Designation: A 268/A 268M – 04

Standard Specification for

Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless
Steel Tubing for General Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 268/A 268M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification2 covers a number of grades of 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
nominal-wall-thickness, stainless steel tubing for general A 480/A 480M Specification for General Requirements for
corrosion-resisting and high-temperature service. Most of these Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate,
grades are commonly known as the “straight-chromium” types Sheet, and Strip
and are characterized by being ferromagnetic. Two of these A 763 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu-
grades, TP410 and UNS S 41500 (Table 1), are amenable to lar Attack in Ferritic Stainless Steels
hardening by heat treatment, and the high-chromium, ferritic A 789/A 789M Specification for Seamless and Welded
alloys are sensitive to notch-brittleness on slow cooling to Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Ser-
ordinary temperatures. These features should be recognized in vice
the use of these materials. Grade TP439 is used primarily for A 790/A 790M Specification for Seamless and Welded
hot-water tank service and does not require post-weld heat Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
treatment to prevent attack of the heat affected zone. A 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-
NOTE 1—TP329 (S32900) formerly in this specification, has been
lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys
transferred to Specifications A 789/A 789M and A 790/A 790M. A 1016/A 1016M Specification for General Requirements
for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stain-
1.2 An optional supplementary requirement is provided, and less Steel Tubes
when desired, shall be so stated in the order. E 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe
NOTE 2—For tubing smaller than 1⁄2 in. [12.7 mm] in outside diameter, and Tubing
the elongation values given for strip specimens in Table 2 shall apply. E 273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the Weld
Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than 1⁄8 Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing
in. [3.2 mm] in outside diameter or with walls thinner than 0.015 in. [0.4
mm]. 3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units 3.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the to Terminology A 941.
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must 4. Ordering Information
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the 4.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi- requirements that are necessary for material ordered under this
cation. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” specification. Such requirements may include, but are not
designation of this specification is specified in the order. limited to, the following:
4.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
4.1.2 Name of material (seamless or welded tubes),
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
4.1.3 Grade (Table 1),
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.
3
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A 268/A 268M – 03. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
cation SA-268 in Section II of that Code. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements

NOTE 1— TP329 (S32900), formerly part of this specification, has been transferred to A 789/A 789M and A 790/A 790M.
Grade TP405 TP410 TP429 TP430 TP443 TP446–1 TP446–2A ... TP409
UNS
DesignationB S40500 S41000 S42900 S43000 S44300 S44600 S44600 S40800 S40900
Element Composition, %
C, max 0.08 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.08 0.08
Mn, max 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00
P, max 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.045
S, max 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.045 0.030
Si, max 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Ni 0.50 max ... ... ... 0.75 max 0.75 max 0.50 max 0.80 max 0.50 max
Cr 11.5–14.5 11.5–13.5 14.0–16.0 16.0–18.0 18.0–23.0 23.0–27.0 23.0–27.0 11.5–13.0 10.5–11.7
Mo ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Al 0.10–0.30 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cu ... ... ... ... 0.90–1.25 ... ... ... ...
N ... ... ... ... ... 0.25 0.25 ... ...
Ti ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 3 C min; 6 3 C min;
1.10 max 0.75 max
TP TP
Grade TP439 ... TP430 Ti XM-27 XM-33A 18Cr-2Mo 29-4 29-4-2 26-3-3 25-4-4 ...B ... ... ... ... TP468
UNS
Designa-

A 268/A 268M – 04
tion S43035 S41500C S43036 S44627 S44626 S44400 S44700 S44800 S44660 S44635 S44735 S32803 S40977 S43940 S42035 S46800
Element Composition, %
C, max 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.01A 0.06 0.025 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.025 0.030 0.015D 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.030
2

