Old English Grammar (Cornell Uni)
Old English Grammar (Cornell Uni)
Old English Grammar (Cornell Uni)
i: -• y- A-
'^r/mJ-
'?.^>A^i\;?'v:;^}^.-^''
^
PROM THE INCOME OF THE
FISKE ENDOWf4E-NT FUND
THE BEQUEST OF
^ Millard STiske
Librarian of t,he University 1868-1883
1905
I\,ac[8S^8 :.?£.. .nkO'S"
^-^ Cornell University Library
rs^
PE 131.W95 1914
..9!!!j..inS"s'i jarammar /
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027322613
THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF
HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE
GRAMMARS
EDITED BY JOSEPH WRIGHT
OLD ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
JOSEPH WRIGHT
PH.D., D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D.
FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGV IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
AND
SECOND EDITION
HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW
NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY
1914
better and easier for the student to take early West Saxon
as the standard for Old English, and to group around it
JOSEPH WRIGHT.
ELIZABETH M. WRIGHT
Oxford,
December, 1913.
CONTENTS
PAGES
INTRODUCTION 1-4
Classification of the Indo-Germanic languages, and
a few characteristics of the Germanic languages (§ i)
the periods of Old English (§ 2) the Old English ;
dialects (§ 3).
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
oi (§ 30) au (§ 31)
; eu (§ 32) ou (§ 33). The Indg.
; ;
1 (§ 37).
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER V
The Prim. Germanic Equivalents of the OE. Vowels
OF Accented Syllables 72-86
The short vowels : a (§ 153) ; a (o) {§ 154) ; ae (§ 155) ;
CHAPTER VI
The OE. Development of the Prim. Germanic Vowels
OF Unaccented Syllables 86-98
The treatment of Indg. final consonants in prehistoric
OE. (§ 211). Vowels which were originally final or
became final in Prim. Germanic (§§ 212-17). Vowels
Contents xi
PAGES
which came to stand in final syllables in prehistoric OE.
(§ 2i8). Final vocalic nasals and liquids in prehistoric
OE. Svarabhakti vowels
(§ 219). (§ 220). Vowels in
medial syllables (§§ 221-3).
CHAPTER VII
Ablaut (§§ 224-8) 98-103
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
Special West Germanic Modifications of the General
Germanic Consonant-system 126-129
Prim. Germanic z (§ 252). Prim. Germanic & (§ 253).
....
The doubling of consonants (§§ 254-6).
CHAPTER X
The OE. Development of the General Germanic
Consonant-system 129-163
OE. double consonants (§ 258). The simplification of
double consonants (§ 259). The doubling of consonants
in OE. (§ 260). The voicing of f, s (§ 261). The
)?,
g (§§ 313-24) ;
h (§§ 325-9)-
CHAPTER XI
Nouns 164-204
Classification of nouns (§§ 330-2). Declension of
nouns :
(§§406-7).
C. Minor declensions :
— Monosyllabic consonant
stems (§§ 408-13). Stems in -}> (§ 414). Stems in -r
(§ 415). Stems in -nd (§§ 416-18). Stems in -os, -as
(§§ 419-20).
CHAPTER XII
Adjectives 205-228
General remarks on the declension of adjectives
(§§ 421-2). The strong declension a-stems (§§ 424- : —
31) ;
ja-stems (§§ 432-4) ; wa-stems (§§ 435-7)- i-stems
(§ 438). u-stems (§ 439). The weak declension (§ 440).
The declension of participles (§§ 441-2). The com-
parison of adjectives :— The comparative degree (§ 443)
the superlative degree (§ 444) ; irregular comparison
(§§ 445-6). Numerals :— Cardinal and ordinal (§§ 447-
52) ; other numerals (§§ 453-7).
Contents xiii
PAGES
CHAPTER XIII
Pronouns 229-240
General remarks on the pronouns (§ 458). Personal
pronouns (§§ 459-62). Reflexive pronouns (§ 463).
Possessive pronouns (§ 464). Demonstrative pronouns
(§§ 465-7). Relative pronouns (§ 468). Interrogative
pronouns (§§ 469-70). Indefinite pronouns (§ 471).
CHAPTER XIV
Verbs 240-289
The verbs (§§ 472-4). The full con-
classification of
jugation of several strong verbs as models (§ 475).
The endings of strong verbs (§§ 476-83). General
remarks on the strong verbs (§§ 484-9). The classifica-
tion of strong verbs :— Class I (§§ 490-2) Class II ;
CHAPTER XV
Adverbs (§§ 552-8) ; Prepositions (§ 559) ; Conjunctions
(§560) 289-297
CHAPTER XVI
WORD-FORMATION 297-323
Simple and derivative nouns (§§ 562-3) ; noun and
adjectival prefixes (§§ 564-94) noun suffixes (§§ 595-
;
INDEX 324-361
SELECT LIST OF BOOKS USED
Brugmann, Karl. Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indo-
germanischen Sprachen. Strassburg, 1904.
Biilbring, Karl D. Altenglisches Elementarbuch (Lautlehre).
Heidelberg, 1902.
Cosijn, P. J. Altwestsachsische Grammatik. Haag, 1883-6.
Dieter, Ferdinand. Laut- und Formenlehre der altgermanischen
Dialekte. Leipzig, 1900.
ment of the preterite of weak verbs (§ 520) the use of the old
;
shifting (§ 230).
A. The Vowels.
§ 5. The OE.
vowel-system was represented by the
six elementary letters a, e,i, o, u, y, the ligatures se, oe,
and the digraphs ea, eo, io, and ie, the digraphs having
the value of diphthongs. See § 6, They all had both
a short and a long quantity.
a had the same sound as the a in NHG. ab, gast, as
dagas, days; habban, to have; hagol, hat'l; hara, hare.
a before nasals was probably a low-back-wide vowel like
the a as pronounced in many Scotch dialects in such words
as ant, man. In OE. it was accordingly often written o
and may be pronounced like the o in NE. not, as band,
6 Phonology [§ 5
maiden.
had the same sound as the ai in NE. air, and the
je
Jjing, thing
sittan, to sit niman, to take.
;
;
See a above.
6 had the same sound as the o in NHG. bote, as brofor,
brother growan, to grow modor, mother ; mona, moon
;
;
seem.
y had the same sound as the ii in NHG. griin, as bryd,
bride ; mys, mice wyscan, to wish ; y)), wave.
;
10 = + o, as liode, people
i
;
]7lostre, dark ; sion, to strain
J)ion, to thrive.
B. The Consonants.
The OE. consonant-system was
§ 7. represented by the
following letters :—b, c, d, f, g, h, k, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, ])
(«), *w, X.
§ 7] Orthography and Pronunciation g
V (written u) and z (= ts) were very rarely used except
occasionally in late loanwords, c, cc, no, sc ; g, ng and ;
J>.
Initially, when doubled, and finally ]> was
medially
a voiceless spirant like the th in NE. thin, as Jjencan, to
think Jjeof, thief; mojjfe, moth ; baej), bath ; ma}p, mouth.
;
as the w
in NE. wet, as waster, water; sweltan, to die;
wlanc, proud; sawol, soul.
X was pronounced like the x in NE. six, as rixian, to
rule ; siex, six ; weaxan, to grow ; axian, to ask.
Nasals m, mm
Liquids
Semi-vowel w
To these must be added the aspirate h, and x. The
double consonants were pronounced long as in Modern
Italian and Swedish, thus habban = hab-ban, to have
swimman = swim-man, to swim, see §§ 258-8. From the
§9] Accentuation 13
above table it will be seen that the OE, alphabet was very
defective, insomuch as each of the letters c, f, g, h, n, s,
and ]) was used to represent two or more sounds.
Stress (Accent).
See § 217.
In the parent Indo-Germanic language the chief accent
of a word did not always fall upon the same syllable,
but was free or movable as in Sanskrit and Greek, cp.
e. g. Gr. nom. irarijp, father, voc. irartp, ace. irarepa
Skr. emi, I go, pi. imds, we go. This free accent was still
preserved in prim. Germanic at the time when Verner's
law operated, whereby the medial or final voiceless spirants
became voiced when the vowel immediately preceding
them did not bear the chief accent of the word (§ 238).
At a later period of the prim. Germanic language, the
chief accent of a word became confined to the root- or
stem-syllable. This confining of the chief accent to the
root-syllable was the cause of the great weakening and —
—
eventual loss which the vowels underwent in unaccented
syllables in the prehistoric period of the individual Germanic
languages (§§ 212-23). And the extent to which the
weakening of unaccented syllables has been carried in
some of the Modern Germanic dialects is well illustrated
by such sentences as, as et it mgsn, / shall have it in the
morning ast a dunt if id kud, 1 should have done it if I had
;
therein.
§ 1
6] Indo-Germanic l^owel-System 19
CHAPTER II
Short vowels a, e, i, o, u, 3
Long „ a, e, i, 6, u
Short diphthongs ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
Long „ ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
Short vocalic 1, m, n, r
from the strong forms eia, ai, ei, oi eua, au, eu, ou through ;
dog, hound; Gr. O^ipd, OS. duri, OHG. turi, OE. duru,
door; Skr. bu-budhimd, we watched, Gr. ni-TTva-rai, he has
inquired, Goth,budum, O.Icel. buSum, OS. budun, OHG.
butum, OE. budon, we announced, offered.
§ 22. 3 became a in all the Indo-Germanic languages,
except in the Aryan branch, where it became i, as Lat.
pater, Gr. irarrjp, O.Ir. athir, Goth, fadar, O.Icel. faSer,
OS. fader, OHG. fater, OE. feeder, father, Skr. pit4r.
(from *pat6r-), father; Lat. status, Gr. o-tutSs, Skr. sthitis,
standing, Goth. staj)s, O.Icel. sta8r, OS. stad, OHG. stat,
OE. stede, prim. Germanic *stadiz, place.
§ 23. a (Lat. a, Gr. Doric a, Attic, Ionic rj) became 6, as
flood, tide, cp. Lat. plorare, to weep aloud; Gr. Dor. -rrm,
Goth, fotus, O.Icel. fotr, OHG. fuo?, OS. OE. fot, /oo/;
Goth, doms, O.Icel. domr, OHG. tuom, OS. OE. dom,
judgment, sentence, related to Gr. 6a>/i6s, heap.
§ 27. u (Lat. u, Gr. v) remained, as Lat. miis, Gr. iiv^,
O.Icel. OHG. OE. miis, mouse ; Lat. siis, Gr. 5y, OHG.
OE. SQ, sow, pig) Goth, fills, O.Icel. fiill, OHG. OE.
ful, foul, related to Lat. piiteo, / smell bad, Gr. mOm,
I make to rot.
§ 28. ai (Lat. ae, Gr. ai, Goth. 41, O.Icel. ei, OS. e,
eir, OHG. er, OE. ar, brass, metal, money; Lat. caedo,
oi au and ou.
;
CHAPTER III
—
Note. The a in the above and similar examples was still
a nasalized vowel in prim. Germanic, as is seen by its develop-
§ 4i] Primitive Germanic Vowel-System 25
P. Germ.
§ 46] Primitive Germanic Vowel-System 29
consonants, &c. For details of this kind the student should
consult the grammars of the separate languages. But as we
shall have occasion to make use of many Gothic, OS. and OHG.
forms in this grammar, the following points should be noted
here :
and OHG., as sing, gast, pi. gesti = Goth. %SiS\.&s, guests; OS.
sendian, OHG. senten = Goth, sandjan, to send. When it is
necessary for phonological reasons to distinguish between this
e and Germanic e, the latter is written e in this book, as beran,
to bear.
CHAPTER IV
THE OLD ENGLISH DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PRIM. GERMANIC VOWELS OF ACCENTED
SYLLABLES
§ upon the history of the separate
46. Before entering
Germanic vowels OE.
it will be well to state and illus-
in
trate here several phenomena which concern the OE.
vowels in general. For the chronological order in which
the sound'changes took place see § 53 and Note.
30 Phonology [§4?
I. Umlaut.
ea and io.
a(o) > e (but ae in the oldest period), as bene from
*baqkiz, bench ; ende, Goth, andeis, end; lengra, OHG.
lengiro, longer; lengjj(u) from *lar)gi]5U, length; sendan,
Goth, sandjan, to send (§ 60).
(§ 112).
3
a > ae, as dielan, Goth, d&iljan, to divide ; senig, any
an, one ; heelan, Goth, hdiljan, to heal ; hsji, Goth. hkVpi,
heath (§ 134); Isewan from *lawjan, Goth, levwjan, to
betray (§ 120).
§47] Umlaut 31
2. Breaking.
kneht, boy; seox, OHG. sehs, six; seoh, see thou (§ 86).
i > io (later eo), as liomian, leornian,
from *limojan, to
learn miox, meox, from *mihst, manure (§ 98).
;
3. Influence of Nasals.
jamar), sad (§ 121, Note), the io, eo, eo may have been rising
§§ 52-3] Influence of Initial Pal. Consonants 35
diphthongs, but it is difficult to determine how far they were
diphthongs at all, and how far the i, e were merely inserted
to indicate the palatal nature of the g ?s Germanic j (§ 268),
It is highly probable that in forms like sceacan, to shake,
5. Influence of w.
sing, glades, beside nom. glsed, glad, due to forms like dat. sing,
and plural gladum (§ 424) imperative of strong verbs be-;
invite.
eall, Goth, alls, O. Icel. allr, OS. OHG. al, all; ceald,
Goth, kalds, O.Icel. kaldr, OS. kald,OHG. kalt, cold;
healdan, Goth. OS. haldan, O.Icel. halda, OHG. haltan,
to hold; and similarly cealc, chalk; cealf, calf; dealf,
(wv.), to melt.
