Far East Industries LTD Feasibility
Far East Industries LTD Feasibility
Far East Industries LTD Feasibility
August 2018
Prepared by
Far East Spinning Industries Ltd. (FESIL)
Uttor Surma, Teliapara, Madhabpur,
Habiganj
Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Table of Contents
1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1-1
1.1 Project Background ........................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Rationale of the Project..................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 Project Objectives and Benefits........................................................................ 1-2
1.4 ESA Methodology ............................................................................................... 1-3
1.4.1 Orientation ................................................................................................................ 1-3
1.4.2 Data Collection Planning ...................................................................................... 1-3
1.4.3 Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 1-3
1.4.4 Physical Environment ............................................................................................. 1-5
1.4.5 Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 1-5
1.4.6 Socio-Cultural Environment ................................................................................. 1-7
1.5 ESA Team............................................................................................................ 1-7
2 CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................. 2-1
2.1 Project Location and Design ............................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Design Consideration........................................................................................ 2-4
3 CHAPTER THREE: LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK .............................................. 3-1
3.1 Applicable Policies............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 National Policies ...................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 International Policies ............................................................................................. 3-3
3.2 Environmental Clearance .................................................................................. 3-5
4 CHAPTER FOUR: TECHNICAL ASPECTS....................................................................... 6
4.1 Proposed Process and Technology ..................................................................... 6
4.2 List of Major Equipment....................................................................................... 6
4.3 Description of Major Equipment ...................................................................... 4-1
4.3.1 Photovoltaic (PV) module: .................................................................................... 4-1
4.3.2 Grid-Tied String Inverter ....................................................................................... 4-1
4.3.3 Master Box for Three-Phase Solar ...................................................................... 4-1
4.3.4 Remote Control ....................................................................................................... 4-1
4.3.5 Display of Operating Status................................................................................. 4-1
4.3.6 Number of Solar Inverters .................................................................................... 4-1
4.4 Plant Capacity Selection .................................................................................... 4-1
5 CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ........................................................... 5-1
5.1 General ............................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Do Nothing ......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 Alternatives Energy Generation Technology ................................................... 5-2
5.4 Alternative Land Use ......................................................................................... 5-2
5.5 Alternative Site................................................................................................... 5-2
6 CHAPTER SIX: DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE ......... 6-1
6.1 General ............................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Physical Environment ........................................................................................ 6-1
6.2.1 Climate ....................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.2 Physiography ............................................................................................................ 6-8
6.2.3 Regional and Site Topography............................................................................ 6-9
6.2.4 Geology .................................................................................................................... 6-12
6.2.5 Soil Quality.............................................................................................................. 6-14
6.2.6 Agro-Ecological Zones within the Project Area ............................................ 6-14
6.2.7 Hydrology ................................................................................................................ 6-17
Fig: 6.15 Surface water sampling in the project area ........................................................ 6-20
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List of Tables
Table 1-1 The ESA Study Team ............................................................................. 1-7
Table 6-1: Test Results of Ambient Air Quality Analysis ........................................ 6-8
Table 6-2: Results for Surface Water Quality ....................................................... 6-18
Table 6-3: Results for Ground Water Quality ....................................................... 6-20
Table 6-3: Noise Level at Different Locations of Project Area .............................. 6-22
Table 6-4: Seismic Zonation of Bangladesh ......................................................... 6-23
Table 6-5: List of Flora in the Project Influenced Area ......................................... 6-29
Table 6-6: List of Fauna in the Project Influenced Area........................................ 6-30
