Introduction To Systems Development Systems Analysis: Suggested Answers To Discussion Questions

Accounting Information Systems
CHAPTER 20
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
20.1 The approach to long-range AIS planning described in this chapter is important for large
organizations with extensive investments in computer facilities. Should small organizations
with far fewer information systems employees attempt to implement planning programs?
Why or why not? Be prepared to defend your position to the class.
Yes, companies with few IS employees should attempt to implement planning programs. This is
particularly true if the company or its computer usage is growing. The extent of the planning
should be commensurate with the size of the computer facility, reliance on system information, and
the potential value of the company’s system.
Planning produces benefits even if the planning effort is minimal. In the smallest facility, the plan
may consist simply of a few pages of thoughts and projects that are prepared and reviewed
periodically by the person in charge of the system. It could also consist of a bare bones cost-benefit
analysis.
A smaller company will typically have fewer funds than a large company will. Therefore,
inadequate planning can be more disastrous and financially draining for small companies.
20-1
20.2 You are a consultant advising a firm on the design and implementation of a new system.
Management has decided to let several employees go after the system is implemented. Some
have many years of company service.
 Tell employees what is going to happen to them as soon as possible.
 Institute a hiring freeze so staff can be reduced by attrition.
 Retrain displaced employees for other jobs.
 Offer early retirement to older employees.
 Offer retirement incentives.
 Offer displaced employees comparable positions in other divisions of the company.
 Hire a personnel-consulting firm to help displaced employees find alternative employment.
 Train displaced employees for positions in the new system.
 Encourage part-time work or job-sharing.
How would you advise management to communicate this decision to the affected employees?
To the entire staff?
 The communication should be direct, so that the employees are the first to find out and are not
subject to the whims of rumors and uncertainty.
 The communication should be prompt so the employees have sufficient time to seek other jobs.
 Management should offer as much employee assistance as possible to help them find new jobs.
This includes recommendations from supervisors, priority consideration for other jobs in the
firm, opportunities for positions in the new system, time off to search for a new job, and
severance pay.
While these actions may be costly, they will provide benefits (cooperation, improved morale in the
remaining employees, etc.) that will likely exceed the costs.
20-2
20.3 While reviewing a list of benefits from a computer vendor’s proposal, you note an item that
reads, “Improvements in management decision making—$50,000 per year.” How would you
interpret this item? What influence should it have on the economic feasibility and the
computer acquisition decision?
The item cannot be properly interpreted without further information from the computer vendor,
such as what decisions, made by which managers, are they referring to? How will the decisions be
improved by the system? Unless you get very specific answers that support the calculations, the
item should be ignored when making the computer acquisition decision.
Usually, a computer system will help management make better decisions. However, these
decisions do not always result in a direct cost savings. The economic feasibility study should only
include costs that can be directly determined. In addition to an economic feasibility study,
qualitative factors, like better decision-making, should be considered. In many instances, these
non-quantifiable benefits may be the most important or the majority of the benefits. Even though
they are subjective and are surrounded by uncertainty, they must be considered.
20-3
For each of the following, discuss which data-gathering method(s) are most appropriate and why:
Examining the adequacy of internal controls in the purchase requisition procedure -Observation of
procedures, interviews with employees, and documentation reviews (of document or control
flowcharts, for example) will all aid in understanding purchase requisition procedures. Each type
of procedure will identify different aspects of the internal controls in the purchasing department.
Identifying the controller’s information needs - An in-depth interview with the controller is one way to
determine her information needs. However, managers often don’t know what information they
need; they say they need the information they are now getting and little else. Therefore, the
interviewer/analyst must understand the manager’s function and the role of that function in the
organization. The interviewer should also ask the controller what information she would like to
receive that she is not now receiving. Interviewing is an efficient fact-finding technique that allows
a prepared and informed interviewer to ask "why" or probing questions to better identify the
controller's needs.
Reviewing the reports that the controller currently receives is also a good way to identify her needs.
c. Determining how cash disbursement procedures are actually performed - If the cash
procedures are documented, a review of that documentation will help understand how it is supposed
to work. The best way to understand how cash disbursement procedures are actually performed is
to interview employees, observe them, and prepare flowcharts and notes.
d. Surveying employees about the move to a total quality management program - By using a
questionnaire, the opinions of many different employees can be gathered. Questionnaires also
produce information in a standardized format. A questionnaire allows employees to think about the
questions before giving answers and it is more objective than other data gathering methods.
Anonymous questionnaires will encourage employees to give honest answers.
Questionnaires produce a "breadth" but not a "depth" of information. To go beyond the questions in the
questionnaire, interviews should be held with selected employees. The purpose of the interviews is
to probe deeper to find out why employees feel as they do.
e. Investigating an increase in uncollectible accounts - Interviews with employees and examination