(§§ 64, 66), which took place earlier than the influence of
palatals upon a following se. In both cases the ea became e in
late WS., as celf, gef, get, &c.
e
Germanic e (= Goth, i, but af before r, h, and hr,
§ 80.
O.Icel. OS. OHG. e) often remained in OE., as OE. OS.
OHG. MA.field; fe>er, OS. fethara, OHG. t^daxa.,feather;
weg, Goth, wigs, O.Icel. vegr, OS. OHG. wag, way; and
similarly bes(e)ma, besom; cwene (Goth, qino, OHG.
quena), woman denu, valley
; ; ef(e)n, even ; fela, much ; fell,
—
Note. i. eo became eo by loss of h (§ 329, 3) before a follow-
ing vowel, as feolan from *feolhan (= Goth, filhan, OHG. bi-
felhan), to hide ; gen. eoles, seoles, beside nom. eolh, seolh.
2. It is difficult to account for the breaking in heolfor, blood,
gore ; and seolf, self, beside the commoner form self.
—
Note. eo became e in Anglian, as cneht, feh, fehta(n), reht,
sex = early WS. cneoht, feoh, &c.
§ 87. eo became eo (io) by loss of intervocalic h (§ 329, 4),
Note. —
u-umlaut took place in WS. in the combination we,
i.
due to the forms of the singular, as spere, gen. speres, gen. pi.
spera ; and similarly for many other forms.
*tvi^ix6jan, to doubt.
Note. — i. eo then became ie, later i, in WS. before h + con-
sonant, as stihtan, to arrange, regulate ; wriexl, wrixl, exchange.
2. In Anglian io became i before gutturals, as getihhian, to
arrange, think, consider.
3. In the two verbs corresponding to Goth, brinnan, to burn ;
§ 102. 2. 0/a-umlaut.
hiora, heora, their, of them ; liofast, thou hvest. Anglian
and Ken. behionan, on this side of; glioda, kite, vulture
hionan, heonan, hence; nioma(n), to take; nioma]>, they
take ; piosan (WS, pisan), peas ; wiota, sage, wise man
wiotan, to know. Ken. stiocian, WS. and Anglian stician,
to prick.
hio, heo from *hi+u, she; fem. nom. sing, sio, seo from
*si +u, the ; nom. ace. neuter ]>rio, ])reo from *})riju = Goth.
]>rija, /Aree.
money.
§ 110. o may have become the rising diphthong 16 (e6)
§iii] Short Vowels of Accented Syllables 57
a
§ 117. Germanic nasalized a, which arose from a accord-
ing to § 40, became 6 in OE., as brohte, Goth. OS. OHG.
brahta, / brought; fon from *f6han, Goth. OS. OHG.
^han, to grasp, seise ; and similarly hoh, heel ; hon, to
6o Phonology [§§ 118-20
forms like wag beside w£g, wave, the a is due to the stem-form
of the plural, see § 120 (2).
3. The e from older ee was often rounded to de after w in Nth.,
as huoer, where woepen, weapon
; wderon, they were = WS.;
—
The 5 may have become the rising diphthong eo
Note.
afterg = Germanic j (§ 268), as geomor (OS. OHG. jamar),
sad; geomrian, to mourn. But see § 51, Note.
Note. —Latin
e became i in early loanwords, as cipe, Lat.
cepa, onion; pin (OHG. pTna), Lat. pcena, late Lat. pena,
torture; side (OHG. sida), late Lat. seta, silk; but e remained
in later loanwords, as bete, Lat. beta, beetroot; creda, creed,
Lat. credo, / believe.
1
ifig, izy/; Is, ice; isen, Iren, «>-o«; \\f,life; min, mme; rice,
kingdom ; rim, number ; side, side ; slim, slime ; tid, tima,
time ;
]jin, thine ; wid, wide ; wif, wife ; wis, ro/se ; in the
present of strong verbs belonging to class I (§490), as OE.
OS. bitan, Goth, beitan, O.Icel. bita, OHG, bi;;an, to
Goth, leihr, OS. OHG. lih, lend thou ; and similarly tech,
accuse ; feoh, thrive wreoh, cover. With loss of medial
;
scoh, shoe.
—
Note. y became e in Ken. in the ninth century, as Ken.
hef, mes, hyf, mys, ontynan. See § 3, Note.
Note. — i. The a
above and similar words has generally
in the
fallen together with Germanic a in open syllables in the modern
dialects north of the Humber, whereas they are still kept apart
in the other dialects. On the other hand the dialects north of
the Humber still preserve the distinction between the OE. a
from Germanic ai and Germanic o in open syllables, whereas in
the other dialects they have generally fallen together just as in
the standard language.
2. It is difficult to account for 5 beside a (Goth. &iw), ever ;
eu
§ Germanic eu (= Goth, iu, O.Icel. jo (ju), OS. OHG.
137.
eo (io)) became eo in OE, The eo remained in WS. and
Mercian, but was often written io in early WS. and
Mercian. In Nth. it mostly became ea which fell together
with the ea from Germanic au (§ 135). In Ken. it became
io (also written ia), and thus fell together with io from
Germanic iu (§ 138). Examples are deop, Goth, diups, :
iu
§ The normal development of Germanic iu, which
138.
arose from older eu when the next syllable contained an
i, i, or j (§ 44), is io in OE. (=Goth. iu, O.Icel. ju (y), OS.
liehtan, tieh]7.
Vowel Contraction.
§ 130. Vowel contraction took place in OE. when inter-
vocalic h, w, or j had disappeared.
A long vowel or a long diphthong absorbed a following
short vowel, as ra beside older raha, roe (§ 183) ;
gen. sees
70 Phonology [§§ 140-3
seise (§ 117) ; pi. scos from *sc6has, beside sing, scoh, shoe
§ 147. By
the loss of a nasal before a following voiceless
spirant, as ojier, Goth. an])ar, other; gos, OHG. gans,
goose; softe, OHG. samfto, softly (§ 61); swi)), Goth,
swinjis, strong; fif, Goth. Gxnf, Jive (§ 87); cup, Goth.
kun]>s, known ; us, Goth, uns, us (§ 113).
§ 148. Short diphthongs were lengthened by the loss of
intervocalic h, as slean from *sleahan, Goth, slahan,
to strike, slay (§ 70); seon from *seohan, OHG. sehan,
to see (§ 87).
feorh, life (§ 86, Note 4); gen. holes beside nom. holh,
hole (§ 106, Note).
72 Phonology^ [§§ 150-3
CHAPTER V
THE PRIM. GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF THE
OE. VOWELS OF ACCENTED SYLLABLES
A. The Short Vowels.
§ 153. a = (i) Germanic a open syllables when origin-
in
ally followed by an a, o, u in the next
syllable, as faran, toga; nacod, naked;
pi. dagas, days, gen. daga, dat. dagum
4) lengthening of a in monosyllables,
final
as hwa, who ? swa, so (§ 79).
;
(§ 114).
= (3) older ie, see § 174.
shear (§ 91).
= (4) i-umlaut of ea, after palatal c, g, as ciele,
cold; giest, guest (§ 73).
§ 171. io (later eo) = (i) Germanic i by breaking, as
liornian, to learn ; miox, manure
(§ 98)._
= (2) Germanic i by u-, o/a-umlaut, as clio-
pung, calling; mioluc, milk (§101);
liofast, thou livest (§ 102).
(§ 88).
= (3) Germanic ew in the combination eow
= Germanic eww, as treow, trust,
faith {§ 90).
= (4) OE. eo, Germanic e, by loss of ante-
vocalic h after 1 and r, as feolan, to
Note).
= (3) WS. ie, i-umlaut of io, Germanic i, before
ht, as lihtan, to lighten, make easier (§ 127).
§ 193. i (Nth.) = WS. ieh, as sis(t) from *sihis, thou
seest, si}) from *sihi]j, he sees, WS. siehst,
sieh> (§ 99, Note 2).
§ 194. de (Nth.) = (i) WS. e, i-umlaut of 6 of whatever
origin, as boec, books, fdet, Jeet, grdene,
green, WS. bee, fet, grene (§ 129) ;
goes,
WS. ges, geese (§ 62) ; foe}), WS. feh}), he
seizes (§ 118).
= (2) WS. Germanic se, after w, as huder,
ee,
CHAPTER VI
THE OLD ENGLISH DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PRIMITIVE GERMANIC VOWELS OF UN-
ACCENTED SYLLABLES
§ 211.Before formulating the laws which govern the
treatment of the vowels in final syllables,
it will be useful
—
Note. It is difficult to account for the -s in the nom. plural of
a-stems in OE. and OS., as dagas, OS. dagos, days, see § 334.
Gr. efieye, me. But pi. nom. fdet, fet from *f6tiz, older
-ez, cp. Gr. irSSes, feet ; guman from *gumaniz, cp. Gr.
TToi/ieyes, shepherds hnyte from '')(nvLtiz, nuts.
;
animals.
§ 217. (5) The Indg. long diphthongs -ai (-ai), -oi (-oi), -ou
became shortened to -ai, -au in prim. Germanic, and then
underwent the same further changes as old -ai, -au, that is,
they became -^, -o in West Germanic.
Later than the shortening mentioned in § 214 occurred
the shortening which was undergone in dissyllabic and
polysyllabic words by the long vowel, after which an
•n or -z had disappeared, and by the -Je and -o from older
ai and -au, which were either already final in prim. Ger-
manic, or had become so after the loss of -z. In this case
a distinction must be made according as the long vowel
originally had the 'slurred' (circumflex) or 'broken'
(acute) accent (§ 9). -o with the circumflex accent became
e (older -se) after the loss of -z, but -a after the loss of -ti.
6 with the acute accent became -e (older -ae) after the loss
of -n. The
-se and -5 from older -ai and -au became -e
gift, cp. Gr. dat. 6ea, to a goddess ; fem. dat. sing, blindre
from *t5lindizai, blind; masc. nom. plural blinde = Goth,
blinddi, blind bere = Goth, bairdi, Gr. ^epoi, he may bear
;
class of weak verbs often went over into the second class
(see §§ 528, 532).
§ 223. In prim. OE. polysyllabic forms the second
medial short vowel disappeared when it stood in an open
CHAPTER VII
all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first or
I.
loo Phonology [§ 225
Lat. nom. pes (Indg. *pets) ace. pedem (Indg. *p6din), /oo/'.
:
Prim. Germ. i ai i i
Gothic ei di i i
u
§§2 27-8] Ablaut {Vowel Gradation) 103
—
Note. i. To this series belong all strong verbs whose stems
end in a single consonant other than a liquid or a nasal.
2. Cp. the parallel Greek series Tr^Tojjiai ir6Tp,os i-in-6^r\v; : :
VI.
Prim. Germ. a 6 6 a
Gothic a 6 6 a
OE. faran, to go for foron faeren, faren
§ 227. Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old
reduplicated verbs (§§ 511-19) has been omitted from the
ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which the vowel
of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet
been satisfactorily explained. The old phases of ablaut
have been preserved in the present and preterite of a few
Gothic verbs, as letan, to let, lail6t, lafl6tum, letans;
saian, to sow, saf-s6, saf-s6-um, saians.
§ 228. The ablaut-series as given in § 226 have for
practical reasons been limited to the phases of ablaut as
they appear in the various classes of strong verbs. From
an Indo-Germanic point of view, the series I-V belong to
one and the same series, generally called the e-series,
which underwent in primitive Germanic various modifica-
tions upon clearly defined lines. What is called the sixth
ablaut-series in the Germanic languages is really a mixture
of several original series, owing to several Indg. vowel-
sounds having fallen together in prim. Germanic ; thus the
a, which occurs in the present and past participle, corre-
sponds to three Indg. vowels, viz. a (§ 17), o (§ 20), and a
(§ 22) and the 6 in the preterite corresponds to Indg. a
;
(§ 23), and Indg. 6 (§ 26); see also § 224, Note 5. For the
phases of ablaut which do not occur in the various parts of
strong verbs, and for traces of ablaut-series other than
those given above, the student should consult Brugmann's
Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der tndogermanischen
Sprachen, f)p. 138-50.
I04 Phonology [§229
CHAPTER VIII
| ^^j^^^ ^
Nasals m n n q
Liquids h i"
Semivowels w (u) j (i)
—
Note. i. Explosives are consonants which are formed with
complete closure of the mouth passage, and may be pronounced
with or without voice, i. e. with or without the vocal cords
being set in action in the former case they are said to be
;
voiced (e. g. the mediae), and in the latter voiceless (e. g. the
tenues). The aspirates are pronounced like the simple tenues
and mediae followed by an h, like the Anglo-Irish pronunciation
of t in tell.
§ 2 29] The First Sound-shifting 105
thus Ai, Au, &c., but when the second element has the stress,
the first element is written j, w, thus jA, wd, &c.
5. In the writing down of prim. Germanic forms the signs
J>
(= th in Engl, thin), 3: (= th in Engl, then), B (= a bilabial
spirant, which may be pronounced like the v in Engl, vine),
before u (w).
Indg. qh, gh with labialization became f initially, v
medially except that after n they became gu.
(7) In Greek Indg. q, g with labialization became tt, j8
TABLE I.
Indg.
§231] The First Sound-shifting 109
TABLE II.
