Beste YILDIRIM - 2014760039 26.05.

2015

Bogazici University, the Department of History

Hist.58S – Landscapes of Transition: Salonica, Izmir, and Alexandria during the

RESEARCH PAPER

The Seashore and the Inner Quarter: Continuity and Change in Frank Street

ABSTRACT

The urban and social fabric of İzmir (Smyrna), a cosmopolitan port city of the

Ottoman Empire, is characterized by a remarkable historical, socio-economic, commercial,

cultural and spatial connection between two important spaces: Frank Street and Kordon.

Frank Street with its diversified demographic structure offers a vivid and compelling portrait

in terms of social and cultural plurality. After a brief historical and physical introduction to

these two peculiar spaces, this paper will especially investigate a series of physical changes

that Frank Street underwent with the construction of the first and the second quays, which

started in 1867, as well as with the construction of the new port. Essentially, the main aim of

this investigation is to state how Frank Street was influenced by these modernizing

constructions and how it adapted to its new location, becoming distant from the seashore and

sliding to the inside of the region. In the light of the significant transformation of this famous

avenue which will be also compared and discussed with the help of some important maps of

the period (by Saad and Goad) and some travelers’ accounts, this paper will try to find an

answer to this question: Could Frank Street maintain its socio-cultural, commercial and

symbolic position as the lifeblood of the city after these spatial changes in the urban scape and

representation of Izmir in the second half of the 19th century?

1
 I. Introduction

The importance of Frank Street for Izmir is a clear historical fact. Starting from

Vezirhan, the street was streching through Mahmudiye, Teşrifiye, Mesudiye to Mecidiye

which were the Ottoman names of some parts of the street. The street’s expansion occurred

after the establishment of the French customs office.1 This significance of this street firstly

comes from its spatial location in the city. In terms of the settlement patterns, it was located in

the Frank quarter which was the most European part of the city. Regarding the geographical

presence of this street, its position as the first street at the seashore brings it a different

dimension which is related to one of the most famous characteristic of the city: Sea trade.

One of the most important functional characteristics of Frank Street that I am going to

mention in the next part was ferhanes or verhanes (they come from “Frenk house”) which

were narrow gates and stores of the shops between the seashores and shops. After the

construction of quays, they had lost their direct connection with sea. Another remarkable

characteristic of the street, which was related to its commercial activities, was the variety of

the shops and the goods that were sold. This structure of the street was bringing it a dynamism

in the urban scheme. Because of this dense commercial liveliness, there were also many cafés,

restaurants and so on. All this framework was shaping the street as also a place for promenade

especially for women. I am going try to evaluate all of these features of the Frank Street as

before and after the construction of quays in terms of already existing and subsequently added

roles of the place from the spatial, demographic, socio-cultural, and commercial perspectives.

1
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.185.

2
 II. Frank Street from the Spatial, Demographic, Socio-Cultural and

Commercial Perspectives Before and After the Quays

a.) Frank Street before the Construction of Kordon

Firstly, I prefer looking at the spatial orientation of the Frank Street before the

construction of the quays. As seen in Figure 1, the settlement patterns of the city like

Levantine, Armenian, Jewish, Greek and Turkish quarters were observable in the 18 th century.

In addition, we can see close location of the Frank Street to the sea with its long extension.

Figure 12
If we go back to more previous periods, according to Çınar Atay, it is supposed that

the Frank Street was forming the coastline since the beginning of the 17 th century. As a

historically questioned point, the Church of St. Polycarp was constructed in 1610, and then a

monastery was added near to it. Atay states that if the Frank Street was forming the coastline

until the end of the 17th century, it should be that the street was continuing its location during

the years of the construction of St. Polycarp because this church was constructed likewise at

2
ALPASLAN, İbrahim H., “Effects of Socio-Economic Changes in Communities on the Settlement Pattern in
Izmir during the Ottoman Period”, Aegean Geographical Journal, 21/2 (2012), p.30.

3
the coastline. Now then, it is sure that this street was determining the coastline of Smyrna. 3

However, Atay also adds that in the period of the constructions of both Hagia Photini and St.

