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    Vito LIUZZI Introduction Statistics IC1

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    Khaja Moin
    This document provides an introduction to statistics concepts. It discusses observations and populations, samples, qualitative and quantitative variables, and frequencies. Examples are given for each concept to illustrate key differences. Charts like bar charts and pie charts are presented as visual tools. Absolute and relative frequencies are defined and an example is shown to calculate these values from a dataset.

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    Vito LIUZZI Introduction Statistics IC1

    Uploaded by

    Khaja Moin
    37 views15 pages
    This document provides an introduction to statistics concepts. It discusses observations and populations, samples, qualitative and quantitative variables, and frequencies. Examples are given for each concept to illustrate key differences. Charts like bar charts and pie charts are presented as visual tools. Absolute and relative frequencies are defined and an example is shown to calculate these values from a dataset.

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    This document provides an introduction to statistics concepts. It discusses observations and populations, samples, qualitative and quantitative variables, and frequencies. Examples are given for each concept to illustrate key differences. Charts like bar charts and pie charts are presented as visual tools. Absolute and relative frequencies are defined and an example is shown to calculate these values from a dataset.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views15 pages

    Vito LIUZZI Introduction Statistics IC1

    Uploaded by

    Khaja Moin
    This document provides an introduction to statistics concepts. It discusses observations and populations, samples, qualitative and quantitative variables, and frequencies. Examples are given for each concept to illustrate key differences. Charts like bar charts and pie charts are presented as visual tools. Absolute and relative frequencies are defined and an example is shown to calculate these values from a dataset.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    INTRODUCTION

    STATISTICS
    IC 1
    Spring 2022

    vito.liuzzi@ipag.fr

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. January 26th, 2022


    Introduction

    • Introduction to Statistics
    • Observations and Populations
    • Samples
    • Qualitative Variables
    • Quantitative Variables
    • Frequencies

    Textbook – Sharpe, De Veaux, Velleman, Business Statistics, 3rd edition, Global Edition, Pearson;
    Education, 2016. ISBN-10: 1-292-05869-2 ISBN-13: 978-1-292-05869-6.

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Introduction

    Introduction to Statistics

    The Statistics is defined as the collection of different methods which


    helps to describe and analyse data. It is really important to use the
    statistics in different fields (business management, scientific and research
    fields). For example government and organizations are interested in
    understanding the life expectancy of a population, what is the risk of the
    infant mortality or the energy supply in different regions of a country. In
    business, it is useful to identify the people who may be interested in a
    certain product, price or to evaluate the customers satisfaction during a
    sales season.

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Population

    Observations and Population

    Samples

    ωϵΩ

    Observations

    {ω1, ω2, ω3, ..., ωn} ϵ Ω

    Population

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Population

    Observations and Population - Example

     All M&M’s produced and a randomly chosen bag of 80 M&M’s

     All adult citizens of the European Union and a sample of 1000


    European adult citizens randomly chosen;

     All cereal plantations in Argentina and a sample of 30 plantations


    randomly chosen

     All cell phones used in Tokyo and a sample of 80 cell phone randomly
    chosen

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Variables

    Variables

    A variable Х indicates a particular feature of observations. The possible


    value of X is expressed by the letter x.

    The formal definition of variable is expressed by the following equation


    Х:Ω S

    The variable X for each observation contained in the population Ω is


    contained in the set S (all possible solutions).

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Variables

    Variables - Example

     If X is the gender, the possible value is contained in S = {Female, Male}. In


    this case each observation ω is either female or male.

     Let X be the country of a famous singer. The possible values of the observation
    ω (i.e. singer) are represented by the set S = {France, Italy, Germany, Japan,
    India, Australia, Korea, ..., USA}.

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Variables

    Variables

    They cannot be ordered following a


    natural way (name of a political
    Qualitative party, colour of hair, weather
    conditions)

    They could be ordered following a


    Quantitatives logical way (size of shoes, price of
    an ice-cream, height of a person)

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Variables

    Variables - Example

    Qualitative Quantitatives

    ω English French Italian German


    Student 1 60 74 75 67
    Student 2 65 90 76 65
    Student 3 70 89 83 78
    Student 4 77 69 81 89
    Student 5 81 78 88 79

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Qualitative Variables

    Charts – Bar Charts

    Sharpe, De Veaux, Velleman, Business Statistics, Third Edition, (2015)

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Qualitative Variables

    Charts – Pie Charts

    Sharpe, De Veaux, Velleman, Business Statistics, Third Edition, (2015)

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Quantitative Variables

    Charts – Pie Charts

    Sharpe, De Veaux, Velleman, Business Statistics, Third


    Edition, (2015)

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Frequencies

    Absolute Frequency and Relative Frequency – Example

    Suppose there are ten pencils on the table. Each pencil is coded as BLACK (B) or
    RED (R). The collected data are

    B, R, B, R, B, B, B, R, B, B

    There are two categories for the dataset. Since there are 7 BLACK and 3 RED
    pencils, the first category is n1 = 7 and the second category is n2 = 3.

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Frequencies

    Absolute Frequency and Relative Frequency

    The number of observations in a particular category is called absolute


    frequency.

    For each category the relative frequency can be calculated. The total
    pencils are n = n1 + n2 = 7 + 3 = 10.

    For the first category the relative frequency is f1 = n1/n = 7/10 = 0.7 = 70%
    and for the second one f2 = n2/n = 3/10 = 0.3 = 30%.

    The results give us information about the proportions.

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022


    Frequencies

    Absolute Frequency and Relative Frequency – Graphics

    80 0.8

    70 0.7

    60 0.6
    Absolute frequency

    Relative frequency
    50 0.5

    40 0.4

    30 0.3

    20 0.2

    10 0.1

    0 0
    1 2 1 2
    Categories Categories

    Dr. Vito LIUZZI, Ph.D. IC 1 – January 26th, 2022

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