Indg.
no Phonology [§231
Lat. quis, Gr. m, OE. hwa, Goth, luas, OS. hwe, OHG.
hwer, who ?; Lat. linquo, Gr. \uit<o. Heave, OE. lion, Icon
from *Kohan, older *Uxwan (see §§ 127, 246), OS. OHG.
lihan, to lend.
Goth, fimf, OHG. fimf, finf, prim, form "peqqe, cp. Skr. p^nca,
Gr. Tciv-rt., Lat, qumque (for *pinque),y5j/« ; OE. weorpan, Goth,
wairpan, O.Icel. verpa, OS. werpan, OHG. werfan, to throw,
cp. O. Bulgarian vrigg,, / throw ; OE. swapan, OHG. sweifan,
to swing, cp. Lithuanian swaikstii, / become disszy.
I 2
ii6 Phonology [§238
Verner's Law.
J)
— s —
h or loss of h (= prim. Germ, x) g (§ 320) —
h or loss of h (= prim. Germ, yyv) g, (= prim. — w
Germ. 5W)
h or loss of h (= prim. Germ, g^' § 245) —ng.
]) — d. cwe])an, to say, lijjan, to go, snijjan, to cut ; pret.
sing. cwsb]j, Wp, cwsedon, lidon, snidon
snaj) ; pret. pi.
—
s r. ceosan, to choose, dreosan, to fall, forleosan, to
lose; pret. sing, ceas, dreas, forleas; pret. pi. curon,
druron, forluron pp. coren, droren, forloren ; eyre,
;
—
h g, w. seen (Goth, saihran), to see; pret. sing,
seah; pret. pi. WS, sawon, Anglian segon; pp. WS.
sewen, Anglian segen; sion, seen (Goth. *seiluan,
OHG. sihan), to strain pret. sing, sah; pp. siwen, sigen;
;
pp. J)ungen; the usual pret. pi. figon, pp. figen, were
new formations, see § 492.
plural and pp. was extended to the present and pret. singular
in findan, pret. sing. fand. The regular forms of this verb
would be *fi]>an (= Goth. fin)>an, OS. iVp&n), to find; pret. sing.
fundon, pp. funden. The WS. pret. pi.
*f6J> (see § 61), pret. pi.
sawon, they saw, had its w
from the pp. sewen, and conversely
the Anglian^ pp. segen, seen, had its g from the pret. plural
segon, see § 241.
2. Causative verbs (cp. § 521) had originally suffix accentuation,
and therefore also exhibit the change of consonants given above,
as weor})an, to become a-wierdan, to destroy, injure, cp. Skr.
:
^ Ikt ^^ Iks
ght) ghsJ
O.Icel. ])unnr, OHG. dunni, thin, cp. Skr. fem. tanvi, thin.
-md- > -nd-,
OE. Goth. OS. hund, OHG. hunt, prim,
as
form *kmt6m, hundred; OE. scamian, Goth, skaman,
OHG. seamen, to be ashamed, beside OE. scand, Goth.
skanda, OHG. scanta, shame, disgrace.
-In- > -11-, as OE. full, Goth, fulls, Lithuanian pUnas,
prim, form "plnds, full; OE. wulle, Goth. wuUa, OHG.
wolla, Lithuanian wUna, wool.
§ 243. Prim. Germanic Bn, dn, gn = Indg. pn-, tn-, kn^,
qn^ (by Verner's law), and bhn-, dhn'', ghn', ghn-, became
dd, gg before the principal accent, then later bb, dd, gg;
ftt,
and in like manner Indg. bn^, dn^, gn^, gn^ became bb,
dd, gg. And these mediae were shifted to pp, tt, kk at
the same time as the original Indg. mediae became tenues
§§ 244-6] Other Consonant Changes 123
Spirants
Nasals
Liquids
Semivowels w j (palatal)
CHAPTER IX
SPECIAL WEST GERMANIC MODIFICATIONS
OF THE GENERAL GERMANIC CONSO-
NANT-SYSTEM
§ 252. Prim. Gerni?inic z, which arose from s (§ 238),
became r medially, and was dropped finally, as OE. mara,
OHG. mero = Goth. m4iza, greater; pp. OE. coren,
OHG. gikoran, beside inf. OE. ceosan, OHG. kiosan, to
jus, ye ; hwa, OS. hwe, Goth, hras, who ? dat. me, OS. ;
got, beside O.Icel. go8, God; OE. OS. word, OHG. wort,
beside O.Icel. orS, word.
§ 254. All single consonants, except r, were doubled
to sleep ;
fennan, to stretch ; J)ridda (Goth. J>ridja), third;
hell (Goth, halja), hell; sibb (Goth, sibja), relationship
gen. cynnes (Goth, kunjis), of a race, generation ; and
similarly brycg, bridge; cribb, crib, stall; crycc, crutch;
henn, hen. But OE. OS. nerian, OHG. nerien = Goth.
nasjan, to save OE. herian = Goth, hazjan, to praise.
;
nett (Goth, nati), net, had their double consonants from the
inflected forms, see § 274.
128 Phonology [§§ 255-6
CHAPTER X
THE OE. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL
GERMANIC CONSONANT-SYSTEM
§ 257. Before entering upon the history of the individual
consonants, it will be well to treat here several points
concerning the OE. consonants in general.
§ 258. In OE. as in the oldest period of the other
Germanic languages, intervocalic double consonants were
really long, and were pronounced long as in Modern
Italian and Swedish, thus OE. buc-ca, he-goat; set-tan,
to set; and similarly cyssan, to kiss; feallan, to fall;
feorran, from afar; frogga., frog hebban, to raise; ;
The Semivowels.
w
§ 263. Germanic w = the win NE. wet (written
uu, u, f>
in OE. manuscripts) remained initially before
vowels, and generally also initially before and after con-
sonants, as waes, Goth. OS. OHG. was, was; OE.
OS. Goth, witan, OHG.to know ; and similarly
wiij^an,
w^adan, to go, wade ; wascan, to wash ; wsepen, weapon
weeron, were; waster, water; wearm, warm; weder,
weather; wefan, to weave; weor}jan, to become; wid,
K 2
132 Phonology [§264
to roll.
See § 130.
se from *a(w)i-, older *aiwi- (Goth, diws), law; hrse
w
The was often reintroduced after the analogy of forms
where wwas regular, as nom. clawu, ])rawu (beside the
regular nom. clea, Jrea), new formations from the gen.
and dat. clawe, ))rawe; dat. pi. ssewum beside sjem,
with w
from the gen. pi. ssewa, of seas pret. pi. reowun ;
with w
from the inf. cnawan.
§§ 267-70] Semivowels 135
—
Note. Forms like nom. Meg, Goth, hawi, hay; leg, Tg,
Goth. *awi, gen. *aujos, had the final g from the inflected
forms, as gen. hieges, dat. hiege, gen. and dat. lege.
The nom. and ace. sing, are new formations with double
consonants from the inflected stem-forms.
§ 275. Germanic became ddj in Goth, and gg(j) in
jj
O.Icel. In OE.
became -i- through the intermediate
-ijj-
stages -aij-, &]-. And then between the -I-, -eb- and a
following vowel a consonantal glide (written g) was de-
veloped (cp. § 270), which was often levelled out into the
uninflected forms, as frigedaeg, frigdaeg, Friday, beside
freo from *frIo, older *frij6, OS. fri, woman ; code from
*iode, older *ij6-dae-, Goth, iddja, he went; gen. seges,
caege, wEege, beside nom. seg (O.Icel. egg, OS. OHG. ei),
The Liquids.
The Nasals.
m
§ 282. Germanic m OE. both
generally remained in
initially, medially, and mona, Goth, mena,
finally, as
O.Icel. mane, OS. OHG. mano, moon; OE. Goth, guma,
O.Icel. gume, OS. gumo, OHG. gomo, man; OE. OS.
§§ 283-5] Nasals 141
n
§ 285. Germanic n generally remained in OE. both
initially, medially, and finally, as nama, Goth. nam5, OS.
OHG. na.rao, name; OE. OS. OHG. sunu, Goth, sunus,
O.Icel. sunr, son; OE. Goth. OHG. spinnan, O.Icel.
spinna, to spin ;
]>ennan, OS. thennian, OHG. dennen,
Goth. ])anjan, O.Icel. Jjenja, to stretch; and similarly
nacod, naked; naedl, needle; nefa, nephew; nett, net.
clsne, clean ; grene, green ; m5na, moon ; munuc, monk
wenan, to expect, bindan, to bind; blind, blind; cneo,
knee ; freond, friend ; hand, hand ; hnutu, nut ; sendan,
to send; "viin^a.vi, to wind. spannsLti, to clasp ; suime, sun;
142 Phonology [§§ 286-8
The Labials.
P
§ 291. Germanic p from Indg. b (§ 232) was of rare
occurrence, especially initially.Most of the words begin-
ning with p in OE. are Latin or Greek loanwords, p
remained in OE. both initially, medially, and finally, as
pad (Goth, pdida), cloak; pening, O.Icel. penningr, OHG.
pfenning, penny; open, O.Icel. openn, OS. opan, OHG.
oflfan, open; slaepan, Goth, slepan, OS. slapan, OHG.
The Dentals.
>
§ 301, Germanic ]> generally remained in OE. initially,
J)
disappeared before st, as cwist, older cwijjest, thou
sayest; wierst, older vpierjjest, thou becomest, cp. § 476.
On forms like cwi]j, wierjj from cwifef, he says, wierjjej),
he becomes, cp. § 259, i.
152 Phonology [§§ 306-8
The Sibilant s.
The Gutturals.
§ 310. I. Guttural c.
S
Germanic 5 became g after g during the prim.
§ 313.
poured out ;
gu]), war ;
gylden, golden, glsed, glad ; glof,
glove; ^nxtt, gnat; ^rene, green; gm-aA, ground.
§ 316. 2. Palatal 5.
geaf, Goth. O.Icel. OS. gaf, OHG. gab, Ae gave ;
gealga,
OS. OHG. galgo, gallows, Goth, galga, cross; geotan,
Goth, giutan, OS. giotan, OHG. gio?an, to pour out;
giefan, Goth, giban, O.Icel. gefa, OS. geban, OHG.
geban, and similarly geafon, they gave geard,
to give ;
;
bregdan,
strew, tij)ian, to grant, J^enian, to serve, beside
brigdel, brigdals, frignan, legda, msegden, ongeagn, rig-
nan, ssegde, stragdan, tigfian, Jjagnian. Gen. renas
beside regnas, from which a new nom. ran beside ragn,
rain, was formed ; and similarly fen, servant, wsen, wagon,
beside >agn, wsegn. See §§ 54, Note i 80, Note 2 96, ; ;
Note I.
§ 322. Medial -igi-, -iga- were contracted to -i- as in
MHG., as galire beside geligere, fornication; il beside
igil, hedgehog; sipe from *sigij)e, scythe; tila beside tigele,
tile; lip (MHG. lit) beside ligaf (MHG. liget),^e lies ; list
beside ligest, thou liest.
i6o Phonology [§§323-5
§ 323. When
Germanic g came to stand finally in OE.,
it became a voiceless spirant
probable that as
(x) just
it is
h
§ x had become an aspirate before vowels
325. Initial
already in prim. Germanic (§ 246). In OE. it also became
an aspirate initially before consonants except in the com-
bination yyf. The spirant remained in the combination )(yt
§ 3 2 6] Gutturals 1 6
mearh, horse.
Note. —Such forms as late WS. bleoh, colour, eoh, yew, freoh,
free, beside bleo, io, freo, owe their final h to the analogy of
words like feoh, gen. fees.
I. The a-DECLENSioN.
wulf, wolf.
See § 259, 1 on nouns whose stems ended in double con-
sonants bucc, buck ; cocc, cock ; codd, cod, husk ; coss,
:
§ 338. Sing.
Norn. Ace. cyning, king engel, angel heofon, heaven
Gen. cyninges engles heofones
Dat. cyninge angle heofone
§§ 339-41] '
Nouns 169
Plur. V
§342.
§§344-7] Nouns 171
blsec, ink ; blaed, leaf; braes, brass ; crset, cart ; dael, dale
§ 347. Sing.
Nom. Ace. tungol, star waeter, water heafod, head
Gen. tungles waeteres heafdes
Dat. tungle waetere heafde
172 Accidence [§§348-50
Plur.
Nom. Ace. tungol waeter heafodu
Gen. tungla waetera heafda
Dat. tunglum waeterum heafdum
Dissyllabic words which in West Germanic ended in
vocalic 1, n, r (§ 219) syncopated the medial vowel in the
gen. and dat. sing, and plural and lost the final -u in the
nom. and ace. plural when the stem-syllable was long. So
that the nom. ace. sing, and plural became alike just as in the
monosyllabic long stems. Original trisyllabic words (§ 223),
and also dissyllabic words which in West Germanic ended
in vocalic n, r, retained the medial vowel in the gen. and
da.t. sing, and plural, but lost the final -u in the nom. and
§355.
§§356-8] Nouns 175
The OE. forms with double consonants in the nom. ace.
singular are all new formations from the inflected forms, as
cyTi(n), bedd, nett for *cyne, *bede, *nete = Goth, kuni,
badi, nati, see § 274. On the final double consonants in
the nom. ace. singular, see § 259, i. In late OE. the
double consonants in words containing asuffix were gener-
and the medial vowel
ally simplified in the inflected forms,
was also occasionally syncopated, as gen. westenes, pi.
westenu, beside westnu.
§ 356. Like cyn(n) are declined bedd, bed; bill, sword;
denn, den flett, floor ; giedd, song nebb, beak nett,
; ; ;
Witt, understanding.
