STORAGE STRUCTURES

To cope with the current and future demand of the increasing population for the food grains, it is emphasized to reduce the loss of seeds during and after harvest.
seeds are stored for varying periods to ensure proper and balanced public distribution through out the year. Post harvest losses in India are estimated to be
around 10 per cent, of which the losses during storage alone are estimated to be 6.58 per cent. But, with the advent of improved agricultural technology, the
producer can afford to store the seeds for longer period with minimum loss.

For best storage performance,

1. The produce must be thoroughly cleaned and graded,
2. Dried to the safe storage moisture level of 10-12 % for cereals and 7-9% for   oil seeds (on wet basis) for a safe storage period of 6-12 months.
3. Storage structures should to be properly repaired, cleaned and disinfected,
4. Structures should bear the load of seeds stored and do not permit contact/
   exchange with outside humid air,
5. Structures should be constructed in the coolest part of the house/ farm.

An ideal storage facility should satisfy the following requirements

1. It should provide maximum possible protection from ground moisture, rain, insect
    pests, moulds, rodents, birds, fore etc.,
2. It should provide the necessary facility for inspection, disinfection, loading, unloading,
   cleaning and reconditioning.
3. It should protect grain from excessive moisture and temperature favourable to both
    insect and mould development,
4. It should be economical and suitable for a particular situation

Seeds can be stored in bulk or in bags.

(a) Bulk (open) storage

It is preferred over bag storage for the following reasons

 Large quantities of food grain can be stored

 No difficulty in loading and unloading of grain
 No need to purchase storage containers like gunnies
 Insect incidence is less than bag storage, even this can be eliminated by fumigation in situ
 Avoids waste from leaking bags
 Easy inspections- saves labour and time.
Bulk seed storage
(b) Bag storage

 Commodities are mostly stored in gunnies. Storage in bags requires considerable labour, but the minimum investment is enough on permanent
structures and equipment. The storage in  bags has the advantage of being short-term storage.
 Bag storage can be done under a roof galvanized iron sheets, a plastic covering where grain is intended for very early onward movement. Bags
can be easily handled for marketing purpose.
 There is no sweating of bags as they are arranged in racks with proper interbag space, but, initial cost is high and they can easily pickup
infestation and retain even after treatment.

Storage structures used by the farmers are

       
 

  Gunny bags of different capacities (35, 50, 75 and 100 kg) with or without inside plastic lining.

  Mud bins having 100 – 1000 kg capacity

 
 Baked earthen containers of 5- 100 kg capacity
 
  In heaps on flat floor in the corner of houses (100- 1500 q).

 
   Bamboo structures

 
  Wooded bins

 
  Underground structures
 

 CONVENTIONAL STORAGE STRUCTURES

Structures Make Stored Capacity Remarks

items
1. Bamboo Split bamboo woven in Paddy, 500 kg Life 4-5 years.
structures the form of a cylinder wheat and Weight loss due to insect
with wide base and sorghum attack is 5 % in paddy and
narrow mouth 15 % in sorghum.
2. Mud and Clay, straw and cow Paddy, wheat, 5 to 10 q Life 8- 10 years.
earthen dung- 3:3:1. Earthen sorghum,oil seeds During rainy season
structures structures are made, and pulses develop cracks and
sun dried and then moisture absorption
burnt in fire followed by insect and
mould
infestation.
3. Wooden Local wood is painted Paddy 10 q 15- 20 years. Neither
structures black. At the top, 30 cm airtight nor moisture
x 20 cm in let and proof.
at the bottom 30 cm
x15cm outlet is
provided
4. Brick Rectangular, Paddy, 25- 30 q 25- 30 years. High initial
structures structures built as part sorghum cost, not insect and
of the house, with brick and wheat moisture proof.
in cement or lime
mortar having a
wall thickness of 40 –
50 cm. At the top 50x
50 cm inlet and at
bottom 15 x15cm
outlet is provided.
5.Underground Circular pits vary Cereals 100 –200 q Safe against insects but,
structures from 100– 400cm in loss of seed viability and
depth and 50 – 100 cm handling
dia at neck and 250 – difficulties made it out of
300 cm at the bottom. date.
For filling and emptying
there is
an opening at the top.
Before filling the sides
and bottom are packed
with straw
and husk. After filling
the pit is gain covered
with straw and stone,
the finally with mud.
6.Miscellaneous a. paddy straw is Paddy, 30–100q1-2 q2-5 kg Not insect and rat
 plant materials wound in the form of other proofTemporaryOnly small 
a. Paddy straw rope to varying cereals quantity of seed lots.
b. Stem of vitex diameter and pulses Paddy and
and pigeon pea b. stems wound like a other
stalks bin and both sides are cerealsPulses, gourd
c. Bottle gourd plastered with mud and seeds
shells cow dung
c. empty shells are
used
7. Metal Sheets of about 3 m Various Vary Vary Temporary
corrugated G.I. high are held types of
sheets vertically along one seeds
edge and edges of the
other sheets are
overlapped and bolted
to each other. Thus
the circle with 2-4 m
dia. is completed with
 many such sheets.
They are covered on
the top with the plain
M.S. or G.I. sheets.
8. Hessian cloth
bags
9. Gunny bags