Mn, max 1.00 0.5–1.0 1.00 0.40 0.75 1.00 0.30 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.5 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
P, max 0.040 0.03 0.040 0.02 0.040 0.040 0.025 0.025 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.020 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.040
S, max 0.030 0.03 0.030 0.02 0.020 0.030 0.020 0.020 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.005 0.015 0.015 0.030 0.030
Si, max 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.40 0.75 1.00 0.20 0.20 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Ni 0.50 max 3.5–5.5 0.75 max 0.5E max 0.50 max 1.00 max 0.15 max 2.0–2.5 1.0–3.50 3.5–4.5 1.00 max 3.0–4.0 0.30–1.00 ... 1.0–2.5 0.50
Cr 17.00– 11.5–14.0 16.00– 25.0–27.5 25.0–27.0 17.5–19.5 28.0–30.0 28.0–30.0 25.0–28.0 24.5–26.0 28.00– 28.0–29.0 10.50–12.5017.50–18.50 13.5–15.5 18.00–20.00
19.00 19.50 30.00
Mo ... 0.5–1.0 ... 0.75–1.50 0.75–1.50 1.75–2.50 3.5–4.2 3.5–4.2 3.0–4.0 3.5–4.5 3.60–4.20 1.8–2.5 ... ... 0.2–1.2 ...
Al, max 0.15 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cu, max ... ... ... 0.2 0.20 ... 0.15 0.15 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
N, max 0.04 ... ... 0.015 0.040 0.035 0.020F 0.020F 0.040 0.035 0.045 0.020 0.030 ... ... 0.030
Ti 0.20 + 4 (C ... 5 3 C min; ... 7 3 (C + N) (Ti + Cb) ... ... (Ti + Cb) = (Ti + Cb) = (Ti + Cb) = ... ... 0.10–0.60 0.30–0.50 0.07–0.30
+ N) min; 0.75 max but no less 0.20 + 4 0.20–1.00 0.20 + 4 0.20–1.00
1.10 max than 0.20 (C + N) and 6 3 (C + N) and 6 3
min; 1.00 min; 0.80 C + N) min to (C+ N)
max max min 0.80 max min

Cb ... ... ... 0.05–0.20 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.15–0.50G ... (3 3 %C + ... 0.10–0.60
0.30) min
(Ti + Cb) =
0.20 +4(C+N)
min;0.80 max
A
For small diameter or thin walls, or both, tubing, where many drawing passes are required, a carbon maximum of 0.015 % is necessary. Small outside diameter tubes are defined as those less than 0.500 in. [12.7
mm] in outside diameter and light wall tubes as those less than 0.049 in. [1.2 mm] in average wall thickness (0.040 in. [1 mm] in minimum wall thickness).
B
When intergranular corrosion testing is specified, the test will be Practices A 763, using samples prepared as agreed upon between the seller and the purchaser.
C
Plate version of CA6NM.
D
Carbon plus nitrogen = 0.30 max.
E
Nickel plus copper.
F
Carbon plus nitrogen = 0.025 % max.
G
Cb/(C + N) = 12 min.
 A 268/A 268M – 04
TABLE 2 Number of Tubes in a Lot Heat Treated by the tested for acceptance. Billets, lengths of flat-rolled stock or
Continuous Process tubes which do not meet the requirements of the specification
Size of Tube Size of Lot
shall be rejected.
2 in. [50.8 mm] and over in outside diameter and not more than 50 tubes NOTE 3—For flange and flaring requirements, the term lot applies to all
0.200 in. [5.1 mm] and over in wall thickness tubes prior to cutting of the same nominal size and wall thickness which
Less than 2 in. [50.8 mm] but over 1 in. [25.4 mm] not more than 75 tubes are produced from the same heat of steel. When final heat treatment is in
in outside diameter or over 1 in. [25.4 mm] in
a batch-type furnace, a lot shall include only those tubes of the same size
outside diameter and under 0.200 in. [5.1 mm] in
wall thickness and from the same heat which are heat treated in the same furnace charge.
1 in. [25.4 mm] or less in outside diameter not more than 125 tubes When the final heat treatment is in a continuous furnace, the number of
tubes of the same size and from the same heat in a lot shall be determined
from the size of the tubes as prescribed in Table 2.
NOTE 4—For tensile and hardness test requirements, the term lot
4.1.4 Size (outside diameter and nominal wall thickness), applies to all tubes prior to cutting, of the same nominal diameter and wall
thickness that are produced from the same heat of steel. When final heat
4.1.5 Length (specific or random),
treatment is in a batch-type furnace, a lot shall include only those tubes of
