TESLA COIL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

YOGESH.M (20BME4350)
KATHIRAVAN.S (20BME4319)
MATHISOORYAN.SK (20BME4326)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

M.KUMARASMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KARUR

(Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

JAN 2022

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “TESLA COIL” is bonafide Work of

“YOGESH.M (20BME4350),KATHIRAVAN.S (20BME4319),
MATHISOORYAN.SK (20BME4326)”who carried out the project work
during the academic year 2021 – 2022 under my supervision. Certified further,
that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of
any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award
was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Dr.C. RAMESH M.E., Ph.D., Mr.A.MANIVANNAN.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering,

Thalavapalayam, Karur-639113 Thalavapalayam, Karur-639113

This project report has been submitted for the end semester project viva voce
Examination held on _______________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 DECLARATION

We affirm that the Project titled “TESLA COIL” being submitted in partial
fulfillment of for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering, is the original work carried out by us. It has not formed the part
of any other project or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Student name Signature

1YOGESH.M(43BME4350) ________________

2 KATHIRAVAN.S(20BME4319) ________________

3 MATHISOORYAN.SK(20BME4326) ________________

Name and signature of the supervisor with date

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our sincere thanks to Chairman Thiru.M.Kumarasamy, and Secretary

K. Ramakrishnan, of M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering for providing
extra ordinary infrastructure, which helped us to complete the project in time.

It is a great privilege for us to express our gratitude to our esteemed

Principal Dr.N. Ramesh Babu M.E, Ph.D for providing us right ambiance for
carrying out the project work.

We would like to thank Dr.C. Ramesh M.E, Ph.D, Professor and

Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for their unwavering moral
support throughout the evolution of the project.

We offer our whole hearted thanks to our internal guide

Assistant Professor, Mr. MR.A.Manivannan ME, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, for his constant encouragement, kind co-operation,
valuable suggestions and support rendered in making our project a success.

We offer our whole hearted thanks to Mr.S. Raja Narayanan M.E, our
project coordinator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his
constant encouragement, kind co-operation, valuable suggestions and support
rendered in making our project a success.

We glad to thank all the Teaching and Non teaching Faculty Members
of Department of Mechanical Engineering for extending a warm helping hand
and valuable suggestions throughout the project.

Words are boundless to thank Our Parents and Friends for their
constant encouragement to complete this project successfully.

INSTITUTION VISION & MISSION

Vision
iv
  To emerge as a leader among the top institutions in the field of
technical education. Mission
 Produce smart technocrats with empirical knowledge who can
surmount the global challenges.
 Create a diverse, fully-engaged, learner-centric campus
environment to provide quality education to the students.
 Maintain mutually beneficial partnerships with our alumni, industry
and professional associations.

DEPARTMENT VISION, MISSION, PEO, PO & PSO

Vision
 To create globally recognized competent Mechanical engineers to work in
multicultural environment.

Mission
 To impart quality education in the field of mechanical engineering and to
enhance their skills, to pursue careers or enter into higher education in their area
of interest.
 To establish a learner-centric atmosphere along with state-of-the-art research
facility.
 To make collaboration with industries, distinguished research institution and to
become a centre of excellence

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

The graduates of Mechanical Engineering will be able to
 PEO1: Graduates of the program will accommodate insightful information of
engineering principles necessary for the applications of engineering.
 PEO2: Graduates of the program will acquire knowledge of recent trends in
technology and solve problem in industry.
 PEO3: Graduates of the program will have practical experience and
interpersonal skills to work both in local and international environments.
 PEO4: Graduates of the program will possess creative professionalism,
understand their ethical responsibility and committed towards society.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES
The following are the Program Outcomes of Engineering
Graduates: Engineering Graduates will be able to:

