Sustainable Cities and Society: A B C D e F 1

Sustainable Cities and Society 59 (2020) 102160
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Sustainable Cities and Society

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scs
A Green Airport model: Proposition based on social and environmental T

management systems
Stephane Louise Boca Santaa, João Marcelo Pereira Ribeirob, Gisele Mazonc, Jonas Schneiderd,
Ricardo Luis Barcelose, José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerraf,1,*
a
Phd Student in Administration at the University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL). Master in Accounting at University of Federal Santa Catarina (UFSC). Bachelor in
Accounting at University of Federal Santa Catarina (UFSC). Researcher at Group on Energy Efficiency and Sustainability (GREENS)
b
Phd Student in Public Administrations at Santa Catarina State University, Master in Sustainable Management at University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil. Researcher
at Group on Energy Efficiency and Sustainability (GREENS)
c
PhD in Administration and Tourism at the University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI). Researcher at the Research Centre on Energy Efficiency and Sustainability (GREENS)
and Strategy Formation Process Group - PROFORME. Brazil
d
Master in Administration at the University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL). Bachelor in Administration (UNISUL). Researcher at Group on Energy Efficiency and
Sustainability (GREENS). Brazil
e
Master in Administration and Tourism at the University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI). Professor in the postgraduate program in Corporate Strategic Management and
graduation in Management Processes at the SENAC Faculty; and postgraduate professor in Logistics Management and graduation of the disciplines of logistics for the
Administration axis at UNISUL university. Researcher in the PROFORME and GESEG groups at UNIVALI University and in the groups Active Materials and GREENS at
UNISUL University. Brazil
f
Centre for Sustainable Development (Greens) at the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (Unisul) – Rua Adolfo Melo 34, Centro, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords: Although there is a great deal of knowledge related to sustainable buildings, only a limited number of examples
Green Airport model focus on green airports and their impact on cities. As a consequence of new laws that encourage airports to
Green buildings develop sustainability programs, several airport operators are beginning to implement initiatives accordingly.
Sustainable development. Based upon a literature review and analysis of specific aviation standards, this article seeks an answer to the
following question: Which sustainability practices are used at airports that could break off in a sustainable
airport model? This research aims to propose a sustainable airport model by analysing several categories that
will involve the passenger terminal, runway and airport courtyard. To meet this objective, descriptive methods
were used, in order to establish the characteristics of a sustainable airport. As a result, we found 10 indicators
and 58 sub-indicators, while strategic objectives were defined to guide the implementation or evaluation of each
indicator. Therefore, we were able to implement different approaches to the application of those indicators.
1. Introduction compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs." Two concepts are addressed: the "needs", in particular the "es-
It is well known many scientists discuss the emergence of sential needs" of the World's poor, and the idea of 'limitations' imposed
'Sustainable Development' and various concepts associated with this by the state and social organizations reducing the environment capacity
theme since World War II but, in fact, it was since the 1980s that dis- to meet present and future needs (WCED, 1987 My emphasis).
course solidified internationally and became significantly incorporated However, sustainable development challenges simple definitions or
into society's politics, research, and practices. The universal bench- simple interpretations of how it has been studied. This is partly due to
mark, the Brundtland Report stated that "sustainable development is efforts trying to reconcile: (1) the need to promote human well-being
the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without through development and especially the economic growth of the least
Corresponding author.
⁎
E-mail address: baltazar.guerra@Unisul.br (J.B.S.O.d.A. Guerra).