Polycarp, the Frank Street did not have a role as a dynamic street. After the mid of the 17 th

century, it acquired 5-6 m width due to some partial fillings made over time.4 Together with

this statement, Atay also makes a comparison about the locations of some usages at the street

in the beginnings of the 20th century, in the first half of the 17 th century, ferhanes could be

formed as some small parts of fillings through the sea. After that, some English institutions

expanded in the English pier which was sprawling through the sea with time. 5 This expansion

as land with partial fillings comes true between the castle of the old port and the English pier

in the first halves of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Before the construction of quays, the direct connection with sea trade was provided by

ferhanes as I shortly mentioned before. Ferhanes were providing an opportunity for

merchandise to be shipped directly to and from them. Thus, ships often move their goods to

the doors of verhanes without paying custom dues. There are two common opinions about

their names. One of them is related to the density of French merchants and their stores in

these places, for this reason its name comes from “Frenk house.” Another alternative that I

found in the book of Atay is that there is a strong possibility about its derivation from the root

of “fer” which means “light” in Turkish as “ışık”. From time to time it was called as

“verhane” or “barhane”.6

After a kind of more detailed research, I found some remarkable statements about

these spaces. One of these statements is related to the parcelling system. In the book of The

Plans of Izmir from Ottoman to Republic, Atay evaluates some spatial and functional features

of ferhanes together with natural factors (climate, sea, wind and so on). He says that ferhanes
3
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir, p.5
4
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir, p.5.
5
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir., p.5.
6
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir.p.5.

4
were prime usage types of the area in the coastline. The first feature of this area at the first

sight is taking front of every parcel from the coast during the formation of the parcels. Even

though this conscious formation, there are some different features in their spatial presence

apart from their narrow stretching. This parceling formation as seen in the maps was regulated

as being adjacent to each other instead of as being longshore. Additionally, every parcel

remained a narrow gate in its own space, for this reason they had a connection with the Frank

Street. These ferhanes which were in the form of a passageway, and there had been some

stores and cubicles, which took front from the narrow gates, were lined up along the gateway.7

Atay interprets this organization of the area as one of the best examples of “unplanned

plans” according to the period. The usage of this system was arranged as convenient the

climate conditions of Izmir. For this reason, it was possible to see a kind of ventilation

organization in this scheme. Here the aim is taking in the Etesian winds, which blows from

the sea especially in the summers to refresh the area. As more detailed information, many of

these gates were roofed-in in order to prevent rain and sun and there were two doors at both

ends of each other. Again, Atay mentions that this peculiar type of ferhanes was providing a

special and trustful environment. This area, which can be evaluated as a successful example

of urban design appropriate with the natural necessities, was completely destroyed in the 1922

fire. In the dimensional sense, the fronts of ferhanes through the sea was changing between 5
8
and 24 m. but many of them had an average of 10 m. front. The longest ones of ferhanes

were Sakızlı Han (170 m.), Whittal, and Lombards. The shortest ones were the ferhanes of

Yusuf (60m), Baltacı, Sofianopoulo, and also the Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Greek

Consulate.9

7
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir., p.5.
8
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir.p.5.
9
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir., p.5.

5
 Before the construction of the first and second Kordon, it is necessary to look at the

actors along the Frank Street in terms of tradespeople and customers as the main actors of the

life there. Atay states in his books that in the beginning of trhe 19 th century, there were 37

insurance companies and agencies belonged to the various foreign nations in Izmir, and 23 of

them were in the area of ferhanes, namely in the Frenk Street like the foreign representative

organizations. The other agencies were the outside area of the Kemeraltı bazaar. As the

commercial institution in the area of ferhane, we can commemorate the offices of American

Tobacos, Anglo-Easterne Coop. Co. Ltd., Societé de Tombac and Singer Sewing Machine.

Also, Chamber of Commerce and the stock market were there. This is of course related to the

prestige of this area. We can also count the contact offices of Ottoman Debt Management and

Gas Company. Moreover, three of six banks and credit offices in Izmir were there. 10 Apart

from these institutional presences, it is feasible to reach some knowledge about some small

shops and stores at the street, but many sources are related to the later dates from the

construction of the quays, therefore I am going to considere this issue in the following part.

Instaed of this, in this part I would like to give place to some traveler accounts in order to

create a vivid atmosphere about the early periods of the street.