v
 1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

The following are the Program Specific Outcomes of Engineering Graduates:
The students will demonstrate the abilities
Real world application: To comprehend, analyze, design and develop innovative products and provide
solutions for the real-life problems.
vi
 Multi-disciplinary areas: To work collaboratively on multi-disciplinary areas and make quality projects.
Research oriented innovative ideas and methods: To adopt modern tools, mathematical, scientific and
engineering fundamentals required to solve industrial and societal problems.
BLO
COURSE
C OMS PO P0 PO PO PO PO PO PO P0 PO PO PO PS PS PS
STATEMEN
O LEV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O1 O2 O3
T
EL
Formulate
a real
world
problem,
identify the
1 requirement K4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
and
develop
the design
solutions.
Identify
2 technical
ideas,
strategies and K4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
methodologies
.
Utilize the
new tools,
algorithms,
techniques
that contribute
3 to obtain the K4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
solution of the
project.
Test and
validate
through
conformance
of the 3 1 - - 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 -
developed - -
4 prototype and K4
analysis the
cost-
effectiveness.
Prepare report
and present
5 oral K5 3 -
demonstration
- - 2 1 - 2 3 3 2 2 --

ABSTRACT
This paper explicates the simple design of the miniature Tesla coil that
have advantages compared to the typical Tesla Coil, which normally has
mobility issues due to their bulky size. The proposed design has a
vii
similar functionality with the typical Tesla coil where it is able to produce
medium voltage with high frequency current at the secondary circuit
side. The significant part of the proposed design is that it is without
alternating current voltage at the input voltage. The design only needs a
low direct current voltage as an input for the primary circuit. According to
the Pspice simulation, it proved that the proposed design has the
capability to step up the energy and voltage at the secondary winding at
least fifty times greater compared to the input voltage. The miniature
Tesla coil that has been proposed in this paper is recommended to be
use for advance studies particularly on wireless energy evolution
.Keywords: Mini tesla coil, Slayer exciter, DC tesla coil, Wireless power
transmission

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTE CONTENTS PAGE

R NO
NO
ABSTRACT VIII
LIST OF FIGURES XI
LIST OF TABLES XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS XIII
01 INTRODUCTION 01
02 LITERATURE REVIEW 03
03 PARAMETERS TO BE ANALYSED 05
04 DATA USED FOR CALCULATION 06

viii
 05 CALCULATION OF SOLENOID ENGINE 07
5.1 V Calculation with FEMM 07
5.2 Experiments and Results test setup 08
5.3 Circuital Analysis 08
06 SOLENOID MATERIALS 09
6.1 Functions of Base frame 09
6.2 Working of Limit switch and fly wheel 10
6.3 Role of crank and plunger 11
6.4 Complete solenoid model 12
07 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 13
7.1 Design of DC adapter 13
7.2 Design of Solenoid 15

08 COMPARISON 16
8.1 Heat Engines and Solenoid Engines 16
8.2 Comparison in working 16
09 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17
9.1 Graphical Results Analysis 17
9.2 Final Results 19
10 APPLICATIONS OF SOLENOID ENGINE 20
11 ADVANTAGES OF SOLENOID 20
12 CONCLUSION 21
REFERENCES 23

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGUR TITLE PAGE

E NO
NO
5.1 Circuit diagram of FEMM resistor 08
6.1 Base frame of solenoid engine 09
6.2 Flywheel and Limit switch 10
6.3 Crank and Plunger 11
6.4 Complete solenoid engine 12
7.1 Dc adapter 13
7.2 Electromagnetic waves passing through solenoid 15
9.1 Calculated energy and speed for prototype 18
9.2 Completed model of solenoid engine 19