Table 6-7 Population of the Habigonj District ..................................................... 6-34
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1Route Map of ESA process .................................................................... 1-4
Figure 1.2 Sampling Locations ............................................................................. 1-6
Figure 2.1 Photographs of Location of the project ................................................ 2-1
Figure 2.2 Location Map of the Project ................................................................. 2-2
Figure 2.3 Location Map of the Project by Google Earth ........................................ 2-3
Figure 4.1: Layout of Grid Connected PV system...................................................... 6
Figure 6.1: Climatic Zone of Bangladesh ............................................................... 6-3
Figure 6.2 Variation of Monthly Surface Air Temperature of Srimangal Station ...... 6-4
Figure 6.3: Monthly Average Humidity of Srimangal Station (1995-2013).............. 6-4
Figure 6.4: Monthly Average Rainfall of Srimangal Station .................................... 6-5
Figure 6.5: Graphical representation of Wind speed at Srimangal Station .............. 6-6
Figure 6.6: Average Monthly Cloud Coverage at Srimangal Station........................ 6-6
Figure 6.7: Average Monthly Maximum Sunshine at Srimangal Station .................. 6-7
Figure 6.8 Air Quality Monitoring at Project Site ................................................... 6-7
Figure 6.9: Physiography of the Project Area ...................................................... 6-10
Figure 6.10: Topography of the Project Area ...................................................... 6-11
Figure 6.11: Geology of the Project Area ............................................................ 6-13
Figure 6.12: General Soil Type Map of Bangladesh.............................................. 6-15
Figure 6.13: Agro-ecological Regions of Bangladesh ........................................... 6-16
Figure 6.14: River Network Map of the Project .................................................... 6-19
Fig: 6.15 Surface water sampling in the project area .......................................... 6-20
Fig: 6.16 Ground water sampling in the project area .......................................... 6-21
Fig: 6.17 Noise Level Measurements in the Project Area ..................................... 6-22
Fig 6.18: Seismic Zones of Bangladesh ............................................................... 6-25
Fig 6.19: Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh ..................................................... 6-28
Fig 6.20: Environmental Protected Areas in Project Area ..................................... 6-32
Fig: 6.21 Cultural and Sensitive Structures within 1km Radius of the Project
Location ............................................................................................................. 6-38
Figure 9.1: Trends of World Solar Energy Growth .................................................. 9-2
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Executive Summary Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Executive Summary
INTRODUCTION
1. Bangladesh is a densely populated country with 160 million people. To meet the
increasing population, demand the generation of electricity is not produced as
expected. The per capita generation is 348 kWh (Power Division, Government of the
People's Republic of Bangladesh; Accessed on 19-08-2015). The per capita
consumption of power by World Bank estimate in 2009 for India was 571 kWh, for
Pakistan was 449 kWh and for China, it was 2631 kWh. The Sixth Five Year Plan
contains information on demand-supply gap for electricity, source of electricity supply,
use of different types of energy, electricity generation program and strategy for power
generation.
2. With the advent of solar based technologies and the current global trend of reduction
in solar panel costs, electricity generated using solar based technologies is expected
to become cheaper than electricity generated from traditional sources. Thus, different
industries are being encouraged to install solar PV based power plants to save
electricity expenses in future.
3. Current electricity cost from solar plant is almost similar to grid tariff which is expected
to be cheaper than grid tariff in future due to the constant fall in price in solar based
technologies vs. expected rise in grid tariff to minimize gap between generation cost
and tariff. Thus, financing such kind of projects makes financial sense apart from
achieving country’s target to promote renewable energy-based technologies in the
country to ensure access to electricity for all.
METHODOLOGY
4. The study is based on both primary and secondary data and information. The primary
data includes data collected from field observations, on-site & laboratory test and
secondary data includes review of the Bangladesh statistical and relevant information
from Government Departments. Discussions were held with stakeholders including
community representatives and a wide range of Char areas.
5. Legislative bases for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Bangladesh are the
Environmental Conservation Act 1995 (ECA’95, as amended in 2010) and the
Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 (ECR’97). Department of Environment (DoE),
under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is the regulatory body
responsible for enforcing the ECA’95 and ECR’97. It is the responsibility of the
proponent to conduct an Environmental Assessment (EA) of development proposal
and the responsibility to review EIAs for the purpose of issuing Environmental
Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the DOE. According to the Gazette on 24th December
2017 under Environment Division-3 of Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, the 890kWp on Industrial Ground
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Solar project and 211kWp on Industrial Rooftop solar system project in which both
components are considered as the “Green Category”.
6. Far East Spinning Industries Ltd. (FESIL) proposed 890 KWp on 86,749 sft ground
area; and 211 KWp on Rooftop Solar System Project. Project site is located at Uttor
Surma, Teliapara, Madhabpur, Habiganj. Land area of the site is around 3200 decimal.
