1

1 GRAMMAR
FRIENDS AND FAMILY
LESSON A What kind of person are you?

Which verbs and expressions can complete the sentences?

Write the correct numbers of the sentences next to the verbs.

1. I spending time outdoors.

2. I to spend time outdoors.

a. 1 am afraid of g. feel like

b. am into h. hate
c. avoid i. insist on
d. can’t stand j. 1, 2 love
e. don’t mind k. prefer
f. enjoy l. worry about

2 GRAMMAR
Read the conversations and complete the sentences using the gerund or infinitive form of
the verb. If the two forms are possible, write both of them.

1. Ada: Sam isn’t happy when he has nothing to do.

Gary: I know. It really bothers him.
Sam can’t stand having nothing to do / to have nothing to do.
2. Vic: I hardly ever go to school parties anymore.
Joon: Me neither. They’re not as much fun as they used to be.
Vic and Joon avoid
3. Tina: You visit your parents on the weekends, don’t you?
Leo: Yes, I visit them on Sundays so I can spend the whole day with them.
Leo prefers
4. Tom: Are you going to take an Italian class this summer?
Ivy: Yes, I am. I love to learn new languages.
Ivy is into
5. Ang: Do you want to go rock climbing with me this weekend?
Sue: I don’t know. Rock climbing sounds dangerous!
Sue is worried about
6. Josh: What sort of volunteer work do you do for the library, Celia?
Celia: I love to read to kids, so I volunteer as a storyteller on Saturdays.
Celia enjoys

LESSON A What kind of person are you? 1

 3 GRAMMAR
Write sentences about yourself using the verbs and expressions in the box.
Use the gerund of the verbs in the phrases below.

am afraid of avoid don’t mind hate love

am into can’t stand enjoy insist on prefer

1. go shopping on the weekend

I love going shopping on the weekend.

2. try different types of food

3. learn new sports or hobbies

4. meet new people

5. work on the weekend

6. clean and organize my room

4 VOCABULARY
A Match the words to make logical sentences.
1. Angelina volunteers at a hospital. She’s very b . a. wild and crazy
2. Stan drives too fast and stays out late. He’s . b. kind and generous
3. Anna never gets angry. She’s always . c. shy and reserved
4. Don hates a messy room. He likes being . d. friendly and outgoing
5. Tad avoids speaking out in class. He’s . e. calm and cool
6. Neil loves throwing parties and making his guests f. neat and tidy
feel welcome. He’s . g. honest and sincere
7. City life is crazy! In the country, I feel more . h. laid-back and relaxed
8. Julia insists on doing things her way. She’s . i. strong and independent
9. Mei never hides her true feelings. She’s always .

B Use the vocabulary above to write sentences about people you know.
1. My sister is shy and reserved. She avoids meeting new people.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

2 UNIT 1 Friends and family

5 WRITING
A Choose the main idea for each paragraph, and write it in the blank below.

My mother loves speaking Chinese.

My mother is very adventurous.
I really admire my mother.
I am not like my mother at all.

1. . She enjoys doing unusual things and

pushing herself to the limit. Last year, for example, she insisted on visiting China.
She enrolled in Chinese language classes, planned her trip, and then took off across
China with a friend. She loves exploring new places, and she doesn’t hesitate to start
conversations with locals wherever she goes.

I have a friend named John.

My friend John and I are in the same class.

My friend John is the kind of person who loves to talk.

My friend John always says what is on his mind.

2. . He’s probably the most outspoken person

I know. Last week after class, for example, he said to our English teacher, “Some of
the students are a little confused by this week’s class, but I have some ideas to help
explain it to them. Do you want to hear my suggestions?” John was saying what he
thought, and luckily our teacher was willing to listen to him.

B Complete these two sentences. Then choose one of them, and write a paragraph
to support it.

1. My friend is the kind of person who

2. is the most person I know.

LESSON A What kind of person are you? 3

 LESSON B
X WB_LSN_T
Every family is different.

1 GRAMMAR
Read the blog entry. Then underline the noun clauses.

May 15, 2014

I love my family so much, and I really get along
with everyone – my parents and my four brothers
and sisters. However, sometimes they drive me
crazy. There are both good and bad things about
coming from a large family. One of the best things
y
about coming from a large family is that I always
have someone to talk to. Unfortunately, one of the
disadvantages is that I never have any privacy. And
of course, the trouble with not having any privacy is
that I never have any space I can call my own. Our
house is big, but sometimes not big enough!

