Chapter4: Biodiversity and Climate Change

Lesson1: Biodiversity & Healthy Society

Lesson2 : Bamboo
Lesson3: Climate Change
Lesson4:Philippine Environmental Laws

LESSON 1 : Biodiversity
Our planet, Earth, is a home to trillion different species of organisms. It includes all microorganisms,
plants and animals that adhere and intertwine like threads in the net (Prieto, Vega, Felipe, & Meneses, 2019).
It gives us all our needs like food to eat, clear drinking water, fresh air, medicines, and materials for building
our houses.

Unfortunately, due to the increase in human population which has doubled in number since 1960 to
7.4 billion (World Wide Fund Global, n.d.), people have been disregarding the safety and help of the net for
decades. Forests were set on fire to give way for farming. Fishes were netted even during breeding season.
Trees were cut for buildings and housing units causing floods and landslides. Human have industrialized the
natural habitat of wildlife, leaving these creatures with no place to live and putting their lives in danger which
might cause their extinction. In 2020, it is projected that wildlife will decline to 67% of its present number as it
decreases 2% annually (World Wide Fund Global, n.d.). Furthermore, the disappearance of organisms in a
certain environment causes an imbalance, more chaotic changes that harm the entire ecosystem
(Inquirer.net, 2016).

To mend the affected net, people need to know more about the importance of biodiversity, and how
human activities either contribute to its growth and destruction.

Biodiversity and Its Importance

Biodiversity was derived from two words. The first is from the Latin word bios, which refers to all kind
of living things. Diversity means variety or differences. Therefore, biodiversity literally means as the variety
and extent of differences among living and non-living organisms (Sinha and Heaney, 2006).

In its structural and functional perspective, it is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire
Earth from the single-celled to the largest multi-celled organisms (Serafica, Pawilen, Caslib & Alata, 2018).

Globale (2009) defined biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources,
including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are
part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity is the source of
the essential goods and ecological services that constitute the source of life for all and it has direct
consumptive value in food, agriculture, medicine, and in industry.”

According to Haribon (2006), the importance of biodiversity can be divided into three categories.
These are as follows:
 ① Economic Importance
Food. All organisms living in this planet obtain their food from biodiversity. Cows eat grasses, birds eat fruits,
cats eat rats, frogs eat mosquitoes and fishes eats planktons. Even humans are dependent on biodiversity for
their nutritional need. According to World Health Organization (2007), biodiversity is a vital element of human
being’s nutrition because it influences and contributes to sustainable food production. Without biodiversity,
what would sustain us and the other living organisms?

Medicine. Eighty percent (80%) of the world population uses plants as source of medicine. The roots, leaves,
and bark are often use for this purpose. Thirty percent (30%) of pharmaceuticals use plants and animals as
source of medicine rather than synthetic or chemical sources (Haribon Foundation, 2006). The use of native
medicinal plants like ginger, malunggay, oregano and mayana as alternative treatment is practice by Filipinos
especially in rural areas.

Fuel, Timber, and Other Resources. Biodiversity is a major source of raw materials in the world. Wood and
biogas for fuel, buildings, houses, clothes, bags and other products that we are using everyday come from
biodiversity.

Recreational and Aesthetic Values. Economic value doesn’t only mean gathering, selling and making a
profit. Economic value is also present in the natural beautiful state of the environment. It is also derived from
enjoying the ecological services of nature because its integrity has remained intact. In keeping the healthy
environment literally pristine, economic value in the form of money can be brought in, through ecotourism.

② Ecological Importance
Air and water purification. Biodiversity does this for us through plants and trees in the forest. Animals
including human, exhale carbon dioxide. Factories, vehicles and machines also release large amount of
carbon dioxide that pollutes our atmosphere. All these are absorbed by plants and transformed into oxygen
through photosynthesis. Plants absorb water from the roots to the leaves, purify, and release in the
environment as clean water.