In this project 890 KWp will be installed on 86,749 square feet ground area and rest
211 KWp will be installed on rooftops. A substation rooftop with 2914 square feet area
and Utility Bay roof with 17670 square feet area will house the plants with
aforementioned capacity
7. In the proposed system two main equipment will be used which are solar panels and
inverters. Sun shines on the solar panels to generate DC electricity. The DC electricity
produced from the solar panel will be converted to 415V 3-phase AC using the
inverters. Then, the energy will be fed into the busbars of industry. A Zero Export
Controller will be used to ensure “net zero export” The aggregated installed capacity
of the project will be 890kWp on Industrial ground area and 211kWp on Industrial
Rooftop.
8. The project area is located in the south-central region climatic zone. In this zone,
rainfall is abundant, being above 1,900 mm. The range of temperature is, as can be
expected, much less than to the west, but somewhat more than in Southeastern zone.
This is a transitory zone between the Southeastern, Northwestern and Southwestern
zones and most of the severe hailstorms, nor are ‘westers and tornadoes recorded in
this area. The minimum monthly average temperature in the project area lies within
November to February which varies generally from 9.5°C to 16.6°C while the maximum
monthly average temperature is seen in April which is around 32.8°C. The maximum
annual rainfall was about 3145 mm in the year of 2002 at the project area. About 90%
of the total rainfall has been recorded during monsoon. The average monthly humidity
in the region varied from 70% to 85% depicted data from the year 1995 to 2013. The
atmosphere of this zone always enriches with humidity because of high evaporation
over the wetlands water surface. Solar radiation and evaporation are maximum during
the pre-monsoon periods compared to the rest of the year. During high temperature in
March-May, the evaporation from the soil also became high which further increased
the soil alkalinity. Sunshine hour refers to the duration of solar insolation over a specific
region in a day. Cloud coverage directly influence the sunshine hour. The average
sunshine remained maximum with 7.9 hours in February. The minimum sunshine was
4.22 hours in the month of June in the area of Srimangal weather station. The statistical
cloud coverage data from 1995 to 2013 shows that average cloud coverage remained
maximum from 5 octas to 6.4 octas during June to September. The minimum cloud
coverage was 1.31 octas in the month of December recorded in the area of Srimangal
weather station.
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9. Air quality test has been conducted on 13th March 2018 at the proposed project site
and the test was analyzed by DSCL Environmental Laboratory. According to
Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standards from the Environmental
Conservation Rules, 1997 which was amended on 19th July 2005 vide S.R.O. No. 220-
Law/2005; PM10, PM2.5and SPM of the local ambient air exceeded Bangladesh
standard. The other parameters were within the Bangladesh Standard. Noise level has
been monitored at inside and outside of the project location during day time. The
results show that time weighted average value of the sound monitored at inside and
outside of the project area exceeded the standard fixed for Auto-knitting section,
Generator section and Sewing section. For the other locations, the noise level was
within the national standard.
10. The project area falls in the Northern and Eastern piedmont plain. The topography of
the specific project location is 10.85-14.94 m. Geological structure of project area
belongs to the northeastern folded area of Bangladesh. The fold belt is characterized
by folding of the sedimentary layers into a series of anticlines (upward folds) and
synclines (downward fold), refer to the Tripura Chittagong Fold Belt. According to the
24 general soil types of Bangladesh the project area falls in the soil tract group 13
which are non-calcareous alluvium and brown hill soils. The project area falls in the
agro-ecological region of the Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plain (AEZ-22). There is
no evidence of major earthquakes in the project areas in the recent past.
12. During pre-construction phase, the impacts associated with the land use only. The
project initiator will implement the project in their own industry and the locations will be
on rooftop and ground area. Therefore, there are no anticipated impacts during the
planning phase of the Project.
13. During construction phases, the major impact associated with environmental quality
like air, noise, water, soil quality might be degraded due to improper management of
the generated waste. Dust generated from construction machineries and gaseous
emissions from vehicular transport as well machineries may deteriorate the air quality
of the local area. Noise quality can be deteriorated due to the operation of various
machineries and equipment. Various grease and oily substances may be released
from the construction machineries may deteriorate the natural water of the project site.
All the impacts will be very much localized in nature. The project contractor is to take
responsibility of minimizing environmental impact on the surroundings during
construction phases by following the project’s environmental management plan (EMP).
