Article IV CITIZENSHIP

Reviewer

Citizenship it is a legal relationship between a person and a country if you are a citizen of a country, you have
the right to live there, work, vote, and pay taxes

for this episode did you know that there is a difference between citizenship and nationality if you are not aware
of this listen carefully.

Nationality is simply the country where you came from. For example, Jesse is from the Philippines, so she is
considered as a Filipino.

it is also important to take note the other person can be a national of one country, but she could also hold
Citizenship of another country. For example, Gaffney's was born in the Philippines whether Filipino parents
Decided to live in the United States for better opportunities, from this example we can say that Japanese has a
Filipino nationality, but she is also a US citizen for she is living in the United States and a legal citizen of that
now.

Two recognized forms in acquiring citizenship, By Birth, and naturalization

By Birth s is further subdivided into two weeks first is what we call Jus Soli it is a Latin term which means the
law of the soil, this is a rule let the citizenship of a child is determined by the place of birth.

the second one is what we call jus sanguinis it is a Latin term which means the law of blood this is a rule that
the citizenship is determined by blood relations the second form of acquiring citizenship is through
naturalization.

the kinds of Filipino citizens under the Constitution

First those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adaptational this Constitution.
Second the natural-born citizen these are the citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform
any act of war or perfecter Philippine citizenship.

How can you be a natural-born Filipino citizen?

Philippine nationality law is based upon jus sanguinis. Generally, if you are born to at least the one parent who
is a Filipino citizen at the time of your birth you're born with a Philippine citizenship.

look at these examples, first Xia's mom is a Filipino and her dad is an American is she a natural-born
Filipino?
the answer is a very big yes!

second example let's meet kay she is an illegitimate child of her Filipino father does she be considered as
a natural-born Filipino? the answer is yes! take note of this, a child born of a Filipino father or Filipino
mother running the child is legitimate or illegitimate and still and natural-born Filipino.

for our last example, Laika she was born in America, but her parents are Filipinos is she and natural-
born Filipino? the answer is yes! if the child is born in another country but her parents are Filipinos she will
still be considered as a natural-born Filipino. In the case of Lika she is qualified for dual citizenship

The Third Kind of citizens under the 1987 Philippine Constitution are the Citizens Through
Election, these are the people weren't before January 17, 1973, all Filipino mothers who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
Under the 1935 Constitution, The Charles’s mother was married to a foreigner was born an alien and remains an
alien until he elects Philippine citizenship after reaching the age of majority, this rule was changed. Under the
1987 Philippine Constitution a Filipina does not lose her citizenship by her marriage to an alien.

Last are the Naturalized Citizens, aliens are foreigners can become Filipino citizens through naturalization or
the Process of allowing a foreigner who lives in one country to become a citizen of another country. However,
they must first renounce the original citizenship before they become naturalized Filipinos.

There are three ways for aliens to become naturalized citizens of the country

First is A Direct Naturalization this is further subdivided into three weeks administrative naturalization
Judicial naturalization and Direct Acts of The Congress

let's discuss Administrative Naturalization this applies to native-born aliens who lived in the Philippines all
their lives who never saw any country and thought they were Filipinos; this follows RA 9139 or the
administrative naturalization law of 2000.

Here are the qualifications:

First must be at least 18 years old,
Second must be born and have lived in the Philippines,
Third must have good moral character and must believe in the constitution,
Fourth must own a real estate in the Philippines for not less than five thousand pesos or have some lucrative
trade profession a low fall occupation,
Fifth, must be able to speak and write in any Filipino dialect,
Last the minor children of school age must be enrolled in the school's prescribed by the law.

The second way is The Judicial Naturalization if a foreigner is not qualified for administrative naturalization,
then he will have to go through judicial naturalization which follows Commonwealth act 473 or the revised
naturalization law

Here are the qualifications:

First must be at least 21 years old at the hearing of the petition
Second must reside in the Philippines for at least 10 years
Third must have good moral character and must believe in the constitution
Fourth must own a real estate in the Philippines for not less than five thousand pesos or have some lucrative
Trade profession and local occupations.
Fifth must be able to speak and write in English or Spanish and any one of the principal Philippine languages.
Lasts the minor children of school age must be enrolled in the school's prescribed by the law

The last way and the direct naturalization are through a Direct Act of The Congress.
Legislative naturalization is quite rare, and this applies only for aliens who have made outstanding contributions
to the country.
The second way of becoming a naturalized citizen is through Derivative Naturalization.