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

NO NO
7.1 Parameters of Dc Adapter 14
9.1 Graphical Result Analysis 18

.
x
xi
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

MMF- Magneto motive force

I,n - Current , Number of turns
L- Mean Length of Solenoid
FEMM – Frequency Electro Magnetic motive test
B- Magnetic field
H- Strength of Magnetic field
X- Initial Position
Δ- Perturbed position
J- Moment impulse
Vs- Input voltage
D- Duty cycle
L- Inductance
Ci- Input capacitance
Co- Output capacitance
W- Work
Vo- Output voltage
A- Ampere
No- Efficiency

xii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Nikola Tesla developed the tesla coil in 1981, it is an air core transformer
which could produce high frequency voltage and current
output. The original circuit consisted of a high voltage AC supply, a spark
gap, a capacitor, a primary coil linked to a secondary coil.
The specialty of the secondary coil was that one end of the coil was open
to air. The secondary coil’s end was liked to earth.
The working of the coil is simple, when the high voltage supply is given
to the circuit, the capacitor starts to charge. As the capacitor
charges to its peak value no more current can flow thus the spark gap
which is in parallel with it will start to ionize the air present in
between. Due to the immense flow of current the air in between the spark
gap will ionize and even though there wouldn’t be any
physical connection, the air would conduct and the spark gap will fire up.
Current will be transferred through air to the other end of
the circuit. Once this happens the capacitor will discharge too. This
current will flow to the primary coil and a magnetic field will be
produced which will be linked with secondary coil. Now when the
electrons start to flow in the secondary coil towards the top they
are breaking their equilibrium state. Thus they tend to fall down
backwards, this causes a more positively charged region near the top
load. So it pulls the electrons with more force now, due to which more
number of electrons are attracted towards the top of the
secondary coil each time. Once the top load gets saturated it too ionizes
the air and releases a spark in the air. As the earth is the
ground for the top load, we see a long spark being released by the top
load. This process takes places continuously within
milliseconds repeatedly causing a continuous discharge of sparks in the
surroundings.
The output of the coil varies on a lot of factors. The value of capacitance,
the length of the spark gap, inductance of the coil, number
1
 of turns, top load etc. The circuit also needs to be manually tuned in order
to get the best output. Tuning is matching of the resonant
frequencies of the primary and the secondary side of the circuit. Though
the AC tesla coil is not used everywhere, still a lot of
research is going on to improve the efficiency and usage. Different uses
such as X-Ray, lightning phenomenon, production of ozone
and many more were developed. But recently due to many factors there
has been no major breakthrough in this field. The DC tesla
coil is a step forward in increasing the usability and functionality of the
device.
With the introduction of the DC tesla coil, scientists are looking at making
a break through with not only wireless technology but also
portable wireless technology as these are non-bulky and more efficient.
Ongoing research is facing the problem of tapping the high
voltage output that is being emitted by the tesla coil. This paper portrays
some of the results that were achieved via continuous
experimentation with the developed coil. A series of experiments were
carried on to test the coil and many factors were altered so as
to get the highest possible output. Some of them are really interesting and
open new gates for researchers all around the globe to look
into the technology and help to the development of such alternative
sources of power. The plunger (armature) of the solenoid can only be attracted
by the magnetic field, hence the solenoid can only generate force in one
direction. Normally when the solenoid is in the rest the plunger is kept far from
the coil using a spring

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

• In 1864, James C. Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of

mathematical model [3].

• In 1884, John H. Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an
important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.

• In 1888, bolstered by Maxwell's theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in

showing experimental evidence of radio waves by his spark-gap radio
transmitter. The prediction and Evidence of the radio wave in the end of 19th
century was start of the wireless power transmission.

• Nikola started efforts on wireless transmission in 1891 at his “experimental

station” at Colorado [4]. A small incandescent resonant circuit, grounded on one
end was successfully lighted

•Wardenclyffe tower was designed by Tesla for transAtlantic wireless telephony

and also for demonstrating wireless electrical power transmission.

• William C. Brown contributed much to the modern development of microwave

power transmission which dominates research and development of wireless
transmission today(figure 2). In the early 1960s brown invented the rectenna
which directly converts microwaves to DC current. Its ability was demonstrated
by powering a helicopter solely through microwaves in 1964

• A physics research group led by Prof. Marin Soljacic at the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (MIT) demonstrated wireless powering of 60W light
bulb with 40% efficiency at 2m (7ft) distance using two 6ocm – diameter coils in
2007[6] . Resonant induction was used to transmit power wirelessly. The group
is also working to improve the technology. The technology is currently referred
to as WiTricity and to carry out this technology forward from the MIT
laboratories, WiTricity Corp. was launched [6].