Climate stabilizer. Forests keep the world cooler because they absorb massive amounts of solar radiation
for photosynthesis. Forests with canopy trees keep shaded areas cool, the soil moist and trap clouds for
cooler general temperature. With the rapid loss of the forest around the world, the capacity of the
environment to absorb solar radiation has decreased. Without trees to absorb it, solar radiation gets
dispersed. Moreover, accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will
increase that heat up the world’s climate leading to a phenomenon known as Global Warming. Unstable
climate causes disruptive weather phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña.

Drought, Erosion and Flood Control. Biodiversity through our endemic (native species and could not be
found elsewhere) forest trees ensures a supply of water especially during the dry
months. Forest trees, like the dipterocarps have massive root systems that hold
and absorb great amount of water. They act as giant tanks of water that assure
people a definite source when it doesn’t rain.

Our forests also serve as umbrellas and shock absorbers during heavy
rains. The complicated root system of trees like the mangroves, prevent soil from
eroding. Mangroves also act as natural barriers by breaking down waves and
slowing down wave action as it reaches the coastline.

③ Social and Cultural Values of Biodiversity

 Biodiversity is used by people in their customs and traditions. For indigenous peoples, it is a
foundation for their religious beliefs and practices. The loss of biodiversity may result in the loss of these
religious beliefs and practices.

Biodiversity in the Philippines

The Philippines is one of the richest countries in terms of biodiversity and is considered as a mega-
diverse country not only in terms of species richness but also in terms of endemicity. It houses approximately
of 52, 177 described flora (plants) and fauna (animals), of which half is found nowhere else in the world
(Haribon Foundation, 2006).

Described plant species account is about 14,000 – 15,000, of which

Think About This orchids, oaks, ferns, mosses and conifers are most diverse in
montane rainforest and many specific groups in the lowland tropical
The indigenous people of Cordilleras
perform a ritual called cañao when they rainforest (Haribon Foundation, 2006). In Antique, many plant
celebrate special occasions. In performing species were identified and described as endemic such as the
the ritual, they butcher pigs as an offering for biggest flower Rafflesia speciosa and Raffesia lobata; a newly
good fortune. The “mambunong” (tribal
priest) reads the fortune by interpreting the discovered orchid Robiquetia ormerodii; a rediscovered wild ginger
pig’s liver. If the pigs in the Cordilleras get after a lapse of over a century Alpinia apoensis, and an endangered
afflicted with foot and mouth disease, what orchid species Paphiopedilum hennisianum. An estimated of 38,000
do you think will happen to this cultural
tradition? animal species were described including the endangered Philippine-
monkey-eating eagle (Pitthecophaga jeferyi), the smallest frog
(Platymantis cagayanensis), and a giant clam (Tridacna gigas). The
lower forms of organisms such as bacteria, protest, and unicellular
algae are extremely numerous but largely unknown with only 1 % described (Sinha and Heaney, 2006; and
Haribon Foundation, 2006).

Threats to Biodiversity
Though our country is a mega-diverse in terms of biological
diversity, it is also considered a biological-hotspot due to the rapid loss of
natural resources. It ranks third in the world in terms of the number of
threatened species and has the highest number of endangered species
(Haribon Foundation, 2006). Let us take a look at the major threats to
biodiversity identified by United Nations’ Environmental Programme (WHO,
n.d.) and (Haribon Foundation, 2006). These are the following:

1. Habitat loss and destruction/Encroachment on habitats From top left (clockwise): Paphiopedilum hennisianum,
(e.g. logging, kaingin, real and estate development). Robiquetia ormerodii, Alpinia apoensis, and Rafflesia
speciosa. Photos 1-3 by JAG Dalisay and Photo 4 by J
2. Overexploitation (e.g. over-hunting, overfishing, and wildlife trade).
Barcelona.
3. Pollution and contamination (e.g. chemicals from pesticides and
fertilizers, carbon monoxide from vehicles and non-biodegradable materials like plastic).
4. Global climate change (e.g. El Niño and La Niña).
5. Introduction of exotic/invasive species (e.g. golden kuhol, janitor fishes, and bull frogs).
6. Use of illegal fishing methods (e.g. dynamite, cyanide and muro-ami).