The book of İlhan Pınar is a really good collection and translation includes the

accounts of many travelers, voyagers and pilgrims. Even though the accounts of these people

has personal and subjective viewpoints and taste, they became a helpful source for me to

come to life the Frank Street in my eyes before the Kordon. I choose only the parts which are

related to the Frank Street and it was translated to Turkish, for this reason the sentences in the

form of quotation are my own translation to English. The first name is Ernst Christoph

DÖBEL who came to Izmir and wrote about it on November, 1832 and in the beginnings of

1833. He says: “The most beautiful street of the city is Frank Streetas being close to the

10
ATAY, Çınar (1998). Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e İzmir Planları, Yaşar Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İzmir.pp. 6-7.

6
harbor that has generally European dwellers. The most beautiful houses of the city are here,

and at the same time the buildings of the consulates as well. (…) Furthermore, in the bazaar

of the Frenk Street it is possible to find pork because Turks are not able to ban to cut pork

like they can ban it in Edirne.” 11 The second name is Ludwig ROSS whose visiting date is

January and February, 1845 mentions the Frank Quarter and its demographic structure. After

that he says: “If you go more the west of the Frank Street which has more and more narrow

and sloping outlook, the view changes and you can encounter with the eastern outlook of the

city. Here as the trade center of the city many goods of the east and west are exchanged.

There is also a “bedesten” which consists of many stores under a wooden roof.” 12 The third

name is Theodor FLIEDNER who visited to Izmir on April and June, 1851 and also on

December, 1856. He writes: “Frank Quarter brings about an important part of the city, and

there is a long street, Frank Street, which generally includes businesses and ateliers of

Christian artisans and merchants.”13 The fourth name is Karl von HALLER who came to

Izmir in 1864 says: “The Turkish bazaar at the end of the Frank Street reminds the bazaar of

Istanbul due to its architecture and inner organization. In terms of the size they are almost the

same, but here there is also a Persian bazaar.”14

As it can be seen above the common features of these accounts are especially about the

lively environment of the Frank Street, and also its importance of almost whole dynamics of

the city life. Even though these emphasizing aspects belong to the first-person narratives, the

similar points among these accounts create a kind of historical source for the historians in

order to imagine the Frank Street in the past.

11
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.135.
12
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.208.
13
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir., p.211.
14
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.230.

7
 b.) Frank Street After the Construction of Kordon

“Frenk Street was one of the most important part of the city. It had an atmosphere standing

bravely against time which even İzmir’s Kordon was not able to compete with.15”

This idea by Çınar Atay is engrossing because after the construction of the first and

second Kordon the city on the seashore experienced a spatial and social change because of the

observable influence of such a modernizing urban project. The first result is that functional

ferhanes lost their direct connection with the sea and the sea trade which is mostly related to

the custom dues. The second result is that a new kind of socio-cultural and economic

dynamism emerged in this newly filled space. Concerning this, how was the Frank Street

influenced by this urban change? In order to fing answer to this question, I would like to

evaluate this issue together with the construction of pier and new harbor and their functional

outcomes.

Regarding the spatial reconstruction, with the construction of the İzmir Pier, a new set

was banked up in front of the inner portion and the former coast. Atay states in his

introduction for Once Upon A time that seven streets- Katip, Bornova Street, Hacı Loucas,

Petro Kokino, Paradis, Fattala, and Fransız Hastanesi- opened out to the sea in this vicinity

up until Punta.16 The outcome of this new urban space showed itself in the dynamics of urban

life with all aspects. Some social places of Kordon beyond the Huck Otel were theatres, cafés,

restaurants for example, Kramer Palas, Kramer Lokantası, Café Loucas, Concert America,

and some hotels such as Alexandria, Elphinik, Constantinople, Ionnia, Epire, Anatolie.17

Furthermore, according to Atay, “Citizens were presented with a brand new

boardwalk; ladies would partake in this street with their high-fashioned styles (with hats and
15
Atay, Çınar. «İzmir’in İzmir’i» p.108.
16
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.195.
17
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.201.

