Krebs cycle 7

61937 ? . - 1 Krebs ( ? *) #5 ( . #
- $. Tricarboxylic cycle # ,!, - $ . ; *#
+6 . H * ; # 5 Citric acid cycle / #

7 <
8 - $8 - $8 . # 8 %& # &4 ( .
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+. *) 6(Acetyl CoA) A ? 0 3 P # 5

+?#" "# ! > " [$ B % 7 #$

+ B & 7 #$
7

Acetyl CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O

CoA-SH + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + GTP + 2CO2

)5 * $ $ .#8? # ( . ! F$!
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+ 3
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A ./ 2 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 0 # % , #

GTP + ADP GDP + ATP

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BE# < E 4 CoA ). 8 . E 6 ) $ 0)5
 $ "# 8 $ (# ! #
< " 0 ) ,!, .0 $ ! # ! # , 0) : # ?
Pyruvate dehydogenase complex 2 0 " & ?0)* # 2 0)> "
/ ! - $ 6TPP5 # , ?03 # # / <
P " !
; NAD+ FAD (CoASH) A ? 0 3 P Lipic acid (Lip.)
'\ G°' 5 # 1 V Mg++ ? # A
B 4 6 / "

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+, @1=* = ? Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenas 0 " & = % ,
B6
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- $ A?0 3 P # / ;" CoA-SH * CH3CO-S-Lip-SH 2 ' "
0 # ( = % , ?0 )? # ? 0 : < / !
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? # FADH2 * ) $ / .#S : $ *) / - $. )* FAD ? 2 '
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?03 ( FAD * =
; $ NADH * ) NAD+ 0 ? 2 H FADH2 ) '
+ @E * "$ * # C . ?, 6E35 2 # . E
 A 629 F + . + 1 ' + 6/ 7 - *+,
+, % 62/ 3 3 76"1 " &+ &' ' 23 6/ !
3 3 629 D: 0 62% > 62/ . 0 62/ # %
6 2 + = B 23 -Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1* -E1* 6 2% >
-E3*6 2 % > + = (Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E2) -E2*
# % &+ " 8 , (Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase E3)
FAD A 6 29 F 8 1 " ' 3 0 629
4NAD+

0 62% > 62/ @2

# 8 F 03 C $ 0 " & ? 0 ) 4 ;2 # ?
H 1 @ E , ATP E # & # $ +. # 0) . # & ?F
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A ?03 P 2 ? 0 3 E , NADH A ? 0 3 P # H )
?0) $ ; & ; & ADP # 4 D #= +:E< NAD+
ATP
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7 " 2 7 . +& 2 A 629 F + '
A ) 02 > %/ ' >% 2 " & " D:
E # # # 0 8 > CoA # I , ? '
Synthase 0 , # ? 0 ) : F$! 9" 5 Citrate synthase 0 , # # ?0)
* D $ 1 Synthatase 0 , # ? 0 ) ( ATP % 0" * "$ ? *
% 0" $ # &" $ : $ @E * D $ ) +6 ATP % 0"
D2 @1= @ E A CoA #

[ $ ) Aconitase 0 8 ?0) 0 $ # 08 *) # $ '9

cis-Aconitate (# *) =
; $ Dehydration 7 % 0" $* 8 E
= # 0 Hydration 7 % 0" )? , . E
BD 2

) ? # 0 ? 0 3 ;E , Fluoroacetate # ? #
+0 8 ?0) E, 1 # # 0 > , * CoA #
' CO2 0) . # # 0 8 % 0" ) ' "
0 " & # 0 ?0 ) NADH -Ketoglutarate
F 03 $ 5 # Isocitrate dehydrogenase
 # # 0 * ) # 08 & #4 * 8 )& H 3 H 1 C: 6( .
H 6 NADPH 5 NADH 03 P * " & 2 Oxalosuccinate
, . E ## 0 8 CO2 0 ?, : ? 0 3 E 6NADPH 5 NADH
' * $ # # 0 9 , , . E Mn2+ 0 A "
A = @1= G

P # # CO2 0) . # ; ' 9 )'

03 > " -D 2 *0 " & ' ?0) NADH A?03
; D $ $ 9 [$ 2 0 " & ?0R : < 2
# *) $ ; . 5 0) # # 0 ) ,!, * )
?03 E , +6( . F 5 # ! ; 6A ? 0 3 P
+ ' >" * 1 # 8 ? #

; $ Succinyl synthetase 0 , # # # ?0) # # * CoA ## $ '

# #9 @E #) , . K P! " GTP <* @E
+CoA
. E Symmetric . F % 0" " ## % 0" F$! *"
2 A ?03 P # 2 0 = & E
+ # 0 8
6CoA # #5 ( #8 . @E . # 8 & GTP % 0" )
. C # . # Substrate-link phosphorylation ( #8 . E . # *#
3 2 ;2$= &$ < ? # Substrate level phosphorylation ( #8
+ #4 . #
# # ?0 ) E # * ) # # $ ! 0 .# ? '
* =
; $ FAD 08 P * 1 $ Succinate dehydrogenase 0 " &
B6D 2 @1=5 FADH2 0 <

9 " : < / - $ E# ;# 0 " & # # ?0) E,

+ # 0 8 @0 " ;# E, / $

0 ?0 ) * 6Hydration S 5 7 ) '1
2 $ *) $ [ $ ) G( <* 3 Fumarase
* ) 2 = $ $ ?, 7 # & " ) 6Carbanion 5
D2 " & )
* )=
; $ % 0" 6Dehydrogenation " & 0)5 . # [ $ '/
NADH ; $ Malate dehydrogenase 0 " & ?0) E# # 0
D2 I