Consequences of Biodiversity Loss

A change in biodiversity could have an erratic effect on wildlife and in human beings. For example,
trading elephants for their tusks, birds for pet, orchids for ornamental purposes threatened these species to
extinction. The removal of trees from the forest negatively impacted the ecosystem by decreasing biodiversity
in the area, allowing fragile soil to wash away, causing erosion, flooding, and increasing global temperature.
Exploiting exotic animals for food led to the emerging of new diseases (e.g. the pandemic COVIC-19).
 Rapid increase in human population and technology that support its growth has put extreme
pressures on the natural environment, threatening the survival of different species and their habitats. In many
less developed areas, population grows faster than food supply, causing famine that threatens to eliminate
large portions of the populations. Poverty and hunger led to resurgence of diseases. These same conditions
have forced some people to abandon their homes in search of food and be exposed to elements, further
reducing their ability to survive (Prieto et al, 2019).

Significant decline in biodiversity has direct human impact when ecosystem in its insufficiency can no
longer provide the physical and social needs of human beings. Indirectly, changes in the ecosystem affect
livelihood, income, and on occasion, may even cause political conflict (WHO, n.d.). Thus, if we fail to take
care of the ecosystem and continue to fulfill our greediness, we are actually putting our lives and the future
generation at risk. Therefore, as inhabitants and major beneficiaries of the ecosystem, we must conserve and
preserve the biodiversity of all creatures.
LESSON 2: BAMBOO
A. Features of Bamboo
1. Bamboo is the Fastest Growing Plant on Earth (Rapid Growth)
Bamboo is the fastest growing plant on earth. According to Guinness World Records some species
of bamboo can grow up to 91 cm per day, which is nearly 4 cm per hour. No other plant grows
faster.

A new bamboo shoot will reach its full height in less than a year by going through several rapid
spikes of growth. The largest bamboo species in the world is Dendrocalamus sinicus, which can
grow up to 40 m in height and up to 30 cm in diameter.

2. The only type of grass that can develop itself into a forest.

Bamboo will constantly reproduce itself, even after harvesting new shoots will continue to sprout
from its extensive root system without having to replant. Because of all these unique
characteristics, bamboo is rightfully labeled as a highly renewable and sustainable resource.

B. Bamboo and the environment/ Importance of Bamboo

1. Renewable Resource (Bamboo Provides Endless Supply of Timber/ Bioenergy)

Bamboo is a sustainable and renewable resource as it continuously spreads vegetatively.

A bamboo forest will therefore develop much faster than tree forests.

In commercial forestry, trees have to be cut down and replanted. In bamboo plantations,
only mature stems are selected for harvest while younger stems are left untouched to
further mature and develop.

Approximately 20% of the total plantation inventory can be harvested every year without
damaging the plant or its productivity. The underground root system remains in place
which holds nutrients for growing new culms. In facts, selective harvesting actually helps
to keep the bamboo forest healthy and highly productive.

Depending on the species, diameter, and final use, bamboo culms in a fully developed
bamboo forest can be harvested at the age of 2-5 years. Hardwoods like oak take at least
40 years to mature.
If you plant bamboo today, in 7-10 years you could have high quality harvestable timber,
and every year after for the rest of your life.

Bamboo is a sustainable energy source that produces 1 kWh of electricity from 1,2
kg of bamboo. This is similar to the biomass requirements for wood products, but
outperforms other types of biomass sources such as hemp, bagasse or rice husk.
Bamboo can produce an enormous amount of biomass in a relatively short period
of time, which makes it an important reforestation resource in many countries.

Bamboo biomass can be used as a substitute for firewood as it is processed into

various energy products such as charcoal, pellets and briquettes through thermal
or biochemical transformations.

