PR 1 - LP2 - Week 2
PR 1 - LP2 - Week 2
PR 1 - LP2 - Week 2
LEARNING PACKET #2
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
RESEARCH 92
Prepared by: Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
SECOND SEMESTER
AY 2020 – 2021
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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explains attitude and values uses words and transcriptions can be highly subjective
narrative report uses statistical analysis tests hypothesis
flexible methodology high generalizability uses deductive analysis
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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LET’S LEARN!
In qualitative research, data are typically analyzed through recognizing themes, patterns,
and categories. This type of analysis is known as inductive analysis. However, some qualitative
studies also involve deductive analysis.
Characteristics
• Data is collected in the field at the site where participants
experience the issue or problem under study.
NATURAL SETTING • Researchers gather up-close information.
• Researchers have face-to-face interaction with participants over
time.
• Researchers collect data themselves through examining
THE RESEARCHER AS
documents, observing behavior, and interviewing participants.
THE KEY
• Research instrument is designed by the researcher using open –
INSTRUMENT
ended questions.
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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The following are the weaknesses of qualitative research. These should be addressed in order to
conduct qualitative research effectively.
• Qualitative research provides findings that may not be generalizable
since it only explores limited number of cases.
• It makes formulating quantitative predictions challenging because it does
not use statistical techniques that will establish causal relations.
• It requires more time to gather and analyze data because it involves
immersion, lengthy interviews, careful recording and transcription of data
and qualitative analysis.
• Qualitative research can be easily influenced by the researchers’ personal bias.
• It may be difficult to replicate because of the uniqueness of the selected locale or context.
• It is heavily dependent on the ability of the participants to communicate and express
themselves.
Ethnography/Ethnographic Studies
This study involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities.
In this type of research, the researcher immerses (overtly or covertly) with the people and
becomes a part of their culture, He or she becomes involved in the everyday activities of the
subjects, and gets to empathize with the cultural groups experiencing issues and problems in their
everyday lives. During the immersion process, the researcher talks to the key persons and
personalities called key informants who provide important information for the study.
Example: What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in
Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City (dela Cruz, 1994)?
In studying the problem, the researcher immerses with subjects and becomes involved
with the activities that exemplify the cultural practices of the respondents.
Grounded Theory
An approach in qualitative research which involves developing a theory inductive analysis
of data. The method involves comparing collected units of data against one another until
categories and properties emerge. These hypotheses are tentative and suggestive and are not
tested in the study.
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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Example: Ten school counsellors were given structured interviews to help determine how their
professional identity is formed.
In the example above, the data was coded first to form concepts. Then, connections between
these concepts were identified. A core concept emerged and its process and implications were
discussed School counselors’ professional interactions were identified as defining experiences in
their identity formation (Brott & Myers, 1999).
PHENOMENOLOGY
This involves understanding and developing a clear and accurate descriptions of human
experiences. This type or research seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience by
explaining how complex meanings are built out of simple units of inner experience. It examines
human experiences through the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents.
Example: What are the common experiences encountered by a person with a spouse who is
undergoing rehabilitation?
With the given problem, the researcher has to discover the inner feelings, emotional
hardships, and mental disturbances that the respondent is experiencing.
HISTORICAL/NARRATIVE APPROACH
This study is concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data
from past events. This is not only limited to obtaining data from the past, but it also involves
relating their implications to the present and future time.
The validity of materials used in the study are assessed through the following processes:
a. Internal criticism – This involves establishing the authenticity or originality of the
materials by looking at the consistency of information. Motives and possible biases of the
author must be considered in trying to determine the accuracy of the materials.
b. External criticism – This is based on the analysis of the material: the ink and type of paper
used, the layout and physical appearance, and as well as the age and texture of the
material itself.
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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CASE STUDY
It is an in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution. Some of
its purposes are to gain insights into a little-known problem, provide background data for broader
studies, and explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes.
Understanding the Needing to describe several individuals who interview with individuals,
essence of the the essence of a lived have shared the document, observations &
Phenomenology experience phenomenon experience art may be considered
Describing & Describing & a group that shares the Using primarily
interpreting a culture- interpreting the shared same culture observations and
sharing group patterns of interviews but perhaps
Ethnography
culture of a group collecting other sources
during extended time in
field
Developing a theory Grounding a theory in a process, an action or Using primarily interviews
grounded from data the view of the interaction involving with 20 to 60 individuals,
Grounded on the field participants many individuals observation,
Theory record review, or
combination
Developing an Providing an in-depth an event, a program, Using multiple sources,
in-depth description & understanding of a an activity such as interviews,
Case Study analysis of multiple case or cases observations, documents,
cases and artifacts
Exploring the life of Needing to tell the Studying one or more Using primarily interviews
an individual in stories of individual individuals and documents
sequence experiences • Develop an inventory
of sources - archives,
private libraries,
Narrative Study
papers
• Clarify validity &
reliability of data -
primary sources,
authenticity, biases
Practical Research 1 Source: Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing
RESEARCH 92 Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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Qualitative studies are important since research is not limited to collecting numerical
data, but it also involves investigating experiences of people and through obtaining insights from
them. Through the analysis of human experiences, qualitative research becomes useful in
determining factors necessary for making sound decisions and improving the quality of life. It is
also important in developing a deeper understanding of a phenomenon, which can help improve
social interactions. Indeed, the impact of qualitative research is not only confined within the four
corners of a classroom; it is also evident across various fields.