3
• This method is also known as “capacitive coupling". It is an electric field
gradient or differential capacitance between two elevated electrodes over a
conducting ground plane for wireless energy transmission. It involves high
frequency alternating current potential differences transmitted between two
plates or nodes.

• Make devices more convenient and thus more desirable to purchasers, by

eliminating the need for a power cord or battery replacement. • Make devices
more reliable by eliminating the most failure prone component in most
electronic systems—the cords and connectors [10].

• Make devices more environmentally sound by eliminating the need for

disposable batteries. Companies make about 40 billion disposable batteries each
year, and wireless electricity could do away with that [11]. Using grid power is
much less expensive and more environmentally sound than manufacturing,
transporting, and using batteries based on traditional electro-chemistries. •
Reduce system cost by leveraging the ability to power multiple devices from a
single source resonator. • Charging will likely become possible for mobile
devices from different manufacturers via wireless charging pads in public spaces
such as cafés, airports, taxis, offices, and restaurants. • LED (light emitting
diode) lights can be directly powered with wireless electricity, eliminating the
need for batteries in under-cabinet task lighting, and enabling architectural
lighting designers to create products that seemingly float in mid-air, with no
power cord[12]. • The unmanned planes or robots (where wires cannot be
involved viz: oceans, volcanic mountains etc.) which are run by the wireless
power over an area, as they could fly for months at a time, could be used for
research.

4
 CHAPTER 3
PARAMETERS TO BE ANALYSED

A Tesla coil consists of two parts: a primary coil and secondary coil, each with its
own capacitor. (Capacitors store electrical energy just like batteries.) The two coils and
capacitors are connected by a spark gap — a gap of air between two electrodes that
generates the spark of electricity. An outside source hooked up to a transformer
powers the whole system. Essentially, the Tesla coil is two open electric circuits
connected to a spark gap.
A Tesla coil needs a high-voltage power source. A regular power source fed through
a transformer can produce a current with the necessary power (at least thousands of
volts).

In this case, a transformer can convert the low voltage of main power into the high
voltage.

Among his numerous innovations, Nikola Tesla dreamed of creating a way to

supply power to the world without stringing wires across the globe. The inventor came
close to accomplishing this when his "mad scientist" experiments with electricity led to
his creation of the Tesla coil.

The first system that could wirelessly transmit electricity, the Tesla coil was a truly
revolutionary invention. Early radio antennas and telegraphy used the invention, but
variations of the coil can also do things that are just plain cool — like shoot lightning
bolts, send electric currents through the body and create electron winds.
Tesla developed the coil in 1891, before conventional iron-core transformers were
used to power things like lighting systems and telephone circuits. These conventional
transformers can't withstand the high frequency and high voltage that the looser coils
in Tesla's invention can tolerate. The concept behind the coil is actually fairly simple
and makes use of electromagnetic force and resonance. Employing copper wire and
glass bottles, an amateur electrician can build a Tesla coil that can produce a quarter
of a million volts. [Infographic: How the Tesla Coil Works]

5
 CHAPTER 4
DATA USED FOR CALCULATION
This equals the current times the number of turns.
MMF = I x n.
The material that the magnetic field is being built up in, in this case air, has
a resistance to being magnetized. This resistance to the flux build up is
called Reluctance. The magnetic field does not appear instantly, it starts
when the current is first turned on and as the current increases so the
magnetic field increases. When the current is turned off the field takes a
little time to decade again.
H = (I x N)/L
Where:
H - Is the strength of the magnetic field in ampere turns/meter,
At/m
N - Is the number of turns of the coil.
I - Is the current flowing through the coil in amps, A
L - Is the length of the coil in meters, m

The design and prototype solenoid will be based on the

solenoid optimization which are to be described.
The design is based on optimizing a Finite Element Method
Magnetics (FEMM) model. FEMM is program to calculate two-dimensional
and axis-symmetric time independent magnetic problems.
The program uses Maxwell equations in combination with the
finite element method .How the FEMM program performs the calculations, is
described in the subsection below.

