrupted and men, women, and children had left their homes to seek protection from
the ravages of war in mountains and forests. Then when victorious Imperial Japanese
forces once more restored order, people flocked to the cities, especially Manila. This
flow of population to the cities did not, however, mean a return to normalcy. On the
other hand, it aggravated the problems, social, economic, and otherwise, which
population centers must face whenever there is undue overcrowding, inadequate
transportation and other facilities, and uncertainty and insufficiency in the food supply.
The farms on which cities naturally depended for food were neglected. Instead of
returning to productive work, people preferred to wait passively for the issue of a conflict
that was and is proving to be long drawn-out. On the other hand, some uninformed
elements of our population continued to hide in the mountain fastnesses and to offer
sporadic or futile resistance.

Such was the dismal picture of our country when the Kalibapi was launched to brighten
up the scene. Since then the record of the Kalibapi as an agency for nation-wide
rehabilitation and reconstruction has been clean and above reproach. It has been partly
instrumental in the work of pacification. Where the exercise of sheer military force has
failed, the Kalibapi, employing the methods of enlightenment and persuasion, has
succeeded in making guerrilla bands see the futility of further resistance and the need of
joining hands with their fellow countrymen in the ennobling task of rebuilding their
country. In this manner it began its program of national unification that was eventually to
lead up to a series of transcendent events culminating in the independence of the
Philippines. I need not dwell at length on the epoch making developments of the last six
months” To anyone who has gone through that stirring period and realized its
significance, the influence of the Kalibapi in shaping the course of those epochal events
 has been indubitably patent. On June 19, 1943, upon the recommendation of the
Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces in the Philippines a Special
National Convention of the Kalibapi choose twenty prominent Filipinos to form the
Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence, which in less than three months
completed work on a constitution. This historic document was promptly ratified by a
Special General Assembly of the Kalibapi. Again on September 20, 1943, the Kalibapi
took charge of the national elections for members of the National Assembly provided for
in the Constitution. Six days later the Assemblymen-elect met for the first time, elected
their Speaker in the person of the Honorable Benigno S. Aquino, hitherto Director
General of the Kalibapi, and in the same unanimous fashion chose Dr. Jose P. Laurel
as the President of the Republic of the Philippines, the man who best personifies the
spirit of a new Philippines recouping its material and spiritual losses brought about by a
global conflict.

When on October 14 the Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated, the work
of the Kalibapi, far from being ended, only assumed greater significance. The tasks of
national reconstruction and rehabilitation to which the Association originally addressed
itself must continue apace, and the unification of our people must likewise be pursued
with greater vigor if we are to make the foundations of the Republic permanent and
secure. The Kalibapi has thus launched a program whereby these and others of its
noble aims and purposes might be attained.

One of these objectives is stepping-up the campaign for adult membership so that at
least 20 per cent of the Philippine population will be Kalibapi members. On the basis of
our present population of 18,000,000, the membership drive, therefore, hopes to have
3,600,000 within its fold. Of this number 33i per cent, it is hoped, will be women. On the
other hand, the campaign for the Junior Kalibapi expects to secure for this junior
organization twice as many members as there are pupils and students presently
enrolled in the public and private schools of the country. When the Kalibapi membership
reaches these proportions, the Association will have attained a highly representative
character.

The Kalibapi objective of helping put the country squarely on its economic feet has been
closely associated with its campaign for increased food production. A definitive step
already taken in this direction is the plan, already publicized, to make this year’s
celebration of Rizal Day a fruit-tree planting day, on which 1,000,000 fruit trees will be
planted all over the country. The increment to the country’s food supply and economic
wealth by such a practical project is so obvious that further elucidation is superfluous.
Its moral and educational values are, needless to say, incalculable.

To implement further the steps already taken in the interest of greater national
cohesion. the Kalibapi has recently launched a nationwide campaign to so propagate
Tagalog as the Filipino language that 4,000,000 Filipinos, apart from those reached by
the schools, will be given instruction in 1944 in that language. A list of 1,000 basic
words or expressions in Tagalog selected on the basis of their utility, frequency,
cruciality, and similarity with words or expressions in the other Philippine languages,
 has been completed by a group of Tagalog specialists and researchers in the Kalibapi
and will soon go to the press along with model lesson plans which ought to be helpful as
guides to teachers in this nation-wide campaign. Believing sincerely in the efficacy of a
common language as a unifying force in our national life, we desire to enlist the active
support of all Filipinos for this program. Non-Tagalogs should willingly attend such
classes as may be organized within their reach, and Tagalogs should, whenever
possible, volunteer their services as teachers.

For carrying out the foregoing program and projects of the Kalibapi, appropriate
instructions have been given to the graduates of the Kalibapi Leaders’ Institute, many of
whom have returned to their respective provinces and cities. During their three-month
period of training in Manila, they were imbued with the spirit of service and were
instructed on how they could help advance the economic and cultural progress of their
communities.

Only the future can, of course, tell how effective the Kalibapi will be as an
instrumentality in aiding our country and people to weather the storms of the present
global conflict. But if its future is to be judged by its past, the Kalibapi can be expected
to rise to loftier heights of achievement. Tonight, therefore, as we pause to appraise its
work and find it worthy of our people’s support the Kalibapi can face the future
undaunted and calm in the confidence that despite unfounded initial prejudices against
it, it has performed signal service for our people and is resolved to carry out its high
mission with the good of our country always its first and foremost consideration.

Provision on the national territory of the

1935 Constitution
5. ) Provision on the National Territory of the 1935 Constitution*

ARTICLE I

The National Territory

SECTION 1. The Philippines comprises all the territory ceded to the United States by
the treaty of Paris concluded between the United States and Spain on the tenth day of
December, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, the limits of which are set forth in Article
III of said treaty, together with all the islands embraced in the treaty concluded at
Washington, between the United States and Spain on the seventh day of November,
nineteen hundred, and in the treaty concluded between the United States and Great
Britain on the second day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty, and all territory over
which the present Government of the Philippine Islands exercises jurisdiction.
Brainstorm with your group mates on how you will respond to the following question:

1. What does the documents/artifact say?

Noli me Tangere is the first novel written by Filipino patriot and national hero
Dr.José P. Rizal in 1887 and published in Germany. The story line goes detailed
withth e so ci e ty o f th e Phi l ip p i ne s du ri ng Sp a n i sh co l o ni a l pe ri o d an d
fe a tu re s aristocracy behind poverty and abuse of colonialists.

2. What was the provenance or source of the document/artifact?Novel

a primary source

3. Who authored it (if applicable)?

Dr. José P. Rizal

4. What was the context of the primary source’s production?

The book, written in Spanish, is a sweeping and passionate unmasking of

thebrutality and corruption of Spanish rule in the Philippines (1565–1898)