SPORTS
• Qualitative research can help you better understand the problems of athletes and the
challenges in implementing sports in order to contribute to their effective creation and
implementation. In addition, undertaking a qualitative study can help you find out how
crucial activities are in making citizens active and healthy.
BUSINESS
• You can utilize qualitative research in exploring the attitudes and experiences of people
in companies and customers of businesses (analyze processes, customer satisfaction,
sales and marketing activities)
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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LET’S REFLECT!
Reflect on what you have learned from this lesson by completing the chart below.
Indicate your answers on the worksheet provided.
What were your misconceptions about What new or additional learning have
the topic prior to taking up this lesson? you had after taking up this lesson in
terms of skills, content, and attitude?
I thought… I learned that…
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
11
II. Write S if a qualitative approach is suitable for each given situation and N if not.
Indicate your answers on the worksheet provided.
1. Determining whether exposure to CNN programs increases the English proficiency of
students.
2. Exploring the attitudes of Filipino youth toward Senate hearings on extrajudicial killings.
3. Analyzing patients’ perceptions of government hospitals.
4. Investigating whether emotional quotient increases with intelligence quotient.
5. Studying the response of Filipinos to political advertisements.
6. Examining whether an increased amount of exercise helps senior citizens lose weight.
7. Understanding the causes of miscommunication in the workplace.
8. Exploring the lived experiences of teenagers with bipolar disorder.
9. Investigating the effect of social media in the students’ study habits.
10. Studying the lost tradition of Mangyan tribe’s courtship dance.
LET’S PRACTICE #2
I. Read the following descriptions and distinguish what qualitative research design is being
described. Write your answer on the the worksheet provided.
1. A qualitative research design that describes a social group and how its members live.
2. A qualitative research design that describes a situation in a specific context extensively.
3. A qualitative research design that describes a phenomenon and the events related to it
to form a cohesive story.
4. A qualitative research design that describes the lived experiences of an individual.
5. A qualitative research design that develops a theory from qualitative data.
II. Read the listed qualitative research titles and determine what is the most appropriate
qualitative approach to be used in the study. For your answers, refer to the choices
provided in “Let’s Practice #2 Test I”. Write your answer on the the worksheet provided.
Who is Lapu-Lapu?: A closer look to a brave hero
An Analysis of Near Death Experiences Among Critical Patients
Child rearing practices of Manobo Tribe: A close encounter
Gender Differences Within Academia : A Case on the Probability of Promotion in Private
Schools
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
12
LET’S REFLECT!
Reflect on what you have learned from this lesson by completing the chart below.
What were your misconceptions about the What new or additional learning have you
topic prior to taking up this lesson? had after taking up this lesson in terms of
skills, content, and attitude?
I thought… I learned that…
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
13
II. Write S if a qualitative approach is suitable for each given situation and N if not.
1. _____ 6. _____
2. _____ 7. _____
3. _____ 8. _____
4. _____ 9. _____
5. _____ 10. _____
II. Read the listed qualitative research titles and determine what is the most appropriate
qualitative approach to be used in the study. For your answers, refer to the choices
provided in “Let’s Practice #2 Test I”.
1. ________________________________ 6. ________________________________
2. ________________________________ 7. ________________________________
3. ________________________________ 8. ________________________________
4. ________________________________ 9. ________________________________
5. ________________________________ 10. ________________________________
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT
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For items 6-10 refer to the given choices below. Write the letter only before the number.
References:
Barrot, J. S. (2018). Practical Research 1 For Senior High School. C & E Publishing Inc.:
Quezon City, Philippines
Bernard, H.R. (2000). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five
Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Kendal, S. (2015). How to Write a Research Paper. Simon Kendal & bookboon.com ISBN
978-87-403-1069-6.
Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3rd Edition. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage
NOTE: When submitting your Learning Packets, return only the following:
1. The Cover Page of your Learning Packet (with necessary information filled out)
2. Worksheet with answers
Practical Research 1
RESEARCH 92
Learning Packet #2
Cathy Joy C. Pagunsaran, LPT