8
umbrellas). Because the people had no place to stroll outdoors until this period, this

boardwalk, which was once closed, was therefore rendered open to the public.” 18 For

example, The Huck and Kramer Hotels were at the Kordon as the most luxurious indicators of

this modernized coastline. With the formation of this new promenade, how was the new

situation of the Frank Street? Before answering this question, I would like to look at the other

side of the coin which is directly related to the place of eastern culture. According to many

scholars, despite many modernizing elements, there were still some other elements that

reflected the traces of eastern culture 19 because Izmir always became a city that embraced its

all elements, for this reason we evaluate the term of “cosmopolit” together with the name of

Izmir.

Zandi-Sayek interprets this urban projects as a result of changing urban consciousness

with the effect of periodical press in order to create a different perception about the city and

its expansion.20 In fact, this expansion was not only related to spatial meanings, it was also in

in the commercial mentality, for example. Sayek gives some examples from the consumer-

oriented businesses in the mid – to late nineteenth century such as P. Xenopoulo &Cie.,

Orosdi-Back that used print advertisement for promoting specific group-interests.21

Apart from the spatial aspects, Frank Street had a multidimensional character because

of its openness to social and cultural interaction. One of its main characteristics is associated

with its presentation of cultural plurality of Izmir especially in terms of different religious and

cultural declarations of this multilayered society via some religious processions. Sibel Zandi-

Sayek in her article looks at Frank Street from this perspective and she investigates the

18
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.195.
19
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.197.
20
ZANDI-SAYEK, Sibel (2012). Ottoman Izmir: The Rise of a Cosmopolitan Port, 1840-1880, the University of
Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p.32.
21
ZANDI-SAYEK, Sibel (2012). Ottoman Izmir: The Rise of a Cosmopolitan Port, 1840-1880, the University of
Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p.32-33.

9
Corpus Christi procession by the way of the description of French newspaper of Izmir

“L’écho de L’Orient” on May 27, 1842.22 This procession emerges from the precinct of the

Church of the St. Polycarp -the oldest major Catholic Church in town- onto the streets of

Izmir. This parade was performed along Frank Street, as “the most prominent thoroughfare of

Izmir with its diverse population of Catholics, Greeks, Armenians, Jews and Muslims”

according to Zandi-Sayek.23

This procession is certainly a reflection of an incidental display of religious tolerance

after the Gülhane Edict of 1839. While Zandi-Sayek is combining the state attitude with the

support of French foreign ministry towards Catholic millet, she adds that the choice of Frank

Street for this procession as a parade route was not random because it was the most public

area in the commercial part of the city.

On the subject of cultural plurality again, many foreign consulates and European

merchant houses were located within this area namely Frank Street and the shoreline. As

historically, in the 18th century, Frank Street and its vicinity had been occupied mainly by

European merchants. However, in the 19th century, as some regulations were abolished that

constrained the location and type of residences that could be occupied by Europeans,

Armenians and Greeks scattered more widely across the city. Thus, by mid-19 th century there

was no Frank quarter proper but the area continued to keep its name. On the other hand, the

residential area stretching southeast from Frank Street was occupied by a mixed group.

If I mention multiple representations of the street as a reflection of diversified

character of Izmir even after the construction of Kordon, in some descriptions of the city by

many foreign travelers, it always occupied a central place. For some travelers it was the center
22
ZANDI-SAYEK, Sibel (2001). “Orchestrating Difference, Performing Identity: Urban Space and Public
Rituals in Nineteenth-Century Izmir”, in Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built
Environment, ed. Nezar AlSayyad, Praeger, Westport, Conn, pp.42-67.
23
ZANDI-SAYEK, Sibel (2001). “Orchestrating Difference, Performing Identity: Urban Space and Public
Rituals in Nineteenth-Century Izmir”, in Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built
Environment, ed. Nezar AlSayyad, Praeger, Westport, Conn, pp.42-67.

10
of European and Christian neighborhoods; and for others it was a meeting point of races and

languages. Apart from this cultural wealth, Frank Street was also a bustling marketplace

where goods from all over the world were display.