of documents will provide good initial sources of information to investigate the problem.
Documents will show which accounts are uncollectible and help with an understanding of the
company's collection policies. Interviews will help determine why uncollectible accounts have
increased.
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20.5 The following problem situations occurred in a manufacturing firm. What questions should
you ask to understand the problem?
</para>
Customer complaints about product quality have increased.
What is it, specifically, that customers are complaining about?
Has anything happened to change product quality during the past few years?
Is poor product quality the result of:
Poor quality raw materials?
Inadequate product specifications? If so, can they be altered to improve quality?
Low employee morale?
Changes in production procedures?
Other possibilities for poor quality
Does the company have a total quality management (TQM) program? Should they ?
Accounting sees an increase in the number and dollar value of bad debt write-offs
Has the company recently changed its credit policy? If so, why?
Are certain customer groups more delinquent than others are?
What collection procedures does the company employ? Are they adequate? If not, why not?
Are early payment discounts and late payment penalties adequate?
Are current economic conditions affecting delinquency rates?
Operating margins have declined each of the past four years due to higher-than-expected
production costs from idle time, overtime, and reworking products
Does the production scheduling system perform satisfactorily? If not, why not?
Are there delays in receiving materials? If so, why? What are the current policies for handling the
receipt of raw materials?
What causes the overtime problem? Increasing sales, understaffed lines, inefficient workers?
Is product rework caused poor employee performance, poor quality materials, poor production process,
etc.?
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What economic conditions are affecting production costs?
20-6
20.6 Give some examples of systems analysis decisions that involve a trade-off between each of the
following pairs of objectives:
There are many examples of the tradeoffs between information system objectives. One example is
provided here for each pair of objectives.
economy and usefulness - the decision of how much information to give a credit manager to help in
deciding whether to extend credit versus the cost of providing that information.
b. economy and reliability - the decision of whether to implement a new internal control procedure.
c. economy and customer service - the decision of whether or not to allow sales personnel to access
data versus the cost of providing that information and the cost of the information being used for
unintended purposes.
d. simplicity and usefulness - any decision about the extent to which output information should be
reported in detail or in summarized form.
e. simplicity and reliability - any decision about whether or not to implement an internal control
procedure.
f. economy and capacity - the decision of whether to acquire additional storage capacity.
g. economy and flexibility - the decision to replace older, less flexible storage mediums with newer,
more flexible, and often more costly storage mediums.
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20.7 For years, Jerry Jingle’s dairy production facilities led the state in sales volume but recent
declines worry him. Customers are satisfied with his products but are troubled by the dairy’s
late deliveries and incomplete orders. Production employees (not the cows) are concerned
about bottlenecks in milk pasteurization and homogenization due to poor job scheduling,
mix-ups in customers’ orders, and improperly labeled products. How should Jerry address
the problems? What data-gathering techniques would be helpful at this early stage?
Jerry could install an information system that coordinates job scheduling, tracks customer orders,
and controls product labeling. The system can also help reduce bottlenecks in the milk
pasteurization and homogenization process by controlling production schedules.
It appears that Jerry has conducted an initial investigation and determined that actual problems
exist. Jerry now needs to conduct a more in-depth investigation to verify the nature of the problem
and to identify customer and the user needs.
The person conducting the investigation should interview the employees who process, bottle, and deliver
the milk. These employees will be able to identify what is wrong with the current process and
make suggestions for improvement.
Customers should also be interviewed to find out their needs, since meeting customer's needs is the
ultimate goal of the company.
Jerry and supervisory personnel should be interviewed to get their insights about the problems and
possible solutions.
Interviewing from the bottom up can result in better problem identification and solutions than from the
top down. Lower level employees are more likely to accept a change in the system when they were
the ones who first suggested the changes.
At this stage, Jerry and those he hires to help him will find interviewing techniques most useful in
developing a problem statement. He will also probably find observation and reviewing whatever
documentation is available to be of some use. A customer questionnaire may also produce useful
information.
20-8
20.8 A manufacturing firm needed a specialized software program to identify and monitor cost
overruns. After an extensive analysis, the company purchased prepackaged software and
assigned three programmers to modify it to meet its individual circumstances and processes.
After six months of work, during final testing, the company told them to stop all work until
further notice. While reading the software vendor’s sales agreement, the manufacturing
manager found a clause stating that the software could not be changed without the prior
written consent of the vendor. The firm had to pay the software vendor an additional fee so it
could use the modified software in its manufacturing process. Which aspect(s) of feasibility
did the manufacturing firm failed to consider prior to purchasing the
software.</para></problem>
Of the five aspects of feasibility, the manufacturing firm failed to consider legal feasibility. Legal
feasibility deals with the system’s compliance with all applicable federal and state laws,
regulations, and contractual obligations. In this particular case, the company failed to consider the
contractual obligation not to alter the software without express written consent from the vendor.
20.9 Ajax Manufacturing installed a new bar code based inventory tracking system in its
warehouse. To close the books each month on a timely basis, the six people who work in the
warehouse must scan each item in a 36-hour period while still performing their normal duties.
During certain months, when inventory expands to meet seasonal demands, the scan takes as
many as 30 hours to complete. In addition, the scanners do not accurately record some
inventory items that require low operating temperatures. A recent audit brought to
management’s attention that the inventory records are not always accurate. Which aspect(s)
of feasibility did Ajax fail to consider prior to installing the inventory tracking
system.</para></problem>
Ajax Manufacturing failed to consider operational and technical feasibility when implementing
their inventory tracking system.
Operational feasibility considers whether the organization’s personnel can and/or will use the
system. For Ajax, the 30 hours required to scan all inventory in a 36-hour period was very difficult
on personnel and most likely led to human error in the inventory count due to fatigue.
Technical feasibility deals with whether the technology is in place for the system to work. For
Ajax, although the technology was in place and worked under normal circumstances, the scanners
did not always work in the cold conditions of Ajax’s warehouse. Therefore, the technology
sometimes failed, which resulted in inventory errors.
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SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE PROBLEMS
20.1 How do you get a grizzled veteran police officer who is used to filling out paper forms to use
a computer to process his arrests and casework—especially when he has little or no
experience using a computer? That was the problem facing the Chicago Police Department
when it decided to implement a relational database system. The system is capable of churning
through massive amounts of data to give officers the information they need to fight crime
more effectively.
Initially, the department rolled out the case component of the CLEAR (Citizen Law
Enforcement Analysis and Reporting) system that provided criminal history and arrest
records. The officers hated it, complaining that the system was not user-friendly, that
approval from supervisors was complex and involved multiple screens, and that they did not
feel properly trained on the system. After listening to the officers’ complaints for a year, the
department clearly had to do something. (Adapted from Todd Datz, “No Small Change,” CIO
(February 15, 2004): 66–72)
a. Identify as many system analysis and design problems as you can.
Apparently, the detectives were not asked what they wanted and/or needed in the new system. If they
were asked for input, it was not adequately communicated to system designers or it was ignored.
The system did not provide the service or performance the detectives wanted.
The detectives were not trained on the new system to their satisfaction. They did not feel comfortable
using it because they did not understand how to use it.
What could the department have done differently to prevent the officers’ complaints?
If the department had involved the police officers early in the planning, analysis, and design process, they
could have:
Helped systems analysts identify what they wanted in the new system, helped design the new system, and
given constructive feedback on the new system.
Acted as conduits or liaisons to their respective departments by communicating suggestions from their
department. They also could have acted as a champion or supporter of the new system to their
colleagues.
The Chicago Police Department recognized the problems with new systems and took steps to improve
system performance and user acceptance. They:
Increased the competence of their information systems group. They were a good team, but lacked the
training to manage a project of this magnitude. They recruited people with the correct skills and
experience to implement successfully the system.
Increased training for all IS professionals, from entry-level developers to senior managers.
Sent programmers to the field for six weeks to document the user problems and issues.
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Instituted joint application design sessions with teams comprised of management, users, and technical
staff.
Used police officers to train users in the field, which made a huge difference to the cop on the street. One
officer commented, “There is a certain degree of comfort with other police officers.”
What principles of system analysis and design were violated in this case?
Limited or no user input

