PART 1: DIVISIBLE/INDIVISIBLE (Indivisible obligation)

OBLIGATION (Article 1225) Indivisible obligation is the

object of which, in its delivery or
Gabbie: Mga ate, walang last will and performance, is not capable of partial
testament na iniwan si mama, paano natin fulfilment.
paghahatian yung mga properties?
Alex: Oh andito pala si ate Teddie? Diba Teddie: Ang tanong, paano naman natin
umalis ka kasi sabi mo di mo kinaya buhay hahatiin ‘yan?
mo dito? Tapos ngayong wala na si mama, Alex: Akin nalang yung baka.
saka ka magpaparamdam kasi hatian na ng Teddie: Sayo lang?
mana. CJ: Oh tapos isa lang yung baka, paano
Bobbie: Alex naman. hahatiin yun kung lima tayo.
Alex: Nagbibiro lang naman ako eh. Bobbie: Mabuti pa kung atin nalang lahat
CJ: Sige tama na yan. Ano raw kasi yung yung retreat house. Mag co-owners nalang
basehan ng hatian? kasi tayo. Di rin naman kasi yun mahahati.
Gabbie: Hindi lang yung lupain yung ari-
arian natin. Actually, may pinatayo si mama
na retreat house nitong Julyo. Pero The division of the retreat house is under
ngayong Septyembre na, foundation at the Ideal Division. The parts of the house
bubong palang ang nagawa dahil are not materially separated but rather
napagkasunduan nila ni Engr. Buendia na assigned to each of the five sisters. It is a
hanggat hindi lalagpas ang construction sa co-ownership between the
Desyembre, ayos lang mahinto. sisters.Therefore, neither one of them is the
absolute owner of a specific portion
Construction of the retreat house is a thereof. 
divisible obligation because the construction
is capable of being partially fulfilled. (Kinds of division – ideal/intellectual)
Their mother and the Engr.’s agreement Neither is the absolute owner of a
stipulated that construction be partially
specific portion thereof.
fulfilled as long as it does not go beyond
December of the same year. Failure to fully CJ: Sa lupain naman, hati hatiin nalang
construct it on the stipulated date, Engr. natin. Dapat equal yung mga
Bendia is responsible for indemnification for measurements ha. Walang dapat lalagpas
damages (Art 1224). sa parte ng bawat isa.
(Divisible obligation) Bobbie: Sige ba! Kung sino man ang
(Art 1223) Divisible obligation is the lalagpas sa parte ng isa ay magbabayad ng
object of which, in its delivery or penalty ah.
performance, is capable of partial
fulfilment. Gabbie: Oh magkano ba?

Tapos, may baka raw na binili si mama Alex: P300,000?

kaso di na niya maaabutan yung delivery
ngayong September 30. Teddie: Gawin nating P500,000 para
siguradong wala ng lalagpas!
One cannot deliver a portion of an animal
alive. The delivery of a living animal cannot
The allotment of the field to the sisters is
be partially fulfilled therefore it is an
based on equal measurements. This
indivisible obligation.
division is under the Quantitative Division.
(Kinds of division – quantitative)
If the inheritance consists only of a field,
its partition by meters and bounds into
equal parts is a quantitative division

Gabbie: Oo nga pala, may alahas pa

palang natira si mama. We should divide it
fairly with the cow.

Alex: Ibigay nalang natin kay Gabbie ang

baka, siya naman ang nag-alaga kay mama
eh.

CJ: Sang ayon ako sayo ate Alex.

Bobbie: How about the jewelries? We

should divide it accordingly.

The cow and the jewelries fall under the

Qualitative Division. This is due to the cow
and the jewelries being homogenous.