Hans BARTH who visited to Izmir in 1892 is one of these names. He says: “As being

in every eastern city the place, which was representing the European life and constituting this

axle, was the Frank Street. Here is starting in the northerneast of the city, and continues as

parallel with marina until the bazaar. ‘Sultan Bazaar’ in the middle of the street together

with its large and small well-appointed paths, and roofed-in and interconnected passages is

the most European part of the city. Actually, marina and its around have generally a

European characteristic. For this reason, going from Rue de Frank which is the most

European street to some other streets is becoming much more striking. (…) The consulates of

the foreign states are locating in there, and language crowd is starting. The dominant

languages are Turkish and Greek, and the others are French, English, and Armenian. Also it

is possible to hear Ladino. There are ateliers and shops arrayed one after another, and stores

which are as splendid as the European residences. (…) “Neidlinger” is a shop where two

veiled women chated in front of its door. The street is becoming narrow while you are closing

to the market. There are the churches, which have Byzantine architectural style, of all

Christian sects.24” For Kordon he says: “Beer gardens were opening side by side in the cafés,

restaurants, and tea gardens along the coast.25”

Another name is E. KAUDER who visited to Izmir on November and December,

1895. He mentions pier as: “The coastline that extends along the mountain's slopesis full of

the villas of Izmir’s riches. Harbor is well-built and so deep, thus big ships can draw close

easily and empty their cargos. After leaving from the harbor, the Frank Street that is a place

24
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.291.
25
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.303.

11
worth seeing as being parallel with the harbor and forming the heart of the city is coming. In

here there are many luxury stores, and it is possible to find anything according to all tastes.

Also, it is possible to watch the procession of the elegant women who have come there for

shopping. The south part of this street is not beautiful as structurally, this part of the street is

streching to the bazaar where there are various products which are Europen rooted goods

except from the carpets of Izmir.26After this detailed descrition, another name comes: Paul von

LINDAU who came to Izmir on May, 1898: “The widths of Parallel and Frank Streets which

are the best loved and the most active streets of Frank Quarter- they are the shopping centers

have the most intanse city traffic at the same time- are not even 5 or 6 meters. This

maddening chaos, this scuffle, this clumsiness, this crowd and this narrowness! Even though

there is no street police and no any traffic regulation, everything is swimmingly working. 27”

In this description, I have come across a negative tone about the street’s chaos apart from

other common positive interpretations. He continues as: “Frenk Street has a lot of shops and

stores side by side. Among these, Bon Marche has been advised me because of its cheapness,

and I went there to buy some small things. I bought a straw hat and a few handkerchiefs, and

I paid much less money considering the prices in Istanbul, Berlin and London. So that these

products were come from there, and domestic industrial goods were limited.28”

In addition to these various descriptions of Frank Street, I would like to add a last

traveler account about the pier by Melchior THAMM who visited to Izmir on November,

1911. He says: “The pier that has almost 4 km length on the coast is the most outstanding

place of the city at the same time. The custom office that was built through the sea, other

26
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.307.
27
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.318.
28
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.331.

12
buildings, and the inner harbor which was closed by the breakwater were almost 20

hector.”29After the constructrion of Kordon, it is possible to find many positive narratives

about the quay, pier and new harbor which were representatives of this new urban planning at

the same time, but there had been still some expressions about the lively atmosphere of Frank

Street in the accounts, and this is a strong trace to claim a continuity for this street.

In addition to these accounts, the multiplicity in the population of the street also

continued even though some Europeans started to move through the villas near the quay. On

this subject, looking at a table from the article of Alpaslan30, who compiled these data from

the book of R. Beyru (2011), will be meaningful to see the demographic condition at the end

of the 19th century after Kordon.

Millet Türk Rum Ermeni Yahudi Levanten Toplam

Dükkân sah. say.* 7 387 41 30 117 582

*Dükkan Sahibi Sayısı

Table 2: National distribution of the property owners located along the Frenk Street in the

end of 19th century.

In fact, in order to a fair evaluation, it should be added that I have to have another

table which belongs to any date that is earlier that the construction of Kordon. However,

because of from even only this table, we are able to know that there were almost six hundred

shops in Frank Street in the end of the 19 th century. This data can provide us that there was

still a wealthy and dynamic commercial atmosphere. Together with I have found another

numerical data which is organized like a list in Greek but it has also an English translation

29
PINAR, İlhan (2001). Hacılar, Seyyahlar, Misyonerler ve İzmir: Yabancıların Gözüyle Osmanlı Döneminde
İzmir: 1608-1918, İBB Kültür Yayını, İzmir, p.370.
30
ALPASLAN, İbrahim H., “Effects of Socio-Economic Changes in Communities on the Settlement Pattern in
Izmir during the Ottoman Period”, Aegean Geographical Journal, 21/2 (2012), p.32.