Poor training
Users were not part of the development team.
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20.2 Mary Smith is the bookkeeper for Dave’s Distributing Company, a distributor of soft drinks
and juices. Because the company is rather small, Mary performs all daily accounting tasks
herself. Dave, the owner of the company, supervises the warehouse/delivery and front office
staff, but he also spends much of his time jogging and skiing.
For several years, profits were good, and sales grew faster than industry averages. Although
the accounting system was working well, bottlers were pressuring Dave to computerize. With
a little guidance from a CPA friend and with no mention to Mary, Dave bought a new
computer system and some accounting software. Only one day was required to set up the
hardware, install the software, and convert the files. The morning the vendor installed the
computer system, Mary’s job performance changed dramatically. Although the software
company provided two full days of training, Mary resisted learning the new system. As a
result, Dave decided she should run both the manual and computer systems for a month to
verify the new system’s accuracy.
Mary continually complained that she lacked the time and expertise to update both systems
by herself. She also complained that she did not understand how to use the new computer
system. To keep accounts up to date, Dave spent two to three hours a day running the new
system himself. Dave found that much of the time spent running the system was devoted to
identifying discrepancies between the computer and manual results. When the error was
located, it was usually in the manual system. This significantly increased Dave’s confidence in
the new system.
At the end of the month, Dave was ready to scrap the manual system, but Mary said she was
not ready. Dave went back to skiing and jogging, and Mary went on with the manual system.
When the computer system fell behind, Dave again spent time catching it up. He also worked
with Mary to try to help her understand how to operate the computer system.
Months later, Dave was very frustrated because he was still keeping the computer system up
to date and training Mary. He commented, “I’m sure Mary knows how to use the system, but
she doesn’t seem to want to. I can do all the accounting work on the computer in two or three
hours a day, but she can’t even do it in her normal eight-hour workday. What should I do?”
This is an actual case with the facts presented as accurately as possible. The objective is to
familiarize students with the behavioral issues surrounding a systems change. It is less important to
determine the "right answer" (there may not be one) that it is to discuss the issues.
a. What do you believe is the real cause of Mary’s resistance to computers?
Employee reaction to the installation of a new information system is often diverse and
unpredictable. In many cases, employees must make significant behavioral adjustments to ensure
the future success of the new system. These adjustments go well beyond mere surface anxieties
such as fear of the unknown. Possible causes of Mary’s resistance to computers include (phased as
questions):
Is Mary's adverse behavior due to a perceived need to protect her ego? Is she afraid she cannot use the
computer properly and would look foolish?
Since Mary was excluded from the decision to automate the office, does she feel resentment and refuse to
use a system she wasn't asked to help select?
Is she fearful because computers sometimes cause people to overcommunicate? (i.e., with capabilities
such as electronic mail, employees can be reached anywhere and anytime, making it difficult to get
away from all the interruptions that are part of the daily grind.)
Is she worried that the computer will impose its own structure on the organization? The computer can
considerably narrow that freedom causing people to view the computer as structure and constraint.
Did she have an adverse experience with previous changes to her work environment and as a result is
suspicious of any new system?
20-12
What events may have contributed to the new system’s failure?

The company did not involve Mary in the systems change. They did not ask for her ideas,
thoughts, or input. Evidently, she was not informed of the change until the computer was
moved into her office and the furniture rearranged to make room for it. It would be easy
for her to get the feeling she was not a very valued employee of the company.
The company did not explain why the system was being implemented, what the company hoped
to achieve with the system, and why it was so important to the company.
The changes to Mary's job and responsibilities were not explained.
Mary was not given any assurance that she would not be replaced by the system.
The company did not alleviate Mary's fear by reassuring her that training would be provided to
help her adapt to the new system and her duties.
Running two systems longer than it took to test system reliability was a mistake, as was having
Dave do the work.
c. In retrospect, how should Dave have handled the accounting system computerization?
Mary should have been informed of the change that was going to take place, the purpose of the
change, and why it was important to the company. Discussing these things with Mary
beforehand could have helped the company create an attitude of trust and cooperation and
could have set an example for what they expected of Mary.
The company should have allowed Mary to make suggestions concerning the system, especially
the things that would help her do her job more efficiently.
Mary should be reassured that she has control over the system and not the other way around and
that the system will help her perform her job more effectively.
Education prior to systems implementation could perhaps have helped Mary adapt to the system
more readily.
d. At what point in the decision-making process should Mary have been informed? Should she
have had some say in whether the computer was purchased? If so, what should have been the
nature of her input? If Mary had not agreed with Dave’s decision to acquire the computer,
what should Dave have done?
Mary should have at least been informed as soon as the decision was made to purchase the
system. Preferably, Mary should have been informed at the very start when the company
began thinking about the computer system. This would have allowed Mary to give
valuable input and to be involved throughout the entire process.
Because Mary was only a bookkeeper and did not fully understand the necessity of the system,
she should not have been allowed to make the final decision on acquiring the system.
However, if Mary had been involved from the beginning it is possible that she would have
been in favor of the system. Even though she should not make the final decision, if her
input had been considered it would have helped her accept the decision better.
An effort should have been made to persuade her of the system's viability. If that is unsuccessful
then consideration should be given to relocating her within the company. If both previous
plans fail then termination is the only alternative available.
Mary should have been given an opportunity for greater input. The company should have
solicited her suggestions concerning how the system would best assist her with her job and
how the system could achieve success in general terms. This participation would have
likely increased Mary's self-esteem and security with the new system and changed her
20-13
whole outlook about the system.

e. A hard decision must be made regarding Mary. Significant efforts have been made to train
her, but they have been unsuccessful. What would you recommend at this point? Should she
be fired? Threatened with the loss of her job? Moved somewhere else in the business? Given
additional training?
There are advantages and disadvantages to each of the following four options. Students will
come to different conclusions based on their background. It is important to bring out the pros and
cons of each approach. A few of these are shown below. This problem works well when the
instructor determines which students support which alternative and plays them off against each
other.
Firing can have the following advantages:

The company can hire a more qualified individual who can perform the job more efficiently.
The company can rid itself of an uncooperative employee and replace her with someone with a
more positive attitude.
Firing can have the following disadvantages:

The company sends messages to other employees and perhaps the community in general that
they don't care about their employees as much as they do about profits and operations.
This may lower company morale.
The firm may have higher training and hiring costs.
The person hired may cost more and bring unknown problems to the job.
Transferring employees can have the following advantages:
The company is less likely to communicate that it does not care for its employees.
The transferred person has experience with the company and may be of greater value to the
company in another area than a newly hired person may.
Training and hiring costs remain constant.
Transferring can have the following disadvantages:

Employees may resent being transferred and not perform well in their new duties.
Employees may not be qualified for the new job and perform poorly.
If the transferred employee is disgruntled and talks about her situation to her coworkers, it could
affect company morale.
Persuasion can have the following advantages:

A valuable employee may be retained and her time freed up to perform tasks that are more
important.
Hiring and training costs can be kept to a minimum.
The company communicates consideration for its employees.
Persuasion can have the following disadvantages:

The employee may never truly adapt, resulting in poor job performance and an increase in errors.
Significant costs may be incurred to constantly train the employee and identify the mistakes
made by the employee.
20-14
The company may make poor decisions based on incorrect information given by the employee.
It may only serve to increase even further the frustration level that already exists.
Mary was eventually fired and another bookkeeper hired. With the new system, there was not enough
work to keep the new employee busy full time. Consequently, the employee took over additional
tasks that Dave had originally been performing. This freed him up for more creative tasks and to
have more personal time.
Mary was interviewed several years later. She was employed at another firm and worked extensively
with computers. Mary was asked if the company could have done anything to help her adapt to the
computer and she said no. She had such a mental block against the computer at the time that she
doubted the company could have done anything else to help her. It required several years for her to
overcome her fear and learn to use computers.
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20.3 Wright Company’s information system was developed in stages over the past five years. During the
design process, department heads specified the information and reports they needed. By the time
development began, new department heads were in place, and they requested additional reports.
Reports were discontinued only when requested by a department head. Few reports were discontinued,
and a large number are generated each period.
Management, concerned about the number of reports produced, asked internal auditing to evaluate
system effectiveness. They determined that more information was generated than could be used
effectively and noted the following reactions:
Many departments did not act on reports during peak activity periods. They let them accumulate in the hope
of catching up later.
Some had so many reports they did not act at all or misused the information.
Frequently, no action was taken until another manager needed a decision made. Department heads did not
develop a priority system for acting on the information.
Department heads often developed information from alternative, independent sources. This was easier than
searching the reports for the needed data.
a. Explain whether each reaction is a functional or dysfunctional behavioral response.
1. Avoiding or delaying activity on reports during peak activity periods is dysfunctional if they
contain information that could improve company performance. If the reports continue to
accumulate with no action taking place (no catch up during the lulls), this is a dysfunctional
behavior called avoidance. On the other hand, they may let the reports accumulate because they are
worthless.
2. Having so many reports that no action or the wrong action is taken means that the department heads
were unable to assimilate the supplied information properly. This dysfunctional response is a good
example of information overload and indicates that the system needs to be changed to correct the
problem.
3. It is dysfunctional when a department head does not refer to report data until a fellow employee
follows up on critical information in order to make a decision. If delays continually take place, and
result in complications and/or delays in other departments, this lack of action is dysfunctional.
4. The department head's actions are both functional and dysfunctional. Developing information from
alternative sources is dysfunctional because the formal system is not producing useable information
and developing the needed information from other sources has a cost. However, the fact that the
department head could generate the information from other sources so action could be taken is a
functional response to the problem.
b. Recommend procedures to eliminate dysfunctional behavior and prevent its recurrence.
The dysfunctional behavior at Wright Company was a direct result of management's failure to
recognize that information systems are dynamic. Once a system is designed and implemented, it
should be continually reviewed to discover and incorporate any needed improvements.
A committee composed of systems staff and users should be established to monitor the system and
to educate users as to information needs and the use of information. The committee should gather
information concerning what information each department needs to make accurate decisions.
20-16
Allowing department heads to participate in the form, content, and volume of system output creates
a corporate culture that motivates employees to help identify ways to improve the company and its
information system. In addition, participation is ego enhancing, challenging, and intrinsically
satisfying.
Users who participate in developing the system know more about the technical aspects of the system and
are better able to use and prioritize the information it produces, regardless of the volume produced.
Once the system is ready for implementation, the system must be properly tested to minimize initial bad
impressions and the dysfunctional behavior exhibited under the old system.
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20.4 The controller of Tim’s Travel (TT) is deciding between upgrading the company’s existing
computer system or replacing it with a new one. Upgrading the four-year-old system will cost
$97,500 and extend its useful life for another seven years. The book value is $19,500, although
it would sell for $24,000. Upgrading will eliminate one employee at a salary of $19,400; the
new computer will eliminate two employees. Additional annual operating costs are estimated
at $15,950 per year. Upgrading is expected to increase profits 3.5% above last year’s level of
$553,000.
The BetaTech Company has quoted a price of $224,800 for a new computer with a useful life of
seven years. Annual operating costs are estimated to be $14,260. The average processing
speed of the new computer is 12% faster than that of other systems in its price range, which
would increase TT’s profits by 4.5%.
Tim’s present tax rate is 35%, and the cost of financing (minimum desired rate of return) is 11%.
After seven years, the salvage value, net of tax, would be $12,000 for the new computer and
$7,500 for the present system. For tax purposes, computers are depreciated over five full
years (six calendar years; a half year the first and last years), and the depreciation
percentages are as follows:
Year Percent (%)

1 20.00
2 32.00
3 19.20
4 11.52
5 11.52
6 5.76
<para>Using a spreadsheet package, prepare an economic feasibility analysis to determine if

Tim’s Travel should rehabilitate the old system or purchase the new computer. As part of the
analysis, compute the after-tax cash flows for years 1 through 7 and the payback, NPV, and
IRR of each alternative.
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As shown below, Tim's Travel would be better off economically to purchase a new system rather than
updating the existing one. Tim's Travel can achieve a 13.26% return by purchasing a new system
and an 11.57% return by updating the old system.
Note: For illustrative purposes, all calculations other than NPV and IRR have been rounded to zero
decimal places. All costs and savings amounts are show net of tax effects.
20-19
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20-21
20.5. Rossco is considering the purchase of a new computer with the following estimated costs:
initial systems design, $54,000; hardware, $74,000; software, $35,000, one-time initial
training, $11,000; system installation, $20,000; and file conversion, $12,000. A net reduction of
three employees is expected, with average yearly salaries of $40,000. The system will decrease
average yearly inventory by $150,000. Annual operating costs will be $30,000 per year.
The expected life of the machine is four years, with an estimated salvage value of zero. The
effective tax rate is 40%. All computer purchase costs will be depreciated using the straight-
line method over its four-year life. Rossco can invest money made available from the
reduction in inventory at its cost of capital of 11%. All cash flows, except for the initial
investment and start-up costs, are at the end of the year. Assume 365 days in a year.
Use a spreadsheet to perform a feasibility analysis to determine if Rossco should purchase the
computer. Compute the following as part of the analysis: initial investment, after-tax cash
flows for years 1 through 4, payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return.
Rossco should proceed with the purchase. The internal rate of return of 23.23% is higher than the hurdle
rate of 11%. There is a positive NPV of $56,157. Payback is in 2.44 years.
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20-23
20.6 A recently completed feasibility study to upgrade XYZ’s computer system shows the
following benefits. Compensation figures in parentheses include wages, benefits, and payroll
taxes.
1. Production
a. Market forecasts, which take two $400 person-days a month, will be more accurate with
software making the calculations.
b. Effective inventory control will prevent part stockouts and reduce inventory by $1,000,000.
XYZ’s cost of capital is 20%.
c. Detailed evaluations of plan changes will increase production flexibility, reduce sales losses,
and eliminate two clerks ($75,000 each).
2. Engineering
a. Computerized updating of bills of material and operations lists will save 40% of an engineer’s
($100,000) and 25% of a clerk’s ($60,000) time.
b. Computerized calculations of labor allocations, rates, and bonus details will save 40% of a
clerk’s ($80,000) time.
3. Sales. Improved reporting will enable the five-person sales staff to react more quickly to the
market, producing a $10,000 per person sales increase.
4. Marketing. Revised reports and an improved forecasting system will increase net income by
$50,000.
5. Accounting
a. Quickly determining new product costs will save 30% of the accountant’s ($100,000) time.
b. An incentive earnings system will save 40% of the payroll clerk’s ($60,000) time.
<para>As a board member, which of the benefits can you defend as relevant to the system’s
cost justification? Calculate how much XYZ will save with the new system. </para>
Adapted from the SMAC Exam
20-24
Acceptable Items: Cost Savings