Other social impacts associated with the visual amenity, health safety of the labors,
cultural resources, employment opportunity etc. such type of impacts will be localized
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in nature and not anticipate to the project. The contractor should follow the rules and
guidelines related to the environmental and social mentioned in the EMP.
14. During the operation period, the main impact is associated with heat generation. The
heat may be transferred by convection, radiation and conduction method.
15. To minimize/mitigate the impacts the developer should follow the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) properly.
16. Environmental Management Plan has been developed for addressing all adverse
impacts pertaining to the implementation of the project. The plan presented in tabular
form includes impacts, their sources of occurrence, their mitigation measures, actors
responsible for implementation of mitigation measures and their responsibilities.
17. Environmental Monitoring Plan has incorporated key environmental components and
parameters to be monitored their indicators, frequency, timing and locations of
monitoring and also the actors responsible for carrying out such monitoring.
18. Far East Spinning Industries Ltd is the Executing Agency, responsible for overall
project implementation and will establish a Project Management Unit (PMU) to manage
the project on their behalf. A Project Manager (PM), supported by technical staff, who
will design the infrastructure, manage selection of Contractors, and supervise
construction, will head this.
19. Mitigation is the responsibility of Far East Spinning Industries Ltd. The project authority
will implement the ESMP along with mitigation measures, as part of the contractual
obligation. The cost for Environmental Mitigation Measures and Monitoring will be
included in the project cost and allocated of fund will made accordingly.
20. Based on the analysis, it may be concluded that the project stands environmentally
sound and sustainable when the recommended mitigation measure and environmental
management processes are adopted properly.
21. Severe weather conditions would have an impact on the construction activities. The
construction activities may even have to be stopped during these periods. So, it is
recommended that commencing construction in early winter season may help to reap
the benefit of full dry spell of the season.
22. In order to enhance the occupational health and worker safety during the construction
period, construction equipment would have to be kept in good order. Adequate safety
measures should be taken and safety related equipment including personal protective
and safety equipment (PPE), firefighting equipment etc. must be provided in order to
reduce the potential for accidents.
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ABBREVIATIONS
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Chapter 1: Introduction Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
The policy of the Government of Bangladesh has been to ensure extension and stabilization
of the power sector through both public and private sector undertakings toward not only
meeting the existing power deficiency of the country but also ensuring continuous power in
view of the projected future demand. Far East Spinning Industries Ltd. (FESIL) proposed a
890 KWp ground area; and 211 KWp on Rooftop Solar System Project. Project site is located
at UttorSurma, Teliapara, Madhabpur, Habiganj. Land area of the site is around 3200 decimal.
In which 890 KWp will be installed on 86,749 square feet ground area and rest 211 KWp will
be installed on rooftops. A substation rooftop with 2914 square feet area and Utility Bay roof
with 17,670 square feet area will house the plants with aforementioned capacity.
In the proposed system two main equipment will be used which are solar panels and inverters.
Sun shines on the solar panels to generate DC electricity. The DC electricity produced from
the solar panel will be converted to 415V 3-phase AC using the inverters. Then, the energy
will be fed into the busbars of industry. A Zero Export Controller will be used to ensure “net
zero export” The aggregated installed capacity of the project will be 890kWp on Industrial
ground area and 211kWp on Industrial Rooftop.
Bangladesh receives an average daily solar radiation in the range of 4-5 kWh/m². Encouraged
by the availability of solar radiation, Power Division has initiated a programme to generate 500
MW of solar-based electricity. Under this programme, projects for electrification of rural health
centers, educational institutions, E-centers at union levels, religious establishments and
remote railway stations are required to be implemented by authorities concerned. Private
sector is expected to implement commercial projects like Solar Irrigation, Solar Mini Grid, Solar
Park and Solar Rooftop applications.
The government is gradually meeting part of the lighting and cooling load of public offices by
installing solar panels. The national capacity of solar power development currently exceeds
150 MW. Most of the capacity addition is from Solar Home Systems (SHS) implemented by
Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), a government-owned financial
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Chapter 1: Introduction Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
institution. Until recently, more than 3 million SHSs have been installed with aggregated
capacity of about 135 MW. The international community recognizes Bangladesh's SHSs as
the fastest growing solar power dissemination program in the world.
