San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Philippines-2428

URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Philippines-2428

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program
Name: Capua, Christianne Dyle P. Date: OCTOBER 20, 2021

Course and Year Level: BSN-3 Subject and Code: NCM114N–N114
Block: 1
Emerging Theories of the Aging
Human aging is influenced by a composite of biologic, psychologic, sociologic, functional and spiritual factors.
Theories of the aging attempt to explain the phenomenon of aging as it occurs over the lifespan.
Activity 1:
1. Define the following terms:
A. Biologic theory
➢ Are concerned with answering basic questions regarding the physiologic processes that occur
in all living organisms as they age chronologically. These age-related changes occur
independent of any external or pathologic influence. The primary question being addressed
relates to the factors that trigger the actual aging process in organisms. These theories generally
view aging as occurring at molecular, cellular, and even systemic levels. In addition, biologic
theories are not meant to be exclusionary. Theories may be combined to explain phenomena.
B. Psychologic theory
➢ Influenced by both biology and sociology; address how a person responds to the tasks of his or
her age. Explains aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and
personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions.
C. Neuroendocrine control theory
➢ The neuroendocrine system controls many essential activities with regard to growth and
development. Scientists are studying the roles played by the hypothalamus and the hormones
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and melatonin in the aging process.
D. Wear and tear theory
➢ The wear and tear theory equates humans with machines. It hypothesizes that aging is the result
of continuous use of the body over time. This theory proposed that cells wear out over time
because of continued use. When this theory was first proposed in 1882 by Weisman, death was
seen as a result of tissues being worn out because they could not rejuvenate themselves in an
endless manner.
E. Sociologic theory
➢ Focused on the roles and relationships within which individuals engage in later life. The
sociological study of aging is concerned with the social aspects of both individual aging and an
aging society. The individual experience of aging depends on a variety of social factors,
including public policies and programs, economic status, social support, and health status.
Changes roles, relationships, status, and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to
adapt.
Activity 2. Describe the Characteristics of each stages of aging according to Erickson's Theory.
Stage 1: Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust
Infants depend on caregivers, usually parents, for basic needs such as food. Infants learn to trust others based
upon how well caregivers meet their needs.
• Trust: When caregivers react expeditiously to an infant’s cries, the infant can learn to depend on others.

As caregivers fill an infant’s needs, the infant can create a sense of trust and security.
• Mistrust: In the event that caregivers disregard an infants’ needs, or in case care is scattered, a newborn
child may develop unreliably. They may learn they cannot depend on others and in this
way feel hazardous.
·
Stage 2: Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Self-Doubt
During this phase, young children begin exploring the world around them. They learn more about their
environment and their place within it. They also develop basic skills such as toilet training.
• Independence: In this arrange, caregivers regularly serve as a secure base from which to investigate the

world. When caregivers empower freedom, children will feel secure sufficient to require risks.
• Shame: Children whose caregivers dishearten them may create sentiments of shame. In the event

that caregivers cultivate intemperate reliance, the child may learn to question their possess capacities.
·
Stage 3: Preschool Years: Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschoolers are increasingly focused on doing things themselves and establishing their own goals.
· Initiative:When caregivers support these inclinations, children learn how to form decisions

and arrange for long haul. They can develop into grown-ups who are able to take
after their ambitions.
• Guilt: In the event that children are criticized for being emphatic, they may feel guilt for seeking
after their wants. Controlling caregivers may instruct children to take after another’s lead instead
of beginning their possess plans.
Stage 4: Early School Years: Industry vs. Inferiority
As children grow in independence, they become increasingly aware of themselves as individuals. They begin
to compare themselves with others.
• Industry: Children who are finished compared to their peers can develop self-confidence and

pride. Laud for their accomplishments can boost their self-esteem.
• Inferiority: Children who don't accomplish certain breakthroughs may question their capacities or self-

worth. When children are always criticized, they may create sentiments of inferiority.
·
Stage 5: Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
The famed term “identity crisis” comes from this period of development. During this stage, adolescents’ main
goal is to answer the question “Who am I?” They may try different personas to determine which roles fit them
best.
• Identity: To succeed in this organize, teenagers ought to establish a coherent sense of self. They

will ought to decide their needs in life (family, scholastic victory, etc.). At that point they will have to
be set objectives for their grown-up selves based on those values.
• Role confusion: Some teenagers may have a frail sense of self. They may battle to break absent from

the individual their guardians or peers anticipate them to be. Without a consistent identity, they
may develop befuddled around what they genuinely need for the future.
Stage 6: Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
According to Erikson, young adulthood is the period during which many people get married or develop
significant relationships . It has been defined as anywhere from 20-24 years to 20-40 years.
• Intimacy: Relationships can be a key source of fondness and intimacy in

adulthood. Numerous discover enthusiastic benefits from having a committed, long-lasting bond.
• Isolation: According to Erikson, individuals who don't create connections may get to
be socially isolated. They may create long-term sentiments of loneliness.
Stage 7: Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation
The focus of this stage is to contribute to society and the next generation. Adults in this stage are often at the
height of their careers. Many people are raising children.
• Generativity: Individuals may offer direction to the another era through parenting or mentorship. They

may too offer lead the way by clearing out a bequest. Contributing to society’s future
can donate individuals a sense of community and purpose.
• Stagnation: A few individuals may feel as in case they have no affect on society. On the off chance
that individuals don't discover their work significant, they may feel fretful or disconnected. A few may
feel they have “peaked” which their lives will as it were get more regrettable within the future.
·
Stage 8: Late Adulthood: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
During this phase, older adults reflect on the life they have lived.
· Ego Integrity: Those who feel fulfilled by their lives can face death and aging proudly.
· Despair: People who have disappointments or regrets may fall into despair.

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URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Philippines-2428

Name: Capua, Christianne Dyle P. Date: OCTOBER 20, 2021

Emerging Theories of the Aging

1. Define the following terms:

C. Neuroendocrine control theory

Stage 1: Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust

• Trust: When caregivers react expeditiously to an infant’s cries, the infant can learn to depend on others.

• Independence: In this arrange, caregivers regularly serve as a secure base from which to investigate the

• Shame: Children whose caregivers dishearten them may create sentiments of shame. In the event

· Initiative:When caregivers support these inclinations, children learn how to form decisions

• Industry: Children who are finished compared to their peers can develop self-confidence and

• Inferiority: Children who don't accomplish certain breakthroughs may question their capacities or self-

• Identity: To succeed in this organize, teenagers ought to establish a coherent sense of self. They

• Role confusion: Some teenagers may have a frail sense of self. They may battle to break absent from

Stage 6: Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Intimacy: Relationships can be a key source of fondness and intimacy in

Stage 7: Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Generativity: Individuals may offer direction to the another era through parenting or mentorship. They

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