2 GRAMMAR
Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence using noun clauses.

1. I’m the youngest in my family. The best thing is I’m the center of attention.
The best thing about being the youngest is that I’m the center of attention.

2. I have a lot of kids. The disadvantage is I can’t give each of them the individual
attention they want.

3. I live with my father-in-law. The problem is we disagree about everything.

4. I have two younger sisters. The worst thing is they always want to know all
about my personal life.

5. I have an identical twin. The trouble is no one can ever tell us apart.

4 UNIT 1 Friends and family

3 GRAMMAR
Use noun clauses and your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. A disadvantage of having siblings who are successful is that my parents expect me

to be successful, too.

2. The problem with having a large family is

3. The best thing about having grandparents is

4. The trouble with being part of a two-income family is

5. One benefit of living far away from your family is

6. The worst thing about taking a family vacation is

7. An advantage of living with siblings is

4 VOCABULARY
Are the statements true or false? Choose the correct answer.

True False
Sylvia’s mother has a great-uncle named Martin.
1. Sylvia is Martin’s great-granddaughter. ✓
2. Sylvia’s mother is Martin’s grandniece.

Hal’s wife, Nikki, has a sister named Joanne.

3. Joanne is Hal’s sister-in-law.
4. Joanne is Hal’s grandmother.

Hugo’s niece Diana has a son-in-law named Jason.

5. Jason’s wife is Hugo’s granddaughter.
6. Diana is Jason’s mother-in-law.

Molly’s nephew Tom has a daughter named Jennifer.

7. Molly is Tom’s aunt.
8. Molly is Jennifer’s great-aunt.

Irene’s father, Roberto, has a grandfather named Eduardo.

9. Eduardo is Roberto’s grandson.
10. Eduardo is Irene’s great-grandfather.

LESSON B Every family is different. 5

 5 READING
A Read the article. Then choose the main idea of each paragraph.

Is it Better or Worse to Be an Only Child?

I
f you are an only child – someone with no brothers attention for the
or sisters – you have probably been the object of simple reason that
both sympathy and suspicion. “Oh, you poor thing!” there are fewer
some people say. “You must have been so lonely!” demands on the
Other people might not say much, but you know they parents. The same
are thinking that you are selfish, spoiled, and have no goes for educational
idea how to get along with others. People assume that opportunities –
only children are somehow at a disadvantage because there tend to be
of their lack of siblings, and this idea has probably been more resources available in single-child households.
around as long as only children have. However, there is little evidence that this has long-term
Recent studies, however, have shown that the benefits for only children.
stereotype of the only child is really just a myth. Only For some reason, though, popular opinion and
children show very little difference from children with culture seem to have a hard time accepting the fact
siblings, and as adults they are just as likely to be well that only children are just like everyone else. Movies
adjusted. One slight difference they show from children and TV shows still portray “onlies” as socially awkward
with multiple siblings is that they often score higher and expecting to get whatever they ask for. What keeps
on intelligence and achievement tests. But first-born the stereotype alive? Could it be that most of us have
children and those with only one sibling have similar wished – at one point or another – to be an only child?
results, so we can’t really say this is a characteristic of At least we wouldn’t have had to deal with siblings
the only child, either. The one undeniable difference is playing with our toys, borrowing our clothes, and eating
that only children get more of their parents’ time and that last piece of cake we had saved for later.

1. First paragraph:
a. Only children all wish they had siblings.
b. Only children think other children are selfish.
c. Many people make assumptions about only children.

2. Second paragraph:
a. Only children really are different from children with siblings.
b. Only children are basically the same as those with siblings.
c. No one has really studied only children.

3. Third paragraph:
a. The popular view of only children seems difficult to change.
b. The popular view of only children has changed recently.
c. The popular view of only children is based on facts.

B Are the statements true or false? Choose the correct answer. Then rewrite
the false statements to make them true.
True False
1. Some people feel sorry for only children.