2. Clean Air and Carbon Sequestration

2.a. Bamboo Produces more Oxygen than Trees

Planting bamboo is one of the best ways to help our

environment. Bamboo is a crucial element in the balance
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A grove
of bamboo releases 35% more oxygen than an equivalent
stand of trees. Because of this, planting bamboo is a great
way to reduce your carbon footprint and help fight global
warming. A perfect selection for Going Green.
 2.b.Bamboo is a Highly Effective Carbon Sink

Bamboo plants absorb enormous amounts of greenhouse gases, and because of its rapid
growth, bamboo is very useful as a tool for carbon sequestration.

Carbon sequestration is the process by which plants capture carbon from the atmosphere
and store it in their biomass (leaves, branches, and pole) during their growth. The
sequestration potential of plants may vary in terms of species, size, age, and location
(Kawahara et al. 1981).

When a single bamboo seedling is planted it will convert into a clump. In case of giant
tropical bamboo, one newly planted bamboo plant can sequester 2 tons of carbon dioxide
in just 7 years. In comparison, a typical hardwood tree will sequester 1 ton of carbon
dioxide in 40 years. When compared to pine, bamboo can absorb up to 5 times more
CO2.

If 10 million hectares of bamboo would be planted on degraded land throughout the world,
then it is estimated that bamboo plants and their products could save more than 7
gigatons of carbon dioxide in 30 years. That is more than what 300 million electric cars
could save in the same period of time.

3. Water Conservation (Bamboo Produces Water for Rivers and Streams)

Bamboo forests protect rivers and their ecosystems by regulating the quantity and quality
of water. They form a sort of wall that serves as sediment control and to prevent the loss
of flow in rivers.
Bamboo acts as a reservoir by collecting and storing large amounts of water in its
rhizomes and stems during the rainy season, and returning water to the soil, rivers and
streams during droughts. One hectare of Guadua bamboo can store approximately
30,000 liters of water. Bamboo's extraordinary ability to hold and control large amounts of
water makes it a plant that can help reduce soil desertification.

The extensive root system and forest cover of bamboo prevents streams from
evaporating and can raise groundwater levels within a few years. Research has shown
how severely degraded soil (as a result of an intensive brick industry) has been restored
after planting bamboo. Within 20 years, the groundwater level has risen by 10 meters,
which made it possible to add agricultural crops and tree species into the bamboo
landscape.

4. Soil Conservation (Bamboo Prevents Soil Erosion and Restores Degraded Land)

Bamboo is a great tool for soil protection due to its rapid growth, permanent canopy and
huge network of roots and rhizomes. The root system that grows in the surface layer of
the soil (20 - 60 cm deep), can reach up to 100 kilometers per hectare. Rhizomes can
survive for more than a century, allowing the bamboo to regenerate even if the stems
would be cut or destroyed in a fire or storm. Bamboo rhizomes are especially useful for
binding topsoil and to prevent the erosion of slopes, riverbanks, degraded land, or to
control areas that are frequently affected by landslides.

Bamboo leaves also play an important role in preventing the effects of rain as they help to
disperse large raindrops into smaller particles. This contributes to the smooth distribution
of groundwater throughout the forested area and thus greatly reducing the risk of runoff
and erosion on slopes or hillsides.

Because bamboo can grow on marginal land, it can also be used to help restore areas
that have degraded soil due to industrial use or mining. One of the amazing properties of
bamboo is its ability to absorb and filter excess nutrients and fertilizers from pig / chicken
pens, septic tanks, sugarcane fields, etc.
5. Biodiversity Conservation (Bamboo Forests Create a Habitat for Fauna and Flora)

Bamboo is an important part of a biodiverse ecosystem. Many animals such as the Giant
Panda (China), Red Panda (China), Mountain Gorilla (Uganda/Rwanda), Sumatran Tiger
(Indonesia), Lesser and Greater Bamboo Lemurs (Madagascar), Bale Monkey (Ethiopia),
Bamboo Bats (China) and the Agile Gracile Opossum (South America) rely on bamboo for
food and shelter.