7 @2
@E ?#" " $ EA # 03 ! " < F ( .
- + , *. F$! $ + % ?#" &" $ E#
@2 62/ 3 3 + $ ' 7 - @2 * 7 ) ) 02 H 3 % '
+NADH ATP . 0 :E < E , 1 6 32 62/
+ ATP NADH 0 :E < E , 1 6 2% > 6 ?
NADH CoA ## 0 :E < E , 1 6 2% > " %
+ ATP
! 0 0 ? # E# E< ? < 0 " & 0)
+ @ E * ) D $= ! ]2
 7 ' @1
NADH <* 0 C 2 !
; . A 4 ?
& K ? # . " E# - R GTP <* @ E FADH2
A " ' % 1 $ 7 ## %
?0 ) E# ' #8 * ) > :E # 0 8 $ '
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) 0 ( # 0
D $ Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 0 # #8 ; *#
A ; 0); # : K B6 *)

)+ : K ## #8 8 - $ F$! ;
+ 8 - $8 - 7 & # " #8

?0) E# *) 8 > :E ' $'

; *# 5 Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) 0 (
B6 *) D $ 6Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) 0 # = ?0)
B Z

(-ketoglutarate + alanine Pyruvate + glutamate

# #8 8 - $8 = / - $ !
+ $ 9 $ ?#" & K

-Aminolevulenate ' *) #! > :E R CoA ## $ '

- a* + , F$= -Aminolevulenate synthase 0 , # ' ?0)
I 7 & 7 ?& % 0" % . :K ? # 1
 +7 7 & # !
;
+- b + , * 6> K >" 5 ? & % 0" 7 ? # &

& 'B )-Aminolevulenate 2 " 2 B 6% E 2 - *+ ,

4-b* 2 ;-a*7 2 0 01

0 = # ?0 ) E # ?0! # # $ CoA # '

A CoA 03 P ATP % 0" " Citrate lyase

- $8 7 (% K & ?0! # CoA # % 0" " )

- $ 7 # 0 !
; #
 ' ' # . ! N 6;2 # 5 #8 8
+66[ , K 5 - K & P E ? # 5

?# " $ 5 Acetoacetate # # > CoA # # '

P # # N -Ketoacyl-CoA transferase ? 0 ) E # 6Ketone bodies
%0 " N Thiolase 0 , ?0) $ 1 6Acetoacetyl CoA5 A ? 0 3
# # !
; G @E D 3 ( . A?03 P #8
- *+, F$!

F + ' ' B 6% >2 'J # CoA + 2 + " - *+,

4A 629

- $ * # & " )- A G # # *) ' $ ? # '

6C 5 Ascorbate #= " - = * #! 8
* ) ' $ G Prolyl hydroxylase 0 # ?0)
+ 7 ? # 1
: "&2 < 7 ' E2 G 7 ) & 2 ?
" . * " 7 8 2> ) 6 K02 ' ?%
> ) ?1 +% > &' -Anaplerotic reactions E
A = 26 1
?0 ) * ) CO2 ) E# # 0 8 ]2 - '
03 P ATP " Pyruvate carboxylase 0 #
D2

Malic enzyme / ?0) * $ E# ]2 - '

NADPH . 0 :! 1 # ) F$! NADPH "
NADPH K $ 5 ?#" "$ * # & !& #
A 6?0! #
 8 " 2 ! ' # 0 ]2 - '
8 " 2 ! 2 # = - $8 * Transamination
+- + , @1=*
=5 8 - $8 # $ ?& ]2 - '
8 - $8 ? # * < 1 - *+ , F$= 6 , # #! ##
+( . ]2 -

' 2 # % +02 " ) 2 1 K02 ' - *+,

4 62% 2 + &6 E2

]2 . #= # . K CoA # * K$ '
B 8 K
 5; 2$= & P E ? # 6 -Oxidation .# 5 - $8 . # -i
+6 - Q[ , K
@E ; " ; K 6 A 7 # # 7 * K 5 ? #" . # -ii
+; ? CoA # &
, # # 0 , = - $8 - . # -iii
+66 8 - $8 - 5> K >" 5

B 2 ' 7 8 , %
' 0) ? # FAD 9 1 6 ! 5 B2 '
+0 " & ## 0 " &
# 0 0 " & 0 ) ,!, ? # NAD+ 9 1 # '
+0 " & 0 " & ' 0 " &
CO2 03 ; 0 ) ;2 ? # TPP # , <* 6 ,5 B1 '
+2 0 " & ' ?0) !
* # - $8 E ! ; 0 ) ;2 1 CoA 9 70" G/ , '
+CoA # CoA ## , #

Glyoxylate cycle 7
6Glyoxylic acid / # ! - $. ; *# 5

7 <
- $8 D 3( . $ . # ! .
+ 8

6 <= ( # 2 , 5 &" % [$ #$
>2 ? 7 8 : ' 2= H1 =
& " . *) K$ S ? '
> * 1 $ ## % 0" & D CoA # @
% 0" % * D CoA # % * #3 ( .
+ . 0 K$ " = 1 CO2
?0 ) , . " . &" $ 03 - *) #3 2 '9
+Malate synthetase 0 , # ? 0 ) Isocitratase 0 # 0

Acetyl CoA + NAD+ + 2H2O Succinate + CoA-SH + NADH + 2H+

7 ' (
+% ' 8 : 6 ' 7
@1=* 6;2$= ? # 5 (0" # * ) : ^70" $ '
+- +,
+Porphyrins 7 : . #= 1 CoA # # *) $ @ '9
+?#" D $ * ; # #8 , 8 - $8 - * ) $ ' "
+& # 0 0 - A &# . # : - A : X ^70" *2 '
+? < @E ; K ? # '

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