2. When only children grow up, they are less sociable than children with siblings.

3. Only children are more intelligent than children with siblings.

4. According to the author, people’s ideas about only children need to change.

6 UNIT 1 Friends and family

2
1
MISTAKES AND MYSTERIES
LESSON A

VOCABULARY
Life lessons

Correct the underlined mistakes in each sentence. Write the correct form of a verb from the
box after each sentence. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

aggravate avoid cause deal with identify ignore run into solve

1. Jim said I solved the problem with my tablet when I spilled water on it.
caused
2. Grace didn’t pay her credit card bill last month. When she didn’t pay it
again this month, she only ran into her debt problem.

3. I always ask Kate for help with math. She can ignore any problem.

4. Tim’s report was late. He aggravated problems with his computer that
he didn’t expect.

5. John caused his weight problem for years. Now he can’t fit into any of
his clothes!

6. Mike has many problems with his projects at work, so he often stays
late to identify them.

7. My brother is an amazing auto mechanic. He can look at a car’s engine

and ignore what is causing problems.

8. Pedro identifies problems with computer viruses by updating his

antivirus software every week.

2 GRAMMAR
Choose the past modal or phrasal modal of obligation that best completes each sentence.

1. I wasn’t supposed to / had to give Mr. Lee my phone when he caught me texting
in class.

2. Eve was worried that she needed to / didn’t have to pass her exam to graduate.

3. Frank didn’t have to / was supposed to take his grandmother to the store, but he
wanted to.

4. I needed to buy / shouldn’t have bought these boots, but they were on sale!

5. Bob was supposed to / didn’t need to bring dessert to the party, but he brought
an appetizer instead.

6. I didn’t need to / was supposed to clean my apartment before my friend arrived,

but I didn’t have time.

LESSON A Life lessons 7

 3 GRAMMAR
Complete the email with the past modals and phrasal modals of obligation in the box.
Use each modal only once.

didn’t have to had to needed to should have shouldn’t have was supposed to

New Message

Hey Ally,
I (1) was supposed to pick up my brother at practice yesterday,
but I forgot. Well, I didn’t forget . . . I went to the café instead.
I (2) ___________________ go, but I wanted to see you guys.
I (3) thought about my brother, but I didn’t. When
my mom discovered that my brother (4) walk
home alone, she got upset with me. She said I (5)
forgotten about my brother. So now she doesn’t trust me. She said I
(6) think about my responsibilities and behave
more responsibly to regain her trust. Anyway, this means I won’t be
able to go on the trip with you guys this weekend. I’m so frustrated!
Gigi

4 GRAMMAR
Use past modals and phrasal modals of obligation to write a sentence for each situation.

1. make a left turn instead of a right turn 2. hand in a research paper today
I should have made a left turn
instead of a right turn.

3. pick up a friend from the airport 4. not eat a big lunch

8 UNIT 2 Mistakes and mysteries

5 WRITING
A Look at the brainstorming notes and add two more ideas to each category.

Apologizing for being late

to an appointment
 

 

 



 

 



   

   



    



   

 
  







B Complete the sentences with ideas from your brainstorming notes.

1. You need to when you apologize.
2. You shouldn’t when you apologize.

C Choose one of the sentences you completed above and brainstorm

supporting ideas for its topic. Then write a paragraph based on your
brainstorming notes.

You shouldn’t make excuses when you apologize. You have to simply say you are
sorry. For example, if you are late for an appointment, you should never say you were
confused about the meeting time. Next, you shouldn’t say your directions were bad.
In addition, you shouldn’t blame public transportation for your lateness. . . .

LESSON A Life lessons 9

 LESSON B I can’t explain it!

1 GRAMMAR
Underline the modals in the sentences. Then write C for modals expressing degrees of
certainty or O for modals expressing obligation, advice, or opinion.
C 1. Some people are certain the boats and airplanes
that have disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle
must have vanished due to human error.
Bermuda
2. Others believe the boats and airplanes that
disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle could have
been affected by supernatural forces.

3. The people who vanished should have planned

their route more carefully to avoid entering the
Bermuda Triangle.
Florida
4. Experts say the people who got lost in the Bermuda
Triangle must not have been prepared for strong Puerto Rico
water currents and changing weather patterns.

5. While many people have successfully navigated

through the Bermuda Triangle, there are others
who shouldn’t have tried, as they are now missing.