13
that can be found in the website of Levatine Heritage. It is a commercial guide belongs to the

year of 1888, but I have only given place to the list of the shops which were in Frank Street:

Smyrna Commercial Guide (Greek), 188831

Bankers: Confectioners & Pastry Cooks: Gr- «Dimitriadis F.» Rue Franque

Eur- «Lochner & Marcopoli» Rue Franque Gr- « Afxendios Il.» Rue Franque Eur- «Pallamary Bros.» Rue Franque

Barbers: Eur- « Dellatolla N.» Rue Franque Hat Shops:

Gr- « Lizardos Ach.» Rue Franque Dentists: Eur- «Solari Alphonse» Rue Franque

Gr- «Natsios Aristidis» Rue Franque Gr- «Korvitis Son» Rue Franque Gr- «Valsamis N.» Rue Franque

Gr- «Voukas A.» Rue Franque Doctors: Jewellers:

Gr- «Xenakis Panag.» Rue Franque Eur- «Mac Graith» Rue Franque Eur- «Balladur A. & Co.» Rue Franque

Bookbinders: Fashion Shops: Gr- « Georgiadis Konstantinos» Rue Franque

Gr- «Simadakis K.» Rue Franque Eur- «Zecchini Maria» Rue Franque Lawyers:

Bookstores & Stationery: Furniture Manufacturers: Gr- «Pangalos K.» Rue Franque

Eur - «Abajoli Alfred & Co.» Rue Franque Gr- «Koulambidis» Rue Franque Musical Instrument Shops:

Gr- «Georgiadis Bros.» Rue Franque Goldsmiths: Arm- «Papazian John Serkis» Rue Franque

Clothes, Ready-Made: Gr- «Adjitiris Kostis & Co.» Rue Franque Painters:

Eur- «Goldemberg» Rue Franque Gr- «Georgiadis G.» Rue Franque Gr- «Paleologos Ch.» Rue Franque

Eur - «Smeal & Son» Rue Franque Hardware Stores: Pharmacists:

Eur – «Stein S.» Rue Franque Co.- «Bon Marché» Rue Franque Eur- «Candzuck N.» Rue Franque

Eur- «Tiring Bros.» Rue Franque Eur- « D'Andria P.» Rue Franque Gr- «Konstantinidis D.» Rue Franque

In fact, I tried to find much more knowledge about these shops in the list for example their

owners, the ethnic roots of the owners because the term of “European” is not sufficient to

estimate what it is symbolizing. Only thing that I could find, the owners of some shops such

as Bon Marché, Back and Maison Homere, had such a role like editor for the publishing of

some postcards.32 Atay writes about this issue that the popularity of Izmir in the postcards and

the interests of the shops’ owners were related to the commercial dynamism of the city. Bon

Marché for example known as a fashion store was at the left of Sultaniye Street had a two-

stored, narrow and long structure. Here there were clothes, office materials and furnitures

31
1888 Smyrna Commercial Guide (Greek), from Levantine Heritage
URL: http://levantineheritage.com/pdf/1888_Smyrna_Commercial_Guide_(Greek).pdf
32
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.18.

14
were selling. Back was also as the same kind of store -narrow and 3-stored- at the Frank Street

through the Hagia Photini Church. Maison Homere was in the passage of Thénékides which

was a ferhane at the same time had a front Sultaniye Street. In this passage there was also the

shop of Zachariou & Koury.33

Moreover, in a book that was prepared by Erkan Serçe by benefiting from Hüseyin Rıfat’s

writings about 1914, İzmir 1914, I could find some other names of the shops or businesses at

Frank Street: Moraitis Eczahanesi, İzmir Frenk Caddesi, (Pharmacie Moratis – Rue

Franque)34, Voren Freres Store at the Fasula Street –as a part of Frank Street-, this shop was

related to some electronic materials and car repairing. 35 Şarl B. Baladur (for electronic

materials) and Jul J. Baladur (for agricultural machines) at the Fasula Street, and lastly J.B.

GRANIER – Dentist.36

III.) Conclusion

During this paper, I have tried to extend the content of my main topic with help of some

materials like maps, drawings, tables, photographs, posters, and traveler accounts. All of these

different materials gave me an opportunity to understand and evaluate how an urban

construction which is Kordon affected the city from over one street that is Rue de Franque.