1
Full Professor at the Graduate program in Management and Environmental Sciences at “Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina” (Unisul, Brazil). Fellow from
Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Faculty of Land Economy (University of Cambridge), Founder and Director of the
Center for Sustainable Development/Research Group in Energy Efficiency and Sustainability (Greens, Unisul) and Principal-Investigator (PI) the BRIDGE project:
Building Resilience In a Dynamic Global Economy: Complexity across scales in the Brazilian Food-Water-Energy Nexus, funded by FAPESC and the Research Council
of United Kingdom (RCUK) trough Newton Fund.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102160
Received 1 October 2019; Received in revised form 27 February 2020; Accepted 15 March 2020
Available online 28 April 2020
2210-6707/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S.L. Boca Santa, et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 59 (2020) 102160
developed countries, with (2) growing concern about the ways such Buildings have a significant and growing impact on the environment
development impacts on the environment. The term “development” can as construction is responsible for a lot of carbon emissions. Moreover,
be broadly understood as an intentional effort to improve the experi- construction consumes a large number of natural resources.
ence of human beings, and the idea of 'sustainability' has also been Consequently, several researches around the World have been con-
pursued by posing questions about what should be sustained, at what ducted, seeking methods to make buildings sustainable and to achieve
period, for whom, among others. To categorize what sustainability is, environmental, economic, financial and social benefits (Castro-
the goals of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, set-up by the Lacouture et al., 2009).
UN (2015), present 17 sustainable development goals and 169 in- Internationally, there are several ways to manage and evaluate a
tegrated targets promote the balance of the three dimensions of sus- building so that it can be considered sustainable building (aiming for
tainable development: economic, social and environmental. sustainability but without certification) or green building (aiming for
A quick rate of urbanization, simultaneous to a growing global sustainability but with certification). There are also several certifiers,
population, forces an increase of the demand for energy and transport such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED);
systems creating a complex issue in megacities, where land availability Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
is scarce for both the population and the construction of new or larger (BREEAM); and country-specific environmental and green certifiers and
plants, such as an airport. Considering the number of these cities is seals.
expected to grow in the near future, it is imperative to find decen- Lee and Burnett (2008) described in their research the performance
tralized and sustainable solutions, technically and economically viable criteria of three assessment methods and sustainable building: Hong
to the governments and the private sector (Allam, 2020). Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM);
Discussions about the dimensions of sustainable development in BREEAM; and LEED. The HK-BEAM method was launched in 1996 in
literature grow rapidly. However, studies on sustainable buildings show two versions: (1) new buildings and (2) existing buildings. In 1999, a
a gap between owners and sustainable building operations. Facing this version for residential buildings was launched (Lee & Burnett, 2017)
issue, the US Green Building Council (USGBC) has developed LEED is an evaluation and certification system established by the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), which pro- U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in 2000. Buildings are evaluated
vides owners and construction operations with concise structures cap- on five main criteria: (1) sustainable sites; (2) water efficiency; (3)
able to identify and implement practical and measurable design, con- energy and atmosphere; (4) materials and resources; (5) innovation and
struction, operations and design solutions for building maintenance design. If the building meets the standards set in each of these criteria,
(USGBC, 2009). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) describes it receives credit scores and thus, according to the score achieved, the
sustainability as being based on a simple principle: everything we need building is awarded silver, gold or platinum certification (Boschmann &
for our survival and well-being depends, directly or indirectly, on our Gabriel, 2013).
natural environment (EPA, 2012). Therefore, it is easy to realize that According to Schwartz and Raslan (2013), many classification sys-
sustainability allows human beings and nature to coexist in productive tems aim to evaluate the sustainability of a building under develop-
harmony while preserving social, economic and other requirements of ment. However, each system fits in with the environment, economic
present and future generations. and cultural that was designed.
LEED is internationally recognized by architects and builders for its Boschmann and Gabriel (2013) analysed LEED through case studies
green building certification system using strategies to improve perfor- in six buildings. They concluded that there should be improvements in
mance in the areas that matter most, including: energy saving, water LEED and that regional characteristics such as climate, materials and
efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions reduction, quality improvement, building practices should also be an integral part of the green building
environmental and resource management, and sensitivity to its impacts process.
(USGBC, 2009). Seinre, Kurnitski, and Voll (2014) conducted a comparative study
Concerning airport structure construction, the FAA, 2010 defines between LEED and BREEAM. The objective of the research was to
the sustainability of an airport as a broad concept that encompasses a analyse evaluation indicators. The study was conducted in Estonia and
wide variety of practices applicable to airport planning, design, con- found that the difference between the practices used and those required
struction and operations with three fundamental principles: protecting by certifications were not high.
the environment, maintaining high and stable levels of economic BREEAM is a British program. The method evaluates buildings
growth, and social progress that recognizes all stakeholders needs. based on certain criteria, thus generating a score according to the Pass,
Operators across the country are starting to implement sustain- Good, Very Good, Excellent or Outstanding rating. BREEAM evaluates
ability initiatives at their airports, according to the new laws that en- the following criteria: (1) Energy efficiency; (2) Indoor environmental;
courage airports to develop sustainability programs. Airport sustain- (3) Sustainable site planning and management; (4) Materials and re-
ability can be defined as a holistic approach that considers airport sources; (5) Water efficiency; (6) Innovation; (7) Transport; (8) Land
management able to ensure the integrity of economic viability, opera- use and ecology; (9) Pollution; (10) Waste (Nilashi, 2015).
tional efficiency, natural resource conservation and social responsibility Nilashi et al. (2015) proposed a tool for assessing the level of a
This article aims at policymakers and urban planners, trying to feed green building, based on evaluation factors of sustainable building
megacities, as well as cities facing rapid urbanization. performance rating systems. The certifications used in this research
were Greenman Sustainable Buildings - Green (GBTool) in Canada;
2. Theoretical framework Japan CASBEE, based on the Kyoto Protocol; BREEAM; German
Sustainable Construction Certificate (DGNB); BEAM in Hong Kong;
The literature review is divided into two themes: (1) Green Building Green Building Institute (GBI's); Green Star and LEED. The result of this
and Sustainable Building, and (2) Green Airport and Sustainable research constitutes a performance appraisal tool that analyses the ef-
Airport. fect of different factors on the development of sustainable construction.
From there, Nilashi et al. (2015) proposed the following criteria in
2.1. Green building and sustainable building their assessment tool: (1) Site selection; (2) Waste and pollution; (3)
Energy efficiency; (4) Material; (4) Cost and economic; (5)
In order to accommodate the growing number of people and also to Accessibilities; (6) Externalities; (7) Indoor environment quality; (8)
provide spaces for the construction and expansion of cities, areas re- Occupants satisfaction.
served for other purposes are converted into industrial and residential Sustainable construction is the practice of designing, building, op-
buildings, not necessarily sustainable (Allam, 2020). erating, maintaining and removing buildings in order to conserve
2
natural resources and reduce pollution. Classification systems, on the survey of local laws and regulations is suggested.
other hand, aim to provide a set of criteria organized into different Airports are also large buildings that encompass a vast built-up area,
categories, with the objective of measuring environmental performance and involve various forms of pollution from both aircraft and daily
and sustainability (Nilashi et al., 2015). commuting cars. These issues influence the lives of people who frequent
Implementing green building practices may lead to several en- airports, work and reside nearby. Pondering this problem, scholars have
vironmental benefits, such as: increased biodiversity and ecosystems; been developing research related to airport sustainability.
improvement of water quality; reduction of waste flow; conservation
and restoration of natural resources, and minimization of global 2.2. Green Airport and sustainable airport
warming (Nilashi et al., 2015).
Other benefits are pointed out by Nilashi et al. (2015), as economic Sustainable transport, sometimes called green transport, is one that
and social benefits, including reduced operating and maintenance costs, does not use or causes the decline of natural resources. Instead, their
creation of green products and services, as well as its expansion and sources of supply come from renewable resources or regenerated energy
commercialization; improvement in occupant productivity; minimiza- rather than fossil fuels (Evans, 2011).
tion of occupant absenteeism; optimization of economic performance in A sustainable transport system considers the development needs of
the life cycle; image enhancement; reduction of civil infrastructure society, such as safety, human health and the ecosystem. It occurs fairly
costs. and efficiently, being a means of transportation that strengthens the
Suzer (2015) also compared building appraisal systems such as competitive economy, as well, set emissions and waste generation
LEED, however, focusing on criteria weighting and taking into account ceilings are kept within acceptable limits for the planet. Using renew-
regional priorities, concluding that LEED certification should improve, able or non-renewable resources with low generation rates reduces the
as it has not yet been able to incorporate a system sensitive to this issue. impact on land use and noise generation (Rawson & Hooper, 2012).
Huo, Yu, and Wu (2017) proposed a tool capable of assessing the Noise pollution has a negative impact on public health, especially
sustainability of buildings, using the following criteria: (1) transporta- for urban dwellers, as land use in cities is prone to produce more road
tion; (2) terrain; (3) construction; (4) cultural heritage; and (5) man- traffic and various human activities. Among the existing literature, the
agement plan. This tool's differential is the concern with the cultural paths that link the characteristics of built environment and the noise
issue and preservation of local culture. level are not sufficiently addressed due to a variety of complex factors
Shan and Hwang (2018) conducted a research to review the Green that affect noise in urban areas (Yuan, Yin, Sun, & Chen, 2019).
Building Rating Systems (GBRSs) used around the World, identifying Dorodjatun (2011) points out sustainable airport development
key research efforts and providing directions for future researches. As a means balancing and integrating the physical aspects of the surround-
conclusion of the research, it was identified that the first GBRS was ings, such as cultural, economic and environmental. For ACRP (2011),
launched in the 1990s, however, only in the 2000s several studies were the construction of sustainable airports includes: reducing energy
published with GBRSs proposals to evaluate the sustainability of dif- consumption; reduce impacts on water and air quality, minimize waste,
ferent types of built structures. reduce pollution and / or minimize other environmental impacts; im-
Ding, 2018 researched the barriers related to sustainable buildings. prove construction operations; improve construction safety; reduce the
To this end, the authors identified the international tools commonly impacts of construction on airport operations; benefit the surrounding
used to evaluate sustainable buildings. Subsequently, chinese standards communities; reduce costs associated with construction.
on green building assessment, a three star certified case study and In observing the European Union Airport Policy, Ferrulli (2016)
structured interviews were added to the analysis. It was concluded states that the sustainable development of an airport is related to the
there are primarily three barriers to the construction of sustainable design and implementation of an infrastructure that facilitates long-
buildings, which are: (1) inconsistency of government regulations; (2) term growth, so that the airport can meet future demand.
market failure to protect the interests of developers; and (3) failure to Developing a sustainable airport needs an architectural approach
meet technical requirements. that includes not only the airport area, but also a broader infrastructure
The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) created a where the airport is incorporated. An airport can be considered sus-
series of standards for sustainable buildings. Those individual standards tainable when it is managed to achieve economic viability, operational
cover water collection, sustainable purchases, environmental manage- efficiency, and conservation of natural resources with managerial re-
ment, among others (ABNT, 2017) sponsibility (ACI, 2015; Carlini, 2013).
In Brazil, for certification purposes, in addition to the use of LEED, Monsalud, Ho, and Rakas (2015) state that, in recent years, the
there are other relevant certifications, such as High Environmental aviation industry has expanded its efforts towards sustainability as a
Quality, AQUA-HQE created in 2008, based on the French certifier response to society's wider needs to live in healthier and more sus-
Haute Qualité Environnmentale (Saldaña-Márquez, 2018). tainable environments. As the aviation system is analysed holistically,
AQUA-HQE has four dimensions, fourteen categories and one hun- especially in the US, the authors highlight the lack of research ad-
dred indicators. The categories are: (1) the building's relationship with dressing sustainability assessment standards at airports. For them sus-
its surroundings; (2) integrated choice of products, systems and con- tainability, within a system as complex as an airport, relates to different