2 GRAMMAR
Choose the phrase that best completes each sentence.

THE BLOG SPACE August 31

I just watched a documentary about the princess who died in a mysterious car accident.
It was so interesting – everyone (1) should watch / should have been watching it. The
princess was too young and smart to die in such an awful accident. Many people feel
that she (2) shouldn’t have gone / may not have been going in the car that night. Anyway,
the documentary said there are many theories about how the car accident happened.
Some people think the car’s brakes (3) might have been tampered / should have tampered
with. Others believe that the princess’s driver (4) should have caused / could have caused
the accident. Some even think the princess (5) could have been kidnapped / could have
kidnapped. The police never figured out what really happened. I’m not sure what to believe,
but there (6) shouldn’t have been / must have been a way to solve this mystery!

Comments (4)

10 UNIT 2 Mistakes and mysteries

3 GRAMMAR
Use modals expressing degrees of certainty and your own ideas to write about
the following situations.

1. Your friend got the highest grade on a difficult English exam.

He must have studied really hard. It’s also possible the test may have been too easy.

2. You don’t hear from your best friend for several days.

3. Your favorite jacket isn’t in your closet.

4. You see some very large footprints while walking in the park.

4 VOCABULARY
Use the verbs of belief in the box to write a sentence about each topic.

assume be sure figure know for a fact

be certain bet guess suppose
be positive doubt have a hunch suspect

1. Elephants are the world’s smartest animals.

I am sure that elephants are the world’s
smartest animals.

2. There is a monster that lives in Loch Ness in Scotland.

3. Global warming is causing changes in worldwide weather patterns.

4. People eat bananas more than any other fruit in the world.

5. Some pyramids were built more than 2,000 years ago.

6. Dinosaurs were wiped out by an asteroid that caused changes in the climate.

LESSON B I can’t explain it! 11

 5 READING
A Read the article quickly to find the answers to the questions.
1. When did the British couple go on vacation?
2. Who gave the couple directions to Spain?

Hotel Time Warp

T he idea of traveling backward or forward through time
has long been a favorite subject of books, movies, and TV
shows. Although some scientists suspect that it may actually
be possible, no one has invented a way to make it happen.
However, many people have reported traveling in time.

One famous story is about a British couple who were vacationing

in France in 1979. They were looking for a place to stay for the
night and noticed a sign for an old circus. They found a hotel
nearby and discovered that almost everything inside the
hotel was made of heavy wood and there were no modern
conveniences such as telephones or TVs. Furthermore, their room
doors did not have locks, and the windows had wooden shutters
instead of glass. In the morning, two police officers entered the
hotel wearing old-fashioned uniforms with capes. After getting
confusing directions from the officers to Spain, the couple paid
their amazingly inexpensive hotel bill and left.
Two weeks later, the couple returned to France and decided to stay at the odd, but very cheap, hotel
again. This time, however, the hotel was nowhere to be found. Positive that they were in the exact same
spot because of the circus posters, the couple realized that the hotel had completely vanished. Even more
confusing, they found that the photographs they had taken inside the hotel did not develop. Later, their
research uncovered that the French officers had been wearing uniforms dating from before 1905.
Researchers analyzing these events call them “time slips” and believe that they must happen randomly and
spontaneously. However, researchers cannot explain why, when, or how they occur. But when they do occur,
people are so bewildered and confused that they can barely explain what happened to them, even though
they are sure they have experienced some sort of time travel.

B Read the article again. Choose the statements you think the author would
agree with.
1. Time travel is not a favorite subject of books, movies, and television shows.
2. Few people have reported traveling through time.
3. Scientists have invented a way to make time travel happen.
4. People who experience time slips do not remember the experience afterwards.
5. It is not known why, when, or how time slips occur.
6. Many people believe they have traveled through time.

12 UNIT 2 Mistakes and mysteries

3
1 GRAMMAR
EXPLORING NEW CITIES
LESSON A Popular destinations

Underline the relative clauses in the postcard. Then add commas where necessary.