4.1.6 Optional requirements (hydrostatic or nondestructive the same size and the same heat which are heat treated in the same furnace
electric test, Section 15), charge. When the final heat treatment is in a continuous furnace, a lot shall
4.1.7 Test report required (Certification Section of Specifi- include all tubes of the same size and heat, heat treated in the same furnace
cation A 1016/A 1016M), at the same temperature, time at heat, and furnace speed.
4.1.8 Specification designation, and
4.1.9 Special requirements. 10. Tensile Requirements
10.1 The material shall conform to the tensile properties
5. General Requirements prescribed in Tables 3 and 4.
5.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con-
form to the applicable requirements of Specification A 1016/ 11. Hardness Requirements
A 1016M unless otherwise provided herein. 11.1 The tubes shall have a hardness number not to exceed
those prescribed in Table 5.
6. Manufacture
6.1 The tubes shall be made by the seamless or welded 12. Permissible Variations in Dimensions
process with no filler metal added. 12.1 Variations in outside diameter, wall thickness, and
length from those specified shall not exceed the amounts
7. Heat Treatment prescribed in Table 6.
7.1 As a final heat treatment, tubes shall be reheated to a 12.2 The permissible variations in outside diameter given in
temperature of 1200°F [650°C] or higher and cooled (as Table 6 are not sufficient to provide for ovality in thin-walled
appropriate for the grade) to meet the requirements of this tubes, as defined in the Table. In such tubes, the maximum and
specification. minimum diameters at any cross section shall deviate from the
7.2 The martensitic grade UNS S 41500 shall be reheated to nominal diameter by no more than twice the permissible
a temperature of 950°F [510°C] or higher and cooled as variation in outside diameter given in Table 6; however, the
appropriate to meet the requirements of this specification. mean diameter at that cross section must still be within the
given permissible variation.
8. Chemical Composition 12.3 When the specified wall is 2 % or less of the specified
8.1 The steel shall conform to the chemical requirements outside diameter, the method of measurement is in accordance
prescribed in Table 1. with the agreement between the purchaser and the manufac-
turer (see Note 5).
9. Product Analysis NOTE 5—Very thin wall tubing may not be stiff enough for the outside
9.1 An analysis of either one billet or one length of flatrolled diameter to be accurately measured with a point contact test method, such
stock or one tube shall be made from each heat. The chemical as with the use of a micrometer or caliper. When very thin walls are
specified, “go”–“no go” ring gages are commonly used to measure
composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements diameters of 11⁄2 in. [38.1 mm] or less. A0.002-in. [0.05-mm] additional
specified. tolerance is usually added on the “go” ring gage to allow clearance for
9.2 The product analysis tolerance of the Chemical Require- sliding. On larger diameters, measurement is commonly performed with a
ments Table of A 480 /A 480M shall apply. The product pi tape. Other test methods such as optical test methods may also be
analysis tolerance is not applicable to the carbon content for considered.
material with a specified maximum carbon of 0.04 % or less.
9.3 If the original test for product analysis fails, retests of 13. Surface Condition
two additional billets, lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall 13.1 All tubes shall be free of excessive mill scale, suitable
be made. Both retests for the elements in question shall meet for inspection. A slight amount of oxidation will not be
the requirements of the specification; otherwise all remaining considered as scale. Any special finish requirements shall be
material in the heat or lot (Note 3) shall be rejected or, at the subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-
option of the producer, each billet or tube may be individually chaser.