Department of Environment (DoE), under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is
the regulatory body responsible for enforcing the ECA’95 and ECR’97. It is the responsibility
of the proponent to conduct an Environmental Assessment (EA) of development proposal and
the responsibility to review EIAs for the purpose of issuing Environmental Clearance
Certificate (ECC) from the DOE. According to the Gazette on 24th December 2017 under
Environment Division-3 of Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the Peoples
Republic of Bangladesh, the 890kWp on Industrial Ground Solar project and 211kWp on
Industrial Rooftop solar system project in which both components are considered as the
“Green Category”.
Load shedding is a frequent phenomenon in the locality, which happens for almost 2 hours on
average per day. This translates into approximately Tk.2, 030,145.00 of fuel expenditure and
Tk.674,000.00 of maintenance cost in a year. For this reason, the client has now planned to
install a roof top solar power system that now envisages to fully replacing the diesel
generators.
Electricity tariff in Bangladesh is currently subsidized which keeps electricity cost affordable to
general public of the country. However, given government’s aspiration to become a middle-
income country by 2041, gap between electricity generation cost and tariff needs to be
eliminated gradually. Thus, it can be anticipated that, electricity tariff for generated power from
traditional sources will continue to soar in future to eliminate the gap.
With the advent of solar based technologies and the current global trend of reduction in solar
panel costs, electricity generated using solar based technologies is expected to become
cheaper than electricity generated from traditional sources. Thus, different industries are being
encouraged to install solar PV based power plants to save electricity expenses in future.
Current electricity cost from solar plant is almost similar to grid tariff which is expected to be
cheaper than grid tariff in future due to the constant fall in price in solar based technologies
vs. expected rise in grid tariff to minimize gap between generation cost and tariff. Thus,
financing such kind of projects makes financial sense apart from achieving country’s target to
promote renewable energy-based technologies in the country to ensure access to electricity
for all.
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Chapter 1: Introduction Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
area Solar Project activities. Assess the impacts and recommend appropriate mitigation
measures during preconstruction, construction, and operation phases to minimize negative
impacts of the project to acceptable levels. The ESA will be used as a decision-making tool to
ensure that the project design and implementation activities are environmentally sound and
sustainable. During the implementation phase, the prepared Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP) shall serve as a framework for strengthening the mitigation,
enhancement and environmental monitoring measures and system of the rooftop and ground
area solar project. In the preparation phase, the ESA shall achieve the following objectives:
To establish the environmental and social baseline in the study area, and to identify any
significant environmental issue;
To assess these impacts and provide for measures to address the adverse impacts by
the provision of the requisite avoidance, mitigation and compensation measures;
To integrate the environmental and social issues in the project planning and design;
To develop appropriate management plans for implementing, monitoring and reporting
of the environmental and social mitigation and enhancement measures suggested.
1.4.1 Orientation
Meetings and discussions were held among the members of the ESA Team. This activity was
aimed at achieving a common ground of understanding of various issues of the study.
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DESK RESEARCH
- Lit review
- Acts and legislation
- Reconnaissance
- Discussion
ESA
Figure 1.1Route Map of ESA process
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Chapter 1: Introduction Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Flora
The vegetative communities were identified and classified into community types. Identification
was carried out of dominant tree species, assessment of stage of growth (mature or sapling) and
assessment of canopy cover.
Fauna
Information on fauna was gathered from existing literature on reported species as well as
observations in the field.
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Chapter 2: Project Description Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
In the proposed system two main equipment will be used which are solar panels and inverters. Sun
shines on the solar panels to generate DC electricity. The DC electricity produced from the solar
panel will be converted to 415V 3-phase AC using the inverters. Then, the energy will be fed into
the busbars of industry. A Zero Export Controller will be used to ensure “net zero export” The
aggregated installed capacity of the project will be 890kWp on Industrial ground area and 211kWp
on Industrial Rooftop. Project area Photographs are presented in Figure 2.1. The location of this
project is shown in Figure 2.2.
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Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
The Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) of 1995 is the main legislative framework
document relating to environmental protection in Bangladesh. This umbrella Act includes laws
for conservation of the environment, improvement of environmental standards, and control
and mitigation of environmental pollution. This Act established the DOE and empowers its
Director General to take measures as he considers necessary which includes conducting
inquiries, preventing probable accidents, advising the Government, coordinating with other
authorities or agencies, and collecting & publishing information about environmental pollution.
