Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009) - Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide To Goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. jdcptrp2019
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009) - Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide To Goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. jdcptrp2019
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009) - Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide To Goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. jdcptrp2019
CERVICAL REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Cervical flexion During AROM Stabilize Sitting position with a Over the external Perpendicular to Base of the 0 – 45 firm
the shoulder girdle or back rest auditory meatus the ground nares
sternum to prevent
forward flexion of the
thoracic spine
Cervical extension During AROM Stabilize Sitting position with a Over the external Perpendicular to Base of the 0 - 45 firm
the shoulder girdle or back rest auditory meatus the ground nares
chest to prevent
extension of the
thoracic and lumbar
spine
Cervical lateral flexion During AROM Stabilize Sitting position Over the spinous Align with the Align with the 0 - 45 firm
the shoulder girdle or process of the C7 spinous process dorsal midline
chest to prevent lateral vertebra of the thoracic of the head
flexion of the thoracic vertebrae (occipital
and lumbar spine (perpendicular to protuberance
the ground) as the
reference)
Cervical rotation During AROM Stabilize Sitting position with the Over the centre of Parallel to an Tip of the nose 0 – 60 firm
the shoulder girdle or thoracic and lumbar the cranial aspect imaginary line
chest to prevent spine well supported by of the head between the
rotation of the thoracic the back rest of the chair right and left
and lumbar spine acromial
processes
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
THORACOLUMBAR REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Landmarks / Reference Normal Values End-feel
Thoracolumbar Stabilize the pelvis to Standing position with Tape measure: Over the spinous processes of T1 & S2 5 – 7 cm firm
flexion prevent anterior tilting feet shoulder width apart 6 – 7 cm
Double inclinometer: one inclinometer over the spinous
process of T1 & second inclinometer over the sacrum at 0 – 80
the level of S2.
Thoracolumbar No stabilization on the Standing position and Using a tape measure/ruler: measure the perpendicular 0.1cm
flexion pelvis is provided by then slowly bend forward distance between the tip of the middle finger and the
(Finger-to-floor) the examiner, thus as far as possiblein an floor
allowing hip motions attempt to touch the
to occur. floor keeping the knees
extended and feet
together
Thoracolumbar Stabilize the pelvis to Standing position with Tape measure: Over the spinous processes of T1 & S2 0 - 25 firm
extension prevent posterior feet shoulder width apart
tilting Double inclinometer: one inclinometer over the spinous
process of T1 & second inclinometer over the sacrum at
the level of S2.
Thoracolumbar Standing position with Mark the spinous processes of the T1 and S2 vertebrae using a 0 - 25
lateral flexion (using back flat against the wall skin marking pencil, with the subject in the standing position
double inclinometer) with feet shoulder width
apart, arms hanging Place one inclinometer over the T1 spinous
process and the second inclinometer over the
freely at the sides
sacrum at the level of S2
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
Thoracolumbar Standing position with At the end of the ROM, make a mark on the leg distance between
lateral flexion (finger back flat against the wall level with the tip of the middle finger and use a tape the mark on the
to floor) with feet shoulder width measure or ruler to measure leg and the floor
apart, arms hanging
freely at the sides
Thoracolumbar Standing position with Place a mark on the thigh where the tip of the The distance
lateral flexion (finger back flat against the wall subject’s third finger rests. At the end of the ROM, make a between the two
to thigh) with feet shoulder width second mark on the leg level with the tip of the middle finger. marks is the value
apart, arms hanging Use a tape measure or ruler to measure the distance between for thoracolumbar
the first mark on the leg and the second mark on the leg lateral flexion ROM
freely at the sides
Thoracolumbar Stabilize the pelvis to Place the subject sitting, Fulcrum: over the center 0 - 45 Firm
Rotation (using prevent rotation. Avoid with the feet on the floor of the cranial aspect of the subject’s head
goniometer) flexion, to help stabilize the pelvis. A Proximal arm: parallel to an imaginary line
extension, and lateral seat without a back between the two prominent tubercles on the iliac crests
flexion of the spine support is preferred so that
Distal arm: Align with an imaginary line between
rotation of the spine can
the two acromial processes.
occur freely.