(Kinds of division – qualitative)

Qualitative division or one based on
quality, not on number or quantity of the
things that are the object of the
obligation
Previously, all the sisters agreed to a Gabbie: Ha? Ate naman eh.
contract regarding their share of the Teddie: Eh kasi nga may baka ka naman
properties. It was stipulated that any diba. Tsaka maliit lang naman yung portion
individual acts are exclusive to their na naoccupy ko sa share mo.
respective properties. Neither of them Gabbie: Kahit na ate eh. Napag-usapan na
should meddle with the share of the natin diba.
other. The sisters were not that close so CJ: Oo nga, napag-usapan na natin yung
they agreed that noncompliance is hatian eh. Di porket ikaw yung panganay,
tantamount to P500,000 worth of penalty. pwede mo nang angkinin yung sa iba.
(Book 4 Title 1 Chapter 3 Section 6 Civil Teddie: Hindi ko nga sinasadya eh.
code A contract with a written penalty if Pinagtutulungan n’yo ko kasi di naman ako
ever one of the parties doesn’t do their kasing galing ni Bobbie.
part) Bobbie: Oh ba’t ako? Ba’t parang
kasalanan ko?
(Art 1226) Penal clause is an additional CJ: Wala naman ‘yang kinalaman dito ate
component attached to an obligation eh.
that urges the debtor to fulfil his original Gabbie: Oo nga. Hindi naman ako yung
promise. Failure to fulfil the original nag insist na sa akin yung baka, kayo yung
promise will make the debtor liable to nagsabi nun. Tapos ngayon, kayo ang
pay just the penalty. lalabag?
Alex: Magkakapatid tayo, pero eto nag
aaway na naman tayo dahil sa ari arian.
PART 2: OBLIGATIONS WITH PENAL Gabbie: Kahit na magkapatid tayo. May
CLAUSE kasunduan tayo eh.
(After 1 year…) Bobbie: Tingnan niyo, nagleave na si
Gabbie. Ano balak mo ngayon ate Teddie?
CJ: Oh ate, ba’t gusto niyo raw CJ: Teka, kakachat lang ni ate Gabbie sa
makipagmeet? akin.
Gabbie: Ewan ko dito kay ate Bobbie, siya Teddie: Oh ano raw? Sabing hindi
‘yung nag insist, kasi nga may dapat nga sinasadya eh. Kung penalty yan gaya sa
raw ipagtapat si ate Teddie. pinag-usapan natin, babayaran ko nalang
Bobbie: Sabihin mo na Teddie. It’s about para matapos na ‘to.
time. (Article 1227) One cannot simply pay the
Teddie: Ha? Ba’t ako na naman? penalty, without doing his/her part, just
Bobbie: Eh kasi diba may agreement tayo to extinguish the contract)
na hindi mangialam sa parte ng iba. Sabihin
mo na kasi ate, mas maganda kung sa’yo
mismo nanggaling. Teddie was liable for the breach of contract.
Alex: Ate Teddie naman. Don’t tell me However, the court reduced the P500,000
nilabag mo yung usapan. At kanino namang agreed penalty to P50,000 in favour of
bahagi ka lumagpas? Gabbie.
Bobbie: Kay Gabbie.
(Art. 1229) The judge shall equitably
reduce the penalty when the principal
obligation has been partly or irregularly
Since, the sisters initially agreed to impose complied with by the debtor. Even if
penalty in case of noncompliance to the there has been no performance, the
stipulation provided, it is conventional. penalty may also be reduced by the
courts if it is iniquitous or
(Kind of penalty – Conventional) unconscionable. (1154a)
Aside from the penalty, Gabbie suffered
P100,000 worth of damages. However,
Gabbie cannot recover more than P50,000
from Teddie, as the penalty stipulated,
unless there is a stipulation to the contrary:
1. Stipulation states
2. Debtor refuses to pay penalty
3. Debtor guilty of fraud in
performance of obligation

(Article 1226) The penalty takes the

place of the indemnity for damages and
the payment of interests in case of non-
compliance. Proof of actual damages
suffered by the creditor is not necessary
in order that the penalty may be
enforced.

(Art 1168. When the obligation consists

in NOT DOING and the obligor does what
has been forbidden him, it shall also be
undone at his expense)