In addition to the mammals mentioned above, there are also many insects, reptiles,
amphibians and bird species associated with bamboo. The spotted bamboo wren and the
white-bearded antshrike are 2 examples of birds that are found almost exclusively in large
bamboo forests in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.

The temperature and dark atmosphere in mature bamboo forests, greatly favors the
establishment of different animal species and understory plants that prefer to grow in such
conditions.

Thousands of animals have lost their natural habitat as a result of extensive deforestation.
Bamboo forests can quickly create suitable conditions for many of these animals. Bamboo
can also be integrated into almost any mixed agriculture, agroforestry and aquaculture
system without having to eliminate native vegetation.

6. Bamboo can Replace Wood for any Application (Versatility)

Today, there are thousands of bamboo products that completely replace wood, ranging
from paper and pulp products, flooring, musical instruments, furniture, construction
materials, and so on. In addition, bamboo fibers are much stronger than wood fibers and
less likely to deform due to changing atmospheric conditions.

D. Socio-economic Development

Bamboo Reduces Poverty and Provides Livelihoods for Local Communities

The bamboo sector plays an important role in the livelihoods of local farmers. Developing a stable bamboo
industry is a great way to help reduce poverty, increase economic opportunities for men and women, and to
fight global unemployment.
LESSON 3: Climate Change

Introduction
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (IGPC), a United Nations body that evaluates climate
change science, released its report on global climate change. The reports important conclusions were the
following: world’s climate has change significantly over past century; the significant change has human
influence, using climate methods and if the trend continues, the global mean surface temperature will
increase between 1 - 3.5 degree Celsius by 2100.

Let’s Understand

Climate Change is a change in global or regional climate patterns in particular a change apparent
from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon
dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

Causes of Climate Change

The causes of climate change could be natural or by human activities.

① Volcanic eruptions- are one of the natural causes of climate change. When volcanoes erupt, it emits
different natural aerosols like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or dust, and even
microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. The volcanic eruption can cause a cooling effect to the lithosphere
because its emitted aerosols can block a certain percentage of solar radiation that could last for two years.

② Orbital Changes- Earth’s orbit can also cause climate change. This was proposed by the Milankovitch
theory. It is states that as the Earth travel through space around the Sun, cyclical variation in three elements
of Earth. The three elements have cyclic variation are eccentricity, obliquity, and precession
Eccentricity- is the term used to describe the shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun. The impact of
the variation is a change in the amount of solar energy from perihelion (around January) to aphelion ( around
July).

Obliquity- it is the variation of the tilt of Earth’s axis away from the orbital plane. As this tilt changes,
the seasons become more exaggerated.

Precession- is the change in orientation of Earth’s rotational axis.

③ Human Influence – since the start of the Industrial revolution humans have been influencing the climate.
Since then the average world temperature has risen approximately 0.8 degrees Celsius. According to the
latest IPCC report, it is more than 90% probability that most of the global warming in recent decades is
attributable to the observed increased in greenhouse gases.

④ Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere- the most well-known and most important
greenhouse gas is CO2. The carbon cycle causes and exchange of carbon dioxide between biosphere and
the ocean on the one hand and the atmosphere on the other. All living organisms contain carbon, as do
gases such as carbon dioxide and minerals such as diamond, peat, and coal. The movement of carbon
between large natural reservoirs in rock, the ocean, the atmosphere, plants, soil, and fossil fuels is known as
the carbon cycle.

Vast amount of carbon dioxide is also released by burning of fossil fuels. Since the start of industrial
revolution in 1750 human activities such as burning of fossil fuel, including coal and oil, have dramatically
increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.