§357. Like wite are declined serende, errand; fefe,
walking, power of motion ierfe, inheritance ; ierre, anger
;
§361.
78
§§ 366-8] Nouns 1 79
older-ae. It is sometimes assumed that -a is the regular
love nafu, nave (of wheel} ; notu, use ; racu, account, nar-
;
b. jO-STEMS.
§ 374. Sing.
Nom,
1 82 Accidence^ [§§ 377-9
faith, truth.
In the inflected forms the w6-stems had the same end-
ings as the 6-stems except that they never had the ending
•(e)na in the gen. plural.On the svarabhakti vowel in
forms like gen. beaduwe beside beadwe, see § 220.
§ 380. Like beadu are declined sinu, sionu, sinew
sceadu, shadow; and the plurals fraetwe, ornaments;
geatwe, armaments, armour.
§ 381, Like msed are declined bl6d(es)lffis, blood-letting,
bleeding; Isbs, pasture.
ace. -in-unz, gen. -in-on, dat. -in-miz. The -In, -In- regu-
larly became -i, -in- in prehistoric OE. {§§ 211 (i), 214 (3),
218 (5)), and then the i caused umlaut of the stem-vowel.
This i-umlaut of the stem-vowel is the only characteristic
feature preserved in the historic period of the language of
the nouns belonging to this class. The original declension
was preserved in Gothic, as Sing. nom. managei
fairly well
for *managi with -ei from the oblique cases, ace. managein,
gen. manageins, dat. managein; pi. nom. (also used for
the ace.) manageins, gen. manageino, dat. manageim
which was formed direct from managei- with -m from the
ending of the vocalic stems. But already in the prehistoric
period of OE. this class of nouns was remodelled on analogy
with the short o-stems (§ 365), so that the nom. came to
end in -u, later -o, and the oblique cases of the singular in
-e. At a later period the new nominative came to be used
for all forms of the singular and for the nom. ace. plural.
Few nouns belonging to this class have a plural.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. strengu, -o, strength strenga, -e ; -u, -o
from the few words mentioned above, the long i-stems have
the same endings as the masc. a-stems and are only dis-
tinguishable from them by the presence or absence of
umlaut.
§ 386. Like wine are declined a large number of nouns,
as bile, beak ; bite, bite ;bryne, burning ;
bryce, breach ;
b. Feminine.
§ 389. Sing. Plur.
Nom. Ace. cwen, queen cwene, -a
Gen. ewene ewena
Dat. ewene ewenum
The masc. and fem. i-stems were originally declined
alike in the sing,and plural as in Latin and Greek. The
nom. and gen. sing, were regularly developed from the
ace.
corresponding prim. Germanic forms *kwEeniz, *kwffinin,
*kwaenaiz. The dat. sing, had -e after the analogy of the
o-stems, the regular form would have been *cwen (see
§§ 214-15). The nom. pi. cwene for 'ewen had -e from
the short i-stems. The gen. and dat. pi. were new forma-
tions as in the masc. i-stems. In early Nth. and then later
also in WS. and Ken. the ace. sing, often had -e after the
analogy of the 6-stems and in like manner the nom. ace.
;
c. Neuter.
§ 392. Sing. Plur.
Nom. Ace. spere, spear speru, .q
Gen. speres spera
Dat. spere sperum
The had originally the same endings
neuter i-stems
as the masculine except in the nom. ace. sing, and plural.
The nom. ace. sing, ended in -i which regularly disappeared
after long stems, but remained after short stems, and then
later became -e (§ 215, Note). The nom. ace. pi. ended in
§§ 393-5] Nouns 189
declension (§ 419).
A number of neuter nouns which originally
certain
belonged partly to the neut. ja-stems, and partly to the
OS", -es-stems are declined like spere, except that the
stem-syllable being long the final -e disappeared in the nom.
ace. singular. Such nouns are : fisesc, ^esh ; flies, Jleece
hffil, health ; hilt (also masc), hilt ; Isen, loan ; sweng, blow,
gefeg, joining, joint; gegrynd, plot 0/ ground; gehield,
watching, protection; gehlyd, noise; gehnaest, -ast, col-
lision genyht, sufficiency geresp, blame
; ; ;
gewed, fury,
madness; geswinc, labour, affliction.
5. The u-declension.
c. Neuter.
fruma, beginning ;
geira, corner ;
gea\ga, gallows ; gealla,
gall; g&fera, companion ;
gehola, protector ; gereta, reeve ;
o 2
196 Accidence [§§405-8
osle, ousel ;
panne, pan ;
pere, pear ; pipe, pipe ;
pirige,
pear-tree ;
pise, pea ; racente, chain seohhe,
; sieve ; side,
side ; slyppe, paste ; smij)]>e, smithy ; sunne, sun ; swealwe,
swallow ; swipe, scourge ; J)rote, throat ;
Jjyrne, thornbush
iile,owl; weecce (§55, Note 3), vigil; wsi^Q,mud; wicce,
witch ; wise, way, manner ; wice, wuce, week ; wulle,
wool; wvLdavre, widow ; yce, toad, frog.
§ 405. Like beo are declined ceo, jackdaw, chough ; fla,
arrow seo, pupil of the eye ; sla, slab, sloe ta, toe ;
; ;
J)0,
clay. See § 139.
c. Neuter.
§ 406. Sing. Plur.
Nom. Ace. eage, eye eagan
Gen. eagan eagena
Dat. eagan eagum
The neuter n-stems had same endings as
originally the
the masculine and feminine except in the ace. sing, and the
nom. ace. plural. The nom. ace. sing, had -on which
regularly became -e in OE. (§ 217). The nom. ace. pi. had
ona in the Indg. parent language. This was changed in
prim. Germanic into -ono with -o from the neuter a-stems.
-on5 regularly became -ona in Goth., as 4ugo, eye, nom.
ace. pi. dugona. The OE. ending -an was due to the
analogy of the masc. and fern, n-stems.
§ 407. Like eage are only declined eare, ear wange ;
C. Minor Declensions.
I. Monosyllabic Consonant Stems.
a. Masculine.
§408. Sing.
§§ 409-10] Nouns 197
older *f6s(s) (Gr. Dor. rrm) with t from the inflected forms
(§ 240), and similarly to}) for older *t6s(s), ace.
*f6tun
(Goth, fotu), gen. *f6taz or -iz, dat., properly loc, *f6ti
Plur. nom. *fotiz, ace. *f6tunz (Goth, fotuns), gen. *f6ton,
dat. *fotumiz. The OE. correspond to the prim. Germanic
forms except in the gen. sing, which is a new formation
after theanalogy of the a-stems. The regular form would
be *fot or *fet.
§ 409. Like fot are declined to]), tooth ; man(n) (beside
wimman, woman.
198 Accidence [§§ 411-14
gds, goose ;
griit, coarse meal, groats lus, louse ; meol(u)c,
;
milk ; mils, mouse ; neaht, niht, night (also gen. dat. sing.
nihte ; adv. gen. nihtes, anes nihtes, at night, by night,
formed after the analogy of daeges) ; turf, turf; furh,
furrow (gen. sing, fure beside fyrh, pi. gen. fiira, dat.
furum, § 115) ; sulh, plough (gen. sing, stiles on analogy
with the a-stems, pi. gen. sula, dat. sulum) ; J)ruh, trough
(dat. pi. ))rum, § 329, 4) ; w\b\i, fringe.
§ 412. Like hnutu are declined hnitu, nit ; studu, stu]ju,
pillar.
c. Neuter.
2. Stems in ]>.
Sing.
Nom. Ace. haele, haele]) mona]) maeg(e)]) ealu
Gen. h8ele]>es mdn(e)])es m8eg(e)]) ealo}>
Dat. haelej)e m6n(e)])e maeg(e)]) ealo])
Plur.
Nom. Ace. haele]) mona]) maeg(e)])
Gen. haelej)a mdn(e)])a maeg(e)])a eale])a
Dat. haele])um mon(e)}>um maeg(e)])um
3. Stems in -r.
ace. gen. -tr- (with consonantal r), dat. loc. -tr- (with vocalic
r). The word for brother had sing. nom. -tor or -ter (cp.
Gr. Dor. <j>pdT(op, ^paTtjp, member of a and the word
clan),
for sister -or (cp. Lat. sorer from older *swes6r) with
200 Accidence [§415
Sing.
§ 415] Nouns 20
out into the gen. and dat., and the nom. pi. *faeder became
fsed(e)ras on analogy with the a-stems.
The prim. Germanic case-endings of br6])or, modor,
dohtor, and sweostor were the same as those of faeder
except that brojjor and sweostor having originally the
chief accent on the stem-syllable regularly had -raz in the
gen. singular. The dat. forms *t>r6])ri, *m6dri, *doxtri
(older *duxtri) with o from the nom. ace. and gen., *swestri
(older *swistri) with e from the nom. ace. and gen.,
regularly became brej>er, meder, dehter, sweostor (cp.
§ 219). In late OE. the dat. meder, dehter were often
used for the gen. and vice versa. The gen. sing. *t)r6}jraz,
modraz, *doxtraz, *swestraz, regularly became brofor,
modor, dohtor, sweostor (§ 219). The gen. and dat. pi.
were regularly developed from the corresponding prim.
Germanic forms. The nom. sing, and pi. were in prim.
OE. *br6J)er, *m6der, *doxter, *swestor, then -er became
-or (older -ur) through the influence of the guttural vowel
in the stem (cp. § 219), but the ending -er (rarely -ar) often
occurs both in early and late OE. sweostor had -or in
prim. Germanic, as nom. sing, "swesor, Indg. *swes6r,
nom. pi. *swesoriz, Indg. *swesores ; the t was developed
between the s and r in the gen. sing, and pi. *swestraz,
*swestron, and then became generalized (§ 250).
gebrojjor and gesweostor were originally neuter collec-
tive nouns and were declined like wite (§ 355), whence the
plural endings gebrojiru, gesweostru, -tra, which were
afterwards extended to the plural of modor and dohtor.
202 Accidence [§§416-18
§416. Sing.
Nom. Ace.
§ 4i9l Nouns 203
salvation, hilt, hilt, Ijen, loan, sweng, blow, into the neuter
i-declension.
§ 420. The few remaining nouns formed their gen. and
dat. sing, after theanalogy of the neuter a-stems. The
cases of the plural were regularly developed from the
corresponding prim. Germanic forms.
Sing.
Nom. Ace. lamb, lamb cealf, calf aeg, egg
Gen. lambes cealfes seges
Dat. lambe cealfe iege
fLUR.
Nom. Ace. segru
iegra
ffigrum
CHAPTER XII
ADJECTIVES
A. The Declension of Adjectives.
from the masc. and neut. gen. singular (cp. § 334, Note).
This form then came to be used for the feminine also.
The remaining forms require no comment, as they are
regularly developed from the corresponding prim. Ger-
manic forms.
§ 425. On the interchange between ae and a in the
declension of glsed, see § 54, Note 3. Like glaed are
declined the monosyllabic adjectives with short stems, as
baer, bare ; blaec, black ; hrsed, quick ; hvpset, brisk, active
laet, slow ; smsel, tender, small ; saed, satiated ; waer, wary,
cautious; dol, foolish; {ram, active, bold ; free, 60/rf; frum,
original, first; gram, angry, fierce; hoi, hollow; hnot,
bald; good, useful; trurn, firm, strong; wan, wanting,
til,
§427.
428-9] Adjectives 211
§429.
212 Accidence [§§430-1
b. ja-, JO'STEMS.
§433.
Sing.
214 -^ cadence [§434
still strenge,
; strong swete, sweet swige, silent syfre,
; ; ;
pure Jiicce,
;
thick fiestre, dark, gloomy;
frifingre, three ;
C. Wa-, WO-STEMS.
§435.
Sing. Masc. Neut. Fern.
Nom. gearu, -o, ready gearu, -o gearu, -o
Ace. gearone gearu, -o gearwe
Gen. gearwes gearwes gearore
Dat. gearwum gearvirum gearore
Instr. gearwe gearwre
Plur,
Nom. Ace. gearwe gearu, -o gearwa, -e
d. i-STEMS.
e, U-STEMS.
Plur.
Nom. Ace. blindan blindan blindan
Gen. blindra, -ena blindra, -ena blindra, -ena
Dat. blindum blindum blindum
3. Irregular Comparison.
aefter, after
§447] Adjectives 223
meant something like (ten and) one left over, {ten and) two
left over, cp. Lithuanian venulika, eleven, dv;p'lika, twelve,
&c., where Goth, -lif and Lith. -lika are from *liq-, the weak
form of the Indg. root leiq-, to leave, and are ultimately
related to OE. lion (leon), Goth, leituan, to lend, Gr. XetTToo,
\ twegra
Dat. tvpffim, twam
The formation of twegen and of the genitive are
difficult to explain. tweg(e)a cannot correspond to Goth.
Neut.
2 28 Accidence [§§ 454-7
CHAPTER XIII
PRONOUNS
§ The most difficult chapter in works on com-
458.
parative grammar is the one dealing with the pronouns.
It is impossible to state with any degree of certainty how
OE. me, J)e can represent either form, probably the latter,
cp.we, ge.
wit (Goth. OS. wit) and (OS. git) were unaccented
git
plurals with the addition of which is of obscure origin.
-t
*Xizai ; hiere had ie from the gen. plural ; cp. the prim.