The relative citizenship is defined as obtaining one's citizenship from or through another person you can be
any of the following: wife or naturalize husband, alien wife of a natural-born citizen, or a minor child of
naturalized parents.
It is also, important to take note that naturalized citizens cannot enjoy the following:
first dual citizenship
second run in any political position

let's move on to the effects of marriage to a foreigner

Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship unless they renounce it now.

let's talk about the loss of citizenship

Filipino citizenship is not forever, Filipinos may lose citizenship voluntarily and involuntarily.

First, it’s voluntarily also called as expatriation it is a process of living your country and living in a new one.
It May be through naturalization in a foreign country, renunciation of citizenship, subscribing to an oath
of allegiance to support the constitution or the laws of a foreign country.

The second one is involuntarily these are the following ways where you can involuntarily lose your Filipino
Citizenship:
First cancellation of certificate of naturalization by the court, and second if you are a deserter of the Philippine
Armed Forces.

Reacquisition of lost Philippine citizenship

Citizenship maybe reacquired here are the several ways of reacquiring citizenship:
first Naturalization
second Direct Act of The Congress
third Repatriation or the recovery of original citizenship, this is made by making a allegiance to the republic of
the Philippines

for our last topic let's talk about Dual Citizenship versus Dual Allegiance many people are confused between
Dual Citizenship and Dual Allegiance

let's define these two terms

Dual Citizenship means you are a citizen of two countries at the same time.
For example, a child born in the United States with Filipino parents can have a dual citizenship, because United
States follows Jus soli, and his parents are also Filipinos where Jus sanguinis is following the child is legally
both a Filipino and an American

On the other hand, Dual Allegiance refers to the situation in which a person simultaneously owes loyalty to two
or more states what the Constitution prohibits is Dual Allegiance not Dual Citizenship.
 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT,
SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP

Grade 12- Socrates

LEARNING ABOUT COMMUNITIES
What is Community?

 It is a small or large social unit that has

something in common, such as norms,
religion, values, or identity.
WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN
ABOUT COMMUNITIES?
Different Social Science Disciplines
Sociology
 is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social
interaction, and culture of everyday life. It is a social science that uses
various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop
a body of knowledge about social order, acceptance, and change or social
evolution
Anthropology
 is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past
and present.

Political Science
 is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the
analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.
Social Psychology
 It refers to the branch of psychology that scientifically studies
social behavior, especially the interaction and influence of
individuals and groups on each other.

Public Administration
 Is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that
studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public
service.
Human Geography
 The branch of geography dealing with how human activity affects
or is influenced by the earth’s surface
Linguistics
 Is the scientific study of language. It involves analyzing language in context.
Development Studies
 Is a multi-disciplinary branch of social science.

Economics
 Is the social science that studies the production, distribution
and consumption of goods and services.

History
 Refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to
examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and
objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that
determine them.
Law
 Is a system of rules that are created and enforced through
social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
DEFINING COMMUNITY
 COMMUNITY
• Late Middle English
Community term

Communitas • Which means

(Latin Word) “Fellowship”

Communis • Means
“Common”
(Latin Root)
PERSPECTIVE OF A COMMUNITY
Social Science Perspective

Bond formed
by individuals
Interaction Relationships with other
individuals
Below are some general definitions of community using a social science
perspective:
 An informally organized social entity, characterized by a sense of
identity;
 A group of people living in the same defined area, sharing
common basic values, organization, and interest;
 A population which is geographically focused existing as unique
social entity with a collective identity and purpose; and
 A group of people with diverse characteristic, linked by social
ties, formed and consolidated by their collective aspirations ,
sharing and exchanging perspectives, and are collectively engaged
to do some concerted action in a geographical location or
setting.
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL INSTITUTION

Is social structure and social mechanism of social order and

cooperation that govern the behavior of its members.
Is a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing
a social role
Institution

 Are established rules that ensure the regular and

predictable behavior of actors within a community.
CATEGORIES OF INSTITUTION
Formal Institution

Are explicitly communicated, embodied in legally codified

documents or artifacts
These serve as basis for the authority to be executed or
expressed.
Informal Institutions