1 (a) More accurate market forecasts with software $ 9,600 ($400/day * 2 days/month * 12
making the calculations reduces costs months
1 (b) Effective inventory control reduces inventory $200,000 (20% * $1,000,000)
by $1,000,000, allowing company to reduce
carrying costs and earn money on freed up
capital
1 (c) Eliminating 2 clerks saves money $150,000 (2 * $75,000)
Improved flexibility and reduced sales losses
hard to incorporate into cost justification.
2 (a) Computerized updating of bills of materials $ 40,000 (40% of $100,000)
and operations lists saves money $ 15,000 (25% of $60,000)
2 ( b) Computerized calculations of labor $ 20,000 (40% of $80,000)
allocations, rates, and bonus details saves
money
5 (a) Quickly determining new product costs will $ 30,000 (30% of $100,000)
save money
5 (b) An incentive earnings system will save $ 24,000 (40% of $60,000)
money.
Rejected Items:
3 Sales increases hard to incorporate into cost
justification due to lack of support for vague
estimates.
4 Benefits of revised reports and improved
forecasting system hard to incorporate into
cost justification due to lack of support for
vague estimates.
TOTAL SAVINGS $488,600
20-25
20.7 The following list presents specific project activities and their scheduled starting and completion
times:
Activity Starting Date Ending Date
A Jan. 5 Feb. 9
B Jan. 5 Jan. 19
C Jan. 26 Feb. 23
D Mar. 2 Mar. 23
E Mar. 2 Mar. 16
F Feb. 2 Mar. 16
G Mar. 30 Apr. 20
H Mar. 23 Apr. 27
a. Using a format similar to that in <link linkend="ch18fig03" preference="0">Figure 18-

3<xref linkend="ch18fig03" label="18-3"/></link>, prepare a Gantt chart for this project.
Assume that each activity starts on a Monday and ends on a Friday.
Project Planning Chart
20-26
b. Assume today is February 16 and activities A and B have been completed, C is half
completed, F is a quarter completed, and the other activities have not yet commenced.
Record this information on your Gantt chart. Is the project behind schedule, on schedule, or
ahead of schedule? Explain.
Partially Completed Gantt chart
Once the activity bars have been filled in to reflect the activities that have been fully or partially
completed, it is a simple matter to evaluate whether the project is on schedule by looking down the
column corresponding to the current week. In this case, Activity C is one-half week shy of the
current date (Feb. 16), and Activity F is one-fourth week short. Therefore, the project is behind
schedule.
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c. Discuss the relative merits of the Gantt chart and PERT as project planning and control tools.
Advantages of PERT:
Indicates which activities are critical as well as how much slack is available in the noncritical
activities. This provides a basis for allocating resources to activities.
Provides a measure of the uncertainty associated with project time and cost estimates.
Indicates how to complete the project faster by speeding up certain activities.
Shows the order in which activities must be completed. (For example, activity A must be
completed before activity B can start.)
Advantages of GANTT Charts:
It is easier to prepare than a PERT chart.
Does not involve complex calculations and is thus less susceptible to error.
The calendar format is easier to interpret visually.
Is easier to update for completed activities.
Makes it easier to determine whether a project is on schedule.
Graphically shows the entire schedule for a project.
Shows progress to date and the current project status.
Shows a schedule of when each project should start and end.
20-28
20.8 Recent years have brought an explosive growth in electronic communication. Laptops,
netbooks, e-readers, personal digital assistants, sophisticated cell phones, fax machines, e-
mail, teleconferencing, office productivity software, and sophisticated management
information systems have changed the way information is received, processed, and
transmitted. With the decreasing costs of computer equipment and the increasing power of
automation, the full impact of computerization has yet to be felt. Although the development of
computer applications is directed at being user friendly or user oriented, the integration of
computers into the organization has had both positive and negative effects on employees.
Adapted from the CMA Examination
a. Describe the benefits companies and employees receive from electronic communications.
Greater optimization of organizational resources, increasing productivity and profitability.
More timely information for management decision making.
Easier and quicker access to corporate data.
More technological advancements, which sustains or increases the organization's competitive
status and ensures employees of marketable technological skills.
Standardized procedures and operations. Once a procedure or operation is standardized,
computers will repeat the same logical procedures.
Discuss the organizational impact of introducing new electronic communication systems.
The initial cost of some electronic communication systems is a major capital purchase, requiring special
procedures for capital acquisitions. With the increase in technology, the organization will increase
its comparative advantage. Small companies who cannot afford the technology may be squeezed
out of the market.
Employees may experience a loss of confidence and fear change and/or the loss of their jobs.
Explain
Why an employee might resist the introduction of electronic communication systems
They may fear and resist change. This may include the fear that they will be replaced by
automation and lose their employment.
They do not know what the system is and how it will help them on the job.
Embarrassment of not knowing how to use the system.
The steps an organization can take to alleviate this resistance.
Communication of information as to why the system is being implemented and how it will affect
each employee's job. The intent should be to reinforce job security.
Education and training of employees on how to use the system by providing system manuals and
designated user support.
Giving employees the opportunity to make suggestions for improving the system.
20-29
20.9 PWR manufactures precision nozzles for fire hoses. Ronald Paige, an engineer, started the
corporation and it has experienced steady growth. Reporting to Ronald are six vice presidents
representing marketing, production, research and development, information services, finance,
and human resources. The information services department was established last year when
PWR began developing a new information system consisting of a server connected to each
employee’s personal computer. The PCs can download and upload data to the server. PWR is
still designing and developing applications for its new system. Ronald received a letter from
the external auditor and called a meeting with his vice presidents to review the
recommendation that PWR form an information systems steering committee.
a. Explain why the auditors would recommend an information systems steering committee and
discuss its specific responsibilities. What advantages can the committee offer PWR? What
advantages can such a steering committee offer PWR?
Because information systems span functional and divisional boundaries, organizations establish an
executive level steering committee so that the company, from an overall organizational perspective,
focuses on:
Planning and overseeing the information systems function.
Setting priorities to ensure that the highest priority items are considered first.
Specific steering committee responsibilities include:
Developing a master plan to strategically develop and maintain the company's information
system, incorporating short-term and long-term goals.
Approving or rejecting systems project proposals.
Assuring internal control considerations.
Establishing the company's information system policies and procedures.
Coordinating and approving hardware and software acquisitions.
Coordinating development projects and monitoring their progress without getting overly
involved in technical details or specific project administration.
Reviewing the performance of the information systems function.
The advantages of an information systems steering committee include:
Ensuring top management participation, guidance, and control of the IS function
Facilitating coordination and integration of IS activities among departments and functions,