Germanic endings of the fem. adjectives (§ 424) the ace. ;
form was often used for the nom. and vice versa, hi later
hy, from *xi» unaccented *xi, beside hie with e from the
adjectives (§ 424) hi was often written hig (see § 6, Note)
;
in late OE. The masc. form was used for all genders, but
sometimes the old fem. sing, heo was used instead of
it; hira from *xizon, beside hiora, heora, hiera with
o/a-umlaut (§102). him from '^Q.vcaz, beside late WS.
heom with eo from the genitive. All the forms with i
often had y in late WS.
2. Reflexive.
3. Possessive.
4. Demonstrative.
§ 465. In the parent Indg. language the nom. sing. masc.
and fem. of the simple demonstrative was ''so, "sa = Gr.
d, 1^, Goth, sa, so. All the other cases of the sing, and pi,
were formed from the stems te-, to-, toi-; ta-, tai-, as ace.
sing. Gr. tov, tyjv, Lat. is-tum, is-tam, Goth. J^an-a, J16
nom. pi. Gr. toi, rat, Lat. is-ti, is-tae, Goth. J>di, J>6s.
§465] Pronouns 235
mental *J>aimi, beside )jam with a from the plural Jja, ]}ara,
as in the dat. pi. J>am. faet (Goth. Jjata, Lat. is-tud,
Indg. *tod) ; ])y, fon are difficult to explain satisfactorily
they were chiefly used before the comparative of adverbs
and as a factor in adverbial and conjunctional phrases like
the Goth, instrumental J)e, as fon ma, the more, cp. Gothic
ni )>e haldis, none the more ; for Jjy, for J)on, because, on
that account, seo does not correspond to Goth, so,
sio,
but like OHG. siu, she, it was a new formation from the
prim. Germanic fem. pronoun *si (= Gr. f, Goth, si, OHG.
si), she + the Germanic fem. ending -6 ; "sio regularly
became sio, seo through the intermediate stage of siu
which is found in the Anglian dialect. The reason why
the new formation took place was probably due to the fact
that the unaccented form of *si would have become se in
OE. and thus have fallen together with the masc. nom.
236 Accidence [§466
5. Relative.
feoh ])aet t5 lafe bi)>, then they divide his property which is
left, ic hit eom, })e wi]? ]je sprece, it is I who speak with
thee ; idesa scenost \>e on woruld come, the fairest one of
ladieswho came into the world; ge }>e yfle syrA,ye who are
evil, se )>e bryd haefjj, se is brydguma, he who hath the
bride is the bridegroom gehyre, se fe earan haebbe, let
;
6. Interrogative.
CHAPTER XIV
VERBS
§ 472. In the parent Indg. language the verbs were
divided into two great classes: athematic and thematic.
In the athematic verbs the personal endings were added
to the bare root which had the strong grade form of
ablaut in the singular, but the weak grade in the dual and
plural. Thus for example the singular and plural of the
verbs for to be and to go were *es-mi, *6s-si, *6s-ti,
:
and partly from the oldest OE. The Indg. verbal system
underwent so many radical changes in prim. Germanic
that it would be necessary to treat here in detail the verbal
242 Accidence [§ 474
A. Strong Verbs.
§ 475. We are able to conjugate a strong verb in OE.
when we know the four stems, as seen (i) in the infinitive
or first pers. sing. pres. indicative, (2) first pers. sing. pret.
indicative, (3) first pers. pi. pret. indicative, (4) the past
participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers.
pret. indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret.
pi. indicative. The
conjugation of beran, to bear, helpan,
to help, bindan, to bind, ridan, to ride, ceosan, to choose,
weorpan, to throw, faran, to go, biddan, to pray, feallan,
to fcdl, teon, to draw, slean, to slay, fon, to seize, will serve
as models for strong verbs, because in addition to verbal
all
bere we, &c., came to be used also for the indicative and
imperative.
§ 478. Imperative : The original ending of the second
pers. sing, was -e which regularly disappeared without
leaving any trace of its former existence (§ 213), whence
OE. bar = Gr. ^epe, Indg. *bh6re. On the -e in bide
beside its absence in ber, bind, &c., see § 273. In OE. the
third pers. plural of the pres. indicative was used for the
second pers. plural. A form in -an, as beran, bindan, was
occasionally used in the oldest period of the language for
the first pers. plural. This form was originally identical
with the first pers. pi. pres. indie, which disappeared
in OE. The first pers. pi. is generally expressed by the
pres. subjunctive, as beren, binden, &c.
§ 479. Pres. participle ; In the parent language the stem
of the pres. participle ended in -nt, as in Lat. ferent-, Gr.
(jyipovT; Indg. *bheront- = OE. berend-e, Goth, bafrand-s.
The masc. and neut. were originally declined like con-
sonant stems (§ 416). The fem. nom. sing, originally
ended in -i which was shortened to -i (§ 214) in prehistoric
OE., cp. Goth. fem. irijbndi,/n'end. The -i of the feminine
was extended and neut. which was the cause
to the masc.
of their passing over into the ja-declension (§ 433). See
§ 441. The oldest OE. ending is -aendi, -endi, later -ende.
§ 480. Infinitive The inf. was originally a nomen
:
See §§ 486, 539 ff. The third pers. plural ended in the
parent language in -nt (with vocalic n) which regularly
became -tin in prim. Germanic (§§ 35, 211). -un remained
in the oldest OE. and then later became -on, and in late
OE. -an beside -on occurs, whence bjeron, bundon, &c.
§ 482. Pret. subjunctive The original endings were
: :
did not originally have it. But in OE. the simple past
participle generally had ge-, irrespectively as to whether
it was perfective or imperfective in meaning. On past
participles which have i-umlaut, see § 442.
§ 489. On the parts of strong verbs which exhibit
Verner's law in OE., see § 238.
yawn ;
glidan, gmdan, to rub together gripan,
to glide ; ;
Class IL
§ 493. The verbs of this class belong to the second
ablaut-series (§226) and therefore have eo in the present,
ea in the first and third pers. sing, of the preterite, u in the
pret, plural, and o in the past participle, thus
beodan, to command bead budon boden
Goth, biudan b4u]) budun budans
And similarly a})reotan, to breotan, to break,
tire of;
destroy; cleofan, to creopan, to creep;
cleave asunder;
dreopan, to drip; fleotan, to flow; geopan, to take to one-
self; geotan, to pour greotan, to weep hleotan, to cast
; ;
sugan, to suck.
Class III.
(§ 43), thus
§502.
26o Accidence [§§503-4
Class IV.
§ 503. The verbs of this class belong to the fourth
ablaut-series which includes the strong verbs whose
(§ 226),
stems end They have e in the
in a single liquid or nasal.
present, ae in the first and third pers. sing, of the preterite,
86 in the pret. plural, and o in the past participle, thus :
§504.
cuman, to come c(w)6m c(w)6mon cumen (cymen)
niman, to take n5m nomon numen
From the regular forms of the second and third pers.
sing. pres. indie. cym(e)st, cyni(e)]), the y was often
extended forms of the pres., especially to the pres.
to other
subjunctive as cyme beside cume; cuman is an aorist
present (§ 472) from older *kwoman with regular loss of
w before u (§§ 109, 266), after the analogy of which it was
often dropped c(w)6m for *cwam, *cwom,
in the preterite ;
Class V.
§ 505. The
verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-
series (§ which includes the strong verbs whose stems
226),
end in a single consonant other than a liquid or a nasal.
They have e in the present, se in the first and third pers.
sing, of the preterite, se in the pret. plural, and e in the
past participle, thus
sing, pleah.
Class VI.
§ 508. The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-
series(§ 226), and have a in the present, o in the pret. sing,
present (§ 271).
Class VII.
§ 511. To belong those verbs which originally
this class
had reduplicated like Goth, hafhald, laildt,
preterites
faiflok, haihdit, rafro]?, laildik, inf. haldan, to hold, letan,
to let, flokan, to complain, hditan, to call, redan, to advise,
Sub-division i.
Sub-division 2.
B. Weak Verbs.
§ 520. The weak verbs, which for the most part are
derivative or denominative, are divided in OE. into three
classes according as the infinitive ends in -an (Goth, -jan),
pret. -ede, -de, -te (Goth, -ida, -ta) ; -ian (Goth, -on) from
older -ojan (§ 273), pret. -ode (Goth, -oda) ; -an (Goth, -an),
pret. -de (Goth. -4ida). The weak preterite is a special
Germanic formation, and many points connected with its
origin are still uncertain. Some scholars are inclined to
regard it as a periphrastic formation which was originally
confined to denominative verbs, and then at a later period
became extended to primary verbs as well. The OE.
ending -de, -des(t), -de, pi. -don (older -dun), would thus
represent an old aorist formed from the root *dhe-, put,
place (Gr. Ti-Orj-fic), which stands in ablaut relation to OE.
don, to do. The old preterite (perfect). of this verb has
been preserved in the preterite plural of Gothic weak
verbs, ash4usi-dedum (we heard), -dedu]), -dedun = OHG.
tatum, tatut, tatun (OS. dadun), the pret. pi. of tuon, to
266 Accidence [§§521-2
do. But it is also probable that the dental in the OE. pre-
terite stands in close relationship to the dental in the past
participle, where the -d = prim. Germanic -dds = Gr. -to-s.
strengthen ;
Jjennan, to stretch ;
]7icgan (in poetry also
strong pret. ]>eah, }>ah), to receive; wecgan, to agitate;
went over into class II. On the pret. and past participle
of verbs whose stems ended in ]>, see § 305.
§ 527. Like settan are conjugated atreddan, to search
out; cnyttan, to bind, knit; hreddan, to rescue, save;
hwettan, to whet, incite; lettan, to hinder; spryttan, to
Sub-division (b).
Present.
Indicative.
Subjunctive,
Sing. deme drence hyngre gierwe
Plur. demen drencen hyngren gierwen
Imperative.
Sing. 2. dem drenc hyngre giere
Plur. 2. dema]> drenca]) hyngraji gierwa])
§530] Verbs 271
Infinitive.
Preterite.
Indicative.
Participle,
bycgan, to buy
276 ^ Accidence [§535
Class II.
Present.
Indie.
§635] Verbs 277
Infinitive,
sealfian
Participle,
sealfiende
Preterite.
Participle,
gesealfod
Class III.
>isi, -i-ti, Plur. -i-mes, (-mos), -i-te, -j-enti. And the -§(1)-
Present.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Sing. haebbe libbe secge hycge
Plur. haebben libben secgen hycgen
Imperative.
Sing. 2. hafa liofa saga, ssege hoga, hyge
Plur. 2. habba]> libba]> secg(e)a]> hycg(e)a])
Infinitive.
Participle,
Preterite.
Indicative.
Participle,
The endings •as(t), -a}) of the second and third pers. sing,
pres. indicative, and -a of the imperative sing., were from
verbs of class II ; the endings corresponding to Goth,
•dis, -4i]>, -di would have become -68(1), -e]?, -e in OE.
The regular form of haebbe would be *hebbe (OS. hebbiu)
. from West Germanic "^abbjo, but the a of the second and
third pers. sing, was extended to the first and then a became
se by i-umlaut, cp. § 55, Note 2. On the se beside a in the
second and third pers. singular, see §§ 54, 67. hafas(t),
282 Accidence [§539
hafa}> are rare in pure WS., the usual forms are haefst,
hsef]) and similarly with ssegst, saeg)) hyg(e)st, hyg(e)}>.
; ;
—
Note. Traces of the old inflexion of verbs which originally
belonged to class III are seen in such forms as bya (Nth.), to
dwell, fylg(e)an, to follow, onscynian (Anglian), to shun, waec-
cende, being awake, beside biHan, folgian, onscunian, waciende
hettend, enemy, beside hatian, to hate pret. pleegde, trude,
;
C. Minor Groups.
A. Preterite-Presents.
§ 539. These verbs were originally unredupHcated per-,
fects, which acquired a present meaning like Skr. veda,
Gr. oXSa, Latin novi, / know. In prim. Germanic a new
weak preterite, an infinitive, a pres. participle, and in some
§§ 540-1] Verbs 283
§ 544. V. Ablaut-Series.
mseg, /, he can, 2. sing, meaht later miht, pi. magon
subj. maege, pi. maegen; inf. magan; pres. part, magende
pret. meahte, mehte (§ 68, Note 2), later mihte ; participial
adj. meaht later miht, mighty, powerful, cp. Goth, mahts,
possibk.
be-neah (Goth, bi-nah), ge-neah (Goth, ga-nah), it suffices,
B. Verbs in -mi.
sindon, -un, with the ending of the pret. pi. added on (§ 481)
beside sint, sindon there also occur in WS. sient, siendon.
bio later beo (cp. § 104), from *biju (cp. § 138), Indg.
*bliwy6, Lat. fio ; Anglian biom with mfrom eom ; bist
from older bis, Indg. *bhw!si, Lat. f is bi]> from older
;
(OS. OHG. sin), beside sio, seo with io, eo from bio, beo.
§549.
Imper.
Sing.
do
Sing.
Plur.
288 Accidence [§§ S6o-i
Anglian has the older form dom for the first pers. singu-
lar ; dest, Nth. ddes(t) ; de]), Nth. doe]), does, from *d6-is,
*d6-i]) (§ 47) ; d6]j from *d6-anj)i ; Anglian often has longer
forms in the present, as imper. doa, Absip, inf. d6a(n).
The y from older u in the pret. indie, and subj. is of
obscure origin ; in poetry there occurs the real old pret.
pi. indie, djedon, corresponding to OS. dadun, OHG.
^550. 3- The
Sing.
Plur.
§§ 552-3] Adverbs 289
Present.
Indie.