⑤ Aerosols and Greenhouse Gases- Aerosols are less well-known than greenhouse gases. Aerosols are
dust particle which, in addition to carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere in large quantities when
woods and fossil fuels are burn. Some aerosols have a cooling effect and some are warming effect that are
present in refrigerators, air-condition units and heaters. On the balance they have a cooling rather that
warming effect.

In a natural phenomenon, greenhouse gases and aerosols create an imbalance in the incoming and
outgoing radiation in the atmosphere known to be as radiative forcing. When the Earth heats up, the short-
wave radiation from the sun that enters the atmosphere is greater than the long-wave radiation that exits the
atmosphere. The temperature changes on Earth will not stop until the radiation balance is restored. Given the
immense capacity of the ocean to absorb 85% of the additional heat, it will take a long time to strike a new
balance.

⑥ Greenhouse Effect: Natural and Enhanced- the greenhouse effect described how certain gases in our
atmosphere increase the temperature on Earth’s surface by preventing some of the energy radiating.

The natural greenhouse effect makes life on Earth possible. Without this effect, the average
temperature would be about 18 degrees Celsius. Earth’s surface temperature is determined by the radiative
balance, the net difference between the energy gained from incoming sunlight and the amount lost into space
as infrared radiation.

Earth’s atmosphere acts as transparent blanket, letting in light but trapping some of the heat it
generates. Without an atmosphere, all of this energy would be lost to space. This natural effect relies on
greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.

Climate Change Effects

① Potential effects of world production and consumption patterns to climate change.
② Forest destruction cause by wildfires and human needs.
③ Water problems such as more flooding and droughts.
④ Melting of ice in Polar region that cause to rise the sea level.
⑤ Wildlife extinction due to deforestation and changes in climate.
 Top 10 Ways That College Student Can Do To Stop Climate Change
by David Suzuki

① Get involved
② Be energy efficient
③ Choose renewable power
④ Eat wisely
⑤ Trim your waste
⑥ Let polluters pay
⑦ Fly less
⑧ Be informed
⑨ Green your commute
⑩ Support and donate

Steps To Address The Problem On Climate Change

① Forego fossil fuels

② Infrastructure upgrade
③ Move closer to work
④ Consume less
⑤ Be efficient
⑥ Eat smart, go vegetarian
⑦ Stop cutting down trees
⑧ Unplug
⑨ One child
⑩ Future fuels

The Evidence of Climate Change

1. Global temperature rise. The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees
Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased
carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.
2. The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300
feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.
3. Shrinking ice sheets. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
4. Glacial retreat. Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world.
5. Decreased snow cover. Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the
Northern Hemisphere has decreased.
6. Sea level rise. Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.
7. Declining Arctic sea ice. Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over
the last several decades.
8. Extreme events. The number of record high temperature events has been increasing, while the
number of record low temperature events has been decreasing. Many countries have also
witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.
What are the Effects of Climate
Change?
● Glaciers have shrunk
● Ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up
● Plant and animal ranges have shifted and tress flowering sooner
 Effects that Scientists had Predicted in the Past Would Result from Global Climate
Change are Now Occurring:
⮚ Loss of sea ice

⮚ Accelerated sea level rise and longer

⮚ More intense heat waves

The Future Effects of Climate Change

1. Temperatures will continue to rise. Because human-induced warming is super imposed on a naturally varying climate, the
temperature rise has
not been, and will not be, uniform or smooth across the country or over time.
2. Frost-free season (and growing season) will lengthen. The length of the frost-free season ( and the corresponding growing
season) has been increasing nationally since 1980s,with the largest increases occurring in the western United States, affecting
ecosystems and agriculture. In a future in which heat-trapping gas emissions continue to grow, increases of a month or more in the
lengths of the frost-free and growing seasons are projected across most of the U.S.
Arctic likely to become ice-free. The Arctic Ocean is expected to become essentially ice free in summer before mid-century.
3. More droughts and heat waves. Droughts in the southwest and heat waves (periods of abnormally hot weather lasting days to
weeks) everywhere are projected to become more intense, and cold waves less intense everywhere. Summer temperatures are
projected to continue rising, and a reduction of soil moisture, which exacerbates heat waves.
Sea level will rise 1-4 feet by 2100. The global sea level has risen by about 8 inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880. It is
projected to rise another 1 to 4 feet by 2100. This is the result of added water from melting land ice and the expansion of sea water as
it war.
LESSON 4 : Philippine Environmental Laws
The following are some of the Philippine Environmental Laws:
REPUBLIC "Philippine Clean Air https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA-8749.pdf
ACT 8749 Act
of 1999"
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA-9003.pdf
REPUBLIC “Ecological Solid Waste
ACT 9003 Management Act of
2000”