struction processes; (3) construction site with low environmental im- areas such as water conservation, design and construction techniques,
pact; (4) energy management; (5) water management; (6) waste man- and reduction of gas and noise emissions. Because sustainability en-
agement for use and building operations; (7) maintenance - compasses different aspects, managers may have difficulty analysing
permanence of environmental performance; (8) hydrotechnical com- and planning sustainability effectively aiming to materialize better
fort; (9) acoustic comfort; (10) visual comfort; (11) olfactory comfort; operation and maintenance of an airport.
(12) sanitary quality of the environments; (13) sanitary air quality; (14) In response to research, Monsalud et al. (2015) develop an eva-
sanitary water quality (Portal Vanzolini, Brasil Org.); Saldaña-Márquez, luation process using an influence matrix to determine solid sustainable
2018). practices in US airports. This assessment method attempts to quantify
When opting for a sustainable building, a number of rules and laws and thus improve decision making on airport sustainability.
must be observed, depending on the goal you want to achieve. Each Kılkış and Kılkış (2016) perceived that the multidimensional con-
country has its own standards and legislation, so the way to sustainable cept of a sustainable airport is based on the interaction of multiple
building, depending on the country, may vary. Embedding sustain- factors, consisting of five dimensions, which include: airport services
ability within building design programs should be of primary concern and quality; energy consumption and generation; CO2 emissions and
for educators. Therefore, when designing a sustainable building, a mitigation planning; environmental management and biodiversity, and
3
Table 1
Standards that support the sustainable airport model.
Body Standard Year
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and Recommended Practices – SARPs: 2014
Annex 14: Aerodromes
Annex 16: Environmental Protection
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) DOC 9184 – Airport Planning Manual-Master Planning 2002
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations and Guidelines (Airport Sustainability) 2018
ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC) Airport Cooperative Research Program 2008/2012
Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities and Regional Development – Australian Government Airport (Control of On-Airport Activities) Regulations 1997 2009
low atmospheric emission transportation. control; (2) green building and infrastructure; (3) waste management
To Asrib, Abduh, and Dirawan (2016), the status of an en- and recycling practices; (4) environmental monitoring and control; (5)
vironmentally friendly airport, also called eco-airport, can be assessed green operation and transportation; (6) employee green training; and
through five dimensions, which are: environmental; socio-cultural; (7) green policies and regulations.
economic; technological, and knowledge.
The development of transport systems should not be achieved at the 3. Methodology
expense of citizens' quality of life or the destruction of the environment
(European Commission, 1998) Seeking to meet the objective of this research of proposing a sus-
Today, environmental restrictions affect 70 % of the european air- tainable airport model with categories of analysis that will involve the
ports and this percentage is expected to increase, as restrictions are passengers terminal, the runway and the airport patio, descriptive
linked to pressure from traffic growth, competition with other sectors methods were used, since they aim to discover the characteristics of an
for natural resources, changes in public attitude and the consequences airport object. In the present research, the object of study are the green
of climate change (Eurocontrol, 2013). airports, where it is intended to propose a sustainable building model.
Ferrulli (2016) believes that environmental and operational capa- The qualitative approach was chosen, using publications for analysis
city can be maximized through a long-term plan ensuring effective and literature review. These publications are relevant articles found in
environmental management, and offsetting growth by the introduction scientific databases.
of eco-efficient infrastructure, technology and operational strategies. In addition, considering that airports must follow a series of stan-
Also according to Ferrulli (2016), the environmental impacts eval- dards aiming at standardization, safety, quality, low risk of accidents,
uated in the licensing of airports are associated with airport operations among others, standards related to the construction of an airport were
and the specific conditions and characteristics surrounding the airport, included in the structuring of the proposed model.
such as: proximity to houses; other sources of pollutants and industries; Table 1 shows the standards used to compose the proposed green
use of the soil; water supply; energy resources and material availability; airport model.
climate change conditions; sensitive habitats, among others. In the case of a sustainable building model, literature regarding the
In this research, three subtopics were created, aiming to cover Green Building and Sustainable Building was considered, both for the
multiple analysis categories for green airports. They are: (1) Water and literary revision and the final model. In order to compose the final
Energy in Green Airports; (2) Operations, Processes and Systems; and model, the standards of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental
(3) Construction Materials and Systems. Design (LEED) and the Building Research Environmental Assessment
Lu, Hsu, Liou, and Lo (2018) proposed a sustainable performance Method (BREEAM) were considered. Thus, the model´s composition can
assessment model for international airports using the balanced scor- be seen in Fig. 1.
ecard. The results showed that the airport image is a relevant factor for In a second stage of the research, the reading of the material was
the performance evaluation. The model uses as criteria: (1) financial performed, selecting important criteria / categories / characteristics /
perspectives; (2) internal business process; (3) learning; (4) environ- indicators for a green airport. These data were analysed and grouped
mental perspective; and (5) social perspective. into indicators and sub-indicators, thus generating a green airport
Cost-benefit analysis (BCA) and multicriteria analysis (MCA) are model. In total, for the composition of the final model, ten indicators
widely used methods for evaluating transportation projects, according and 58 sub-indicators were identified, which will be presented in detail
to Li and Loo (2016). However, the authors point out that traditional
BCA accounts for limited environmental and social impacts, while MCA
is criticized for its subjectivity and lack of robustness. Their research
aims to improve traditional BCA considering the environmental and
social impacts that are typically addressed only in MCA.
Li and Loo (2016) studied proposes an impact analysis framework
based on seventeen major publicly accessible studies on airport infra-
structure assessments worldwide. From a sustainability standpoint,
economic, environmental and social impacts are considered holistic.
When each dimension of sustainability is considered separately, the
economic, environmental and social BCAs of relocating Hong Kong
International Airport are economically and socially beneficial but en-
vironmentally expensive. Moreover, the analysis demonstrates that this
structure is valid to illustrate the impacts caused by the relocation of an
airport, given the population growing concern about the environmental
impacts of air transport (Li & Loo, 2016).
Kumar, Alora, and Gupta (2019) aim to study the criteria for eval-
uating green performance at airports. The authors arrived at a series of
criteria that were grouped into seven main categories: (1) air and noise Fig. 1. Green Airport Model Composition.
4
in the following session. environmental policy offsets rather than airplane noise, air quality or
climate change damage, these analyses do not always show who bears
3.1. Presentation of the sustainable airport model the costs or who gets the benefits from aviation.
Wolfe et al. (2014) modeled both the net cost and one-year en-
The process of construction and proposition of the model began vironmental damage distribution of aviation operations in three dif-
with the reading of the selected material. Then, a mapping of indicators ferent environments. This led to the conclusion that people living
and sub-indicators was performed. Ten indicators and 58 sub-indicators around airports face losses of $ 100 to $ 400 per person (in 2006 dol-
were identified. These indicators are: (1) Noise Reduction; (2) Emission lars). Damage caused by aircraft noise and weather damage.
Reduction and Air Quality; (3) Energy Management; (4) Water According to Wolfe et al. (2014), it was concluded that air quality
Management; (5) Waste Management; (6) Biodiversity conservation damage depends on the number of operations at the airport and is also
and land use; (7) Cost and economy; (8) Quality of the internal en- related to the high noise caused by aircraft. The expected average noise
vironment; (9) Transport and vehicle control; (10) Social and Cultural and air quality damage decrease with the distance from the airport but,
Aspects Indicator. for the noise, the expected range of damage at a given distance may be
There is a possibility that multicriteria methodologies can be used high and depends on runway orientation and flight patterns. The da-
for the evaluation process in this model, but for this, it would be ne- mage caused by aviation-induced climate change degrades local air
cessary to establish weights to the indicators and sub-indicators. As the quality and noise pollution farther from the airport (Wolfe et al., 2014).
purpose of this research is to propose a model, no weights were pre-
determined. However, it is possible to use the indicators, considering 3.3. Emission reduction and air quality indicator
that all the criteria have the same weight. After establishing the in-
dicators and sub-indicators, the strategic objectives were defined to Emission Reduction and Air Quality are composed by the following
guide the implementation or evaluation of the indicators. sub-indicators: (1) Promote actions towards the reduction of the cir-
The following topics present each of the indicators, with sub-in- culation of cars at the airport; (2) Encourage city bodies with infra-
dicators and the analysis of each of these. However, analysing them as a structure actions to increase public transportation to the airport; (3)
whole, there is a great difference between the construction of an airport Consider an infrastructure project (building) that minimizes greenhouse
and other buildings. This ample differential is the risk of accidents. In a gas and carbon emissions; (4) Monitoring of carbon and greenhouse gas
building that will house companies it is necessary to take several pre- emissions; (5) Have a website that enables airport users and sur-
cautions, but nothing compares to the damage and the risk of life that rounding residents to view pollution levels in real time; (6) Invest and
birds alone can create in an airport. encourage partner companies to invest in low emission vehicles to de-
Being environmentally sustainable often becomes a difficult task. velop track works; (7) Owning surface temperature change control
Indicators must necessarily be linked to different aviation standards. equipment. The strategic map is presented in Table 3.
For any other sustainable building, having a green area is well regarded Policies implemented in different countries to improve air quality
and evaluated. In the case of an airport, there are severe restrictions, have resulted in emission reductions, with corresponding reductions in
which are a limitation for this model, as it must always be reviewed and the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and
updated while new aviation standards are emerging. particulate matter (PM). Here we highlight how much air quality and
health-related effects in cities may improve. The health benefits ob-
tained are the results of emission reductions in industry, agriculture and
3.2. Noise reduction indicator
transport.
The avoided concentrations of air pollutants and the impacts asso-
Noise Reduction, composed of the following sub-indicators: (1) Use
ciated with health stem from reducing emissions in various sectors are
building materials that aid as noise protection barriers; (2) Have noise
driven by technological developments and green buildings.
monitoring and prevention actions; (3) Accompany homes exposed to
noise caused by aircraft operation. The strategic map is presented in
3.4. Energy management indicator
Table 2.
Both the airport premises and the neighbourhood where it is lo-
Energy Management, composed by the following sub-indicators: (1)
cated, must have noise control. Remember that the noise of an airport is
The airport construction project should provide the reduction of energy
caused not only from aircraft, but also from automobiles, because there
consumption; (2) The airport construction project should prioritize al-
usually occurs a great deal of movement of people arriving and leaving
ternative and renewable energy sources, such as solar energy; (3) Have
airports.
regular audits of equipment and processes to verify unnecessary energy
For Wolfe et al. (2014), while environmental policymakers gen-
expenditure; (4) Use intelligent energy control equipment and systems
erally focus on aggregate cost-benefit analysis to examine aviation
for lighting, heating, walkways and escalators; (5) Prioritize low energy
lighting such as LED lights. The strategic map is presented in Table 4.
Table 2
In response to growing concerns about rising energy bills, long-term
Noise Reduction Indicator.
energy security and environmental impacts of greenhouse gas emissions
Indicator Noise Reduction (Budd, Budd, & Ison, 2015) state that airport operators worldwide are
increasingly implementing sustainable practices to minimize costs,
Description Protection from noises from vehicles and airplanes
Authors Wolfe et al. (2014); Ferrulli (2016); Chang & Yeh (2016); FAA raise efficiency and reduce environmental impacts.
(2018); ACRP (2008); Airports Regulations (1997) According to Budd, Budd & Ison (2015), these initiatives include the
Sub-indicator Use building materials that work as noise protection barriers installation at airports of wind turbines, biomass power plants, and
Description Construction materials which serve as protection barriers against
smart heating and lighting systems, as well as other green initiatives,
noise
Authors Ferrulli (2016) including rainwater energy capture and recycling facilities. Based on
Sub-indicator Have noise monitoring and prevention actions specific examples, their research examines how UK airports have re-
Description Monitoring and preventive actions against noise sponded to the challenge of reducing the environmental impacts of the
Authors Chang & Yeh (2016) operations for which they are directly responsible, by implementing
Sub-indicator Accompany homes exposed to aircraft operation noise
healthy and sustainable work practices. The study concludes that the
Description Sound control for residents near the airport
Authors FAA (2018) importance of sustainable airport practices in a perspective of future
growth in major emerging aviation markets is unquestionable (Budd
5
Table 3
Emission Reduction and Air Quality Indicator.
Indicator Emission Reduction and Air Quality
Description Actions towards controlling air quality