Sing.
2 go Accidence [§564
voluntarily ;
unjiances, unwillingly ; willes, willingly ; the
es was sometimes extended to fern, nouns, as endebyrdes,
in an orderly manner ; niedes, of necessity, needs ; nihtes
(cp. NHG. nachts), at night, by night, seghwaes, alto-
gether, in every way; daeglanges, during a day; elles,
otherwise, else ; ealles, entirely, wholly ; endemes, equally,
in like manner ;
gehwaejjeres, on all sides ; nealles, not at
all, by no means; nihtlanges,
all night long; simbles,
always ; singales, always, ever sofes, truly, verily
ever, ;
Rest.
§559] Prepositions 295
§ 559. 2. Prepositions.
before, in the presence of; bi (be), also with instr., by, along,
in ; baeftan, behind ; beheonan, on this side of; beneo})an,
beneath, below ; binnan, within, in, into ; eac, in addition to,
towards.
(6) With the accusative, genitive, and dative ; innan,
within, in, into ; wij), against, towards, to, opposite, near.
§ 560. 3. Conjunctions.
before ; butan, unless, unless that ; for Jjsem (Jjam) ])e, for )>on
fe, for ]jy ^pe, because gelic and, as if; gif, if, whether ;
]>y J)e, mid Jsam })e, when, although ; nemne, nefne, nym]je,
unless, except; nii J)e, now that; dp, d\> faet, o]> ))e, until,
until that; swa . swa, so ... as
. . swa swa ; . . .
]j8et, to ])on Jjaet, so that; to }Jon ]3e, «« order that; J)aes ]>e,
si]5})an ]3e, 0/?^^, s/«ce ; fast, Jjaette, that, in order that ; J>a,
]ja ]3e, 'zy/ie« ;
]>a hwile ]je, whilst, so long as ; Jjeah,
§§ 561-2] Word-Formation 297
CHAPTER XVI
WORD-FORMATION
§ 561. By far the greater part of the word-forming ele-
ments, used in the parent language, were no longer felt as
such in the oldest period of the English language. In this
chapter we shall chiefly confine ourselves to those word-
forming elements which were felt as such in OE., such as
prefixes and suffixes.
Nouns.
§ 562. Nouns may be divided into simple, derivative,
and compound. Examples of simple nouns are
ac, oak; :
ban, bone; boc, book; burg, ct'ty; cseg, key; cild, child;
dsel, dale; deor, deer; ende, end; ie\A, field; to\c, folk;
ox; pytt, pit; riim, room; see, sea; scield, shield; spere,
spear; tima, time; tree, tree; J)eof, thief; ]>ing, thing;
wegfWay; wen, hope; weorc, work; word, word; wyrm,
worm y]>, wave. ;
creation ;
gejjeaht, plan ;
gift, price of a wife ; gled, live
Prefixes.
and adverb bi, by, of which the unstressed form is be- (§ 647),
as hlcwiAe, proverb ; hitylce, neighbouring people ; bigeng,
practice ; bigyrdel, girdle, purse ; bileofa, sustenance ; bi-
sound.
§ 575. in-, the stressed form of the preposition in, in, as
inadl, internal disease ; inbnenA, inhabitant ; incmht, house-
servant; incofa, inner chamber; infser, entrance; infafu.
§§ 576-8i] Word-Formation 301
together.
§582. sam-, a prim. OE. shortening of *sami., older
= OHG. sami", Lat. semi-, Gr. ^/u; half, the
*sffimi.
unshortened form of which would have been s5mi- (§ 121),
as sambaerned, half-burnt; samcucu, half-dead; samhal,
in samgrene, half-green; samlsred, half-
bad health;
taught; samsoden, half-cooked ; sa.mwls, dull, foolish.
§ 583. sin. (Goth.OHG.sin-),ewr,/e;^e^«a/,assindream,
everlastingjoy ; sinhere, immense army ; sinhlwan, married
couple ; sinniht, eternal night; sinscipe, marriage, wedlock
sinsorg, continual sorrow, sinceald, ever cold; sinfuUe,
singrene, houseleek ; singrim, ever fierce.
§ 584. to-, the preposition to, to, as tocyme, approach,
arrival; tohlystend, listener;tohyht, hope; to-iecnes,
increase; tonama, surname; tosprac, conversation;
totyhting, instigation. tocumende, foreign, strange;
tdheald, inclined, leaning ; to-iernende, approaching; to-
weard, facing, approaching.
f585. twi- (OHG. zwi-, Lat. bi-,Gr. Si- from *Sfc-), two, as
t\7ibill, two-edged axe ; twi^lde, double payment ; twiweg,
place where two roads meet ; twibete, needing double com-
pensation twifeald, twofold ; twifere, accessible by two
;
ymbhoga, consideration.
Suffixes.
§ 595. -a]>, -o]) (Goth. •o\fU; OHG. -od, Lat. -atu-, Gr.
-jjri/-), used in forming masc. abstract nouns from the
second class of weak verbs, as drohta)), way of life
drought; &sco]>, fshing; fugelo]>, fowl-
driigojj, dryness,
ing; huntojj, hunting; lango]>, longing, desire; sweoloJ>,
swolo]), heat, burning. Often extended to -noji with n from
the verbal forms, as drohtnian, to pass life ; haeftnian, to take
captive; whence sowing; &c.
fiscnoj?, fugelnoJ>; saedno]?,
X 2
3o8 Word-Formation [§§610-13
companionship; hiwrseden,
geJ)eodraeden, fellowship;
family, household; holdreeden, loyalty; husraeden, house-
hold; hyldrjiden, fidelity; msedrsden, grass mown on
a meadow msegraden, relationship ; man(n)rEeden, allegi-
;
stafas, destiny.
§ 613. -Jjo, }?, older -Jju (Goth, -ijja, OHG. -Ida, prim.
Germanic •\^o), used in forming fem. abstract nouns from
adjectives (§ 371), as fyVp, filth ; luehJ>(o), height; hien}j(o),
humiliation ; hliew]>, covering, shelter ; hriefj5(o), scurfiness
Compound Nouns.
w6hgod,/a/se god.
angbreost, asthma ; eftcyme, return ; ellorsij), departure,
§§ 6 1 8- 1 9] Word-Formation 3 1
Adjectives.
Suffixes.
§ 627. -faest, same word as the adj. fsest, fast, fixed, firm,
as jerendfaest, bound on an errand ; arfaest, virtuous ; bid-
ixst, stationary ; blsedfsest, ^/ono«s; eoT]>faest, fixed in the
earth; gieffxst, gifted; hogtsest, prudent ; husissst, having
a home ; hygefaest, wise ; maegenfaest, vigorous ; sigefsest,
victorious; stedefaest, steadfast; treowtasst, faithful.
§ 628. -feald (Goth, -faljjs, OHG. -fait, related to fealdan,
to fold),used in forming adjectives from other adjectives,
especially from numerals, as anfeald, single; felafeald,
manifold; hundteald, hundredfold ; manigfeald, manifold;
sieofonfeald, sevenfold; twentigfeald, twentyfold.
§ 629. -full, sometimes weakened to •fol, same word as
the adj. full, full, used in forming adjectives, especially
from abstract nouns, as andgietfull, intelligent ; bealofull,
314 Word-Formation [§§630-3
womanly.
§ 635. -ol (Goth, -ul, OHG. -al), mostly used in forming
adjectives from verbal forms, as andgietol, intelligent;
beswicol, deceitful ; etol, voracious hetol, hostile ; hlagol, ;
Compound Adjectives.
white ;
J>ancsnotor, wise widcu]>, widely known.
; The
present and past participles often form the second element
of compounds, as eallwealdende, omnipotent; gleawhyc-
gende, thoughtful healfslaepende, half-asleep
; leoht- ;
Verbs.
Prefixes.
bewail.
§ 648. ed-, re-, again (§ 571), as edgieldan, to repay.
edbyrdan, to regenerate ; edhiertan, to encourage ; edlscan,
to repeat; edlsestan, /o repeat; eAstsLpelism, to re-establish ;
edwierpan, to recover.
provoke ;
gebeodan, to command ; gebeorgan, to protect
geberan, to bring forth ; gebindan, to bind ; geceosan, to
choose; gefaran, to go; gefrignan, to learn by asking;
gehatan, to promise ; gelimpan, to happen ; gerinnan, to
congeal; gestlgan, to mount; gewinnan, to win.
ge-aernan, to gain by running; ge-agnian, to claim as
on^s own; ge-ascian, to learn by asking; gebsedan, to
compel; gebsran, to behave; gebetan, to improve; ge-
hefigian, to make heavy gehycgan, to think ; geliefan, to
;
make a mistake.
misfadian, arrange wrongly ; misferan, to go astray
to
to scatter.
Y 2
INDEX
The numbers after a word refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.
cyme 112, 386, 562. dsel 54, 345, 562. derian 525.
cyme 434. dSl 134, 331, 387. diedan 530.
cymen 442. daelan 47, 134, 162, dieglan 221, 528, 532.
cynde 434. 221, 272, 530. diegol 221, 431, 639.
cyneboren 640. djelmielum 557. diepe 44.
cynedom 597. dag 133, 299, 323. diere (diore, deore) 1 38,
cynegod 640. dagian 57, 320. 209, 210, 434.
cynelic 634. dah 7, 262. dierling 174.
cynerice 618. daro]> 341. dierne 67, 170, 181,
cynig 290. daru 366. 434-
/(Cynings,7,io,47, 112, dead 135, 239, 299, dimhus 617.
' 157, 160, 212, 221, 426. disc 96.
290. 310, 317, 338, deadlic 151, 634. docce 404.
339. 607- deaf 135, 294, 299, dffig 419.
cyn(n) 7, 47, 112, 157, 426. dogga7, 106, 319,401.
254, 272, 274, 310, deagol 431, 639. dogor 419.
3SS, 356. dearnunga, -inga 554. dohtor5,7, 43, 45, 47,
eyre 112,239,334,386, dear(r) 66, 542. 106, 107, 156, 158,
562. dea}> 5, 135, 172, 239, 186, 234, 299, 326,
cyrnel 43, 112. 299^301.395- 415-
cyspan 531. dea))faege 640. del 425.
cyssan 7, 43, 1 1 2, 258, deafistede 11. dollTce 553.
259. 300. 305. 306, deaw 76, 172, 265, 360. dom 26, 128, 335, 597.
310, 476, 528, 530, deawig 630. -dom 597.
643- delfan 64, 80, 1 1 1, 293, domdasg 617.
cyst 1 12, 390, 563. 294, 499. domgeorn 640.
cystig 630. dema 400. don 121, 128, 142,299,
cyta 400. deman 5, 47, 129, 163, 549-
cyjian 47,114, 167, 286, 272, 299, 529, 643. dor 106, 344.
305, 310, 528, 530, Dene 385, 386. dora 401.
643- denisc 632. draca 78, 180, 256,
cyJ'K") 372. denn 356. 310.
denu 80, 366. drsefan 134, 530.
da 133. deofol (diofol), 104, dragan 57, 299, 320,
djed 5, 24, 119, 162, 223, 293, 299, 340. 508.
188, 234, 299, 390, deofolcund 623. dream 135, 278, 335.
563- ^
deop s, 44, 137, 150, dreamere 602.
daedcene 640. 173, 208, 209, 232, dreccan 534.
dceg 5, 10, 54, 57, 78, 260, 291, 299, 426, drefan 129, 530.
i53i ISS. 180. i83> 553, 620. drenc 225, 387, 562.
211, 212, 215, 217, deope 553. drencan 60, 289, 311,
218, 234, 252, 284, deop})ancol 640. 529, 643.
299, 320, 324. 331. deor 137, 208, 209, 252, dreogan 493.
334, 336, 557- 279. 343, 562. dreopan 493.
daegeseage 619. deorc 85, 182, 299, 426. dreorigmod 641.
dasg-hwam 557. deorcung 61 5. dreorignes 609.
daeglanges 557. deore 138. dreosan 137, 239, 494.
daeglic 634. deorfan 500. drepan 505.
daeg-tldum 557. deorling 138, 607. drepe 386.
332 Index
drieman 136. dynt 387. earn 329.
driepan 136, 531. dyppan 112. eappultun 78.
drifan loi, 126, dyrstlscan 658.
133, ear 70, 139, 255, 329,
293, 299, 490- dysig 112, 324. 419.
drincan 7, 59, 96, ill, dysigian 536. earc 66, 178.
225, 289, 299, 310, dystig47, 114. card 397.
498. eardian 536.
drincere 602. ea 17, 70, 172, eare 31, 135, 238, 279,
246,
drohtaJ> 595. 329- 407.
drohtnian 595. eac 13s, 187, 559, 560. earfoj) 431.
dropa 106, 256, 401. eacen 232, 431. earg 426.
dropmEelum 557. eacian 31. earge 553.
drugo}> S9S. eadig 135, 431, 443. earm (sb.) 5, 7, 66, 278,
druncen 225. eadignes 609. 335-
druncengeom 640. eafora 78, 401. earm (adj^ 66, 426,
dry 142, 388. eage 135, 163, 172, 443, 444, 620.
drygan S30- 211, 217, 320, 406, earmbeag 617.
dryge 434. 407. earme 553, 555.
dryht 390. eagor 419. earn 335.
dryhten 288, 340, 563. eahta 5, 7, 20, 49, 68, eamian 536.
dryhtscipe 61 1, 168, 177, 217, 231, eart (thou art) 66.
drync 112. 326,447. earwicga 256, 319, 618.
dryre 239, 386. eahtateo])a 447. east 135, 446, 558.
duce 404. eahtatiene 447. eastan 558.
dufan 299, 496. eahtian 536. easterne 626.
dugan 482, 541. eahto))a 447. eastnor)) 557.
dugu)) 218, 286, 320, eald 5, 47, 64, 65, 170, eastron 250.