REPUBLIC “Philippine Clean Water https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA-9275.pdf

ACT 9275 Act of 2004”

REPUBLIC “Climate Change Act of https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no-9729/

ACT NO. 2009”
9729

REPUBLIC “Expanded National https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180622-

ACT NO. Integrated Protected RA-11038-RRD.pdf
11038 Areas System Act of
2018”

Let’s Apply
Option 1: Bamboo Propagation (Submit picture of Bamboo seedlings prepared by students)

Option 2: Advocacy Formulation: Prepare and submit a video clip or slogan or poster or poster-slogan or flyers by
choosing from any of the following topics:

a. Importance of Bamboo

b. Environmental Protection, Preservation & Conservation

Option 3: Student Symposium on Bamboo***

Option 4: Needs Assessment of Bamboo Farmers (Interview Schedule/ FGD/ Questionnaire- Checklist) ***

***To be implemented during face-to-face instruction.

Grading Rubrics:
Content 10 points
Presentation (Format and Style) 10 points
Time of Accomplishment 5 points
TOTAL 25 points
References

Dalisay, J.A.G.P., Bangcaya, P.S., & Naive, M.A.K. (2018). Taxonomic Studies and Ethnomedicinal
uses of Zingiberaceae in the Mountain Ranges of Northern Antique, Philippines. Biological Forum – An
International Journal, 10(2): 68-73.

Globale, Villaggio. (2009).”Biodiversity is the Life Insurance of Life Itself. ”Accessed April 2020.
http://vglole.it/complementari/8913-biodiversity-is-the-life-insurance-of-lie-itself.html.

Haribon Foundation. (2006). Philippine Biodiversity for Beginners.

Inquirer.net. (2006). “Living Planet report: WWF paints dire picture for survival of the species.”
Accessed April 9, 2020. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/841255/living -planet-report-wwf-paints-dire-
picture-for-survival-of-the-species.

Prieto, N. G., Vega, V. A., Felipe, Elizabeth, F. F., & Meneses, J. L. (2019). Specific Issues in STS:
Biodiversity and Healthy Society. Science, Technology, and Society. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines. pp 73-78.

Serafica, J. P. J., Pawilen, G. T., Caslib, B. N., Alata, E. J. P. (2018). Specific Issues in Science,
Technology, and Society. Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines.
pp 122-132

Sinha & Heany. (2006). Philippine Biodiversity: Principles and Practice.

World Health Organization. (2007). “Safer Future: Global and Public Health Security in the 21 st
Century.” In World Health Report. Accessed April 12, 2020. http://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/.

World Wide Fund Global. (n.d.). “How does Biodiversity loss affect me and everyone.”Accessed April
2020. https://wwf.panda.org/ about_our_earth/ biodiversity/biodiversity_and_you/.

Mendoza, JM, Pulma, EB & Tabajen, RC, 2013. Politics and Governance with 1987 Philippine
Constitution. Books Atbp.Publishong Corp. Mandaluyong City. p. 56

Benefits of Bamboo- https://www.guaduabamboo.com/why-bamboo

Interesting Bamboo Facts https://www.bamboobotanicals.ca/html/about-bamboo/bamboo-facts.html

Philippine bamboo species: Their characteristics, uses and ...

http://www.nzdl.org › cgi-bin › library