COVID-19

PAPER ASSIGNMENT

Submitted to fulfill one of the English assignments

Nama : Hasna Rizqi Fadilah

Kelas : X Iis 1

TAHUN AJARAN

2019/2020
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah SWT for the abundance of grace and grace from Him we can
complete this paper on "covid 19". Prayers and greetings may always be poured out to our great
lord, the Prophet Muhammad, who has shown us all the right path in the form of the teachings of
perfect Islam and became the greatest gift to the entire universe.
 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1. Background

Corona virus is a family of viruses found in humans and animals. Some of the viruses
can correct humans and cause various diseases, ranging from general illnesses such as flu, to
more fatal diseases, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

Often this virus spreads between humans and humans through liquid droplets from the
mouth and nose when an infected person is coughing or sneezing, similar to the way the flu
transmits. Liquid drops from the patient's mouth and nose may fall and be left in the mouth
and nose of other people who are nearby, even sucked and absorbed into the person's lungs
through his nose.

Symptoms include fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. The Center for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that Corona Virus patients can experience these
symptoms 2 from 2 days to 14 days after exposure to the virus.

2. Formulation of the problem

1) what is covid 19?

2) what is the cause of covid 19?

3)how to prevent covid 19?

3. Purpose of the problem

1)describe covid 19 understanding

2) Describe the causes of covid 19

3) describe how prevention covid 19

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1. Corona understanding

Corona virus 2019 (English: coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19) is

an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a type of coronavirus. This disease results in a
2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 can experience fever, dry cough,
and difficulty breathing, sore throat, runny nose, or sneezing are less common. In the most
vulnerable sufferers, this disease can lead to pneumonia and multiorgan failure.

Other names for corona virus: Acute respiratory disease 2019-nCoV, new coronavirus
pneumonia, Pneumonia wuhan.

Infected people may be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, such as fever, coughing,
and difficulty breathing. Symptoms of diarrhea or upper respiratory tract infections (such as
sneezing, runny nose and sore throat) are less common. Cases can develop into severe
pneumonia, multiorgan failure, and death.

incubation is estimated between 1–14 days by the World Health Organization (WHO)
and 2–14 days by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The
WHO review of 55,924 confirmed cases in China indicates the following clinical signs and
symptoms.

Pathways to illness and complications

There are three main pathways that this disease might take. First, the disease may be a
mild form that resembles other common upper respiratory diseases. The second pathway leads

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 to pneumonia, which is an infection of the lower respiratory system. The third pathway, the
most severe, is rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Older age, d-dimer values greater than 1 μg / mL, and high SOFA values (a clinical
assessment scale that assesses various organs such as the lungs, kidneys, etc.) are associated
with the worst prognosis. Similarly, elevated levels of interleukin-6 in the blood, high
sensitivity cardiac troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphopenia are associated with
more severe disease conditions. Complications of COVID-19 are sepsis, as well as heart
complications such as heart failure and arrhythmias. People with heart problems are more at
risk of heart complications. Also, hypercoagulopathy is noted in 90% of people with
pneumonia.

2. Cause

The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-

CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 syndrome). This virus spreads through sparks
(droplets) from the respiratory tract that are released while coughing or sneezing.

is the organ most affected by this disease because the virus enters its host cell through
the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme (angiotensin converting enzyme 2 or ACE2), which is
most commonly found in lung type II alveolar cells. SARS-CoV-2 uses cell surfaces
specifically containing glycoproteins called "spikes" to connect with ACE2 and enter host
cells. The specific gravity of ACE2 in each tissue is related to the severity of the disease. It is
suspected, that decreased ACE2 activity provides protection against host cells because of this
excessive ACE2 expression will cause infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Several
studies, through different points of view also show that increased expression of ACE2 by
angiotensin II receptor blocking drugs will protect host cells. More research is needed on this
matter. ACE2 is also a pathway for the SARS-CoV-2 virus to cause heart damage, so patients
with a history of heart disease have the worst prognosis.

Diagnosis

WHO has published several testing protocols for this disease. [38] [39] Tests using
real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (rRT-PCR). Specimens for testing
can be in the form of respiratory swabs or sputum samples. In general, test results can be
known in a few hours to 2 days. Chinese scientists have isolated the coronavirus strain and
published genetic sequences so that laboratories around the world can develop PCR tests
independently to detect infections by viruses.

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 Diagnostics released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University have proposed
methods for detecting infections based on clinical features and epidemiological risks. This
guideline involves identifying patients who have at least two of the following symptoms in
addition to a history of travel to Wuhan or contact with other infected patients: fever, imaging
features of pneumonia, normal or reduced white blood cell counts, or reduced lymphocyte
counts.

3. Prevention

Preventive measures to reduce the possibility of infection include staying at home,

avoiding traveling and doing activities in public places, frequently washing hands with soap
and water for a minimum of 20 seconds, not touching eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed
hands, and practicing hygiene good breathing. The CDC recommends covering the mouth and
nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is
available. They also recommend proper hand hygiene after coughing or sneezing. A physical
restriction strategy is needed to reduce contact between infected people and large crowds such
as by closing schools and offices, limiting travel, and canceling large numbers of mass
meetings. Behavioral physical restrictions also include keeping a distance from others 6 feet
(about 1.8 meters).

Based on WHO, the use of masks is only recommended for people who are coughing
or sneezing or who are dealing with suspected patients. On the other hand, some countries
recommend healthy individuals to wear masks, especially China, Hong Kong, and Thailand.

Preventing the spread of the virus, the CDC recommends that patients stay indoors,
except for hospital treatment. Before wanting to get treatment, patients must contact the
hospital. In addition, the CDC recommends wearing masks when dealing with people or
visiting places where coronavirus is suspected, covering the mouth with tissue when coughing
and sneezing, regularly washing hands with soap and water, and Avoid sharing personal
household appliances. The CDC also recommends washing hands for at least 20 seconds,
especially after using the toilet, when hands are dirty, before eating, and after coughing or
sneezing. Then, the next recommendation is to use hand sanitizer with an alcohol content of at
least 60% if soap and water are not available. WHO recommends that you avoid touching
your nose or mouth with your unwashed hands. Spitting in any place should also be avoided.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

Conclusion

So, the conclusion Corona virus is a family of viruses found in humans and animals.
Some of the viruses can correct humans and cause various diseases, ranging from general
illnesses such as flu, to more fatal diseases, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and how to prevent it is by way of staying at
home, avoiding traveling and doing activities in public places, frequently washing hands with
soap and water for a minimum of 20 seconds, not touching eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed
hands, and practicing hygiene good breathing.