6
 CHAPTER 5
CALCULATION OF SOLENOID ENGINE
5.1 V CALCULATION WITH FEMM :
First the prototype of the solenoid is drawn in the program. When al the
components are drawn, the material properties are attached to the components.
The FEMM material library contains all the material properties (for the B and H
values) to calculate the magnetic field co-energy Wc. Now FEMM can calculate
the magnetic field using . In this formula, H represents the nonlinear field
intensity.
H Wc = B (H) dHdV (1)
To compute the force from the co-energy, the currents, trough the coil, is
held constant. The position of the object upon which the force acts is perturbed
slightly. The force can then be estimated by
F = Wc (x + δ) - Wc (x)/ Δ (2)
Where x denotes the initial position and x + δ denotes the perturbed position.
The calculated force F acts along the direction of the perturbation. When the
force F is calculated for all points the total energy of the solenoid can be
calculated as Esolenoid
n = F xi δi. (3)
i=1, 2…., This is the energy which is stored in the plunger. When the mass of
the plunger is known, the speed is easy to calculate with
E solenoid = ½ plunger υ2. (4)
The momentum of the plunger can then be calculated by
P = mυ. (5)
When the momentum of the plunger is known the impulse (to the ball in the end)
can calculated as
J = F∆t = ∆t. (6)

7
5.2 EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS TEST SET:
When the solenoid prototype is built it has to be
tested, solenoid, an electric circuit is developed. The circuit is designed such that
the electric parameters can varied easily. The first thing which is needed is a
power source. The source can vary from 0 to 300 V. The source charges a
capacitor whit a capacity of 4.7 mF. Between the capacitor and the source, a
resistor is placed. When the capacitor is full, the switch can be closed and the
full energy of the capacitor is released over the coil of the solenoid. The coil has
an inductance of 15.8 mH and a resistance of 2.5 Ω. An extra diode is placed
over the coil. In this way, the coil can unload its energy when the switch is open.

5.3 CIRCUITAL ANALYSIS:

Fig 5.1 Circuit Diagram of FEMM Resistor

8
 CHAPTER 6
SOLENOID MATERIALS

Solenoids are powerful electromagnets made from an iron rod

wrapped in coils of electric wire. When electricity flows through the wire, it
turns the iron rod into a powerful magnet. ... The magnetic flux can be seen
outside the coil near the end of the core material but most of the flux is present
within the core material. The four important materials to be analysed are
i) Functions of Base Frame
ii) Working of Flywheel and Limit switch
iii) Role of Crank and Plunger
iv) Complete Solenoid model

6.1 FUNCTIONS OF BASE FRAME:

The base frame is the base to fix pantograph frames. It
supports the fixed part of the frame and is mounted on supporting insulators of
pantographs. Base frames are usually made of profile steel, plates through
extrusion, or steel tubes through splicing or castings and profile steel through
splicing.

Fig 6.1 Base frame

9
6.2 WORKING OF FLYWHEEL AND LIMIT SWITCH :

The inbuilt motor uses electrical power to turn at high speeds to set
the flywheel turning at its operating speed. This results in the storage of kinetic
energy. When energy is required, the motor functions as a generator, because the
flywheel transfers rotational energy  to Mechanical Energy , whereas the limit
switch acts as an control system.

Fig 6.2 Flywheel and Limit switch

10
6.3 ROLE OF CRANK AND PLUNGER:

The plunger of the pump is connected with the crankshaft via

a connecting rod. This crankshaft further connects with an electric motor. As
the motor provides power to the crankshaft, it converts the rotary motion of the
motor into reciprocating motion. ... After this, the plunger sucks fluid into the
chamber. The crankshaft converts the force generated by the magnetic flux in
the engine into rotary motion. The linear upwards and downwards motion of the
pistons is converted into a torque by the connecting rod and then transmitted to
the fly wheel.