390. 178, 183, 221, 279, eab 557.
dumb III, 159, 282, 303, 426, 443, 444, eajie 556.
292, 299, 426. 620. ea)>medan 530.
dung 411. ealdlic 634. eawunga 554.
dunlendisc 640. ealdor 340. eax 68, 367.
dunn 426. ealdordom 597. eaxl 68, 367.
*durTan 279. ealdormann 617. ebba 256, 292.
durron 36. ealdsprsec 617. ece 434, 553.
duru 5,7, 21,111,234, Ealdulfing 607. ecg 375-
278, 299, 398. ealh 64, 337. ecgheard 640.
duruweard 618. eall 5, 7, 64, 168, ed- 571, 648.
dustil3, 286, 298, 343. 259, 276, 421, 426, edbyrdan 648.
dwasscan 56. 557- edcierr 571.
dwellan 263, 299, 534. eallgod 640. -ede 624.
dweorg 85, 182, 263, eal(l)m£st 15, 557. edgeong 571, 621.
335- eall tela 557. edgield 571.
dwinan 490. eallunga, -inga 554. edgieldan 648.
dwolian 536, eallwealdende 640. edgift 571.
dwolma 401. ealneg (ealne weg) 15, edgrowung 571.
dyne 386. 267, 557. edhiertan 648.
dyn(n) 352. ealswa 15, 560. edlsecan 648.
dynnan 526. ealu 78, 276, 414. edlSstan 648.
Index 333
edlean 571. endian 536. esne 56, 354.
ednlwe 571. enfd)le(o)fan 447. esol 48, 92, 198, 395.
ednlwunga 554. en(d)le(o)fta 447. est 47, 62, 286, 331,
edor 92, 198. ened 60. 390-
edroc 571. enge 60, 234, 289,i5S3- este 434.
edsta})elian 648. engel 221, 289, 338, -estre 603.
edwierpan 648. 340. etan 5, 18, 24, 48, Zo,
edwit 571. Englaland 619. 93,96,119,196,200,
ef(e)n (emn) 80, 8 1 , 2 1 9, Engle 385. 232, 240, 298, 305,
293, 430. 639- englisc 218,
60, 289) 472, 476, 505.
efeneald 640. 312, 317, 632. etere 602.
efenlaecan 658. engu 383. etol 430, 635.
efes 107. enlefan 151. -ettan 657.
efesian 536. ent 387. e))el223.
efnan 56, 532. entisc 632. e))))a217, 301.
efstan 530. eo (eoh) 328. ewe (eowe, eowu) 77,
eft 56. eode 275, 550. 264.
eftcierran 14. eodor 92, 198, 341.
eftcyme 617. eofor 48, 92, 169, 341. facen 348.
eftflowan 14. eofot 325. facenstafas 612.
ege 55, 320, 386, 419. eoh 86, 337. facne 557.
egenu 369. eolh 7, 84, 149) 173. fsec 345.
eg(e)sian 536, 659. 182, 328, 329, 337. fsecele 404.
eglan 320, 528, 532. eom (earn) 548. Scne 433, 434, 553-
egle 434, 439- eorl 85, 335. faeder 5,7, 22, 36, 41,
ehtan 47, 118, 163, 530. eorlcund 623. 54> 155. 183. 211,
ehtend 418. eorlisc 632. 215, 218, 238, 253,
-el 639. eornan (ioman) 98. 278, 295, 299, 415,
elboga (elnboga) 287. eornostlice 553. 563-
ele5, 47, 107, 156, 186, eorod 13, 151,329. feder(e)nmEeg 617.
386. eorbcund 623. fsederleas 633.
elebeam 618. eorjie 7, 49, 85, 169, fasderslaga 617.
ellen 340. 196, 205, 261, 278, fSge 434.
ellenrof 640. 302, 404. faegen 320, 430, 443,
elles 55, 557. eor)>f£st 627. 444. 639-
ellorfus 640. eosol 92. feg(e)nian 223, 536,
elIorsi)i 617. eow (low, Iw) 360, 460, 643-
elne 557. 462. feger 7, 54, 259, 295,
-els 598. eowde 77. 320, 430, 443, 639.
embren 600. eower (lower) 460, 464. fSh))(u) 372.
emn 81, 293. eowestre 52, 77, 169, faer 345.
emnet 604. 264. fasrunga 554.
-en 599, 6cx), 625, 639. eowic (lowih, Iwih) 311, fast 54, 295, 298.
-end 601. 460, 462. -faest 627.
ende 5, 47) 60, 156, -er 639. faestan 5, 56, 528, 530.
274, 351) 354, 562. -ere 602. faesten(n) 58, 259, 358,
endebyrdes 557. erian 525. 600.
endelaf 618. -erne 626. faestmod 641.
endemes 557. -(e)sian 659. fsstnes 609.
334 Index
faestnian 298, 536. feldhus 617. fejier 41, 80, 295, 302,
fasstrald 640. fell 5, 18, 80, 343. 369-_
faat48, 54, 78, 197, 215, fellen 625. fejierbasre 622.
29s. 342, 345- feng 239, 317, 387. ficol 310.
fetels 231, 277, 339, feog(e)an 270, 537. fiell 387.
598. feoh 86, 87, 139, 173, fiellan 47, 65, 170, 178,
fas)>m 7, 54, 155, 302, 182, 215, 231, 328, 530. 643-
340. 329, 346, 399. fierd 225, 390, 563.
fagettan 221. feohstrang 640. fierdleo)) 617.
fah 428. feoht 562. fierr 556.
fals 64. feohtan 68, 86, 99, 106, fierst 280, 387.
falu 64. III, 169, 170, 295, fif 5, 41, 50, 97, 147,
fam 343. 298, 326, 500. 213, 237, 283, 295,
fana 59, 401. feohtlac 608. 447-
fandian 536. feol (fiol) 41, 127, 329, flfel 97.
faran 48, 54, 55, 57. 367- frfta 447.
58, 78, 128, 153, 165, feolan 84, 173, 329, fifteojia 447.
197, 225, 226, 278, 501. fiftiene 447.
475. 476. 482, 484> feond (flond) 104, 105, fiftig 447.
508. 140, 174, 175, 269, fiftigo])a 447.
faru 366, 562. 417, 601. filde 434.
fajje 404. feondscipe 611. filmen 600.
fea 75, 266, 295. feorh 7, 85, 149, 173, fine 289.
-feald 628. 182, 278, 328, 329, findan 59,96,111,239,
fealdan 64, 303, 516, 395- 29s. 300, 488, 498.
628. feorr 85, 259, 426, 443, finger 96, 219,289,317,
feallan 64, 65, 176, 233, 444, 556, 558- 340, 563-
258, 259, 276, 29s, feorran 258, 278, 288, finiht 631.
303, 475, 476, 484, 558. firen 368, 369.
5 16. feorrcund 623. fir{e)num 557.
fealu 64, 436. feor))ling 607. fisc 5, 7, 19, 96, 231,
fearh 66,172, 178,329, feotor 92. 312, 335-
337- feower 237, 295, 447. fiscno)) 595.
feam 343. feowerfeald 453. fiscot> 395, 595.
feawe 437. feowerfete 434. fit>ele 404.
feax 68, 177, 327, 343. feowergield 11,13,617. fijiere 41.
fecc(e)an 309. feowerteojia 447. fla 405.
fedan 5, 129, 240, 530, feowertiene 447. flacor 430.
643- feowertig 447. flasc 134, 295, 312,
fefor 293. feowertigoj)a 447. _393, 419-
fegan 530. feo(we)rj>a 447. flcescen 625.
fela (feola) 48, 80, 93, fer- 649. fljeschama 617.
200,215,399,557. feran 530. flah 346, 428.
felafeald 628. ferian 525. flasce (flaxe) 57.
felan 129. fersc 85, 280. flea 402.
felasynnig 640. fetian 309. flea(h) 135.
felawyrdnes 618. fetor (feter) 80, 92, 369. fleam 225, 335.
feld 41, 80, 276, 295, fej)a 401. flean 70, 239, 329, 509.
303, 395, 397, 562. fefe 62, 357. fleax 68, 295, 327, 343.
Index 335
flede 434. foran 558. forlorennes 12, 259.
fleogan in, forbeodan 14, 649.
137, 189, forma 446, 447.
29s. 320, 333, 476, forbod 12, 563. formeltan 649.
493- forbrecan 649. formest(a) 447.
fleoge 320, 404, 562. forbryttan 649. forniman 649.
fleon 225, 239, 276, forcierran 649. forod 430, 639.
329. 495- forcwe})an 649. forrsedan 649.
fleos 137. ford 397. forsc 280, 335.
fleotan 493. fordselan 649. forscrlfan 649.
flett 356. fordeman 649. forsendan 649.
flicce 311, 357. fordon 649. forseon 649.
fliema 401. fordrlfan 649. forslgwan 533.
flieman 530, 643. fore2l7, 445,446, 558 forst 106, 280, 335.
flies 393, 419. 559, 572- forswerian 649.
fliete 404. fore- 572. for))558.
flitan 490. forealdian 649. for })Sm (jjam) 560.
flitmEelum 557. forebeacen 572. for)>genge 434.
flocan 519. foreduru 572. for ))on 560.
flocc 310. foregangan 14. forjjweard 637.
floccmselum 557. foregisl 572. for J)y 560.
flod 26, 128, 231, 238, forehalig 572. forweard 557.
395- foremaere 572. forweor))an 649.
flor 398. foresceawian 14. forwyrcan 649.
flota 401, 562. forespreca 572. forwyrd 12, 563, 649.
flowan 128,264, 519- fore|janc 572. fostor 240.
flugol 430. forfaran 649. fostorling 607.
flyge 386. forfon 649. fot 7, 26, 41, 47, 128,
flyht (fliht) 7,112,157, forgan 649. 129, 163, 194, 211,
225, 326, 387. 563- forgiefan 14, 649. 213, 215, 217, 218,
fnaed 345. forgiefennes 259. 231, 232, 295, 298,
fnaes 345. forgieldan 649. 331, 408, 409, 562.
foda 128, 295. forgleman 649. fotmaelum 557.
fodor 260, 299, 348, 563. forgietan 72, 91, 124, fox 43, 106, 327, 335.
fola 106, 288, 401. 505. fracodscipe 611.
folc 7, 106, 276, 295, forgietol 12. fracujj (-o|)) 218, 286,
310, 343, 562. forglendran 532. 430-
folcisc 632. forhabban 649. fraetwan 264.
folcmSre 640. forhaefednes 12, 563. fraetwe 220, 380.
folctoga 617. forherigan 649. fram {adj.) 425.
folde 404. forhogian 649. fram (firep.) 295, 559,
folgere 602. forht 426. 573-
folgian 106, 276, 295, forhtfuU 629. fram- 573.
320, 536, 538. forhtlic 634. framcyme 573.
fon 40, 47, 117, 118, for hwon 557. framlad 573,
125, 139, 163, 165, forlacan 649. framslf) 573.
194, 239, 245, 326, forliedan 649. framweard 573.
329. 475. SI 4- forleosan 239, 305, 494, frea 400, 402.
for 559. 649. free 425.
for- 649. forlor 12, 563. freca 401.
336 Index
frecne 434> 553- fulbetan 650. fy)>er-fete 237.
frefran 221, 532. fuldon 650. fyxen43, 112,327, 378,
frem(e)de 434. fulgan 650. 599-
fremman 60, 221, 254, full {sb.) 343.
273, 282, 524, 526. full (adj) S, 37, 108, gad(£^oad) 315,367.
fremsum 636. 159, 242, 259, 276, gad (want) 215, 265.
freo (frio) 104, 269, 29s. 426, 557, 620. gad(e)rian 57, 222, 223,
278, 29s, 328, 434. ful(l)- 650. 315-
freo (sb.) 275. -full 629. gaderung 223.
freobearn 617. fullffistan 650. gaadeling 10, 58, 155,
freodom 597. fuUberstan 650. 223, 339-
freog(e)an 270, 537. fuUbrecan 650. gars 66, 280, 306, 345.
freols 325. fuUendian 650. gaersgrene 640.
freomSg II. fuUfremman 650, gKSt 419.
freond (frlond) 47, 104, fullfyllan 650. gffiten 600, 625.
105, 140, 174, 175, fullgrowan 650. gaffetung 57.
269, 285, 29s, 299, fuUian 536, 643. gafol 225, 563.
416, 417, 601. full))ungen 650. galan 57, 315, 508.
freondlice 553. fuUuht 267, 391. galend 601.
freondscipe 611. fultruwian 650. gamen3l5, 349.
freosan 106, 135, 137, fultum 14. gan 142, 550.
295) 494- fultumian 10, 14. gandra 59.
fretan 80, 505. fulwiht 391. gang 335, 562.
frettol 431. fulwihthad 605. gangan 59, 289, 515.
fricgan 507. fundian 536. gar 315. 397-
frigea 270. furh36, IIS, 328, 411. gara 401.
frlg(e)dasg27S. furjjor 108. garbeam 617.
frignan 96, 321, 502. fur )ra 445. gast 7, 133, 298, 306,
frinan 96, 321. fur])um 108, 557. 315, 335. 419-
fri]) 344. fus 1 13, 286, 426. gastcund 623.
friligeom 640. fylgan 220, 530, gat 133, 134, 315, 411.
fri})sum 656. fylg(e)an 538. ge 560.
frod 421, 426. fylgestre 603. ge- 12, 574, 651.