Thoracolumbar Place the subject in a Mark the spinous processes of the T1 and S2 vertebrae The difference
Rotation (using forward flexed standing between
double inclinometer) position Place one inclinometer over the spinous process of inclinometer
so that the subject’s back is T1 and the second inclinometer over the sacrum at readings is the
parallel to the floor. the level of S2. rotation ROM
LUMBAR REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Landmarks / Reference Normal Values End-feel
Lumbar Stabilize the pelvis to Place the subject Schober Test: Firm
flexion/extension prevent standing, with the first mark: lumbosacral junction
(using tape measure) anterior/posterior cervical, thoracic, second mark: 10 cm above the first mark on
tilting. and lumbar spine in 0 the spine
degrees of lateral flexion
and Modified Schober Test:
rotation first mark: lumbosacral junction
second mark: 10 cm above the first mark
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
third mark: 5 cm below the lumbosacral junction
Lumbar In standing, keeping both Mark the spinous processes of the T12 and S2 vertebrae. One 0 -60 (Flexion;
flexion/extension feet flat on the ground and inclinometer over the spinous process of T12 and the second AMA)
(using double/single the knees straight inclinometer over the sacrum at the level of S2.
inclinometer) 0 – 20 or
0 – 25
(Extension; AMA)
Lumbar lateral flexion In standing, keeping both Mark the spinous processes of the T12 and S2 vertebrae. One 25 to
(using double feet flat on the ground and inclinometer over the T12 spinous 30 degrees (AMA)
inclinometer) the knees straight process and the second inclinometer over the
sacrum at the level of S2.
SHOULDER REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Shoulder flexion Stabilize the scapula to Subject supine, with the 0 - 180 firm
prevent posterior tilting, knees flexed to flatten
upward rotation, and the lumbar spine. Elbow in
elevation of the scapula. extension so that tension in
the long head of
the triceps muscle does not
limit the motion.
Shoulder Extension Stabilize the scapula at Subject prone, with the face 0 - 60 Firm
the inferior angle or at turned away Over the lateral Parallel to the Lateral midline
the acromion and from the shoulder being aspect of the midaxillary line of the humerus
coracoid processes to tested. Position the elbow greater tubercle of the thorax
prevent elevation in slight flexion so that
tension in the long head of
the biceps brachii muscle
will not restrict the motion
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
Shoulder Abduction Stabilize the scapula to subject supine, with the close to the parallel to the anterior midline 0 - 180 firm
prevent upward rotation shoulder in lateral anterior aspect of midline of the
and rotation and 0 degrees of the acromial of the anterior humerus
elevation of the scapula. flexion and extension process aspect of the
so that the palm of the hand sternum
faces anteriorly. If the
humerus is not laterally
rotated, contact between
the greater tubercle of the
humerus and the upper
portion
of the glenoid fossa or the
acromion process will
restrict the motion. The
elbow should be extended
so
that tension in the long
head of the triceps does not
restrict the motion
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
ELBOW & FOREARM
Motion stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Elbow flexion Stabilize the humerus to Position the subject supine, Over the lateral Lateral midline of lateral midline of 0 - 150 Soft
prevent flexion of the with the shoulder in 0 epicondyle of the the the
shoulder. degrees of flexion, humerus. humerus radius
extension, and abduction so
that the arm is close to the
side of the body. Place a
pad under the distal end of
the humerus to allow full
elbow extension
Forearm Pronation Stabilize the distal end of Position the subject sitting. Laterally and Parallel to the Across the dorsal Hard
the humerus to prevent Flex the elbow to 90 proximally to the anterior midline aspect of the
medial rotation and degrees, and support the ulnar styloid process of the humerus forearm, just
abduction of the forearm proximal to the
shoulder. styloid processes
of the radius and
ulna. Parallel to
the styloid
processes of the
radius and ulna
Forearm Supination Stabilize the distal end of Medially and just Across the Firm
the humerus to prevent Position the subject sitting. proximally to the ventral aspect of
lateral rotation and Flex the elbow to 90 ulnar styloid process the 0 - 80
adduction of the degrees, and support the Parallel to the forearm, just
shoulder. forearm anterior midline proximal to the
of the humerus styloid processes
of the radius and
ulna. Parallel to
the styloid
processes of the
radius and ulna
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
WRIST REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Firm
HAND REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
MCP Flexion Stabilize the metacarpal Place the subject sitting, 0 - 90 Hard
to prevent wrist motion. with the forearm and hand
Do not hold the MCP of resting on a supporting
the other fingers in surface.