Fig 6.3 Crank and Plunger

11
6.4 COMPLETE SOLENOID MODEL:

A solenoid engine can be defined as an engine that works by

passing electricity through the coils which are making the pistons move back and
forth due to electromagnetism.

Fig 6.4 Complete solenoid engine model

12
 CHAPTER 07
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

7.1 DESIGN OF DC ADAPTER:

This manual provides tips for designing the circuits of DC/DC

converters. How to design DC/DC converter circuits that satisfy the required
specifications under a variety of constraints is described by using concrete
examples as much as possible/

The power supply circuit is often used as a part of the circuits of

the commercially available products and must be designed so that it satisfies
the constraints such as size and cost as well as the required electrical
specifications. Usually, the standard circuits listed on the catalogue

Fig7.1DC adapter

have been designed by selecting such parts that can provide reasonable
properties under the standard operating conditions. Those parts are not
necessarily optimal under individual operating conditions. Therefore, when
designing individual products, the standard circuits must be changed
according to their individual specification requirements (such as efficiency,
cost, mounting space, etc.).

Designing the circuit satisfying the specification requirements

usually needs a great deal of expertise and experience. In this manual, which
parts to be changed and how to change them to implement required
operations, without expertise and experiences, are described by using
concrete data. You will be able to operate your converter circuits quickly and
successfully without performing complicated circuit calculations. You may
verify your design either by carefully calculating later by yourself or having
personnel with expertise and experience review for you if you feel uncertain.

13
properties of DC/DC converter circuits (such as efficiency, ripple, and load-
transient response) can be changed with their external parts. Optimal external
parts are generally dependent of operating conditions (input/output
specifications

TABLE 7.1 Parameters of DC Adapter

14
7.2 DESIGNS OF SOLENOID:

Solenoid valves are actuated with the aid of a solenoid. This

is basically an electric coil with a moveable core in the centre that is made
from a ferromagnetic material. The core is often referred to as plunger. When
current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil. The
strength of this field depends on the current, the number of windings and the
material of the core. As a result of the magnetic field, the solenoid core is pulled
towards the centre of the coil. As long as current is flowing, the core remains
pulled towards the centre. As soon as the flow of current stops, the magnetic
field disappears and the core (usually) is pushed down by a spring to its initial
position. The core, or plunger, should: have good magnetic properties

Fig 7.2 Electromagnetic waves passing through solenoid

15
 CHAPTER 08
COMPARISON

8.1 COMPARISON OF HEAT ENGINES AND SOLENOID ENGINES:

IC engine is a heat engine where the combustion of the air-fuel mixture

occurs inside the combustion chamber that produces high temperature and high
gas pressure. This gas pressure pushes the piston over a distance and transforms
the chemical energy into thermal energy which is used for performing the
mechanical work.
A solenoid engine is defined as the engine that works by passing
electricity through the coils which makes the pistons move back and forth due
to electromagnetism.
8.2 COMPARISON IN WORKING:

When supplies current through coil then due to

electromagnetism generates magnetic eld around hat coil due to that the rod
inside get repel or attract based on direction of current. To give movement from
one plunger to other plunger attraction can use simple distributor rather than
arduino and micro controller. The main movement of plunger attracts is in order
of First coil-third coil- third coil { fth coil { second Coil { fourth Coil and further
this 1-3-5-2-4 cycle follows for rotation. This works in the same way a spark
distributor on a combustion engine would have worked, except it’s actually
providing the power to actuate the solenoids instead of pro-viding just an
ignition spark. By applying variable supply to the distributor we can vary the
speed of attraction of each plunger meanwhile the speed of rotation varies. The
spark distributor provides jerk to move attraction of coil from rst coil to third
coil and vice versa so that it rotates in circular motion. The eciency of engine is
decided by timing of spark into spark distributor. The arrangement completely
depends upon the con guration used in designing the electromagnetic engine.