Authors Wolfe et al. (2014); Monsalud et al. (2015); Chang and Yeh (2016); Ferrulli (2016); Shan and Hwang (2018); FAA (2018); Ding, 2018; Budd, Budd & Ison (2015);
ACRP (2012); ACRP (2008); Airports Regulations (1997); OACI (2011)
Sub-indicator Actions that promote the reduction of car movement in the airport
Description Actions promoting reduction of taxi time and the associated carbon footprint
Authors Ferrulli (2016)
Sub-indicator Encourage city bodies with infrastructure actions to increase public transportation to the airport.
Description Promote adequate infrastructure to make public transport possible
Sub-indicator Consider an infrastructure project (building) that minimizes carbon and greenhouse gas emissions
Description Infrastructure projects seeking to minimize carbon and gases from greenhouse effect emissions
Authors Ferrulli (2016); Ding, 2018; (ACRP, 2012); OACI (2011)
Sub-indicator Monitoring of carbon and gas emissions causing the greenhouse effect
Description Monitoring of particulates and nitrous oxides in the airport
Authors Budd, Budd & Ison (2015)
Sub-indicator Have a website that enables airport users and surrounding residents to view pollution levels in real time.
Description Create a website with updated information on levels of pollution
Sub-indicator Invest and encourage partner companies to invest in low emission vehicles that develop work on the runaway.
Description Preference towards low emission vehicles
Sub-indicator Have control equipment of surface temperature changes
Description Control over surface temperature changes
Authors Wolfe et al. (2014)
et al., 2015). solar-powered airport, Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL),