According to this act (Section 12), no industrial unit or project shall be established or
undertaken without obtaining, in a manner prescribed by the accompanying Rules, an
Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the Director General of the DOE.
The Act was amended in 2010 on collection and recycling of used/non-functional batteries for
conservation of environment, improving environmental standard and control and prevention of
environmental pollution. According to this amendment, no recycling of battery will be permitted
without environmental clearance of DOE. This also restricted the improper disposal of used
batteries or any parts of used battery in open place, water bodies, waste bins, etc. All used
batteries must be sent to the DOE approved battery recycling industry at earliest convenience.
No financial transaction was allowed for used/non-functional batteries.
The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 were issued by the Government of Bangladesh
in exercise of the power conferred under the Environment Conservation Act (Section20), 1995.
Under these Rules, the following aspects, among others, are covered:
The Rule 3 defines the factors to be considered in declaring an area ‘ecologically critical area’
(ECA) as per Section 5 of ECA’95. It empowers the Government to declare an area ‘ECA’, if
it is satisfied that the ecosystem of the area has reached or is threatened to reach a critical
state or condition due to environmental degradation. The Government is also empowered to
specify which of the operations or processes shall be carried out or shall not be initiated in the
ecologically critical area. Under this mandate, MOEF has declared Sundarbans, Cox’s Bazar-
Tekhnaf Sea Shore, Saint Martin Island, Sonadia Island, Hakaluki Haor, Tanguar Haor, Marzat
Baor and Gulshan-Baridhara Lake as ecologically critical areas and prohibited certain
activities in those areas.
ECR’97 (Rule 7) classifies industrial units and projects into four categories depending on
environmental impact and location for the purpose of issuance of ECC. These categories are:
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Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
• Green
• Orange A
• Orange B, and
• Red
All existing industrial units and projects and proposed industrial units and projects, that are
considered to be low polluting are categorized under "Green" and shall be granted
Environmental Clearance. For proposed industrial units and projects falling in the Orange- A,
Orange-B and Red Categories, firstly a site clearance certificate and thereafter an
environmental clearance certificate will be issued. A detailed description of those four
categories of industries has been given in Schedule-1 of ECR’97.
Department of Environment (DoE), under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is
the regulatory body responsible for enforcing the ECA’95 and ECR’97. It is the responsibility
of the proponent to conduct an Environmental Assessment (EA) of development proposal and
the responsibility to review EIAs for the purpose of issuing Environmental Clearance
Certificate (ECC) from the DOE. According to the Gazette on 24th December 2017 under
Environment Division-3 of Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the Peoples
Republic of Bangladesh, 890 KWp on 86,749 sft ground area; and 211 KWp on Rooftop Solar
System Project in which both are individually (50 KWp to 1MW) is considered as “Green
category”.
The renewable energy policy of Bangladesh has been approved on December 18, 2008 with
the target of developing renewable energy resources. This Policy laid out the target of meeting
5% of total power demand from renewable energy sources by 2015 and 10% by 2020. The
policy provides an overall guidance of
institutional arrangements
resource, technology and program development
investment and fiscal incentives
regulatory policy
The policy promotes appropriate, efficient and environment friendly use of renewable energy.
It also suggests that for large biomass electricity projects (i.e., greater than 1 MW) the project
developer must demonstrate that the biomass is being sustainably harvested and that no
adverse social impact will result from that development. It also restricted the larger scale
production and use of bio-fuels which may jeopardize the existing crops.
It is clearly mentioned in the section 3.8 of guidelines for the implementation of Solar Power
Development Program (2013) that according to the Renewable Energy Policy, to establish a
solar mini grid projects with a capacity up to 5 MW, entrepreneur will be exempted to get a
waiver certificate. Mini grid projects with a capacity up to 250 MW will not be required any
waiver certificate/license, but entrepreneur will have to inform the Commission by sending a
letter. For implementation and operation of solar mini grid projects, license for a period of
minimum 20 years may be issued with a condition to renew every year.
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Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
This Act pertains to the occupational rights and safety of factory workers and the provision
of a comfortable work environment and reasonable working conditions. In the chapter VI of
this law safety precaution regarding explosive or inflammable dust/ gas, protection of eyes,
protection against fire, works with cranes and other lifting machinery, lifting of excessive
weights are described. And in the Chapter VIII provision safety measure like as appliances of
first aid, maintenance of safety record book, rooms for children, housing facilities, medical
care, group insurance, etc. are illustrated.