16
 CHAPTER 09
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

9.1 GRAPHICAL RESULT ANALYSIS:

Now the design of the prototype is ready, all the final dimensions are
known. To get a good simulation outcome, the final prototype is modeled in
FEMM and al the calculations are made. The most important thing which does
not match the theory is the coil. The wire is not exactly 1.25 mm in diameter.
Another important difference is the Weight of the plunger. This is 1.0 kg instead
of 0.6 kg. Also for the test the current is set at approximately 45 A. When
running the simulation again for the prototype, the energy and speed are
recalculated. The result is shown in Fig 6.1. The end speed of the plunger is
about 8.2 m/s at 5 mm (because a rubber ring of 5 mm is added). The distance is
the distance that the plunger move before it hits the shield.

3
[ a ≥ (i +1) √(0.7÷[𝝈 𝐜]2 ) E [ M t ] ÷ i ψ ] E = 1.7 * 10^6 Kgf

The solenoid shoots the ball with a sufficient 8 m/s. It is also

possible to shoot with different speeds. This can be done by varying the power
through the coil with some simple electronics. The switch can be replaced by a
transistor which is controlled by a pulse source. The speed of the ball is now
linked to the time the transistor is open. The time the transistor is open, is
controlled by the pulse source. The tests with the prototype solenoid
approximate the simulation good. In table 9.1 the end speeds of the ball are
shown. Test Free Shot Motor constant Simulation Speed 7.2 [m/s] 7.9 [m/s] 8.2
[m/s] (Table 9.1: Results) When comparing the test, in which the motor constant
is determent, with the simulation there is a very good similarity. The difference
in end speed is only 0.3 m/s. One of the reasons is possibly the material of the
plunger. The material of the plunger cannot handle a high magnetic field (only 1
Tesla). When the field is much L R τ higher the plunger became saturated. This
material saturation looks responsible for this little incorrectness. Comparing the
test with the free shot with the simulation the difference is 1.0 m/s. The
difference between the test in which the motor constant is determent and test
with the free shot, is only 0.7 m/s. Friction because of the movement of the
plunger is probably the main reason for this. The simulation as well as the test in
which the motor constant is determent are static. For this reason friction is not
taken into account during simulation and the test in which te motor constant is
determinent.

17
18
 Fig 9.1 CALCULATED ENERGY AND SPEED FOR PROTOTYPE

Table 9.1 Graphical Result Analysis

19
9.2 FINAL RESULTS:

Efficiency is given by, = (Output/Input) *100

= (16.02/96) * 100
Therefore, = 16:68%

FINAL MODEL:

Fig 9.2 COMPLETE MODEL OF SOLENOID ENGINE

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 CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS OF SOLENOID ENGINE

The core of the solenoid is used for applying mechanical force to the valve.
Electromagnets find application indoor locking systems as a secure closure.
Computer printers and fuel injector gears in cars use solenoids

CHAPTER 11
ADVANTAGES OF SOLENOID ENGINE
There is no effect on atmosphere because electromagnetic engine cause no
atmospheric pollution.
It required less maintenance compared to IC engine.
It provide alternative to the fossil fuels.
It is lighter in weight than an Internal combustion engine.
It provide more efficiency with lesser torque.
It is compact in design.
Operation is less noisy.
The engine has more efficiency with lesser torque.
The reaction time required for a solenoid engine is very quick.

21
 CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

22
 We got 16.68 % in this engine. In future, For more power and
torque output we can design the structure with more sectional design like V8 or
V 12 engine with more efficient power outage. due to use of this and this type of
system use of non renewable resources is somewhat reduced and energy for
future can be conserve. Even if this phenomenon is utilized for other purposes as
done in an conventional Combustion Engine we are limited to today’s
technological advancements to further up the e ciency, however this model
shows great promise for the future where today’s limitations are overcome by
new innovations.

23
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