extension, this will
restrict the motion
MCP Extension Stabilize the metacarpal Position the subject sitting, over the dorsal over the dorsal over the dorsal 0 - 45 Firm
to prevent wrist motion. with the forearm and hand aspect of the MCP midline of the midline of the
Do resting on a supporting joint. metacarpal proximal phalanx
not hold the MCP joints surface.
of the other fingers in full
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
flexion because tension
in the transverse
metacarpal
ligament will restrict the
motion
MCP Abduction & Stabilize the metacarpal Position the subject sitting, over the dorsal over the dorsal over the dorsal -- Firm (Abd)
Adduction to prevent wrist motions with the forearm and hand aspect of the MCP midline of the midline of the
resting on a supporting joint metacarpal proximal phalanx Hard (Add)
surface.
PIP Flexion Stabilize the proximal Place the subject sitting, over the dorsal over the dorsal over the dorsal 0 – 100 (Flx) Hard (Flx)
phalanx to prevent with the forearm and hand aspect of the PIP midline of the midline of the 0 (Ext) Frim (Ext)
PIP Extension motion of resting on a supporting joint proximal phalanx middle phalanx
the MCP joint. surface. MCP joint in 0
degrees of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction
DIP Flexion Stabilize the middle and Position the subject sitting, Over the dorsal over the dorsal over the dorsal 0 – 90 (Flx) Firm
proximal phalanx to with the forearm and hand aspect of the DIP midline of the midline of the
DIP Extension prevent resting on a supporting joint. middle phalanx distal 0 (Ext) Firm
further flexion of the PIP surface. MCP joint in 0 phalanx
joint degrees of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction. Place the PIP
joint in approximately 70 to
90 degrees of flexion.
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
Thumb (CMC Flexion) Stabilize the carpals, Position the subject sitting, over the palmar ventral midline of ventral midline 0 – 15 Soft
radius, and ulna to with the forearm and hand aspect of the first the radius of the first
Thumb (CMC prevent wrist resting on a supporting CMC joint metacarpal 0 – 20 Firm
Extension) motions surface. Place the forearm 0 - 80
in
full supination
Thumb (CMC Stabilize the carpals and Position the subject sitting, over the lateral lateral midline of lateral midline of 0 - 70 Firm
Abduction) the second metacarpal to with the forearm and hand aspect of the radial the the first
prevent wrist motions resting on a supporting styloid process second metacarpal metacarpal
surface. Place the forearm
midway between supination
and pronation; the wrist in 0
degrees of flexion,
extension, and radial and
ulnar deviation
Thumb (MCP Flexion) Stabilize the first Position the subject sitting, over the dorsal over the dorsal dorsal midline of 0 – 50 Hard
metacarpal to prevent with the forearm and hand aspect of the MCP midline of the the proximal
Thumb (MCP wrist motion and flexion resting on a supporting join metacarpal phalanx 0 Firm
Extension) of the CMC joint of the surface. Place the forearm
thumb in
full supination.
Thumb (IP Flexion) Stabilize the proximal Position the subject sitting, over the dorsal dorsal midline of dorsal midline of 0 – 80 Firm
phalanx to prevent with the forearm and hand surface of the IP the the distal
Thumb (IP Extension) flexion or resting on a supporting joint proximal phalanx phalanx 0 – 20 Firm
extension of the MCP surface. Place the forearm
joint. in
full supination.