Public facilities, such as international airports, which use sub- India, based on first year operating data. As a result, the researchers
stantial amounts of electricity, are the ones most in need of government found an average plant performance rate (PR) of 86.56 % and the
regulation for the use of renewable energy sources. The study by Baek, corresponding capacity utilization factor (CUF) of 20.12 % with 1984.1
Kim, and Chang (2016) researched alternatives to determine the best h final yield. The performance parameters obtained through software
hybrid power generation system for South Korea's largest airport: In- met a close correspondence with the measured values. Economic and
cheon International Airport. In the analysis, three scenarios were used: environmental analyses of Cochin's solar-powered airports confirm
the current load; 120 % of current load; and 140 % of current cargo, per their effectiveness in reducing carbon footprint, leading to virtually
Incheon International Airport expansion plan. Baek et al. (2016) have zero-emission, clean green and sustainable airport.
used photovoltaic panel performance simulation and wind power to
meet current and expanding airport demand over time. In the specific
case of the studied airport, the use of wind energy is not viable due to 3.5. Water management indicator
weather conditions without the necessary wind regime for power gen-
eration versus the airport demand, but the use of photovoltaic energy is Water Management, composed of the following sub-indicators: (1)
viable. According to the results of the Cost of Electricity (COE) and the The airport construction project should provide for the reduction of
Net Present Cost (NPC), a complete coverage of the potential increase in consumption and make efficient use of water; (2) The airport con-
electric charge with photovoltaic energy is economically feasible. struction project should provide for a rainwater harvesting program,
Similar studies were performed by Sukumaran and Sudhakar polluted water storage and treatment, water recycling and reuse; (3)
(2017). The research intended to analyse the operating performance of The airport construction project should provide for the development of
aquifer contamination safety practices and the use of treatment
Table 4
Energy Management Indicator.
Indicator Energy Management
Description Control of energy gas, seeing in all equipment’s, processes and services by economic energy
Authors Nilashi et al. (2015); Budd, Budd & Ison (2015); Monsalud et al. (2015); Ferrulli (2016); Asrib et al. (2016); Baek et al. (2016); Chang & Yeh (2016); Sukumaran
and Sudhakar (2017); Uysal, Sogut, Weiszer, Chen, and Locatelli (2017)); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); (ACRP, 2012); (ACRP, 2008)
Sub-indicator The airport construction project should provide the reduction of energy consumption
Description Building projects with construction techniques to reduce energy emission
Authors Ferrulli (2016); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018)
Sub-indicator The airport construction project should prioritize alternative and renewable energy sources such as solar energy
Description Prioritize alternative and renewable energy sources, such as solar energy
Authors Ferrulli (2016); Sukumaran and Sudhakar (2017); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); ACRP (2012)
Sub-indicator Regularly audit equipment and processes to verify unnecessary energy expenditure.
Description Promote regular audits of equipment and processes in order to recognize unnecessary and excessive energy use
Authors Uysal et al. (2017)
Sub-indicator Use intelligent energy control equipment and systems for lighting, heating, walkways and escalators
Description Utilization of equipment and systems of intelligent energy control
Sub-indicator Prioritize low energy lighting, such as LED lights
Description Prioritize usage of low-energy lighting
6
Table 5
Water Management Indicator.
Indicator Water Management
Description Technologies, infrastructure and efficient management in favour of optimizing hydric resources, through consumption reduction, rainwater collection and
training in the use and treatment of grey water
Authors Carvalho et al. (2013); Budd, Budd & Ison (2015); Ferrulli (2016); Asrib et al. (2016); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); DOC 9184; ACRP (2012); ACRP
(2008); Airports Regulations (1997)
Sub-indicator The airport construction project should provide the reduction of consumption and an efficient use of water.
Description Architectural projects that consider the usage of rainwater, treatments of discarded water and the re-use of water
Authors Ferrulli (2016); ACRP (2012), Budd, Budd & Ison (2015); ACRP (2012); Carvalho et al. (2013)
Sub-indicator The airport construction project should include a rainwater harvesting program, polluted water storage and treatment, water recycling and reuse.
Description Infrastructure that allows the flow, storage and treatment of surface waters
Authors Shan and Hwang (2018); Budd, Budd & Ison (2015)
Sub-indicator The airport construction project should include a rainwater harvesting program, polluted water storage and treatment, water recycling and reuse.
Description Investment in reduction systems to reduce losses in supply; draining of water, flow meters, low-flow taps and repairing of pipe casting
Authors Budd, Budd &Ison (2015); Carvalho et al. (2013)
Sub-indicator The airport must have investments in water supply loss reduction systems; water drainage; flow meters; low flow faucets; and toilets that save water
Description Infrastructure that allows the flow, storage and treatment of surface waters
Authors Shan and Hwang (2018); Budd, Budd & Ison (2015)
Sub-indicator Airport terminals should have a non-potable rainwater collection system
Description Technology systems that permit the collection and use of rainwater for non-potable purposes
Authors Budd, Budd & Ison (2015); ACRP (2012); Carvalho et al. (2013); ACRP (2012)
systems; (4) The airport should invest in water supply loss reduction there still are opportunities and technologies available for a better use
systems; water drainage; flow meters; low flow faucets; and water- of water resources in airport structures. The cross-referencing of the
saving toilets; (5) Airport terminals should have a non-potable rain- specific technical and best practice information reviewed here, in-
water collection system. The strategic map is presented in Table 5. cluding techniques arising from sustainable architectural engineering,
Airports consume significant amounts of water to maintain their may indicate the appropriate choices of institutional rules that support
infrastructures. Given the growing worldwide demand for this type of sustainable practices at green aerodromes.
transportation and the current situation of water scarcity in many re-
gions of the planet, efforts should be made to evaluate water con-
sumption profiles as well as alternatives for their efficient use. Within 3.6. Waste management indicator
airport complexes, most of the water is used to meet non-potable de-
mands, turning them into potential environments for implementing Waste Management, consisting of the following sub-indicators: (1)
conservation practices that aim to reduce these demands - such as water The airport's architectural design should consider the possibility of
metering and the installation of water-saving devices - and to search collecting and storing recyclable solid waste; (2) The architectural de-
alternative sources, as rainwater and treated grey water or domestic sign of the airport should enable disassembly, recycling and reuse of
sewage effluent. materials used during construction; (3) For the works of the airport,
In this context, Carvalho et al. (2013) proposed a literature review priority should be given to the purchase of recycled, bio-disposable and
presenting information on water consumption at globally important renewable materials; (4) Airport terminals should have selective solid
airports, to provide a basis for studies that underpin policies and de- waste collectors that allow the correct separation of waste; (5) Airport
cision-making for sustainable management of those environments terminals should have energy generation systems from waste in-
during the planning and execution of construction projects, expansion cineration; (6) It should be airport policy to reduce the generation of
and modernization. As main conclusions, the authors indicate that solid waste, such as packaging; (7) It should be airport policy to have
water consumption at airports is assessed and compared in terms of appropriate waste management contracts with all service providers; (8)
passenger traffic and passenger ratio, a measure widely used in annual It should be the policy of the airport to have an operational manual for
airport reports. In most cases, the largest volume of water is used to waste management; (9) Materials, supplies and resources. The strategic
meet non-potable demands such as fire control, floor and aircraft map is presented in Table 6.
washing, landscape irrigation and air conditioning systems, which can Giustozzi et al. (2012) suggest in their case study a different way to
be largely met by alternative water sources (storm water and treated design and build airport pavements taking into account performance,
effluent, for example). These environments have extensive waterproof but also environmental impacts related to the materials used, con-
areas (runways and roofs) that can be used to collect large volumes of struction equipment and practices, and material handling. Similar and
rainwater. sometimes better performance can be achieved by using recycling ag-
Many airport operations do not take advantage of the available gregates from obsolete infrastructure demolition activities. However,
storm water, from runways and paved areas, which is already collected the work does not carry out on-site laboratory and pre-injunction in-
and treated to prevent the contamination of water bodies with oil and vestigations, as recycled material can vary greatly in its mechanical and
grease. Another important issue highlighted by Carvalho et al. (2013) structural behaviour, according to the study itself.
points out that airports have a high production of wastewater, which Valuable and non-renewable natural resources are widely consumed
could enable the implementation of the reuse of sewage and grey water each year in the construction and reconstruction of floors. Airport pa-
after treatment. Examples of airports already implementing reuse prove vement maintenance plans also involve large amounts of waste, mainly
that this practice is technically and economically feasible, and provides from removed pavements, which generate environmental overload due
environmental gains associated with saving clean water. Finally, it is to their transport to landfills and disposal. Rather than consuming
emphasized that changes in infrastructure should be followed by the virgin materials, recycling contributes to relieve landfill pressure and
installation of water-saving sanitary equipment and a modern and ef- reduces the demand for rock extraction, guiding the pavement con-
ficient water metering system, to monitor consumption and develop struction technique towards a sustainable path (Magnoni et al., 2016).
policies to reduce it. In addition, significant environmental impacts in terms of lower
Despite the limited literature on air terminal water management, emissions into the atmosphere can be observed. Costs can be sig-
nificantly reduced by adopting recycled aggregates already available in
7
Table 6
Waste Management Indicator.
Indicator Waste Management
Description Technologies, infrastructures, and efficient management of the selection of materials, collection, storage, recycling, reuse and adequate fispolar of the recyclables
Authors Carlini (2013); Budd, Budd & Ison (2015); Nilashi et al. (2015); Ferrulli (2016); Asrib et al. (2016); FAA (2018); DOC 9184; ACRP (2012); Baxter, Srisaeng, & Wild
(2018)
Sub-indicator The architectural design of the airport should consider the possibility of collecting and storing recyclable solid waste
Description Architectural projects which consider the possibility of collection and storage of solid residual recyclables
Authors Ferrulli (2016); ACRP (2012)
Sub-indicator The architectural design of the airport should allow disassembly, recycling and reuse of materials used during the works
Description Architectural projects that allow the dismantling, recycling, and re-utilization of materials used
Authors Carlini (2013); Ferrulli (2016); FAA (2018); ACRP (2012)
Sub-indicator For the airport works, priority should be given to the purchase of recycled, bio-disposable and renewable materials
Description Correct acquisition of ecological materials, such us recyclables, bio-disposables, and renewables
Sub-indicator Airport terminals should have selective solid waste collectors facilitating its correct separation
Description Selective collectors of solid waste that allow a correct separation of the waste
Sub-indicator Airport terminals should have energy production systems from waste incineration.
Description Energy production systems originated from waste incineration
Sub-indicator It should be airport policy to reduce the generation of solid waste, such as packaging
Description Use of products with little to no packaging
Authors FAA (2018); DOC 9184
Sub-indicator It should be airport policy to have appropriate waste management contracts with all service providers
Description Interaction with the providers of services developed through the search for efficient waste management
Authors FAA (2018)
Sub-indicator It should be airport policy to have an operational manual for waste management
Description Have an operational manual for waste management
Authors FAA (2018)
Sub-indicator Materials, supplies and resources
Description Guarantee the continued reduction, the environmentally correct origin, recycling, managing and correct disposal of materials and resources used in airport
facilities
Authors Seinre et al. (2014); Nilashi et al. (2015); Ferrulli (2016); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); ACRP (2008)
the environment. Maintaining high performance while reducing costs goal - becoming environmentally friendly. The qualitative data col-
and environmental impacts may constitute a complementary way to lected for the research was submitted to document analysis and the
achieve sustainability at airports. quantitative data analysed using t-tests. Statistically, significant results
Trying to identify the performance of recycled pavements and the were found related to the reduction of waste per passenger and aircraft
suggestions made by Giustozzi et al. (2012), Magnoni et al. (2016) movement (for total waste, incinerated waste and landfill waste).
conducted a case study on two rehabilitation methods adopted in a two Besides, a statistically significant increase in the proportion of recycled
taxiways reconstruction project, in a major Italian airport. The results waste and a decrease in the proportion of waste sent to landfills was
show that recycling does not necessarily result in lower performance. observed.
Up to 65 % of CO2 emissions have been reduced by building recycled As such, quantitatively speaking, Kansai International Airport has
floors. Quality control at the end of construction demonstrated that shown significant improvements in waste management. The study fur-
both recycled floors were suitable to support New Large Aircraft ther concludes that waste management approaches and policies can be
(NLAs), such as the Boeing B777−300ER. Besides, it is important to transferred to other airport facilities (Baxter, Srisaeng, & Wild, 2018).
mention the high productivity at the construction site obtained through