Are practices, norms, traditions, culture, conduct, and belief

systems of a community.
These are not codified or written, but are nonetheless
embedded in communities, operating due to the interactive
process of preference exchanges and social expectations
that occur therein.
Normative
Refers to the ideal standards, models, or conduct that
is based on what is collectively considered as
appropriate or proper
CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
Civil Society

 Refers to a political community of organized

groups operating within the authoritative
parameters of the state.
Non-Government Organization

 An organization that operates independently of any

government, typically one whose purpose is to
address a social or political issue.
Peoples Organization

Are independent, autonomous entities, officially registered

and acknowledged as organizations according to the rules
and standards set by the state
 Is the agency of the Government of the
Philippines responsible for regulating
the securities industry in the Philippines. In addition to its
regulatory functions, the SEC also maintains the
country's company register.
Its major functions include registration of securities, analysis of every registered
security, and the evaluation of the financial condition and operations of applicants for
security issue.
The functions of the SEC are defined in Section 5 of the Securities Regulation Code,
and include the following major areas:
•Supervision over all registered business entities in the country, including suspensions
and revocations of their registrations
•Policymaking with regard to the market in securities
•Control over and approval of security registration statements
•Power to investigate violations of securities laws and to impose sanctions for such
violations
•Power to issue subpoenas, punish for contempt, and issue cease and desist orders in
furtherance of its law enforcement mission
Beneficiary- Is the recipient of the results of the
development efforts
Legitimate- Lawfully/recognized organization

Bogus- Fake or Spurious organization

Social Movement

 Is a form of collective behavior which springs largely from the

attitudes and aspiration of its participants
Mass Action
 Operates based on planned strategies and tactics for pursuing goal
and objective.
ORGANIC PERSPECTIVE

 Refers to local or grassroots groups within a particular

locale that are driven and organized because of
community issues and concerns.
 INDIVIDUAL
DIMENSIONS OF A
COMMUNITY
Interrelationship

 It can be facilitated through familial relations, affinities or

feeling of kinship, and social network
Organization

 Is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an

institution or an association, that has a particular
purpose.
COMMUNITY MAP
 STRUCTURAL
DIMENSIONS OF A
COMMUNITY
STRUCTURAL DIMENSION OF A COMMUNITY
Geographic Dimension

 It focuses on how a community is shaped by the

physical space it uses and the location of its
resources--- Human, natural, technological.
Socio-Political Dimension

 Refers to the relationships of power and control

between individuals and groups in a community.
Economic Dimension

 Refers to the means by which members of a

community allocate, produce, and distribute scarce
resources to address their wants and needs.
Exchange Value

 The quantified worth of a good or

service as compared to other objects in
the market.
Cultural Dimension

 It encompasses the values and beliefs that are passed

on from one generation to another.
Culture

 It refers to the people’s way of life

 COMMUNITY
DYNAMICS AND
PROCESSES
TWO KINDS OF POWER STRUCTURES IN A COMMUNITY
Formal Power Structure
 Are form the legal-authoritative basis of elected and appointed government
officials and leaders of civic organization
Informal Power Structure
 Refers to the ability to lead, direct or achieve without an official leadership
title

Legal Authoritative decision-makers

 Are individuals or bodies whose authority is based on formal rules and
institution
Influencer
 The person with the most influence, who can lead others to achieve a goal
or accomplish a certain task.
Leadership

Refers to the process and qualities of command and

decisiveness with regard to the necessary actions that
ensure the welfare of the community.
Community Leader

 Are individuals selected, nominated, and appointed as stewards,

vanguard, and champions of issues relevant to a community
SOCIAL
CHANGE
TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNITY
TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNITY
Formal-Informal Typology
Emphasizes leadership and power relations in the community.
Formal Community

 Are characterized by institutionally structured hierarchies,

which define the relationship between authoritative and
subordinate actors and groups.
Informal Community

Are seen to typically operate through socio-cultural mechanisms

within the community structures.
Local-Global Typology
 Focuses on the scope and breadth of communities with respect to its geographic
dimensions and the reach of its other dimensions.
Local Community

 Is a group of individuals interacting within a shared environment.