July 15
Dear Mom and Dad,
Greetings from Maine where the water
is too cold for us to go swimming, but the
scenery is beautiful. We’re having a great
time, and we’ve enjoyed every place that
we’ve visited. This week we’re in Bar Harbor
which is a lovely island town. The place is
absolutely full of tourists! Tonight we’re
going for a ride on a boat that will take us to
one of the nearby islands. Our friend James
who lives here has already taken us hiking
and to the Bar Harbor Music Festival. It’s
been fun! That’s it for now. We miss you.
Love, Sara and Eric

2 GRAMMAR
Join the following sentences using non-defining relative clauses.

1. Many tourists enjoy seeing the Kuala Lumpur skyline in Malaysia. It includes some of the
tallest skyscrapers in the world.
Many tourists enjoy seeing the Kuala Lumpur skyline in Malaysia,
which includes some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world.

2. People visit Washington, D.C., in the spring. They can see the cherry trees in bloom then.

3. The cherry trees in Washington, D.C., were a gift from the Japanese government to the
U.S. They are admired by everyone.

4. Thousands of years ago, people in Mexico began to grow corn. Corn continues to be a
very important food in Mexico today.

5. The tortilla is typically eaten in Mexico. It is a thin, flat bread.

LESSON A Popular destinations 13

 3 VOCABULARY
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. When preparing to host the 2012 Olympics, London updated its hotels /
climate / transportation system with improvements to its subway.

2. New York City has hundreds of restaurants offering a wide variety of

climates / cuisines / green spaces, including Italian, Chinese, and Indian.

3. Many people are moving from bigger cities to smaller towns because
the cost of living / landmark / climate is more affordable.

4. If you enjoy neighborhoods / shopping / nightlife, you’ll love the music

and live shows in Rio de Janeiro.

5. Some people think Reykjavik, Iceland, is cold in the wintertime, but

surprisingly, it has a very mild climate / cuisine / transportation system
during the winter months.

6. Some famous green spaces / neighborhoods / landmarks in Paris

include the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre Museum.

7. Many cities are preserving green spaces / hotels / cuisines in their

downtown areas for people to have picnics, walk their dogs, and
enjoy outdoor concerts.

4 GRAMMAR
Use defining or non-defining relative clauses to write sentences about these topics.

r
B
QPQVMBS
UPVSJTU
BDUJWJUZ
JO
ZPVS
DJUZ
r
B
UPXO
XJUI
NBOZ
IJTUPSJDBM
BUUSBDUJPOT
r
B
QMBDF
XJUI
B
HPPE
DMJNBUF
r
BO
FYDFMMFOU
DJUZ
GPS
TIPQQJOH

1. Tourists in Rome like to visit the famous

squares, which have many beautiful
statues and fountains.

2.

3.

4.

14 UNIT 3 Exploring new cities

5 WRITING
A Look at the words and phrases in the box about Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Choose the main idea and write it in the center of the mind map. Then
write the supporting details in the mind map.

reasonable prices clothing

fruits and spices handicrafts
a wonderful night market jewelry

B Now read the paragraph about Chiang Mai. Answer the questions.

Chiang Mai is a city in northern Thailand that has a wonderful night market. In the evening,
the main street is lined with small stands and shops that sell almost anything you can
imagine. Some stands sell jewelry or clothing, others sell traditional Thai handicrafts, and still
others sell fresh fruit and spices. I love spicy Thai food. It’s easy to spend an entire evening
just looking at everything. If you decide to buy something, you won’t be disappointed. The
prices are very reasonable. There are a lot of wonderful attractions in Chiang Mai, but the
night market is a favorite for many people.

1. What is this paragraph about?

2. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?

3. Which sentence does not support the main idea? Cross it out.

C Write a paragraph about one of the places you mentioned in Exercise 4 on page 14.
Include a topic sentence with the main idea and several supporting ideas.

LESSON A Popular destinations 15

 LESSON B My kind of town

1 GRAMMAR
Unscramble the words to complete the sentences about these cities.

1. a / with fascinating buildings / city / coastal / charming

Salvador is a charming coastal city with
fascinating buildings.