20-30
increasing goal congruence and reducing goal conflict.
Improving interdepartmental communications.
More effective management control over systems resources allocations.
b. Identify the PWR managers most likely to serve on the committee.
The six vice-presidents or their representatives.
One or more members of the Information Systems Department.
The controller.
A member of the Financial and/or Internal Audit Departments.
Other areas, if any, which are affected by the information systems function.
The chairperson is usually the chair of the IS department or another influential vice-president with
strong IS skills and an active interest in the IS function. The IS steering committee should meet
only when necessary to carry out its functions.
20-31
20.10 Businesses often modify or replace their financial information system to keep pace with their
growth and take advantage of improved IT. This requires a substantial time and resource
commitment. When an organization changes its AIS, a systems analysis takes place. Adapted
from the CMA exam
a. Explain the purpose and reasons for surveying an organization’s existing system.
To gain an understanding of the existing system and how it functions.
To determine the constraints of the current system.
To assess the strengths and weaknesses of the existing system and to identify problems that need
to be resolved.
To provide design ideas for the new system and to identify available resources.
To provide information about users’ information needs.
b. Explain the activities commonly performed during systems analysis.
Initial Investigation
Verify the nature of the problem and the needs of the users.
Gather the information needed to evaluate the feasibility of the request.
Systems Survey
Study and review the existing organizational structure to determine how it functions.
Collect and review internal documents and reports to determine design, content, use, frequency
of preparation, etc.
Develop and use questionnaire forms to determine processing frequencies, input/output volumes,
and other information.
Conduct personal interviews to confirm and expand upon data gathered from the questionnaire.
Develop flowcharts, models, and diagrams to document the existing system.
Study external data sources, including companies who develop or who similar systems,
consultants specializing in such systems, customers, industry trade associations, and
government agencies.
Observe activities to determine how the system actually works, rather than what people or the
documentation say should be done.
Feasibility Study
Conduct a study to determine whether to continue with the project.
Information Needs and System Requirements
Define and document the information needs of the users.
Define and document the requirements of the new system.
Systems Analysis Report
Summarize and document analysis activity findings.
c. Systems analysis is often performed by a project team composed of a systems analyst, a
management accountant, and other knowledgeable and helpful people. What is the
management accountant’s role in systems analysis?
Most systems analysis work is performed by systems people. However, the management
accountant is an important part of the development team and would be of assistance in providing
information about various aspects of the system, including:
Management's needs for required reports and their format.
System requirements.
Source documents in use.
The relevance, reliability, and timeliness of input/output data.
The internal controls which exist and which should be incorporated into any new or redesigned
20-32
system.
20-33
20.11 Don Richardson, JEM Corporation’s vice president of marketing, is part of a management
team that for several months has been discussing plans to develop a new line of business.
Rumors about the major organizational changes that may be required to implement the
strategic plan have been circulating for months.
Several employees who are anxious about the expected changes confronted Don. The sales
manager said, “It is imperative that we speak to you right away. The employees are very
apprehensive about the proposed changes, and their job performance has slacked off.” The
accounting manager added, “That’s right. My staff are asking me all sorts of questions about
this new line of business, and I don’t have any answers for them. They’re not buying the ‘We
will make an official announcement soon’ line any longer. I suspect that some of them are
already looking for jobs in case the department changes phase out their positions.”
Implementing organizational change is one of the most demanding assignments an executive
faces. It has been suggested that every change requires three steps: unfreezing the current
situation, implementing the change, and refreezing the effected change. This view, however,
lacks the specific details needed by an operating manager who must initiate the change.
a. Explain why employees resist organizational change.
Uncertainty and fear. Employees become anxious and nervous when they fear the unknown.
They worry about losing their jobs and their ability to meet new job requirements. If they
do not understand the change or its implications or mistrust those initiating the change,
there is even more uncertainty and fear of the unknown.
No perceived need. Employees may not perceive the need for change, preferring to maintain the
status quo. Many people believe that what has proven successful in the past will be
satisfactory for the future.
Lack of time. Employees may not have or may be unwilling to expend the time and effort
required to learn how to use the new system with its attendant new procedures.
Interpersonal relationships threatened. Changes may disrupt existing social networks, which
threatens the social stability of the organization. People often have emotional attachments
to their duties or to the people they work with and don't want to change.
Personal characteristics and background. Generally speaking, the younger people are, the fewer
years they've been with the company, and the more highly educated they are, the more
likely they are to accept change.
Manner in which change is introduced. Resistance is often a reaction to the methods of
instituting change rather than to change itself. Employees may not feel the change is
beneficial if the employee was not consulted or did not participate in the decision-making.
Amount of trust. If previous dealings with management have not created a feeling of trust,
confidence, and cooperation, users may feel they are trying to "put something over on me."
Experience with prior changes. If employees have had a bad experience with prior changes, they
will be more reluctant to cooperate with planned changes.
Top management support. Employees sense top management attitudes toward a proposed
system and the extent of top-level support. When there is a lack of support, lower-level
employees may think, "If top management doesn't support it, why should I?"
Communication. Employees often do not know why changes are made. Unless it is clear that a
change is not an indication of poor performance, they may react negatively to it.
Disruptive nature of the change process. Requests for information and interviews are disruptive
of the normal routine and place additional burdens on people.
20-34
b. Discuss ways JEM Corporation can alleviate employee resistance to change.

Employee participation. Encourage employees to participate in the change planning and
implementation. Employees who express their opinions, suggest ways to improve the
system, and hear the positions of others are more likely to accept change.
Keep the lines of communication open. Inform managers and users of systems changes as soon
as possible. Clear and frequent communication about the need for change and the expected
results of the change will alleviate employee fears. The company should listen to employee
grievances and help to resolve problems.
Provide feedback on employee suggestions. If they are not told why their suggestions were not
implemented, they may foster bad feelings toward the new system.
Train. Teach the employees how to use the system. Effective use or support cannot be obtained
if users do not understand the system. Acceptance of the system is not likely if an
individual believes that the computer is controlling him or has usurped her position
Satisfy user needs. Design the form, content, and volume of system output to satisfy user needs
and they are more likely to welcome the changes.
Build trust. If employees perceive management as fair and honest and have confidence in
management's abilities, they are more likely to cooperate and less likely to resist change.
Get management support. Top management should make it clear that they fully support the
system and everyone else to do so. When management is supportive of the changes,
employees are more willing to accept the change.
Allay fears. To the degree possible, management should provide assurances that there will be no
major loss of jobs or changes in job responsibilities.
Sell the system but control user expectations. Emphasize that the system may provide greater
job satisfaction, more important and challenging tasks, and increased advancement
opportunities. Do not oversell the system and create unrealistic expectations. When
employee expectations are not met, the “seller” and the system will be blamed.
Properly test the system prior to implementation to minimize initial bad impressions.
Avoid emotionalism and threats. When logic vies with emotion, logic loses. Threatening
behavior or employee intimidation often strengthens resistance to change
Keep the system simple. Avoid complex systems that cause radical changes.
20-35
20.12 Remnants, Inc., with headquarters in St. Louis, manufactures designer clothing. The company markets
and services its products by region, with each functioning as a profit center. Each region has a
manager, an accounting department, a human resources department, and several area offices to
market and service the products. Each area office has sales, service, and administrative departments
whose managers report to an area manager.
The New York area office departed from the standard organizational structure by establishing a
branch office to market and service the firm’s products in Boston. A branch manager who reports
directly to the New York area manager heads the local office.
The Boston branch manager is encouraging the New York area manager to consider a new information
system to handle the local branch’s growing information needs. The NewYork area manager and the
eastern region manager want to establish a project team with employees from the region, area, and
branch office. The team will assess the information needs at the Boston branch office and develop
system recommendations. The following employees have been appointed to the project team, with
Keith Nash as chairperson:
Eastern Region Office
Kurt Johnson, Budget Supervisor
Sally Brown, Training Director
New York Area Office