the use of recycled pavements, which favour a rapid reopening of traffic
and reduce the influence of pavement construction activities on aircraft 3.7. Biodiversity conservation and land use indicator
operations. Therefore, high-performance materials with low environ-
mental impact constitute a strategy to improve sustainability at air- Biodiversity conservation and land use, composed by the following
ports. sub-indicators: (1) The structural design of the airport should preserve
Airports became responsible for generating wealth and moving the natural habitats; (2) The structural design of the airport should provide
regions around the terminal. They are subjected to frequent internal protection against the invasion of animal species such as birds; (3) The
changes and external growth in response to an increased passenger architectural design of the airport should provide for the least possible
volume and the evolution of aircraft models (Kotopouleas et al., 2016). use of territorial space and have green areas allowing soil permeability;
Thus, there is an urgent need to consider the possibilities of reducing (4) The architectural design of the airport should prioritize natural
environmental, social and economic impact. lighting as much as possible; (5) The architectural design of the airport
The global air transport industry is expected to continue its rapid should provide spaces for recreation and alternative means of transport
growth in the coming years. However, a by-product of air transport such as walking and cycling; (6) Airport terminals should have wildlife
operations is the substantial volume of waste generated at airports. reporting and management plans within the airport coverage area; (7)
According to Baxter, Srisaeng, & Wild (2018), to minimize the en- Design to minimize the use of land and to reduce the prevalence of the
vironmental impact of waste and comply with regulatory requirements, Heat Island Effect; (8) Selection of location; (9) Potential conflicts in the
airports are increasingly implementing sustainable waste management airspace of tall buildings near the airport. The strategic map is pre-
policies and systems. sented in Table 7.
Baxter, Srisaeng, & Wild (2018) studied waste management at The choice of an airport construction site should be well evaluated.
Kansai International Airport from 2002 to 2015. Throughout its history, It is relevant that the surroundings have low potential for conflicts in
the Airport has implemented international best practices to achieve its space and on the ground. It should also be avoided very tall structures
nearby or building the airport close to forests and environments prone
8
Table 7
Biodiversity Conservation and Land Use Indicator.
Indicator Biodiversity Conservation and Land Use Indicator
Description Technologies, infrastructure and efficient management for the preservation of biodiversity and the use of soil
Authors Carlini (2013); Suzer (2015); Nilashi et al. (2015); Li and Loo (2016); Ferrulli (2016); Huo et al. (2017); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); FAA (2018); DOC
9184; ACRP (2012); ACRP (2008); Airport Regulations (1997)
Sub-indicator Airport structural design must preserve natural habitats
Description Structural projects that preserve sensitive habitats
Authors Ferrulli (2016); DOC 9184
Sub-indicator The structural design of the airport must provide protection against the invasion of animal species such as birds
Description Infrastructure with protection against the invasion of species
Sub-indicator The architectural design of the airport should provide the least possible use of territorial space and have green areas allowing soil permeability
Description Infrastructure which minimizes the use of territorial space and availability of green areas that allow soil permeability
Authors Ferrulli (2016); DOC 9184
Sub-indicator The architectural design of the airport should prioritize natural lighting as much as possible
Description Efficient light consumption and infrastructure allowing natural lighting
Sub-indicator The airport's architectural design should provide spaces for recreational practices and alternative means of transportation such as walking and cycling
Description Creation of spaces for recreational activities and modes of alternative transport, such as walking and cycling
Sub-indicator Airport terminals should have wildlife reporting and management, and management plans within the airport coverage area
Description Have reports, management plans and wildlife management in the area of comprehensiveness of the airport
Authors FAA (2018)
Sub-indicator Design to minimize the use of land and reduce the prevalence of the Heat Island Effect
Description Infrastructure which minimizes the use of territorial space and availability of green areas that allow soil permeability
Authors (Ferrulli, 2016) ; DOC 9184
Sub-indicator Select location
Description Localizing the place that generates the least environmental impact
Authors Nilashi et al. (2015); Huo et al. (2017); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); FAA (2018); DOC 9184; ACRP (2012)
Sub-indicator Potential conflicts in the airspace of tall buildings near the airport
Description Infrastructure of the surroundings with low potential for conflicts in airspace
Authors FAA (2018)
to animals entering the runway or birds into space. from a planning point of view, the development of airports in terms of
Sustainable practices should represent a way to develop more effi- infrastructure - both airport and ground - for investment and main-
cient solutions when planning short and long term strategies for airport tenance in order to shape travel demand and airline policy.
expansion, maintenance and construction (Giustozzi et al., 2012), Through a case study research, based on commercial and technical
minding the connection between airports, regional infrastructures and data from “Puglia Airports”, and in order to identify the multi-airport
transports, thermal comfort and recycling of waste generated by airport system as a mode of sustainability for airport development, (Fasone,
renovations. 2012). defines Puglia Airports as an emblematic example of the creation
of a multiple airport system (MAS) as a tool for regional development. It
represents a concrete attempt to conduct a MAS at four regional air-
3.8. Cost and economy indicator
ports. The multiple airport system is an approach whereby airport
management may facilitate and unify its objectives through policies
Cost and economy, composed of the following sub-indicators: (1)
reconciling economic and financial sustainability, and sustainability in
The airport should have control of the costs of environmental impacts
infrastructure planning and development.
to determine the necessary compensation to be applied by aviation
environmental policy; (2) The airport should make publicly available
the financial results of its operation; (3) The airport management policy 3.9. Quality of the internal environment indicator
must encourage the qualification and training of its employees; (4) It
should be airport management policy to ensure the work environment The quality of the internal environment integrates the following
of employees is within quality standards ensuring well-being and safety; sub-indicators: (1) The airport should be struck by the intensity and
(5) It should be the airport management policy to encourage vocational quality of ventilation in its facilities; (2) The airport should ensure
training of employees; (6) It should be airport management policy to thermal comfort to users and employees; (3) The airport should ensure
value the quality of customer service, whether airport users or tenants; that internal lighting meets the requirements and standards of oper-
(7) It should be the airport management policy to promote economic ating comfort and safety; (4) The airport should ensure the noise level is
growth and perpetuate the socio-environmental evolution of the region; controlled in all environments. The strategic map is presented in
(8) Encouraging tenants and concessionaires to operate in a sustainable Table 9.
manner should be an airport management policy; (9) It should also be Inside the airport complex, terminals are designed predominantly as
airport management policy to penalize companies and bodies that internal spaces, and most people using them are in transitory condi-
violate sustainability policy. The strategic map is presented in Table 8. tions. Thus, these infrastructures represent a particularly challenging
According to research by Fasone et al. (2012) airports can generate environment. In their research, Kotopouleas and Nikolopoulou (2016)
economic and social value on two different fields: as a business activity report on the investigation about thermal comfort conditions at three
or as infrastructure for the development of the regional economy. UK airport terminals. During seasonal field surveys, indoor environ-
Basically, while managing the airport system, two key objectives need mental conditions were monitored in different areas and questionnaire-
to be balanced. The first, from a business point of view, is related to the guided interviews were conducted with 3087 terminal users. The work
corporate characteristics of the various companies operating at the presented identifies possible differences in the comfort needs of the
airport and refers to the consequent economic results that will guar- main user groups, using the thermal comfort study methods and pro-
antee their long-term financial sustainability. The second concerns, cedures.
9
Table 8
Cost and Economy Indicator.
Indicator Cost and economy
Description Application of principles of administrative management (commercial, financial and human resources) that beneficially impact the three dimensions of
sustainability in their operation
Authors Carlini (2013); Wolfe et al. (2014); Nilashi et al., (2015); Chang & Yeh (2016); Li and Loo (2016); Shan and Hwang (2018); FAA (2018); DOC 9184; ACRP (2012);
(OACI, 2011)
Sub-indicator The airport should have control over the costs of environmental impacts to determine the necessary compensations, to be applied by aviation environmental
policy
Description Airplane noise, air quality and damage by climate changes are space and temporally caused by heterogenous, and the costs of these environmental impacts should
determine the necessary compensations to be applied by environmental aviation policy
Authors Li and Loo (2016); Wolfe et al. (2014)
Sub-indicator The airport should make available to the public its financial results from its operation
Description Public, accessible, regular and systematic demonstration of the financial results of airports operation
Authors Chang adn Yeh (2016)
Sub-indicator It should be airport management policy to encourage qualification and training of its employees
Description System application of qualification incentives and training programs to the airport workforce
Authors Chang and Yeh (2016)
Sub-indicator It should be the airport management policy to ensure the work environment of employees is within quality standards that ensure well-being and safety
Description Guarantee that the work environment of the collaborates is within the quality standards that assure well-being and security
Sub-indicator It should be airport management policy to encourage the professional training of employees
Description Guarantee that the level of training of airport staff and companies’ members correspond to adequate standards as well as the responsibilities imposed by
development activities
Sub-indicator It should be airport management policy to value the quality of customer service, whether airport users or tenants.
Description Verify and guarantee that operations developed by the airport and by companies and organizations installed in the airport remain at a satisfactory level for clients
and users
Sub-indicator It should be airport management policy to promote economic growth and perpetuate the socio-environmental evolution of the region
Description Promote politics aimed to economic growth that guarantee the airport operation in a form which perpetuates the socio-environmental evolution of the region
Authors FAA (2018)
Sub-indicator Encouraging tenants and concessionaires to operate in a sustainable manner should be an airport management policy
Description To preserve the economic viability and confront growth restrictions, strategies allowing sustained aviation growth are necessary, controlling the costs and
pursuing long-term reduction goals
Authors ACRP (2012)
Sub-indicator It should be the airport management policy to penalize companies and bodies that violate the sustainability policy
Description Support the consciousness regarding general goals of the airport and totally integrate sustainability and sustainable practices in airport everyday activities, not
only those under the direct control of the airport
Authors ACRP (2012)
As a result, the authors noted that thermal sensation was pre- (Kotopouleas and Nikolopoulou, 2016).
dominantly determined by the combination of temperature, clothing On the other hand, employees were more sensitive to temperature
insulation and terminal activity levels. The latter two are among the changes and their adaptability resulted in a smaller comfort zone. From
parameters that differentiate comfort conditions of passengers and an energy conservation point of view, the results refer little space to
employees. Both groups presented different levels of satisfaction with reduce summer cooling and that alternative methods should be sought.
the internal conditions, both preferring a thermal environment different During winter, however, there is a greater potential for energy savings
from the one experienced at the airports. Cold conditions were the by giving the terminal staff more control over the thermal environment.
major cause of discomfort, although this depended on the particula- Flexible policies, such as more flexible dress codes, have also improved
rities of each terminal. By viewing the terminal as a transitional space, staff thermal comfort (Kotopouleas & Nikolopoulou, 2016). Outside,
passengers demonstrated a greater potential for temperature adaptation floor structures are important in airport installations. Therefore,
Table 9
Quality of the internal environment Indicator.
Indicator Quality of the internal environment
Description System for assessing the quality of the internal environment of airport facilities for the development of human activities
Authors Seinre et al. (2014); Nilashi et al. (2015); Suzer (2015); Asrib et al. (2016); Kotopouleas and Nikolopoulou (2016); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); DOC
9184; ACRP (2008)
Sub-indicator The airport should value the intensity and quality of ventilation on its premises
Description Intensity and quality of ventilation in the airport dependencies
Authors Seinre et al. (2014)
Sub-indicator The airport should ensure thermal comfort to users and employees
Description Ensure thermal comfort to users and collaborators, utilizing environmentally friendly and economically sustainable technologies
Sub-indicator The airport must ensure that internal lighting meets the requirements and standards of operating comfort and safety
Description Internal lighting should meet the minimal requirements of operation standards for comfort and safety
Sub-indicator The airport must ensure that the noise level is controlled in all environments
Description Noise levels should be subjected to systematic analysis policies for both internal and external environments, held under the penalty of social and environmental
requirements for the region in which the airport is being installed
Authors Seinre et al. (2014); DOC 9184
10
Table 10
Transport and Vehicle Control Indicator.
Indicator Transport and Vehicle Control
Description Choose to construct in areas with adequate structure for accessibility

