Effect of Diet On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Effect of Diet On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Effect of Diet On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
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Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) was first recognized as a disease around 3000 years ago by the ancient
Egyptians and Indians, illustrating some clinical features very similar to what we now know as
diabetes.1 DM is a combination of two words, “diabetes” Greek word derivative, means siphon -
to pass through and the Latin word “mellitus” means honeyed or sweet. In 1776, excess sugar in
blood and urine was first confirmed in Great Britain.2,3 With the passage of time, a widespread
knowledge of diabetes along with detailed etiology and pathogenesis has been achieved. DM is
defined as “a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from either the
deficiency in insulin secretion or the action of insulin.” The poorly controlled DM can lead to
damage various organs, especially the eyes, kidney, nerves, and cardiovascular system.4 DM can
be of three major types, based on etiology and clinical features. These are DM type 1 (T1DM),
DM type 2 (T2DM), and gestational DM (GDM). In T1DM, there is absolute insulin deficiency
due to the destruction of β cells in the pancreas by a cellular mediated autoimmune process. In
T2DM, there is insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. GDM is any degree of glucose
intolerance that is recognized during pregnancy. DM can arise from other diseases or due to
drugs such as genetic syndromes, surgery, malnutrition, infections, and corticosteroids intake.5-7
T2DM factors which can be irreversible such as age, genetic, race, and ethnicity or revisable
such as diet, physical activity and smoking.8, 9
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Epidemiology
Globally, T2DM is at present one of the most common diseases and its levels are progressively
on the rise. It has been evaluated that around 366 million people worldwide or 8.3% in the age
group of 20-79 years had T2DM in 2011. This figure is expected to rise to 552 million (9.9%) by
2030.10 This disease is associated with severe complications which affect patient’s health,
productivity, and quality of life. More than 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular
disease (CVD) (primarily heart disease and stroke) and is a sole cause of end stage renal disease
which requires either dialysis or kidney transplantation. It is also a major cause of blindness due
to retinal damage in adult age group referred to as diabetic retinopathy (DR). People with T2DM
have an increased risk of lower limb amputation that may be 25 times greater than those without
the disease. This disease caused around 4.6 million deaths in the age-group of 20-79 years in
2011.11
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Conclusion
The review of various studies suggests that T2DM patients require reinforcement of DM
education including dietary management through stakeholders (health-care providers, health
facilities, etc.) to encourage them to understand the disease management better, for more
appropriate self-care and better quality of life. The overall purpose of treating T2DM is to help
the patients from developing early end-organ complications which can be achieved through
proper dietary management. The success of dietary management requires that the health
professionals should have an orientation about the cultural beliefs, thoughts, family, and
communal networks of the patients. As diabetes is a disease which continues for the lifetime,
proper therapy methods with special emphasis on diet should be given by the healthcare
providers in a way to control the disease, reduce the symptoms, and prevent the appearance of
the complications. The patients should also have good knowledge about the disease and diet, for
this purpose, the health-care providers must inform the patients to make changes in their
nutritional habits and food preparations. Active and effective dietary education may prevent the
onset of diabetes and its complications.
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