Referential and Emotive Meanings

Nama : Dewi Anjeli
Kelas : B1
Stmbk : 06120200027
Mata Kuliah : Indo - Eng Translation
✓ The message from the theory is An analysis of the meanings of word symbol soon reveals that many
words have structurally related domains, and the analysis of emotive meanings is by no means as easy
as that of referential meanings, for the former seem to have no objective, describable domains.
✓The summary of the theory is about
Referential and Emotive Meanings
Referential meanings are those generally thought of as "dictionary meanings," though any good
dictionary always provides some evidence as to linguistic meanings by identifying the part of speech for
each lexical unit. Moreover, for many words most dictionaries add important hints as to the emotive
values, by listing forms as "vulgar "obscene."slang." pedantic," etc. Almost all native speakers of a
language have a keen appreciation for these emotive meanings. Referential meanings are generally
treated in terms of field and/or context, as noted in Chapter 3. In their simplest form
Techiques for describing the referential meanings of series of related words
Chain Analysis
A typical chain or string of related meaning may be found in varios sets of color terms wich divide the
spectrum intio varios units
Hierarchical Analysis
In contrast with chains or strings of terms which describe merely linear relationships, the hierarchical
structuring of symbols is a much more common and important type of relationship.colloquial usage and
in formal writing. For example, it is not uncommon to hear a conversation including such a series as
follows
A. The machine broke.
b. Where did you buy the old think, anyway?
C. I bought iy at the discoust house.
D. Then toss the stuf out.
Componential Analysis
In addition to linear plotting and hierarchical structuring, a third technique componential analysis may
be employed to analysis the meaning of related series of word
Techiques For Describing The Referential Meanings Of Single Words.
There are three fundamental ways in which we may describe the domain of referential meaning of
individual lexical units. We may (1) name the class,usually by contrasting it with other classes, (2)
identifi,the individual members of the class, generally by listing, or (3) describe the distinctive features of
the class. The first meaning may be called a "'type"" (Morris desigratum) or generalized meaning.
Derivational Techniques.
By derivational TECHNIQUES we mean those by which the meanings of terms are explained on the basis
of asumed "chains" or "trees" of meanings showing how one meaning at a term is derived from
another.This approach is most conspicuously involved in the average dictionary.
Compential Techniques.
One striking defect in this diagram (Figure z2) of the meanings of tho Biblical Hebrew root KBD is the
feilure to reflect some of the obvious features shared by different sets of meanings.
Figurative Extension Of Meaning.
In attempting to deal with referential meanings we are constantly troubled by problems of figurative
extensions of meaning. for many words possess domains with marginal protuberances which do not
seem to fit into the regular patterns.
SHKANTICALLY ENDOC&ENTRC And Exocentric Expressions.
In the essentially arbitrary nature of language as a code, there is no way of knowing the meaning of a
single symbol by merely examining its form. Thus there is nothing in the forms of such words as boy. girl,
dish, neat, and snow which would tell us their referents.
Distributional Techniques.
The third technique we may employ in dealing with a series of meaning of a single lexical unit consists of
distributional analysis. It is based upon a frame-andsubstitution method, fundamental to any description
of distribution.
The Usses of Structural Contrast for the Analysis of Meaning.

In the previous sections of this chapter we have examined a number of techaiques for analyzing
different aspects of referential and emotive meaningt. All of these have varying degrees of usefuness us
heuristic tools, and many are valuable for describing certain domains of meaning and some of the
problems of contextual conditioning.
Emotive Meanings.
As implied in the previous discussions, emotive meanings are essentialy diferent from referential ones,
for they are not structured according to series of dichotomies or contrasts. Rather, emotive meanings
consist of polar contrasts separated by a graded series with a high percentage of usuges for most word
clustering around the neutral position.
PROJECTION RULES.
Having determined the linguistic, referential, and emotive potentialities in any combínation of words,
we are now obliged to set up a series of projection rules which Will enable us to determine how the
speaker generates and the receptor interprets the SEMANTIC elements of the utter ance.

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Nama : Dewi Anjeli

Mata Kuliah : Indo - Eng Translation

✓The summary of the theory is about

Referential and Emotive Meanings

Techiques for describing the referential meanings of series of related words

A. The machine broke.

b. Where did you buy the old think, anyway?

C. I bought iy at the discoust house.

D. Then toss the stuf out.

Techiques For Describing The Referential Meanings Of Single Words.

Figurative Extension Of Meaning.

SHKANTICALLY ENDOC&ENTRC And Exocentric Expressions.

The Usses of Structural Contrast for the Analysis of Meaning.

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