“JICA Guidelines for Loan Aid (Japan Bank for International Cooperation Guidelines for
Confirmation of Environmental and Social Considerations, April 2010)” provide four categories
of projects as per its environmental classification system. The Projects classified under this
system are screened for the anticipated environmental impacts and are set under relevant
categories. JICA has classified Projects in the following four categories:
There are two types of safeguards requirement of the World Bank-environmental and social.
Under these two safeguards there are a number of operational policies. Among them, the
following operational policies could have relevance with the proposed Project:
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The Bank classifies the proposed project into three major categories, depending on the type,
location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential
environmental impacts.
Category A: The proposed project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts
that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than
the sites or facilities subject to physical works.
Category B: The proposed project’s potential adverse environmental impacts on human
population or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, or
other natural habitats are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are
site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can
be designed more readily than Category A projects.
Category C: The proposed project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental
impacts.
OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats
The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the
environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports
the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its
economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports, and
expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to
ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. The Bank promotes and
supports natural habitat conservation and improved land use by financing projects designed
to integrate into national and regional development the conservation of natural habitats and
the maintenance of ecological functions. Furthermore, the Bank promotes the rehabilitation of
degraded natural habitats.
Asian Development Bank (ADB) has three safeguard policies that seek to avoid, minimize or
mitigate adverse environmental impacts and social costs to third parties, or vulnerable groups
as a result of development projects. New lending modalities and financing instruments, such
as the multitranche financing facility (MFF), have increased the complexity of applying
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safeguard policies and ensuring compliance. The new modalities and the likelihood of
continued innovation, as well as changing client circumstances, suggest a need to enhance
the relevance and effectiveness of ADB‘s safeguards, which has been reflected in an update
of the Safeguard Policy by 2009, announced through the Safeguard Policy Statement 2009
(SPS 2009).
Since the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement had been approved it supersedes the Involuntary
Resettlement Policy (1995), the Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1998), the Environment Policy
(2002), and the second sentence of para 73, and paras 77–85 and 92 of the Public
Communications Policy (2005).
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Chapter 4: Technological Aspects Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
The proposed Project will produce DC electricity through Photovoltaic PV solar module and
then convert it to AC power through high-class String Inverters. This electricity will be directly
connected to internal grid of the industries.
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Present minimum load is 100 KW and the maximum load is 350-400KW. The factory is
expecting an increase a load of 700KW very shortly. The total installed load will be 1.4 MW
with a base load of 400 KW.
There is an 11KV/415V 500 KVA transformer installed in the factory. But the factory is going
to install a 1.6 MVA transformer shortly. To ensure net zero export and considering the
available roof space, the plant capacity was calculated to be 502 KWp.
The 890 KWp on Ground area; and 211 KWp on Rooftop Solar plant, to be installed at the Far
East Spinning Industries Ltd, Madhabpur, Habiganj, is a grid tied peak load support system.
The plant will be divided into two segments 1) 919.8kWp PV on the ground in front of the
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factory building and on the rooftop of the substation 2) 180.6kWp on the Utility bay. The plant
will consist of total 3438 nos. of 320Wp PV modules, 40 nos. of inverters (36nos. active + 4
spare) and will feed power directly in to the factory’s live BBT system. The plant is expected
to inject 1756MWh energy in to the factory annually which is approx. 8% - 10% of its annual
consumption.
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Chapter 5: Analysis of alternatives Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
5.2 Do Nothing
The Do Nothing Alternative in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental
perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. However, the project
activities have already been started. This option will however, involve several losses to both
the project proponent and the donor organization. The property will remain under-utilized. The
No Project Option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental
since if the project is not done.
The economic benefits especially during construction i.e. provision of jobs for
skilled and non-skilled workers will not be realized.
There will be no generation of income by the developer to the Government.
The local skills would remain under-utilized.
No employment opportunities will be created who will work in the project area.
Discouragement for donors to allot this level of standard and affordable
developments.