 
IMPROVED RURAL - LEVEL STORAGE STRUCTURES

1. Bitumen/ coal tar drum

An alternate model of metal bin, low cost with similar technical performance. These bins     are of 520 mm dia and 900 mm height. They can store 1.5 q of wheat
and 1.2 q of Bengal gram.

 2. Hapur bin/ Kothis

Circular bins of 2, 5, 7.2 and 10 q capacities and have potential to meet requirements of even large farmers.
3. Udaipur bin

These bins are made out of used coaltar drums. These can stock 1.3 q of wheat and  maize. These bins can be made to have more airtight lid if the drum outlet
end is given small cut to unload the bitumen. These bins are suitable for storing of food grains for short duration and can be adopted by small farmers.

 4. Stone bin

Stone bin (Chittore bin) is made of locally available 40 mm thick stone slabs with dimensions of 680 mm x 1200 mm with square cross-section. The inlet and outlet
are made of asbestos. This bin has a capacity of 3.8 q.

5. Bamboo bin

These bins are made of two walls of bamboo with polythene lining in between and have varying capacities. These bins are suitable for short – duration storage
and can be adopted by small and marginal farmers.

6. Baked clay bin

Baked clay bin of 7q capacity (paddy) is made of 16 burnt rings jointed by mud plaster; cement mortar and cowdung coatings one after another. The ends of the
rings are made in such a manner that they fit into each other. These rings are kept on a polythene sheet covered and plastered platform of brick mansory and
cement sand mortar. An outlet is provided for the discharge of the grain. The top is covered with a mild steel lid. Because of the low cost and good performance
these are particularly useful for small and marginal farmers who do not store their produce for longer duration.

7. PKV bin

Made from green bamboo splits into suitable sizes. The tunnel, outlet flap valve and complete stand can be fabricated in a workshop.

8. Pusa bin

It is a modification of the ordinary mud storage structure commonly used in villages. To provide moisture proof and airtight conditions, polyethylene film of 700
gauge thickness has been embedded at the top, bottom and on all the sides of the mud bin. The embedding process provides mechanical support and safety to
polyethylene film. The construction of outer walls with burnt bricks up to 45 cm height makes the structure rat proof as well. The bin is constructed with unburnt
bricks on burnt bricks or concrete floor to avoid rat burrowing. The grain and seed both remain safe in the bin for more than one year with proper precautions.

9. Pusa Cubicle

This is a room like structure ( 3.95 x 3.15 x 2.60 m), a modification of Pusa bin to provide large storage capacity of 24 tonnes on a platform of 3.73 m x 2.93 m x
0.07 m is made with unburnt bricks on a concrete floor (except 22 cm of outer sides with burnt bricks). A polyethylene sheet is placed on this platform and another
platform of similar dimension is made with unburnt bricks. The 22 cm thick inner walls are constructed upto 2.6 m height. A wooden frame of 1.89m x 1.06 m for
door is fixed in the front side of 3.95 m wall. The roof can be made by wooden beam placed at 15 cm distance and covered with unburnt bricks.