Firstly looking at the situation and elements of the street before the construction of quays,

and then putting the construction and its after into the framework did not actually create a

rigid differentiation. Of course, from the perspective of continuity and change, I could realize

some spatial, social, architectural, cultural, and economic innovations; however, I could see a

strong reality of maintenance that belongs to Frank Street at the same time. As a result it can
33
ATAY, Çınar (2009). “Introduction” in Evvel Zaman İçinde... İzmir = Once Upon a Time... Izmir, tr. Stuart
Kline, D Yayınevi, İstanbul, p.18.
34
RIFAT, Hüseyin (1997). İzmir 1914: Aydın Vilayeti 1330 Sene-i Maliyesi Ticaret Rehberi, ed. Erkan Serçe,
Akademi Kitapevi, İzmir, p.51.
35
RIFAT, Hüseyin (1997). İzmir 1914: Aydın Vilayeti 1330 Sene-i Maliyesi Ticaret Rehberi, ed. Erkan Serçe,
Akademi Kitapevi, İzmir, p.104.
36
RIFAT, Hüseyin (1997). İzmir 1914: Aydın Vilayeti 1330 Sene-i Maliyesi Ticaret Rehberi, ed. Erkan Serçe,
Akademi Kitapevi, İzmir, p.150.

15
be said that Frank Street remained its role as an important artery during the 19 th century, even

though in later years it lost its relative proximity and direct connection to the shore. In this

issue, my main question was born because I wonder about with the influence of development

of a wide quay, namely the project Kordon and pier on Frank Street, its socio-cultural and

also commercial role in the region. After the completion of this construction, this linear land

adjoined the Frank quarter, expanded the commercial areas, and increased to 400 meters the

distance from Frank Street to the shore.

The first result that I found is that due to this new distance from the shore the verhanes

stopped being used for their old functions, and they were occupied by a variety of wholesale

and retail shops. The second result is that after the quay was completed in 1875, the

waterfront area was filled with new businesses, hotels, restaurants, cafes, and other

entertainment functions.

However, in the issue of retail trade, Frank Street continued to maintain the city’s

principal retail stores, such as the large dry-goods stores Au Bon Marché and Orosdi-Back, as

well as several hat makers, gold smiths and pharmacies as we could see in the list from Greek

Commercial Guide. Especially in this list, we can see the various Greek and European stores

along Frank Street, and the dominances of these two group and the scarcity of Armenians,

Jews, and Muslims also is a fresh question to research and investigate, but I would like to

repeat again that I don not have a clear data about what does the term of “European” mean in

the list, and also how was denomination of the all names made, what was the mian criteria,

what do we know about their families and ethnic roots? These are still open questions about

this issue, and I have realized the importance of asking these questions after my presentation

in the workshop thanks to the contributions and interpretations of Prof. Girardelli and

Kalliopi.

16
IV.) Appendix

17
The Seashore of Izmir, Frank Street and the elongation of structures. Plan de Smyrna,
Lamec Saad, 1876 (From URL: http://levantineheritage.com/data8c.htm)

18
Map of Izmir, Goad, 1905 (From Salt Research)

19
Rue de Franque (Frank Street) Rue de Franque (Frank Street)
(From Üç İzmir, p.147) (From “ATAY, Çınar (1993). İzmir’in
İzmir’i”)

A Close Look to Frank Quarter and Frank Street

20
From “BEYRU, Rauf (2001). 19. Yüzyılda İzmir Kenti, Literatür Yayınları, İstanbul.”

The representative stages that show the formation of Verhanes in time

21
V.) Bibliography

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1.) The maps of Storari, Saad, and Goad (from the books, articles and SALT- URL:

http://saltresearch.org/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?

dscnt=1&dstmp=1432757678679&vid=salt&fromLogin=true)

2.) Travelers’ accounts (from the book of İlhan Pınar)

3.) G.Rolleston, Report on Smynra, 1856.

4.) 1888 Smyrna Commercial Guide (Greek), from Levantine Heritage

URL: http://levantineheritage.com/pdf/1888_Smyrna_Commercial_Guide_(Greek).pdf

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25