Global Community

Stretches beyond the frontiers of a local community, transcending

national, supranational, and regional demarcations.
 They consist of individuals and groups who share values, beliefs,
preferences, needs, risks, interest, identities, and other attributes
beyond physical , cultural, and politico-geographic borders.
Rural-Urban Typology
 Is based on the distinction in terms of development,
industrialization, ecological conditions, and life style.
Rural Community

Are characterized as pastoral, agricultural, and located along the

periphery of urban centers or in the countryside
Urban Community

 Are described as industrialized and commercial

centers where population density is relatively high
compared to rural communities.
Community Sector

 Is a broad set of community-based organizations that

voluntarily and autonomously function beyond government
or state.
 FUNCTIONS OF A COMMUNITY

 Production-Distribution-Consumption
 Socialization
 Social Control
 Social Participation
 Mutual Support
 COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT
DEFINED
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

 Is a dynamic relational process that facilitates communication, interaction,

involvement, and exchange between an organization and a community for a range
of social and organizational outcomes.
 It refers to the process of working collaboratively with and through groups
of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar
situations to address issues affecting the well being of those people.
SOLIDARITY

Refers to the idea of unity or feeling of agreement among

individuals with a common interest.
 is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies
cause creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes.
CITIZENSHIP

 is the status of a person recognized under the custom or

law as being a legal member of a sovereign state or
belonging to a nation.
 ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
 Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
 Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
 Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth
without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those
who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall
be deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by
law.
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship,
unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be
dealt with by law.
 COMMUNITY ACTION AND
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY ACTION

 A collective action by a community for the purposes of

arresting a crisis, addressing a challenge, solving a
problem, or accomplishing a specific outcome
PARTNERSHIP BUILDING

Refers to linking and strengthening the shared

interest of sectors and accomplish common goals
and objectives for mutual benefit
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

 is a cooperative arrangement between two or

more public and private sectors, typically of a
long-term nature.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

 is a process where community members come together to take

collective action and generate solutions to common
problems. Community wellbeing (economic, social,
environmental and cultural) often evolves from this type of
collective action being taken at a grassroots level.
PROCESS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTIC

It involves participation from a big segment of a community

It is participated by well informed members
It results to the decisions made through a consensus among community
member
It encourages group building, leadership development, and capacity building
among community members, while addressing the issue at hand.
It uses a systematic approach in addressing local concerns
It is an examination of community problems issues in its entity and not as
isolated and independent cases
It uses processes that are flexible and may be applied to other community
concerns.
It is initiated often as a result of a potential or locally perceived crisis
CAPABILITY
COMMITMENT
CONTRIBUTION
CONTINUITY
COLLABORATION
CONSCIENCE
 ISSUES AND
PROBLEMS OF
COMMUNITIES
ISSUE

 Is a subject matter that people argue about or discuss

COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
 Are conditions or qualifications of issues that are undesired by
members of a community
CHARACTERISTIC OF A COMMUNITY PROBLEM
Impact It has a direct and adverse impact on a
community
Duration It frequently occurs
Scope and It affects many people within the
Range community and those in proximal areas.
Severity It disrupts community life
Equity It deprives people of moral and legal
rights
Perception It is perceived as a problem by the
community
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights

 Are rights inherent to all human beings,

regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity,
language, religion, or any other status.
The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) is a milestone document in the
history of human rights. Drafted by
representatives with different legal and
cultural backgrounds from all regions of the
world, the Declaration was proclaimed by
the United Nations General Assembly in
Paris on 10 December 1948 (General
Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common
standard of achievements for all peoples
and all nations. It sets out, for the first time,
fundamental human rights to be universally
protected and it has been translated into
over 500 languages
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 Right to Equality
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
Article 11 Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home
and Correspondence
Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country
Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17 Right to Own Property
Article 18 Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections
Article 22 Right to Social Security
Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26 Right to Education
Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community
Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document
Article 29 Community Duties Essential to Free and Full
Development
Article 30 Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the
above Rights
 Chito Gascon
Chairman, Commission on Human Rights
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
 Is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful
detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court
order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring
the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.
WRIT OF AMPARO
 Is a remedy available to any person whose right to privacy in life,
liberty or security is violated or threatened by an unlawful act or
omission of a public official or employee, or of a private individual or
entity engaged in the gathering, collecting or storing of data or
information regarding the person, family, home and correspondence
of the aggrieved party.
 ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
 Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
 Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or
warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the
place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
 Section 3.
The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise,
as prescribed by law.
Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
 Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances.
 Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights.
 Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national
security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
 Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
 Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in
the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
 Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use
without just compensation.
 Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
passed.
 Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies
and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
by reason of poverty.
 Section 12.
1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably
of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
2.No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.
3.Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this Section as well as
compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
 Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall
not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive
bail shall not be required.
 Section 14.
1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of
law.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary
is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and
public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to
secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
2. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the
accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.

 Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.
 Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
 Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Section 18.
1.No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
2.No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19.
1.Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving
heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed
shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
2.The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense.
If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social Justice

 Is a concept of fair and just relations between the

individual and society. This is measured by the
explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth,
opportunities for personal activity, and social
privileges.
“Social Justice as the
humanization of laws and
the equalization of laws
and the equalization of
social and economic
forces by the so that
justice may at least be
approximated”
 Social Justice is a system of law that
seeks to attain the following objectives:
Respect our rights and freedoms as
individuals and as a people.
Eliminate poverty as quickly as our
resources and abilities would allow:
First, Provide everyone with their basic
material needs then improve their
standard of living and
Senator Jose W. Diokno Change institution and structures to
address inequalities
 ARTICLE XIII
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the
enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right
of all the people to human dignity, reduce social,
economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural
inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power
for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition,
ownership, use, and disposition of property and its
increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the
commitment to create economic opportunities based on
freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

 Is a dynamic relational process that facilitates communication, interaction,

involvement, and exchange between an organization and a community for a range
of social and organizational outcomes.
 It refers to the process of working collaboratively with and through groups
of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar
situations to address issues affecting the well being of those people.
Four Pillars of Community Engagement
 Information
 Consultation
 Involvement
 Empowerment
Aside from the achievement of the four pillars of community
engagement, successful community engagement also entails the
guidance of various principle and goals among them:
Increase in the knowledge of community members about the
issues that are being addressed:
Encourage communities to co-create additional knowledge
or views pertaining to issues being addressed;
Shared application of knowledge and new knowledge to
address the issues of the community and;
Create opportunities for improvement, communication
channels, and engage the community in regular and
continuous exchanges.
Participatory Development

Is a process through which stakeholders influence

and share control over development initiatives and
over the decision and over the decisions and
resources that affect themselves
 Social Movement Perspective
 Participatory development characterized by the progressive actions of
a community in fighting injustices and inequalities in the distribution of
political and economic powers
Institutional Perspective
 Defines participatory development as the scope and gathering of inputs by
various parties on a development project
Four forms of Participatory Development
 Passive Participation
 Participation by consultation
 Participation by collaboration
 Empowerment participation
 Core Characteristics of
Participatory Development
 Cognitive– It generates new ways
of understanding community
issues and problems
 Political– It capacitates powerless
 Instrumental– It proposes
alternative solutions

Majid Rahnema
 SOCIAL EQUITY, GENDER
EQUALITY, AND COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT
SOCIAL EQUITY

is a concept that applies concerns of justice and fairness

to social policy. Since the 1960s, the concept of social
equity has been used in a variety of institutional contexts,
including education and public administration.
Gender

 Refers to the socially constructed characteristics of

women and men, such as norms, roles, and
relationships of and between groups of women and
men.
GENDER EQUALITY

 is the state of equal ease of access to resources and

opportunities regardless of gender, including economic
participation and decision-making; and the state of
valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally,
regardless of gender.
PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT

Refers to process that increase community autonomy and

individual self-determination
ADVOCACY

 Refers to enabling marginalized groups and promoting their

individual rights.
CHALLENGES TO ADVOCACY AND PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT
Armed conflict especially in Mindanao, which caused deaths, injuries,
and displacement of families among others
Rising costs of basic of commodities, specifically rice and fuel
Lack of prosecution powers of the Commission on Human Rights
Judges are often unfamiliar with international conventions relating
to economic, social and cultural rights except for those related to
work conditions and the right to organize
Lack of effective redress mechanism against human rights violations,
especially to victims of forced evictions, agrarian-related violence or
abused overseas workers
Debt servicing, which limits the resource for basic social services
such as education, health, agriculture and agrarian reform
Corruption, which limits funds for social services for the poor.
NGOs USUALLY BURDENED
Financial Support
Carrying out campaigns
Credibility
Harassment by state and non-state actors
Ensure the sustainability of the NGO
Campaigning for their advocacies
Lobby for pertinent legislation, government policies, and the
implementation of existing laws
Maintain a trusting and cooperative relationship with served
community
SOCRATES DEBATE
Asian Parliamentary Debate
BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY DEBATE
 ISSUES
 Legalizing of Divorce in the Philippines
 The passing of SOGIE Bill
 Anti-Terror Bill
 Efforts of the government in the time of
pandemic
 Academic Freeze
 House Speakership Row
 Imposition of Death Penalty
APPROACHES IN
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
Self- Help Approach
 Emphasizes processes that encourage community members to work
together, collaborate and formulate decisions and actions to
improve the conditions in the community
Conflict Approach
 Is the deliberation and confrontation of those occupying positions of
authority and professional officials who are charged with
responsibility of decision-making for the community