2. a / European / city / quaint / old / with a lovely castle

Prague is

3. a / lively / city / with huge skyscrapers / modern

Taipei is

4. a / dynamic / port / with trendy shopping malls / city

Singapore is

5. a / industrial / modern / large / city / with a beautiful lakeshore

Chicago is

6. an / with world-famous theme parks / tourist / exciting / destination

Orlando is

2 VOCABULARY
Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

border coastal college mountain port rural tourist

1. Ana lives in a rural town. The nearest big city is more than two hours away.

2. The local university employs most of the people living in this town.

3. towns are near an ocean, a lake, or a river where ships unload cargo.

4. People traveling from the U.S. to Mexico through towns must stop and
show their passports or other identification.

5. I work in a small town with great beaches and seafood places.

6. We stopped in a crowded town full of overpriced souvenir shops.

7. Nick lives in a town that is nearly 3,000 meters above sea level.

16 UNIT 3 Exploring new cities

3 GRAMMAR
Rewrite the sentences using the words in parentheses.

1. The streets are well lit, but it’s best to be careful at night. (in spite of)
In spite of the well-lit streets, it’s best to be careful at night.

2. There is a crime problem, but it’s still a wonderful place to visit. (despite)

3. The shopping malls are crowded, but people aren’t buying much. (although)

4. It snows a lot, but I still like living here. (even though)

5. My city is on the ocean, but the water here is too polluted for people to go
swimming. (however)

6. The city center is very picturesque, but there’s not much to do. (nevertheless)

7. There’s a lot to do here at night, but it’s a very noisy neighborhood. (on the other hand)

4 GRAMMAR
Complete the sentences with your own opinions about cities you know.

1. The worst thing about Los Angeles is the heavy traffic .

In spite of that, it is an ideal place to live .

2. The worst thing about is .

Nevertheless, .

3. The best thing about is .

However, .

4. Even though has a lot of ,

.

5. The weather in is .
On the other hand, .

6. would be a great place to live. However,

.

7. Although is a favorite tourist destination for many, it also has its

problems. For example, .

LESSON B My kind of town 17

 5 READING
A Match the words in the box with the photos. Then read two articles about megacities.

auto emissions carpooling a landfill public transportation

1. carpooling 2. 3. 4.

MEGACITIES: TWO VIEWS

The world’s population is not only growing, it is It’s true that megacities have problems, but

1 also becoming more urbanized. An increasing

number of people are moving to cities in the hope
of having a better life. The cities promise steady work
2 these have been exaggerated. The truth of
the matter is that people move to cities to
escape their hard life in the country. Urban areas,
and higher salaries. With more money, people think even with their problems, offer people a better life
they can provide for their families more easily. than rural areas. The old ways of life in rural areas
As the population becomes more urbanized, have broken down, and it is now very difficult to
megacities are created. Yes, there are more jobs in make a living as a farmer.
urban areas, but is the quality of life better in People live longer in the cities.
these megacities? A quick survey of several megacity Medical care is better. And, of course,
major cities reveals some of their problems: employment opportunities can be
Pollution from auto emissions is poisoning
a city with found more easily in the city. We
the air; landfills are overflowing with garbage. a population should continue to develop city
With declining resources and growing of 10 million services so that people can enjoy their
competition, sometimes there is not enough or more lives in the world’s urban centers.
food. These are all very serious problems. Rather than limiting development,
We cannot get rid of megacities – they are here we should encourage it. Public transportation
to stay. What we should concentrate on, however, is systems need to be developed so that people
building “villages” inside the cities. These “urban can travel to and from work and school easily.
villages” could be self-sufficient and grow their Carpooling should be encouraged to cut down
own food. The members of these villages on pollution. The more we clean up and
would recycle more and do less damage develop our megacities, the more life will
to the environment. The villages would improve for the residents.
serve the needs of the local people, not
big business. We need to limit large-
scale development, not encourage it.

B Match the statements with the articles that support them.

1 2 1&2
1. “Megacities have problems.”
2. “Life in rural areas is hard.”
3. “We should recreate village life in the cities.”
4. “There are more chances to work in the cities.”
5. “Continued development will hurt the quality of life.”
6. “Continued development can improve the quality of life.”

18 UNIT 3 Exploring new cities

4
1 GRAMMAR
EARLY BIRDS AND NIGHT OWLS
LESSON A It’s about time!

Combine the sentences using the words in parentheses. Use reduced time clauses
wherever possible.

1. Classes are over for the day. I often go out with my friends. (after)
After classes are over for the day, I often go out with my friends.