Keith Nash, Administrative Director
Boston Branch
Heidi Meyer, Branch and Sales Manager
Bobby Roos, Assistant Branch and Service Manager
Joe Gonzalez, Salesperson
Juana Martinez, Serviceperson
a. P</inst>roject team members contribute their skills to help accomplish a given objective.
Characteristics of group members can influence the functioning and effectiveness of a project
team. Identify some of these characteristics.
Personality. Aggressive employees often influence a task force by their nature, directing resources to
meet their needs first at the expense of the needs of the company.
Position and influence. A project team with different levels of management may find members using
their leadership positions to influence group actions. Other employees can feel less inclined to
contribute if their viewpoint conflicts directly with that of their supervisor.
Skills. Group members who possess IS skills often use their knowledge to influence decisions to meet
their own needs without considering the entire company’s needs.
b. Due to the team’s composition, what sources of conflict can you see arising among its
members? Do you think the group will succeed in its objective to develop an information
system for the Boston branch office? Why or why not?
Conflicts among offices. Regional officers may be at odds with local managers concerning Boston
office needs and company resources available to meet these needs.
Conflicts among positions. Conflicts may arise between the needs assessments offered by managers and
those offered by users. In addition, conflicts may arise concerning the IS needed and the finances
available to fund it.
Conflicts along divisional lines. Such conflicts result as local offices battle for a fair share of a
company's limited resources. With the number of people on the team from the Boston Branch,
decisions made may favor that branch over the other offices.
Conflicts along functional lines. When assessing a company's needs, priority is often given to a local or
influential group. This particular task force is weighted heavily with accounting and finance types.
No representation exists for manufacturing, operations, marketing, research, or services.
20-36
Conflicts among user groups. Conflicts between the needs of the sales staff and the service employees
may arise over the use of resources.
Each student will have a different opinion about whether or not the group will succeed. The student's
answer should be based on the conflicts listed and how important each conflict is.
c. What contribution would a person who holds a position as budget supervisor make in a
project team such as this one?
The budget supervisor can contribute insight concerning the amount of funds available for the
Boston branch to finance the IS project. As the budget supervisor has access to future financial
projections, he can assess the economic feasibility of any potential project.
20-37
20.13 Managers at some companies face an ongoing systems development crisis: IS departments
develop systems that businesses cannot or will not use. At the heart of the problem is a “great
divide” that separates the world of business and the world of IS. Few departments seem able
or ready to cross this gap.
One reason for the crisis is that many companies are looking for ways to improve existing,
out-of-date systems or to build new ones. Another is the widespread use of PC-based systems
that have spawned high user expectations that IS departments are not meeting. Users seek
more powerful applications than are available on many older systems.
The costs of the great divide can be devastating. An East Coast chemical company spent over
$1 million on a budgeting and control system that was never used. The systems department’s
expertise was technical excellence, not budgets. As a result, the new system completely missed
the mark when it came to meeting business needs. A Midwestern bank used an expensive
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool to develop a system that users ignored
because there had been no design planning. A senior analyst for the bank said, “They built
the system right; but unfortunately they didn’t build the right system.”
a. What is the great divide in the systems development process? What causes the gap?
The "great divide" is the gap between the information needs of business managers and the information
produced by IS. The great divide occurs because of the following:
Many systems are seriously outdated and do not produce the needed information.
Better-educated end users are demanding more powerful information systems and better results
from information systems that aren’t performing.
Poor communications among system designers, end users, and business managers results in the
development of ineffective information systems.
IS people who do not understand operations and the management of the business.
b. What would you suggest to solve this great divide information crisis?
A first step in effective systems design is a thorough business analysis to understand how a business
operates and how its business functions relate. This helps systems professionals and business
managers to communicate effectively when developing an integrated system. <para>
Businesses could hire managers with a systems background so they can be a liaison between the systems
department and the finance and accounting departments, helping business managers to
communicate their needs clearly. </para>These managers should be willing and able to get
involved in the IS development process.
More involvement and interaction between the systems staff and end users. End users should take an
active role in the development process. In particular, designers should work closely with end users
to assess needs and to develop specific working solutions.
20-38
A more integrated approach to systems development involving all the necessary parties: designers,
programmers, business managers, and end users.
Management should provide employees with the training needed to make the system work right.</para>
c. Discuss the role a systems designer, business manager, and end user can take to narrow the
great divide.
Systems designers can involve end users and managers in the design and development process.
This reduces the behavioral problems associated with a new system and improves the probability
that the system will meet the desired business objectives. They should also make a concerted effort
to understand the business processes of the company.
Business managers can support the design team’s efforts to encourage end-user involvement in the
development process. In addition, business managers can communicate regularly with systems
developers to insure that the system is meeting business objectives.
The end user can help bridge the great divide by taking a cooperative, interactive role in the development
process.
d. Who plays the most vital role in the effective development of the system?
All players play important roles in the systems development process. The "information crisis" is in
large part the result of an overreliance upon the systems analyst to meet the needs of managers and
end users without their cooperation and input. It is also a result of analysts not taking the time to
understand the business processes at their company.
20-39
20.14 <para>Joanne Grey, a senior consultant, and David Young, a junior consultant, are
conducting a systems analysis for a client to determine the feasibility of integrating and
automating clerical functions. Joanne had previously worked for the client, but David was a
recent hire.
The first morning on the job, Joanne directed David to interview a departmental supervisor and
learn as much as possible about department operations. David introduced himself and said,
“Your company has hired us to study how your department works so we can make
recommendations on how to improve its efficiency and lower its cost. I would like to interview
you to determine what goes on in your department.”
David questioned the supervisor for 30 minutes but found him to be uncooperative. David gave
Joanne an oral report on how the interview went and what he learned about the department.
<para>Describe several flaws in David’s approach to obtaining information. How should this task
have been performed?</para></problem>
</para></problem>
Ms. Grey did not give Mr. Young adequate instructions about how to conduct the interview and
what information to obtain. A senior consultant must exercise closer supervision and
provide better guidance to junior employees. Perhaps Ms. Grey should have performed
the interview while Mr. Young observed.
The consultants did not prepare for the interview. They should have studied available
documentation to learn what the department does and what the supervisor's job
responsibilities are. Then they should have prepared an interview guide listing the topics to
be discussed and the questions to be asked.
Mr. Young provided an oral report rather than a written report of his findings. An interviewer
should take notes during the interview, and polish them immediately afterward, in order to
provide documentation for future analysis and reference.
Mr. Young's opening statements to the supervisor were negative in tone. He should attempt to
establish rapport with the interviewee, avoid making negative or threatening statements,
and be positive about the goals of the study.
Mr. Young should have asked the supervisor to explain how the department works. Most of the
talking should have been done by the supervisor while Mr. Young listened and took notes.
The interview should have been scheduled ahead of time and the department supervisor should
have had time to prepare for the interview.
20-40
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE CASES
20-1 Audio Visual Corporation (AVC) manufactures and sells visual display equipment.
Headquartered in Boston, it has seven sales offices with nearby warehouses that carry its
inventory of new equipment and replacement parts. AVC has a departmentalized
manufacturing plant with assembly, maintenance, engineering, scheduling, and cost
accounting departments as well as several component parts departments.
When management decided to upgrade its AIS, they installed a mainframe at headquarters
and local area networks at each sales office. The IS manager and four systems analysts were
hired shortly before they integrated the new computer and the existing AIS. The other IS
employees have been with the company for years.
During its early years, AVC had a centralized decision-making organization. Top
management formulated all plans and directed all operations. As the company expanded,
decision making was decentralized, although data processing was highly centralized.
Departments coordinated their plans with the corporate office but had the freedom to develop
their own sales programs. However, information problems developed, and the IS department
was asked to improve the company’s information processing system once the new equipment
was installed.
Before acquiring the new computer, the systems analysts studied the existing AIS, identified
its weaknesses, and designed applications to solve them. In the 18 months since the new
equipment was acquired, the following applications were redesigned or developed: payroll,
production scheduling, financial statement preparation, customer billing, raw materials
usage, and finished goods inventory. The departments affected by the changes were rarely
consulted until the system was operational.
Recently the president stated, “The systems people are doing a good job, and I have complete
confidence in their work. I talk to them frequently, and they have encountered no difficulties
in doing their work. We paid a lot of money for the new equipment, and the systems people
certainly cost enough, but the new equipment and new IS staff should solve all our problems.”
Two additional conversations regarding the new AIS took place.
BILL TAYLOR, IS MANAGER AND JERRY ADAMS, PLANT MANAGER
JERRY: Bill, you’re trying to run my plant for me. I’m the manager, and you keep
interfering. I wish you would mind your own business.
BILL: You’ve got a job to do, and so do I. As we analyzed theinformation needed for
production scheduling and by top management, we saw where we could improve the
workflow. Now that the system is operational, you can’t reroute work and change procedures,
because that would destroy the value of the information we’re processing. And while I’m on
that subject, we can’t trust the information we’re getting from production. The documents we
receive from production contain a lot of errors.
20-41
JERRY: I’m responsible for the efficient operation of production. I’m the best judge of
production efficiency. The system you installed reduced my workforce and increased the
workload of the remaining employees, but it hasn’t improved anything. In fact, it might
explain the high error rate in the documents.
BILL: This new computer cost a lot of money, and I’m trying to make sure the company gets
its money’s worth.
JERRY ADAMS, PLANT MANAGER AND TERRY WILLIAMS, HUMAN RESOURCES