Froda 421. fyllan 112, 259, 272, ge (ge, gie) 252, 268,
frofor 221, 370. 276, 528, 530, 643. 460, 462.
frogga 7, 106, 256, 258, fyllu, -o 383, 563. gea 124.
319, 401. fylstan 530. geac 335.
from 559. fyl)) 613. geacessure 619.
frum 425. fyr 132, 278, 295. geador 557.
fruma 401. fyrbffire 622. ge-£eman 651.
frumbearn 618. fyren 625. ge-sejiele 12, 574.
fugelere 602. fyrest(a) 445, 447. ge-agnian 651.
fugelno)) 595. fyrhtan 112. gealga 64, 288, 316,
fugelof) 595. fyrmest(a) 446, 447- 401.
fugol 7, 108, 1 59, 219, fyrn 426, 557. gealla_276, 401.
276, 295, 320, 340, fyrs 387. geanlsecan 658.
563. fyrstig 630. geapscipe 611.
fuht, 43. fysan 114, 530. gear 5, 51, 124, 172,
ful 27, 131, 276,426. tyst 132, 329, 390. 188, 268, 343.
Index 337
geara 557. gedryhtu 391. geleafa 135.
gearcian 536. gefa 402. geleaffuU 629.
geard66, 72, 316,335. gefaran 651. geleafsum 636.
geardagas II. gefea 402. gellc 12, 218, 260, 560,
geardagum 557. gefeg 393. 574. 634.
gearlic 634. gefeoht 12, 563. gelice 553.
geam 66, 72, 343. gefeon 68, 87, 506. gellefan 5, 47. 136,174,
gearo)>ancol 640. gefera 12, 225, 401, 188, 272, 530, 643,
gearowyrdig 11, 13. 574- 651.
geara 66, 220, 264, 265, gefere 434. geligere (gelire) 322.
316, 43S, 436, 440, geferrjeden 6lo. gelimpan 282, 498,
443,444- geferscipe 611. 651.
gearwe 220, 264, 553. geflend 417. gemaecca 55, 574.
gearwian 66, 264, 536. gefilde 41, 96, 357. gemaene 12, 434, 438,
ge-ascian 651. geflit 344. 574-
geat 5, 72, 78, 179, 183, gefog (gefoh) 419, 426, gemasnscipe 611.
315, 316, 344. 427. gemang 559.
geat we 380. gefredan 530. gemearcian 66.
gebjedan 651. gefrlend 417. gemecca 55.
gebxran 14, 651. gefrignan 651. gemengan 317.
geban(n)i2, 419, 563. gefylce 357, 574- gemetan 651.
gebed 12, 563. gefyrn 12, 557. gemidlian 536.
gebedda 574. gegad(e)rian 260. gemierce 357.
gebelgan 651. gegaderung 574. gemiltsung 615.
gebeodan 651. gegnum 557. gemot 574.
gebeorc 343. gegnunga 554. gemynd 35, I12, 391.
gebeorgan 651. gegrynd 393. gemyndgian 536.
geberan 65 1 gehada 574. gemyndig 12, 574.
gebetan 651. gehatan 14, 651. gemyne 438.
gebierhtan 99, 184. geheald 419. genjeme 434.
gebindan 651. gehefigian 651. geneahhe 68, 326.
geblot 563. gehende 434, 553, 559. geneat 225.
gebod 225, 344. gehield 393. genesan 239, 505.
gebrec 563. gehlaestan 530. genog (genoh) 128,
gebr6t»or(gebr6))ru) 12, gehleow 437. 323, 421, 426, 427,
41S, 574. gehlow 363. 557-
gebyrd 225, 391, 563, gehlyd 393. genyht 393, 563.
574- gehnast 393. genyhtsum 636.
geceosan 651. gehnast 419. geo (gio, lu) 268.
gecnjewe 434. gehola 401. geoc (gioc, iuc) 7, 43,
gecoren 12. gehreow 363. SI, no, 211, 212,
gecwemei22,434,438. gehwa 471. 214, 232, 240, 268,
gecynd 391. gehwier 558. 309. 310, 334-
gecynde 12, 574, 621. gehwsejier 471. geogu)), -o^ (giogu),,
gedasftan 530. gehwaejieres 557. -o))) 116, 218, 268,
gedafenian 536. gehwilc 471. 286, 390.
gedeaw 437. gehycgan 651. geogut)had 605.
gedefe 12, 434, 438, gehygd 391. geol 255.
SS3, 574- gehyrstan 530. geoloca 53, 92.
Z
338 Index
geolu, -0 5, 53, 92,
Index 339
glSm 387. g^asian 307. haca 401.
gl»s 54, 345. great 135, 426, 443, hacele 404.
gleaw 76, 26s, 437, 444. had 133, 397, 605.
439- gredig 630. -had 605.
gleawferhj) 641. gremman 526. hadesmann 619.
gleawhycgende 640. grene 129, 194, 278,
5, hador 431.
gleawnes 609. 285, 315. 434. 438- haecc 55, 375.
gled 129, 390, 563. grennes 609. hffif 345.
glengan 530. greotan iii, 493. h£eft23i,33S, 563.
glldan 126, 490. gretan 129, 300, 528, hasftan 56, 530.
glJg 357. 531- haeftedom 597.
glioda 102. greting 10, 615. haeften 599.
gllw 357. grimettan 10, 530, 657. haaftincel 358, 606.
glof 128, 315, 367. grimm 426, 443. haeftling 607.
glom 128. grimman 498. hasftnian 595.
glomung 615. grimsian 283, 536,659. haeg(e)l 54, I5S, 34°-
glowan 128. grin 391. ha;gtes(s) 378.
gnsett 315. grindan 498. hSl 393, 419.
gnagan 57, 508. gripan loi, 126, 490. hslan 5, 47, 134, 162,
gnea)) 426. gripe 386. 191,325,530,643.
gnidan 490. growan 5, 128, 165, hasle 386, 414.
god 7, 43, 106, 253, 264, 266, 519. hsiend 418, 601.
299. 31 5> 344- grund 111,315,395- hasle)) 58, 301, 414.
god 128, 223, 284, 299, grundlunga, -linga 554. hSlnes 10, 609.
315, 426, 445. grut 411. haelu, -o 383, 563.
godbearn 11. gryre 386. hffiman 530.
godcund 623. guma 5, 50, 109, 159, hffir 119.
goddond 417. 213, 215, 217, 218, hSren 625.
godlic 218. 235, 252, 282, 315, haerfest 58, 339.
godscipe 611. 331, 400, 401. hjeriht 10, 631.
godspell 617. gumcynn 618. haering 607.
godspellere 602. gund 230. haern 66, 280.
gold 7, 43, 106, 276, gubii3, 315. hjes 240, 390.
303. 315, 343. 562. gupfana 617. haesl 307.
goldhroden 640. gyden43,ii2,259,378, hffitan 134, 191, 531.
gos 5, 6, so, 61, 62, 599- haeteru 419.
147, 163, 165, 194, gyldan 530. hStu, -o 383, 563.
23s, 286, 306, 315, gylden 43, 47, "2. hSb 47, 134, 162, 301.
411. 160, 218, 315, 431, hffifen 288, 302, 431.
grffif 345- 530, 625. hje lenscipe 611.
graeg 426. gyldenfeax 641. hje )iht 631.
grass 54, 315, 345. gylt 298, 387. hafenian 536.
grafan 54, 57, 508. gyrdan 259, 299, 530. hafola (hafela) 57, 78,
gram 4^5. gyrdels 277, 598. 222, 401.
grambffire 622. gyte 386. hafuc, -oc (heafuc, -oc)
grame 553. 48, 57, 78, 197, 293,
gramheort 641. habban 5, 7, 8, 54, 57, 341.
grammdd 641. 183, 292, 293, 305, hagol 5, 57, 340, 563.
grapian 133,291,536. 325, 474, 538. hagosteald 618.
z 2
340 Index
hagu 57. healede 624. 226, 276, 291, 472,
hal 133, 161,426, 620. healf 64, 262, 294. 475, 476, 482, 484,
halbsere 622. healfcwic 640. 486, 499-
Halga 421. healfslSpende 640. helpend 418.
halgian 221, 536. healfsoden 640. helustr 92.
halig 216, 221, 223, healh 337. hemming 607.
324, 421, 429, 431, healic 329. hengen 599.
440, 443, 444. healichad 605. hengest 221, 339.
halor 419. heall 64, 367. henn 60, 254, 272, 285,
halwende 434, 638. healm 335. 374-
ham 133, 282, 335,562. heals 64, 306, 335. heo (hlo) 104, 462.
hatnleas 633. healt 426. heo-dasg 557.
hamor 59, 278, 325, hean 426, 530. heofon 92, 221, 222,
341. 563- heane 553. 285, 288, 293, 338,
hamstede 617. heanes 329. 341, 563.
hamweardes 557. heap 135, 243, 291. heofoncund 623.
hana 59, 231, 401. heapmaslum 557. heofone 404.
hand59, 215,285, 299, heard 5, 7, 49, 66, 168, heofonisc 10, 632.
325, 331. 39S, 562. 218, 278, 299, 325, heofonlic 10, 634.
handgeweorc 617. 426, 439, 620. heolfor 84.
handlung 10, 615. hearde 553, 555. heolor 92.
hangian 239, 289, 536. hearding 607. heol(o)stor 48, 92.
har 426. heardnes 609. heom 462.
hara 5, 57, 238, 401. hearg 66, 397. heonan (hionan) 102,
harung 615. hearm 66. 558.
has 426. hearmstafas 612. heononweard 637,
hassuc 57. hearpe 291, 404. heora (hiora) 102.
hasu (heasu) 436. hearpere 602. heord 41, 85, 367.
hat 133, 298. hearpung 615. -heort 641.
hatan 125, 133, 161, hea))u 78. heortco])u 618.
240,474,511. 512- heawan 76, 172, 264, heorte 5, 49, 85, 169,
hate 553. 518. 196, 205, 231, 288,
hatian 57, 298, 536, hebban 47, 55, 128, 325, 404.
538. 231, 258, 272, 295, heorj) 85.
hatwende 638. 297, 510. heoru 396.
he (he) 95, 144, 163, hedan 129. heorut, -ot 48, 92, 341.
461, 462. hefe 386. heoruword 618.
heafod 5, 10, 135, 172, hefig 218, 293, 324. heow (hiow) 90.
216, 221, 293, 299, hef(i)gian 536. her 5, 125, 163, 558.
325, 347, 350. hege 55, 386. here 5, 47, 55, 156,
heafodling 607. hela 118, 329. 274, 278, 351, 353-
heah 5, 47, 135, 136, helati 80, 503. herefolc 618.
163, 174, 187, 221, helian 526. here- toga 225, 239.
328, 329, 427, 428, hell 55, 254, 272, 375. hergian 536.
440, 443, 557. hellebryne 619. herian 55, 252, 254,
heahsynn 617. hellewlte 619. 271, 525.
heald 562. helm 80, 276, 282, 335. hete 55, 386,419.
healdan 5, 7, 49, 176, helpan 5, 41, 43, 64, hetele 10.
299, 516. 80,96, 106, 111,215, hetelic 634.
Index 341
557. 559, 584, 637. twSntig 447. >a;s {adv.) 557, 560.
toweorpan 656. twentigfeald 628. ,ast 54, 211, 465, 560.
wrltan 126, 263, 278, wundor 35, iii, 219, yce 404.
490. 263, 348. yfel 112, 183, 215, 216,
writere 602. wundorfuU 629. 223, 293, 430, 445,
wri))an 239, 491. wundrian 10, 536. 5 S3, 639-
wrixlan 327, 532. wundrum 557. yfelcund 623.
wrohtbora 596. wunian 109, 536. yf(e)le 553, 556.
wrohtlac 608. wunung 615. yfel(l)ic 259.
wrohtstafas 612. wurpan 94. yfelsprSce 641.
wrotan 519. wur 94.
> yferra 446.
wuce 404. wurjjan 94, 185. yfes 107.
wucu (wiocu) 103, 159, wuton 103, 266. ymb SS9, 594.
184. wylf 376. ymb- 594.
wudiht 631. wyllen 112, i6o. ymbbindan 14.
wudu 52, 103, 299, wynn 112, 375. ymb(ej 112, 234, 292,
396. wynnum 557. 594, 645-
wudubearo 618. wynsum 636. ymbfasr 594.
wuduwe 103, 159, 404. wyrcan 43, 106, 112, ymbgang 594.
wuht 103, 391. 220, 240, 263, 534. ymbhoga 594.
wuldor 303, 348. wyrd 225, 390, 562. ymbhweorfan 14.
wuldrian 536. wyrdstafas 612. ymbutan 559.
wulf 7, 37, 108, IS9, wyrest (wyrst) 556. ymest 329.
211, 212, 213, 237, wyrhta 112, 401, 421. yppan 112,259, 531.
261, 29s, 296, 335. wyrm 1 12, 282, 387, 562. yst 114, 167, 286,
wulfheort 641. wyrs 556. 390-
Wulfmjer 421. wyrt 112, 390. ystig 630.
wulle 108,242,276,404, wyrtruma 259. ytera 446.
wund III, 367, 426. wyscan 5, 114,286,312, yf- 5, 114,376,562.
wundian 536. 531-