2. I lost my watch. I’ve been late for all my appointments. (ever since)

3. You should relax and count to 10. You start to feel stressed. (as soon as)

4. I go for a run. I stretch for at least 15 minutes. (right before)

5. She shouldn’t listen to music. She is studying for a big test. (while)

6. I watch TV. I fall asleep. (until)

7. I get to the office. I start planning what I need to do that day. (from the moment)

2 GRAMMAR
Read the statements. Are they true for you? Choose true or false. Then rewrite the
false statements to make them true.
True False
1. Whenever I get stressed out, I take a walk and try to relax. ✓
I usually eat a lot of snacks whenever I get stressed out.

2. As soon as I wake up, I check my email and phone messages.

3. Ever since I started studying English, I’ve spoken more confidently.

4. I like to read the news while I’m eating lunch.

5. After I fall asleep, nothing can wake me up.

LESSON A It’s about time! 19

 3 VOCABULARY
Use the phrasal verbs from the box to complete the conversations.

burn out
calm down
chill out
doze off
perk up
turn in

1. A: I lost my car keys! I’m going to be late for my doctor’s appointment!

B: You need to calm down . Relax. Maybe you can reschedule.

2. A: You look tired. You need to before our meeting.

B: Yeah, you’re right. Maybe I should have a cup of coffee.

3. A: Poor Jenny. She has two papers to write and a final exam to study for.
B: That’s a lot of work. I hope she doesn’t before graduation.

4. A: My flight leaves tomorrow morning at six o’clock.

B: You should early tonight so you’ll wake up on time.

5. A: What a day! I had three meetings and a business lunch. I’m so tired.
B: Let’s have some dinner. Then let’s and watch TV.

6. A: Oh, sorry! I guess I fell asleep.

B: You should go to bed earlier. Then you wouldn’t in class.

4 GRAMMAR
Use time clauses to complete the sentences so they are true for you.

1. As soon as I get home from work, I change into some comfortable clothes
and make dinner.

2. I have the chance to chill out, I

3. I met my best friend, we

4. I started riding a bike, I

5. eating a large meal, I

20 UNIT 4 Early birds and night owls

5 WRITING
A Read the paragraph and choose the best topic sentence. Is each topic
sentence too general, too specific, or just right? Choose the correct answer.
1.
We experience a gradual rise of energy in the morning, peaking around noon. There is
a slow decline in energy in the midafternoon with a second peak early in the evening.
This is followed by a steady decline in energy until bedtime. Everyone experiences
these energy patterns. They are a part of daily life.

Too general Too specific Just right

a. People need energy to get through the day.

b. People’s energy patterns change according
to the time of day.
c. Everyone’s energy peaks around noon.

2.
Newborn babies sleep an average of 15 to 18 hours a day, but as children grow older,
they sleep less. However, as teenagers, they seem to need a lot of sleep again. It
is not unusual for teens to sleep until noon on weekends if their parents let them.
As people age beyond their thirties, they tend to sleep less and less and for shorter
periods of time.

Too general Too specific Just right

a. People’s sleep needs change as they go
through life.
b. Babies sleep more than elderly people.

c. Everyone needs sleep.

3.
In fact, Americans now spend close to $30 billion a year on vitamins and food
supplements. Vitamin companies supply an almost endless variety of vitamins.
There are multivitamins for adults, special vitamins for women, flavored vitamins for
children, and even vitamins to help students study better. New types of vitamins
come out regularly, and at least one store in every shopping mall sells vitamins.

Too general Too specific Just right

a. Vitamins supplement a healthy diet.

b. Vitamins are popular with women.

c. In the U.S., vitamins are big business.

B Write a topic sentence about how to keep your energy up or sleep well.
Then write a paragraph that supports your main idea.

LESSON A It’s about time! 21

 LESSON B Tossing and turning

1 VOCABULARY
Rewrite the sentences by replacing the underlined words with phrases from the box.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

be fast asleep
be sound asleep
be wide awake
drift off
feel drowsy
have a sleepless night
nod off
sleep like a log
take a power nap
toss and turn

1. If Elisa is worried when she goes to bed, she is unable to sleep.

If Elisa is worried when she goes to bed, she tosses and turns.
If Elisa is worried when she goes to bed, she has a sleepless night.