10. Pusa Kothar

Presently storage is practiced in small compartments of a room (5.3 m x 2 m x 4 m) called kothar. The roof is constructed with the help of wooden poles and mud
slabs, leaving near the front wall three filling holes each of 0.5 m x 0.5 m size. Two out lets of G.I. sheets of 15 cm dia. and 30 cm length are fitted at the floor wall
on the front side.

11. Metal bins

Bins made of steel, Aluminium R.C.C are used for storage of grains outside the house. These bins are fire and moisture proof. The bins have long durability and
produced on commercial scale. The capacity ranges from 1 to 10 tonnes. Silos are huge bins made with steel/ aluminium or concrete. Usually steel and aluminium
bins are circular in shape. The capacity of silo ranges from 500 to 4000 tonnes. A silo has facilities for loading and unloading grains.

STACKING

Food grains have to be stored and preserved on scientific lines in godowns till they are issued to consumer. Te bags containing food grains cannot be just dumped
inside the godown, for it will not facilitate proper storage. Proper stacking ensures free access to the stocks in all parts of the godown for inspection and helps in
effective disinfestations work. Generally, three methods of stacking are being followed: 1. Simple, 2.Cross and 3. Block method.

Steps necessary for good storage practice in respect of all food grains

Stored product pests can be managed either behaviouraly (traps viz., probe traps, light traps, pitfall traps etc.,) or with several preventive and curative measures
(both chemical and non-chemical methods). Once a facility is obtained, a number of steps are to be taken to ensure safe storage of grains. These steps comprise,

1. Before storage

- Checking for leakage of rain water and sufficiency of drainage facilities

- Cleanliness of the facility and environment
- Assessment of capacity of the facility
- Pesticidal treatment
- Security and firefighting arrangements and
- Repairs to available equipment
2. After receipt of seed

- Inspection for variety and soundness of quality

- Inspection carefully for infestation, it any, and when present, for type and extent
  of infestation,
- Inspection whether grain has excess moisture, whether it had been heated up in
  earlier storage and has any musty or rancid odour
- Any grain rendered wet or damaged to be segregated and salvaged with facilities
  available and check the weight received

3. During storage

 Maintenance of cleanliness
 Ensuring aeration where necessary
 Checking for leakage after rains
 Inspection for insects, rats and mites at fortnightly intervals
 Watch for advancement in deterioration, if any,
 Pesticidal treatments necessarily based on observations
 Ensuring disposal where called for, and
 Arrangement for segregation, salvage and processing, wherever, damage owing
 to leakage of water and other causes might have taken place.

SEED PROTECTANTS

Chemicals that can be directly applied to grains are formulations of chemicals having residual toxic or repellent action or both. Those are applied directly to the
grain to prevent damage by stored product pests. Eg., clay minerals (red earth, Kaolin) before 1950. Now their use is restricted only to seeds and grains meant for
animal feed. These grain protectants can be applied in the form of spray/ dust on the uninfested grain.

Advantages over fumigants

 Used as a prophylactic treatment

 Can be effective when the grains are stored in loose containers where fumigation   is not possible
 Less dangerous than fumigants
 Don’t affect germination adversely
 One application at harvest time is sufficient for one year

Example

1. Pyrethrum synergized with PBO: safest of the grain protectants available and approved for       use. Available as powder 1 % PBO +0.8 % pyrethrum, 0.83 lb
synergist+ 0.6 % pyrethrum also be applied in the form of spray 3-5 gallons/ 1000 bushel, 0.6 lb synergist+0.066 lb pyrethrum.
 2. Premium grade Malathion: Foul smell is removed. Can be directly applied over the     grain as 1 % D or as a spray 57 EC. Other chemicals include: Carbaryl,
Dichlorvos, Fenitrothion, Lindane, Malathion, PBO, Pyrethroids (Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate).