Literature Review - Joshua Copley

Copley 1
Joshua Copley
Prof. Flores
Eng 1201
24 October 2021
In what ways does the Criminal Justice System impact LGBTQ+ people?
LGBTQ+ people are counted as a minority in society. They are looked at as “different”
and not the normal which means they are a lot of the times picked out and not treated as they
should be. The Criminal Justice System is not helping this community of people.
The Criminal Justice System impacts a lot of society today but LGBTQ+ youth are
especially affected by this system. 20 percent of youth in the Criminal Justice System identify as
LGBTQ+. That is a large number when you look at how many youth identify as LGBTQ+. That
number is about 7 to 9 percent of youth. It is believed that the stigmas around LGBTQ+ people
are to blame for the overrepresentation of LGBTQ+ in the Criminal Justice System. Stigmas can
often lead to people thinking that these types of people are criminals or can have criminal
tendencies. This can also affect the mindset of LGBTQ+ people and make them more likely to
commit crimes since that's what people think they do (Caiazza).
People who are LGBTQ+ have been thought to be criminals for quite some time. It use
to be against the law to be gay in many countries and is still illegal in too many countries. Many
countries are looking at trying to fix their mistakes from the past that were against LGBTQ+
people and make it right. It is obviously a daunting task due to how much harm has been
caused to this community and how much harm is still being caused around the world (Smith).
Copley 2
The LGBTQ+ community doesn't have the best opinions on the Criminal Justice System
due to the history between them and the Criminal Justice System. This can cause major divides
in communities that need to be brought together the most. The LGBTQ+ community believes
the Criminal Justice System doesn't see them as humans but more like criminals when they
haven't done anything wrong to be treated that way (Nadal).
The Criminal Justice System has a history of negatively affecting groups that are
considered minorities and that continues to be the case for people who identify as LGBTQ+.
They continue to negatively look at LGBTQ+ people which has and still is having an effect on the
community.
Copley 3
Works Cited
Berry, Bonnie. Appearance Bias and Crime. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Brettschneider, Marla, et al. LGBTQ POLITICS: A Critical Reader. New York University Press,
2017.
Caiazza, Tom. “Release: U.S. Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems Endanger the Lives and
Futures of LGBTQ Youth.” Center for American Progress, 23 Aug. 2016,
https://www.americanprogress.org/press/release/2016/08/23/142905/release-u-s-
juvenile-and-criminal-justice-systems-endanger-the-lives-and-futures-of-lgbtq-youth/.
Movement Advancement Project, https://www.lgbtmap.org/.
Nadal, Kevin L., et al. “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer People's Perceptions of the
Criminal Justice System: Implications for Social Services.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social
Services, vol. 27, no. 4, 2015, pp. 457–481.,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2015.1085116.
Smith, Miriam. “Homophobia and Homonationalism: LGBTQ Law Reform in Canada.”

Social & Legal Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, 2019, pp. 65–84.,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663918822150.
Braunstein, Michael D. “The Five Stages of LGBTQ Discrimination and Its Effects on Mass
Incarceration.” University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review, vol. 7, June 2017, p.
1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsglt&AN=edsgcl.513995125&site=eds-live.
Valcore, Jace L., and Rebecca Pfeffer. “Systemic Error: Measuring Gender in Criminological
Research.” Criminal Justice Studies, vol. 31, no. 4, 2018, pp. 333–351.,
https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2018.1499022.
Cho, Christine L., et al. Exploring the Toxicity of Lateral Violence and Microaggressions:
Poison in the Water Cooler. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Walters, Mark A., et al. “Hate Crimes against Trans People: Assessing Emotions,
Behaviors, and Attitudes toward Criminal Justice Agencies.” Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, vol. 35, no. 21-22, 2017, pp. 4583–4613.,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517715026.
Copley 4
When I look at this college, I see opportunity. I want to go to a college that will help me get to a
place I want to be. While researching different colleges, one of my biggest factors for colleges
was the ability to connect me to people that would make me a better student and hopefully a
better prepared person about to enter the workforce. Connecting with different people and
having the ability to hear about peoples' opinions is so important to me.

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Copley 1

commit crimes since that's what people think they do (Caiazza).

haven't done anything wrong to be treated that way (Nadal).

Movement Advancement Project, https://www.lgbtmap.org/.

Smith, Miriam. “Homophobia and Homonationalism: LGBTQ Law Reform in Canada.”

having the ability to hear about peoples' opinions is so important to me.

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