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 A 268/A 268M – 04
TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements TABLE 4 Minimum Elongation Values

NOTE 1—TP329 (S32900), formerly part of this specification, has been ElongationA in 2 in.
transferred to /A 789M and A 790/A 790M. Wall Thickness or 50 mm, min, %
TP446–1
Tensile Yield
and All Other
strength, strength, ElongationA
in. mm S 44735 S41500 Grades
min, min, in 2 in. or 50
Grade and UNS Designation ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa] mm, min, % ⁄ [0.312]
5 16 8 18 15 20
⁄ [0.281]
9 32 7.2 17 14 19
TP405 60 [415] 30 [205] 20 1⁄4 [0.250] 6.4 16 14 18
S40500 7⁄32 [0.219] 5.6 15 13 17
... 55 [380] 30 [205] 20 3⁄16 [0.188] 4.8 14 12 16
S40800 5⁄32 [0.156] 4 13 11 15
TP410 60 [415] 30 [205] 20 1⁄8 [0.125] 3.2 13 11 14
S41000 3⁄32 [0.094] 2.4 12 10 13
TP429, TP430, and TP430 Ti 60 [415] 35 [240] 20 1⁄16 [0.062] 1.6 11 9 12
S429000, S 43000, and S 43036
0.062–0.035, excl 1.6–0.9 10 8 12
TP443 70 [485] 40 [275] 20
0.035–0.022, excl 0.9–0.6 10 8 11
S44300
0.022–0.015, incl 0.6–0.4 10 8 11
TP446-1 70 [485] 40 [275] 18
A
S44600 Calculated elongation requirements shall be rounded to the nearest whole
TP446-2 65 [450] 40 [275] 20 number.
S44600 Note—The above table gives the computed minimum values for each 1⁄32 in.
TP409 55 [380] 25 [170] 20 [0.8 mm] decrease in wall thickness. Where the wall thickness lies between two
S40900 values shown above, the minimum elongation value shall be determined by the
TP439 60 [415] 30 [205] 20 following equation:
S43035
... 115 [795] 90 [620] 15 Grade Equation
S41500 TP446–1 and S 44735 E = 28.8t + 9.00 [E = 1.13t + 9.00]
TPXM-27 65 [450] 40 [275] 20 S41500 E = 24t + 7.5
S44627 All other grades E = 32t + 10.00 [E = 1.25t + 10.00]
TPXM-33 68 [470] 45 [310] 20
S44626 where:
18Cr-2Mo 60 [415] 40 [275] 20 E = elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, %.
S44400 t = actual thickness of specimen, in.
29-4 and 29-4-2 80 [550] 60 [415] 20 [mm].
S44700 and S 44800
26-3-3 85 [585] 65 [450] 20
0S44660
25-4-4 90 [620] 75 [515] 20
TABLE 5 Hardness Requirements.
S44635
NOTE 1— TP329 (S32900), formerly part of this specification, has been
... 75 [515] 60 [415] 18
S44735
transferred to A 790/A 790M and A 789/A 789M.
28-2-3.5
S32803 87 [600] 72 [500] 16 Brinell Rockwell
S40977 65 [450] 41 [280] 18 Hardness, Hardness,
S43940 62 [430] 36 [250] 18 Grade UNS Designation max B Scale, max
S42035 80 [550] 55 [380] 16 TP405 S40500 207 95
TP468 60 [415] 30 [205] 22 ... S40800 207 95
S46800 TP410 S41000 207 95
A
For longitudinal strip tests a deduction of 0.90 % for TP446–1 and S 44735 TP429, TP430, and S42900, S 43000, 190 90
and 1.00 % for all other grades shall be made from the basic minimum elongation TP430 TI and S 43036
for each 1⁄32 in. [0.8 mm] decrease in wall thickness below 5⁄16 in. [8 mm]. The TP443 S44300 207 95
following table gives the computed minimum values: TP446-1 and S44600 207 95
TP446-2
TP409 S40900 207 95
TP439 S43035A 190 90
... S41500 295B 32
14. Mechanical Tests Required TPXM-33 and S44626 and 241 100
14.1 Tension Tests—One tension test shall be made on a TPXM-27 S44627
18CR-2Mo S44400 217 95
specimen for lots of not more than 50 tubes. Tension tests shall 29-4 and 29-4-2 S44700 and 207 100
be made on specimens from two tubes for lots of more than 50 S44800
tubes (Note 4). 26-3-3 S44660 265 25B
25-4-4 S44635 270 27B
14.2 Flaring Test (for Seamless Tubes)— One test shall be ... S44735 ... 100
made on specimens from one end of one tube from each lot 28-2-3.5 S32803 240 100
... S40977 180 88
(Note 3) of finished tubes. The minimum expansion of the ... S43940 180 88
inside diameter shall be 10 %. For tubes over 8 in. [203.2 mm] ... S42035 180 88
in outside diameter, or tubes with wall thickness 3⁄8 in. [9.52 A
Editorially corrected October 2000.
mm] and over, the flattening test may be performed instead of B
Rockwell hardness, C scale.
the flaring test unless the flaring test is specified in the purchase
order.
14.3 Flange Test (for Welded Tubes)— One test shall be (Note 3) of finished tubes. For tubes over 8 in. [203.2 mm] in
made on specimens from one end of one tube from each lot outside diameter, or tubes with wall thickness 3⁄8 in. [9.52 mm]