Technical Assistance Approach

 Employs the use of external actors and experts to address community issues
METHODS AND STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Community Organizing
 Is the process of building power by involving a
constituency or community members in identifying the
problems.
Community Resource Management
 Is the participatory process that enables communities to manage their
own resources for their benefit
Community Education and Learning
 Refers to the conscious efforts of members of the community
Community Action Planning
 Plays an important role in addressing community issues and solving problems

Community Action Plan

 Specifically defines the scope and parameters of a community based on
its profile.
Seven Phases in Community Action
Establishing links and partnership-building with local groups
Community Profiling
Needs and Resource Assessment
Participatory action planning and leadership development
Resource Mobilization
Plan Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
COMMUNITY PROFILING
Community Profiling- provides advocates with a descriptive insight
about the attributes and conditions of a community.
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT IN COMMUNITY PROFILING
 Need Assessment- helps determine what the community
considers valuable and what problems and issues should be
addressed.
 Resource Assessment- helps the community be informed about
resources that can be accessed to address the needs of the
community.
Participatory Action Planning. Involves the open and inclusive
engagement of groups and individuals in a community who have decided
to pursue a goal or solve a problem.
Evaluation Design- enables implementers of the plan to revisit,
countercheck, and monitor the progress of implementation.
Resource mobilization- is an important process that deals with
necessary steps in raising, maintaining, and sustaining community report.
Plan Implementation- refers to the phase where actual and concrete
implementation of tasks activities are done.
Monitoring- focuses on the status and progress of tasks and activities in
the course of implementation of the community action plan.
THREE TYPES OF EVALUATION
Process Evaluation- is periodically conducted(typically
mid-way of a planned project or program); it allows
communities to learn from the implementation process
and make adjustments to ensure strategy’s effectiveness.
Summative Evaluation- is conducted after the
completion of the plan or the end of the
project/program.
Impact Evaluation- is concerned with the outcomes
of the project/program/intervention, particularly the
change that has been incurred.
ETHNOGRAPHY AND THE
FIELD PRACTICUM
is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study
of individual cultures. In contrast with ethnology,
ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the
point of view of the subject of the study.
 is a qualitative research method in which the researcher
studies a group not only by observing the group, but also
by participating in the activities of the group.
FIELD PRACTICUM
is the field education program designed to
integrate classroom study with practice in a social
work setting.
is, thus the culminating activity that gives weight to
immersion. This allows the student to directly observe ,
participate, and experience the context of communities.
Descriptive Information- refers to accurately documented factual data and the setting and
conditions in the community.
Reflective Information- Are thoughts, ideas, questions and concerns of the researcher during his
or her field work in the community.
WRITING FIELD NOTES
Here are some tips in writing field notes for both descriptive and reflective information.
Following the steps enumerated below should help you in writing a descriptive field note:
 Describe the physical setting of the community.
 Describe the community's social environment and how community members interact or live in
that social environment. In observing the community, look for patterns of interactions,
frequency of interactions, and direction of communication patterns, including non-verbal
communication of community members, as well as behavioral events that may include
collaboration, decision-making, and conflict.
 Describe the participants (community members) and their
assigned roles in the setting (community).
 Use the point of view or perspective of the participants
(community members) to describe or interpret the meaning of
your observations.
 If possible, use exact quotes from the participants that you can use
in your research. Use a recorder, video camera, or smart phone to
record the statement of participants and your observations.
 Take note if your presence in the community has an impact on the
social environment and behavior of participants.
 ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE
FIELD PRACTICUM