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
HIP REGION
Motion stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Hip Flexion Stabilize the pelvis with Place the subject in the 0 - 120 Soft
one hand to prevent supine position, with the
posterior knees extended and both
tilting or rotation. Keep hips in 0 degrees of
the contralateral lower abduction,
extremity flat on the adduction, and rotation
table in the neutral
position to
provide additional
stabilization over the lateral lateral midline of lateral midline of
aspect of the hip the the
Hip Extension Hold the pelvis with one Place the subject in the joint, using the pelvis femur, using the 0 – 20 Firm
hand to prevent an prone position, with both greater trochanter lateral
anterior knees extended and the hip of the femur for epicondyle as a
tilt (an assistant could to be tested in 0 degrees reference reference
help stabilize the pelvis). of abduction, adduction,
Keep and rotation
the contralateral
extremity flat on the
table to provide
additional pelvic
stabilization
Hip Abduction Keep a hand on the pelvis Place the subject in the 0 – 40 Firm
to prevent lateral tilting supine position, with the
and rotation. Watch the knees extended and the
trunk for lateral trunk hips in 0 degrees of flexion,
flexion. extension, and rotation
Hip Adduction Stabilize the pelvis to Place the subject in the 0 – 20 Firm
prevent lateral tilting supine position, with both over the anterior with an imaginary anterior midline
knees extended and the hip superior iliac spine horizontal of the
being tested in 0 degrees of (ASIS) of the line extending femur, using the
flexion, extension, and extremity being from one ASIS to midline of the
measured the other patella for
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
rotation. Abduct the reference
contralateral
extremity to provide
sufficient space to complete
the full ROM in adduction.
Hip Medial (Internal) Stabilize the distal end of Seat the subject on a over the anterior perpendicular to anterior midline 0 – 45 Firm
Rotation the femur to prevent supporting surface, with the aspect of the patella the floor or parallel of
abduction, knees flexed to 90 degrees to the supporting the lower leg,
Hip Medial (Lateral) adduction, or further over the edge of the surface surface using the crest of 0 - 45 Firm
flexion of the hip. Avoid with hip in 90 degrees the tibia and
Rotation
rotations and lateral flexion a point midway
tilting of the pelvis between the two
malleoli for
reference
KNEE REGION
Motion Stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Knee Flexion Stabilize the femur to Place the subject supine, over the lateral lateral midline of the lateral 0 - 135 Soft
prevent rotation, with the knee in extension. epicondyle of the the midline of the
abduction, and adduction Position the hip in 0 degrees femur femur, using the fibula, using the
of the hip of extension, abduction, greater trochanter lateral malleolus
and adduction. for reference and fibular head
for reference
ANKLE & FOOT REGION
Motion Stabilization Testing Position Fulcrum Proximal arm Distal arm Normal Values End-feel
(AAOS)
Dorsiflexion Stabilize the tibia and Place the subject sitting, over the lateral lateral midline of parallel to the 0 – 20 Firm
(Talocrural jt) fibula to prevent knee with the knee flexed to aspect of the lateral the lateral aspect of
motion and hip rotation. 90 degrees. The foot should malleolus fibula, using the the
be in 0 degrees of inversion head of the fibula fifth metatarsal 0 - 50 Firm
and eversion for reference
Plantarflexion
(Talocrural jt)
Inversion (Tarsal jt) Stabilize the tibia and the Place the subject in the over the anterior anterior midline of anterior midline 0 – 35 Firm
fibula to prevent medial sitting position, with the aspect of the ankle the lower leg, of the
knee flexed to 90 degrees using the tibial
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019
SUMMARY GUIDES FOR MEASURING RANGE OF MOTION
rotation and extension of and the lower leg over the midway between tuberosity for second
the knee and lateral edge of the supporting the malleoli reference metatarsal
rotation and abduction of surface
the hip.
This summary guides for measuring range of motion is for the exclusive use of students enrolled in PT 301 Measurement & Evaluation.
Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
jdcptrp2019