Authors Seinre et al. (2014); Monsalud et al. (2015); Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018); DOC 9184
Sub-indicator The structural design of the airport should prioritize construction where there is a possibility of public and alternative means of transport
Description Choose to build in places close to public and alternative means of transportation
Authors Seinre et al. (2014); Ding, 2018
Sub-indicator The structural project of the airport should include bicycle parking and parking with spaces and electric charging stations (for electric means of transport)
Description Access to bike storage and parking; promotion of car sharing, and electric recharge stations
Sub-indicator The airport should have only the number of cars on the runway that are really needed to perform the activities
Description The airport should have only the quantity of cars really needed for the execution of activities. In addition to this, the option should be for low environmental
impact fuels
Authors Monsalud et al. (2015); DOC 9184
Sub-indicator Airport management should choose to hire companies using fuel with low environmental impact to perform the transportation on the runway
Description Option for the use of combustibles with low environmental impact
Authors Monsalud et al. (2015); DOC 9184
maintenance and rehabilitation projects consume a huge amount of Table 11

non-renewable resources. Despite this concern, very little has been Social and Cultural Aspects Indicator.
done to achieve environmental sustainability in the construction and Indicator Social and Cultural Aspects Indicator
preservation of these structures. More precisely, the environmental
impact of pavement construction and maintenance is becoming in- Description Policies aimed at respect and promotion of local culture
creasingly important due to its large extent (Magnoni et al., 2016). Authors Li and Loo (2016); Chang and Yeh (2016); Huo et al. (2017);
Shan and Hwang (2018); Airports Regulations (1997)
Sub-indicator Contribution to community with charitable and cultural activities
Description Promotion of cultural activities
3.10. Transport and vehicle control indicator Authors Chang and Yeh (2016)
Sub-indicator Provide transport accessibility
Description Opt to construct in areas with an adequate structure for
Transport and vehicle control consist of the following sub-in-
accessibility
dicators: (1) The airport structural design should prioritize construction Authors Seinre et al. (2014); Monsalud et al. (2015); Ding, 2018; Shan
where public and alternative means of transport are possible; (2) The and Hwang (2018); DOC 9184
structural design of the airport should include bicycle racks, and Sub-indicator Promote health and well-being
parking with spaces and recharging stations (for electric means of Description Promotion of health and well-being for people who travel via or
work at the airport
transport); (3) The airport should only have the number of cars on the
Authors Ding, 2018; Shan and Hwang (2018)
runway really needed to perform the activities; (4) Airport management Sub-indicator Neighbourhood amenities
should opt to hire companies using low environmental impact fuels to Description Aim at the environmental preservation of the neighbourhood;
carry out runway transport. The strategic map is presented in Table 10. controlling noise; promote neighbourhood harmony
Authors Seinre et al. (2014); Shan and Hwang (2018); DOC 9184
Transport indicators are mostly related to accessibility. When
building an airport you should consider whether there is public trans-
port to the location and if there are highways perfectly fit for the cir-
4. Conclusion
culation of people and cars. Also, if there is no infrastructure, it ought to
be analysed the possibility to build or make it feasible.
The existing airport buildings have great potential to adapt their
spaces and reduce energy consumption. Faced with global warming, the
demand for green buildings and clean energy is growing, as interna-
3.11. Social and cultural aspects indicator
tional attention increasingly focus on optimizing energy performance in
already existing buildings. The objective of the research carried out is to
Social and Cultural Aspects, consisting of the following sub-in-
find an ideal adaptation solution, balancing the sustainable develop-
dicators: (1) Contribution to community with charitable and cultural
ment of cities.
activities; (2) Transport accessibility; (3) Health and well-being; (4)
The main goal of the research was to propose a sustainable airport
Neighbourhood amenities. The strategic map is presented in Table 11.
model with categories of analysis involving the passenger terminal, the
As already mentioned, the choice of an airport construction site
runway and the airport patio. In response to this objective, a literary
requires careful evaluation, both to avoid accidents and to avoid con-
revision was necessary and, to compose the final model, the standards
flicts with the community. So, noise and pollution must be taken into
of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and the
account. Also investing in promoting the health and well-being of
Building Research Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) were
people who work or attend the airport.
also considered. Then, a mapping of indicators and sub-indicators was
The environmental impacts and implications of the aviation in-
performed. Nine indicators were identified: Noise Reduction, Emission
dustry have been studied and evaluated by researchers in recent years
Reduction and Air Quality, Energy Management, Water Management,
and, as a consequence, the industry seeks sustainability actions in order
Waste Management, Biodiversity Conservation and Land Use, Cost and
to reduce emissions and improve the performance in society. We may
Economy, Quality of the Internal Environment, and Transport and ve-
state there are actions and public policies seeking to establish a new
hicle control.
structure, a sustainable policy framework for aviation. However, based
Sustainable urban development is widely seen as the result of a
on indicators, airports need to develop and adopt sustainable in-
balance of concerns about economic, environmental and social equity.
novative practices focused on the improvement of its social and en-
However, critics argue that social equity is routinely left out in devel-
vironmentally sustainable performance in the regions where they op-
opment practice. To help identify solutions that can solve this problem,
erate.
the research establishes indicators for the construction of sustainable
11
airports, able to substantially incorporate social equity in the devel- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.016.