2. My father always falls asleep after eating a heavy meal.

3. Simon often sleeps for a few minutes to boost his creativity at work.

4. The loud music didn’t wake Sue. She must be in a deep sleep.

5. Liz is lucky she sleeps heavily because her roommate snores so loudly!

6. Marina isn’t tired at all. In fact, she is completely alert!

7. Kenji often begins to feel sleepy when he reads on the train or in a car.

2 GRAMMAR
Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

1. Considering that / Just in case / Unless I’m really worried, I usually sleep well.
2. Even if / Just in case / Only if I have bad dreams, I don’t recall the details later.
3. Even if / As long as / Unless I sleep well, I wake up feeling rested.
4. Considering that / Only if / Unless I didn’t sleep last night, I feel pretty good.
5. Bring an umbrella with you only if / as long as / just in case it rains later.

22 UNIT 4 Early birds and night owls

3 GRAMMAR
Use the information in the box and the expressions in parentheses to write new sentences.

I drink too much caffeine during the day.

I forget to set my alarm clock.
I get thirsty in the middle of the night.
I sleep deeply.
I’m completely exhausted.
I’ve slept well the night before.

1. I always feel great in the morning. (as long as)

I always feel great in the morning as long as I’ve slept well the night before.

2. Sometimes I have trouble drifting off. (even if)

3. My neighbors listen to loud music every night. (considering that)

4. I never oversleep in the morning. (unless)

5. I keep a glass of water by my bed. (just in case)

6. I have trouble falling asleep. (only . . . if)

4 GRAMMAR
Answer these questions using clauses with as long as, considering that, even if,
(just) in case, only . . . if, or unless.

1. Do you stay awake thinking, or do you fall asleep as soon as you lie down?
I only stay awake thinking if I’m having a problem at work.

2. Are you usually alert or still sleepy when you first get up in the morning?

3. Do you ever take naps during the day, or do you wait until bedtime to sleep?

4. Do you sleep like a log all night, or do you toss and turn?

5. Do you always need eight hours of sleep a night, or can you survive on less?

LESSON B Tossing and turning 23

 5 READING
A Read the article quickly. Which three sleep theories are mentioned?

Why
Sleep?
and certain repair functions
can only happen during sleep.
One of the most
fascinating discoveries about
sleep is that it is not a period

F or some people, sleep is a great

pleasure that they look forward
to after a long day. For others, sleep
of total inactivity, as scientists
previously believed. While we
sleep, things are happening in
is just a necessity, almost a waste the brain that researchers are
of time. Regardless of where you only beginning to understand.
stand, there’s no denying that, at The brain plasticity theory states
some point, everyone needs sleep. that sleep is necessary to allow
Without it, you’ll find yourself irritable, confused, the brain to adjust to new experiences and
and lacking in energy. And the fact is that humans information, and that a reorganization of the
can survive longer without food than they can information in the brain takes place during
without sleep. But why is sleep necessary? sleep. Experts say that plenty of sleep the first
There are several theories that try to explain night after learning a new skill or a new set
why sleep is so important. One of them, the energy of facts is crucial for improving memory and
conservation theory, suggests that a period of performance.
inactivity gives the body a chance to save energy. Dr. Robert Stickgold, a cognitive
Basically, most mammals sleep through the night neuroscientist, says, “There’s an old joke that
because instinct tells them it is less practical and the function of sleep is to cure sleepiness.”
more dangerous to hunt for or gather food in the Since there is no real agreement on a single
dark. Another possible explanation is the restorative reason for sleep, that may be the best
theory. According to this theory, the body needs time explanation we have. Not to mention the fact
to repair itself after the physical efforts of the day, that, after an exhausting day, it just feels good.

B Are the statements true or false? Choose the correct answer. Then rewrite the
false statements to make them true.
True False
1. Humans need food more than they need sleep.

2. The conservation and restorative theories are concerned more

with physical than mental processes.

3. Scientists have always believed there is brain activity during sleep.

4. Scientists have a complete understanding of what happens in

the brain during sleep.

5. According to the brain plasticity theory, sleeping well after

learning something new will help you remember it.

24 UNIT 4 Early birds and night owls