MANAGER
JERRY: My best production assistant, the one I’m grooming to be a supervisor, told me he
was thinking of quitting. When I asked why, he said he didn’t enjoy the work anymore. He’s
not the only one who is unhappy. The supervisors and department heads no longer have a
voice in establishing production schedules. This new computer system took away the
contribution we made to company planning and direction. We’re going back to when top
management made all the decisions. I have more production problems now than I ever had. It
boils down to my management team’s lack of interest. I know the problem is in my area, but I
thought you could help me.
TERRY: I have no recommendations, but I’ve had similar complaints from purchasing and
shipping. We should explore your concerns during tomorrow’s plant management meeting.
Evaluate the preceding information, and answer the following questions:
1. Identify the problems the new computer system created and discuss what caused them.
The problems stem from a total lack of communication at AVC. The failure to communicate
has existed for years and exists between all levels of management.
Top management did not adequately plan for the IS upgrade and did not involve non-IS
employees in the process. In addition, through lack of direction or control, top management
has allowed the IS group to change not only information systems but also operating systems
and procedures without operating management approval. Further, there appears to be a lack
of concern by IS over the problems the new systems have created for operating management.
A new computer system was purchased and a new IS team was hired; however, top
management failed to win the confidence of current operating management who are
accustomed to a more decentralized approach.
Communication problems continued during the systems design phase. The IS group failed to
involve operating management in systems changes and apparently operating management
failed to communicate their interest in being involved. As managers in a decentralized
atmosphere they could have forced IS to communicate but they chose to ignore the problem.
Therefore, the failure to communicate properly can be traced to both the IS and user groups.
This problem was worsened by top management not adequately planning the conversion
process and their failure to perceive the potential problems between IS and operating
management.
20-42
The new systems are now complete. Operating management realizes that there has been a
centralization of decision-making and a loss of operating flexibility resulting in employee
morale problems. Yet, they are still unable or unwilling to communicate with top
management, who continue to be unaware of operating problems with the new IS system.
2. How could AVC have avoided the problems? How can they prevent them in the future?
The problems could have been avoided by top management doing a better job of planning and
communication, holding meetings between the IS staff and user groups throughout the
systems design and implementation process, and by top management soliciting input from
both user groups and IS staff in order to more closely monitor the project’s progress.
To avoid future problems, AVC management needs to review organizational relationships to

ensure proper organization and to insist on better cooperation and communication. In
addition, top management should evaluate management personnel to determine if
interpersonal problems are a roadblock to good internal communication.
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Accounting Information Systems

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

 Tell employees what is going to happen to them as soon as possible.

 Institute a hiring freeze so staff can be reduced by attrition.

 Retrain displaced employees for other jobs.

 Offer early retirement to older employees.

 Offer retirement incentives.

 Offer displaced employees comparable positions in other divisions of the company.

 Hire a personnel-consulting firm to help displaced employees find alternative employment.

 Train displaced employees for positions in the new system.

 Encourage part-time work or job-sharing.

e. Investigating an increase in uncollectible accounts - Interviews with employees and examination

What is it, specifically, that customers are complaining about?

Is poor product quality the result of:

Poor quality raw materials?

Inadequate product specifications? If so, can they be altered to improve quality?

Low employee morale?

Changes in production procedures?

Other possibilities for poor quality

Are certain customer groups more delinquent than others are?

Are early payment discounts and late payment penalties adequate?

Are current economic conditions affecting delinquency rates?

What economic conditions are affecting production costs?

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE PROBLEMS

a. Identify as many system analysis and design problems as you can.

Limited or no user input

What events may have contributed to the new system’s failure?

whole outlook about the system.

Firing can have the following advantages:

Firing can have the following disadvantages:

Transferring employees can have the following advantages:

Transferring can have the following disadvantages:

Persuasion can have the following advantages:

Persuasion can have the following disadvantages:

a. Explain whether each reaction is a functional or dysfunctional behavioral response.

b. Recommend procedures to eliminate dysfunctional behavior and prevent its recurrence.

Year Percent (%)

<para>Using a spreadsheet package, prepare an economic feasibility analysis to determine if

Acceptable Items: Cost Savings

a. Using a format similar to that in <link linkend="ch18fig03" preference="0">Figure 18-

Project Planning Chart

Partially Completed Gantt chart

Indicates how to complete the project faster by speeding up certain activities.

Advantages of GANTT Charts:

It is easier to prepare than a PERT chart.

The calendar format is easier to interpret visually.

Is easier to update for completed activities.

Makes it easier to determine whether a project is on schedule.

Graphically shows the entire schedule for a project.

Shows progress to date and the current project status.

Shows a schedule of when each project should start and end.

Planning and overseeing the information systems function.

Specific steering committee responsibilities include:

Approving or rejecting systems project proposals.

Assuring internal control considerations.

Establishing the company's information system policies and procedures.

Coordinating and approving hardware and software acquisitions.