opment practices of cities. In comparison with traditional airport Castro-Lacouture, D., et al. (2009). Optimization model for the selection of materials using a
LEED-based green building rating system in Colombia. Building and Environment, 44(6),
building processes, we demonstrate through indicators that green 1162–1170 Elsevier BV.
buildings may balance sustainable development, and also be successful Chang, Y. H., & Yeh, C. H. (2016). Managing corporate social responsibility strategies of air-
ports: The case of Taiwan’s Taoyuan International Airport Corporation. Transportation
when there is an institutional effort to defend the cities social equity. Research Part A, Policy and Practice, 92, 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.
After elaborating the indicators, 58 sub-indicators are presented, 015.
based on authors. Strategic objectives were defined to guide the im- Ding, Zhikun, et al. (2018). Green building evaluation system implementation. Building and
Environment, 133, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.012 Elsevier BV.
plementation or evaluation of each indicator. This enables us to use Dorodjatun, K. (2011). Sustainable development: Implementation past, current and future into.
different approaches to the application of these indicators, either by Spatial bulletin, national spatial planning coordinating agency.
EPA (2012). WaterSense. Retrieved on March 23, 2013 from http://www.epa.gov/watersense/
implementing qualitative research, multi-criteria methodologies, or
about_us/index.html.
even creating scales for quantitative research. The choice of the most Eurocontrol (2013). Challenges of Growth 2013. Eurocontrol.
appropriate form of application will be decided by each researcher. European Commission (1998). Legislation. European Commission.
Evans, M. (2011). Sustainable transport. Retrieved January 10, 2016, from. http://www.
The lack of sustainable guidelines for planning and certifying a earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-ssues/sustainabletransport.
sustainable airport is a political gap that requires immediate attention. FAA (2010). Airport categories. Retrieved on December 1, 2010 from http://www.faa.gov/
Thus, it is expected that the results of this study will serve as a starting airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/categories/FAA.
Fasone, V., et al. (2012). Multi-Airport System as a Way of Sustainability for Airport
point for further research, as well as assist managers and builders in the Development: Evidence from an Italian Case Study. Social and Behavioral Sciences.
certification of a sustainable airport. Finally, we believe that, with the Ferrulli, Paolina (2016). Green Airport Design Evaluation (GrADE) – methods and tools im-
proving infrastructure planning. Transportation Research Procedia. https://doi.org/10.
deepening of studies, it will be possible to feedback the scientific de- 1016/j.trpro.2016.05.463.
velopment process, improving and adapting each indicator, and pro- Huo, X., Yu, A. T. W., & Wu, Z. (2017). A comparative analysis of site planning and design
moting new ways of managing the dynamics involved in the construc- among green building rating tools. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 352–359 Elsevier BV.
Kılkış, Ş., & Kılkış, Ş (2016). Benchmarking airports based on a sustainability ranking index.
tion of a sustainable airport. For further research, we suggest the Journal of Cleaner Production, 130, 248–259.
application and refinement of this proposed model. Kotopouleas, Alkis, & Nikolopoulou, Marialena (2016). Thermal comfort conditions in airport
terminals: Indoor or transition spaces? Building and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.buildenv.2016.01.021.
Conflict of interests Kumar, A., Alora, A., & Gupta, H. (2019). Evaluating green performance of the airports using
hybrid BWM and VIKOR methodology. Tourism Management, 76, 103941.
Lee, W.l., & Burnett, J. (2017). Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM, BREEAM
The authors state that there is no conflict of interests. and LEED. Building And Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.11.007.
Lee, W. L., & Burnett, J. (2008). Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM, BREEAM
Acknowledgments and LEED. Building and Environment, 43(11), 1882–1891 Elsevier BV.
Li, L., & Loo, B. P. Y. (2016). Impact analysis of airport infrastructure within a sustainability
framework: Case studies on Hong Kong International Airport. International Journal of
This study was conducted by the Centre for Sustainable Sustainable Transportation, 10(9), 781–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2016.
1149647.
Development (Greens), from the University of Southern Santa Catarina
Lu, M., Hsu, C., Liou, J., & Lo, H. (2018). A hybrid MCDM and sustainability-balanced scorecard
(Unisul), in the context of the project BRIDGE - Building Resilience in a model to establish sustainable performance evaluation for international airports. Journal of
Dynamic Global Economy: Complexity across scales in the Brazilian Air Transport Management, 71, 9–19.
Monsalud, A., Ho, D., & Rakas, J. (2015). Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation strategies within
Food-Water-Energy Nexus; funded by the Newton Fund, Fundação de the airport sustainability evaluation process. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14(1), 414–424.
Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.08.003.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível superior Nilashi, Mehrbakhsh, et al. (2015). A knowledge-based expert system for assessing the per-
formance level of green buildings. Knowledge-based Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
(CAPES), National Council for Scientific and Technological knosys.2015.06.009.
Development (CNPq) and the Research Councils United Kingdom OACI, Organización De Aviación Civil Internacional (2011). La aviación y la sostenibilidad. (6th).
OACI.
(RCUK). Rawson, R., & Hooper, P. D. (2012). The importance of stakeholder participation to sustainable
airport master planning in the UK. Environmental Development, 2, 36–47.
References Saldaña-Márquez, Héctor (2018). Sustainable social housing: The comparison of the Mexican
funding program for housing solutions and building sustainability rating systems. Building
and Environment, 133, 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.017
ABNT (2017). Brazilian Association of Technical Standards. ABNT. Elsevier BV.
ACI, (Airports Council International) (2015). Airport sustainability - a holistic approach to effective Schwartz, Y., & Raslan, R. (2013). Variations in results of building energy simulation tools, and
airport management. Retrieved. from. http://www.aci-na.org/static/entransit/ their impact on BREEAM and LEED ratings: A case study. Energy and Buildings, 62, 350–359
Sustainability%20White%20Paper.pdf.. Elsevier BV.
ACRP (2008). Airport Sustainability Practices. ACRP. Seinre, E., Kurnitski, J., & Voll, H. (2014). Building sustainability objective assessment in
ACRP (2011). Report 42 sustainable airport construction practiesWashington, D.C: TRB. Estonian context and a comparative evaluation with LEED and BREEAM. Building and
ACRP (2012). Guidebook for Incorporating Sustainability into Traditional Airport Projects. ACRP. Environment, 82, 110–120.
Allam, Z. (2020). Sustainability and resilience in megacities through energy diversification, Shan, M., & Hwang, Bon-gang (2018). Green building rating systems: Global reviews of prac-
land fragmentation and fiscal mechanisms. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53(2020). tices and research efforts. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.
Asrib, A. R., Abduh, M. N., & Dirawan, G. D. (2016). Environmental sustainability: The case of 1016/j.scs.2018.02.034 Elsevier BV.
the sultan hasanuddin international airport, Makassar, South Sulawesi. World Transactions Sukumaran, S., & Sudhakar, K. (2017). Fully solar powered airport: A case study of Cochin
on Engineering and Technology Education, 14(3), 431–437 Retrieved from https://www. International airport. Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, 176–188. https://doi.org/
scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018313773&partnerID=40&md5= 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.04.004.
1d6548f41f1b0a36fddaadcf56006477. Suzer, O. (2015). A comparative review of environmental concern prioritization: LEED vs other
Baek, S., Kim, H., & Chang, H. J. (2016). Optimal hybrid renewable airport power system: major certification systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 154, 266–283.
Empirical study on Incheon International Airport, South Korea. Sustainability (Switzerland), USGBC, US Green Building Council (2009). Leadership in engineering and design (LEED).
8(6), https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060562. Retrieved on September 12, 2010, from http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?
Baxter, G., Srisaeng, P., & Wild, G. (2018). Sustainable airport waste management: The case of CategoryID=19.
Kansai International Airport. Recycling, 3(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Uysal, M. P., Sogut, M. Z., Weiszer, M., Chen, J., & Locatelli, G. (2017). An integrated research
recycling3010006. for architecture-based energy management in sustainable airports. Energy, 140,
Boschmann, E., & Gabriel, J. N. (2013). Urban sustainability and the LEED rating system: Case 1387–1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.199.
studies on the role of regional characteristics and adaptive reuse in green building in WCED (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Denver and Boulder, Colorado. The Geographical Journal, 179(3), 221–233 Wiley-Blackwell. Wolfe, P. J., Yim, S. H. L., Lee, G., Ashok, A., Barrett, S. R. H., & Waitz, I. A. (2014). Near-airport
Budd, T., Budd, L., & Ison, S. (2015). Environmentally sustainable practices at UK airports. distribution of the environmental costs of aviation. Transport Policy, 34, 102–108. https://
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Transport, 168(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/ doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.02.023.
10.1680/tran.13.00076. Yuan, M., Yin, C., Sun, Y., & Chen, W. (2019). Examining the associations between urban built
Carlini, J. M. (2013). Airports going green: How the airports are implementing sustainability practices environment and noise pollution in high-density high-rise urban areas: A case study in
in the United States. Wuhan. China Sustainable Cities and Society, 50(2019), 1016782.
Carvalho, I. D. C., Calijuri, M. L., Assemany, P. P., Silva, M. D. F. M. E., Moreira Neto, R. F., Portal Vanzolini, (Brasil)(Org.) O caminho da certificação. (Accessed 12 feb 2020).
Santiago, A. D. F., et al. (2013). Sustainable airport environments: A review of water
conservation practices in airports. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 74, 27–36.
12

Sustainable Cities and Society: A B C D e F 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sustainable Cities and Society: A B C D e F 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sustainable Cities and Society: A B C D e F 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sustainable Cities and Society 59 (2020) 102160

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Cities and Society

A Green Airport model: Proposition based on social and environmental T

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

1. Introduction compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

E-mail address: baltazar.guerra@Unisul.br (J.B.S.O.d.A. Guerra).

Description Actions towards controlling air quality

et al., 2015). solar-powered airport, Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL),

Description Choose to construct in areas with adequate structure for accessibility

maintenance and rehabilitation projects consume a huge amount of Table 11

airports, able to substantially incorporate social equity in the devel- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.016.

You might also like