4
 A 268/A 268M – 04
TABLE 6 Permissible Variations in Dimensions

Permissible Vari- Permissible Variations in Cut

Size, Outside ations in Outside Permissible Length, in.B [mm]
Diameter, in. Diameter, Variations in Wall
Group [mm] in. [mm] Thickness,A % Over Under Thin-Walled TubesC
1 Up to ⁄ [12.7], excl
12 60.005 [0.13] 615 ⁄ [3]
18 0 ...
2 ⁄ to 11⁄2 [12.7 to 38.1], excl
12 60.005 [0.13] 610 ⁄ [3]
18 0 less than 0.065 in. [1.6 mm]
nominal
3 11⁄2 to 31⁄2 [38.1 to 88.9], 60.010 [0.25] 610 ⁄
3 16 [5] 0 less than 0.095 in. [2.4 mm]
excl
nominal
4 31⁄2 to 51⁄2 [88.9 to 139.7], 60.015 [0.38] 610 ⁄
3 16 [5] 0 less than 0.150 in. [3.8 mm]
excl
nominal
5 51⁄2 to 8 [139.7 to 203.2], 60.030 [0.76] 610 ⁄
3 16 [5] 0 less than 0.150 in. [3.8 mm]
incl
nominal
A
When tubes as ordered require wall thicknesses 3⁄4 in. [19 mm] or over, or an inside diameter 60 % or less of the outside diameter, a wider variation in wall thickness
is required. On such sizes a variation in wall thickness of 12.5 % over or under will be permitted.
For tubes less than 1⁄2 in. [12.7 mm] in inside diameter which cannot be successfully drawn over a mandrel, the wall thickness may vary 615 % from that specified.
B
These tolerances apply to cut lengths up to and including 24 ft [7.3 m]. For lengths greater than 24 ft [7.3 m], the above over tolerances shall be increased by 1⁄8 in.
[3 mm] for each 10 ft [3 m] or fraction thereof over 24 ft, or 1⁄2 in. [13 mm], whichever is lesser.
C
Ovality provisions of 12.2 apply.

and over, the flattening test may be performed instead of the of test to be used shall be at the option of the manufacturer,
flange test unless the flange test is specified in the purchase unless otherwise specified in the purchase order.
order.
14.4 Hardness Test—Brinell or Rockwell hardness tests 16. Product Marking
shall be made on specimens from two tubes from each lot
(Note 4). 16.1 In addition to the marking described in Specification
14.5 When more than one heat is involved, the tension, A 1016/A 1016M, the marking shall indicate whether the
flaring, flanging, and hardness test requirements shall apply to tubing is seamless or welded.
each heat.
14.6 Reverse Flattening Test—For welded tubes, one re- 17. Keywords
verse flattening test shall be made on a specimen from each 17.1 ferritic stainless steel; seamless steel tube; stainless
1500 ft [450 m] of finished tubing. steel tube; steel tube; welded steel tube
15. Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test
15.1 Each tube, seamless or welded, shall be subjected to
the nondestructive electric test or the hydrostatic test. The type

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
inquiry, contract, or order.

S1. Air-Underwater Pressure Test S2. Additional Testing of Welded Tubing per ASME
S1.1 When specified, the tubing shall be examined by the air Request
underwater pressure test. S2.1 Each tube shall be subjected to an ultrasonic inspection
S1.2 The tube shall be well-lighted, preferably by underwa- employing Practices E 273 or E 213 with the rejection criteria
ter illumination. referenced in Specification A 1016/A 1016M.
S1.3 Any evidence of air leakage of the pneumatic cou- S2.2 If Practice E 273 is employed, a 100 % volumetric
plings shall be corrected prior to testing. inspection of the entire length of each tube shall also be
S1.4 After holding the pressure for not less than 5 s after the performed using one of the non-destructive electric tests
surface of the water has become calm, an inspection shall be permitted by Specification A 1016/A 1016M.
made of the entire external surface of the tube. S2.3 The test methods described in the supplement may not
S1.5 If any tube leaks during the air-underwater test, it shall be capable of inspecting the end portions of tubes. This
be rejected. Any leaking areas may be cut out and the tube condition is referred to as end effect. This portion, as deter-
retested as above. mined by the manufacturer, shall be removed and discarded.

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 A 268/A 268M – 04
S2.4 In addition to the marking prescribed in Specification
A 1016/A 1016M,“ S2” shall be added after the grade desig-
nation.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 268/A 268M – 03, which may impact the use of this specification (Approved May 1, 2004).

(1) Revised grades TP 409 and TP 410 in Table 3.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue, A 268/A 268M – 01,
which may impact the use of this specification (Approved September 10, 2003).

(1) Replaced Specification A 450/A 450M with Specification (2) Clarified ordering requirements to include purchaser’s
A 1016/A 1016M throughout. responsibility in Section 4.

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