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Data was collected from secondary sources for the macro-environmental setting like climate
(temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed), physiography, geology etc. Firsthand
information has been collected to record the micro-environmental features within and adjacent
to the project area. Collection of primary information includes extrapolating environmental
features on proposed project design, tree inventories, location and measurement of socio-
cultural features adjoining proposed project area. Ambient air, noise, and water quality
samples were collected in terms of environment quality to prepare a baseline database.
Consultation was another source of information to explain local environmental conditions,
impacts, and suggestions, etc.
The following section describes the baseline environment into three broad categories:
6.2.1 Climate
The project area is heavily influenced by the Asiatic monsoon and it has three distinct seasons:
Pre-monsoon hot season (from March to May),
Rainy monsoon season (from June to October), and
Cool dry winter season (from November to February).
High temperatures and thunderstorms characterize the pre-monsoon hot season. April is the
hottest month in the country with mean temperatures ranging from 27°C in the east and south,
to 31°C in the west-central part of the country. After April, increasing cloud-cover reduces the
temperature. Wind direction is variable during this season, especially during the early part.
Rainfall, mostly caused by thunderstorms, at this time can account for 10 to 25 percent of the
annual total.
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The rainy monsoon season is characterized by southerly or south-westerly winds, very high
humidity, heavy rainfall and long periods of consecutive days of rainfall. The monsoon rain is
caused by a tropical depression that enters the country from the Bay of Bengal. About 80% of
the annual precipitation occurs during the five-month monsoon season from May to
September.
The cool dry season is characterized by low temperatures, cool air blowing from the west or
northwest, clear skies and meager rainfall. The average temperature in January varies from
17°C in the northwest and north-eastern parts of the country to 20°C to 21°C in the coastal
areas. Minimum temperatures in the extreme northwest in late December and early January
reach between 3°C to 4°C.
Although less than half of Bangladesh lies within the tropics, the presence of the Himalaya
mountain range has created a tropical macroclimate across most of the east Bengal land
mass. Bangladesh can be divided into seven climatic zones (Rashid 1991). According to the
Figure 6.1, the project site falls in the South-Central Region Climate Zone.
South-central zone: In this zone, rainfall is abundant, being above 1,900 mm. The range of
temperature is, as can be expected, much less than to the west, but somewhat more than in
Southeastern zone. This is a transitory zone between the Southeastern, Northwestern and
Southwestern zones and most of the severe hailstorms, nor are ‘westers and tornadoes
recorded in this area.
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6.2.1.1 Temperature
The minimum monthly average temperature in the project area lies within November to
February which varies generally from 9.5°C to 16.6°C while the maximum monthly average
temperature is seen in April which is around 32.8°C. Figure 6.2 shows the monthly maximum
and minimum average temperature at Srimangal station from 1995 to 2013.
6.2.1.2 Humidity
Figure 6.2 shows the average monthly humidity in the region varied from 70% to 85% depicted
data from the year 1995 to 2013. In general, the relative humidity of the study area is the
lowest in January to May and from June there is a steady increase until November and then
December decrease is observed down to January again.
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6.2.1.3 Rainfall
The maximum annual rainfall was about 3145 mm in the year of 2002 at the project area.
About 90% of the total rainfall has been recorded during monsoon. The rainfall data collected
from the above stated station represents that maximum rainfall occurs during May to
September and the lowest rainfall occurs in November to February during winter season.
Statistical data of 1995 to 2013 shows that Srimangal stations experience almost 450 mm
rainfall during monsoon. In the month of December and January of winter season around 8
mm rainfall occurred in the region of Srimangal weather station.
6.2.1.4 Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor and back
into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor. The atmosphere of this zone always enrich
with humidity because of high evaporation over the wetlands water surface. Solar radiation
and evaporation are maximum during the pre-monsoon periods compared to the rest of the
year. During high temperature in March-May, the evaporation from the soil also became high
which further increased the soil alkalinity. A significant rainfall during this period could help
mitigate the alkalinity problem.
The statistical wind speed data from 1995 to 2013 (Figure 4.6) shows that average wind speed
remained maximum with 3.38 knots in March. The minimum wind speed was 1.37 knots in the
month of December in the area of Srimangal weather station.
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The statistical cloud coverage data from 1995 to 2013 shows that average cloud coverage
remained maximum from 5 octas to 6.4 octas during June to September. The minimum cloud
coverage was 1.31 octas in the month of December recorded in the area of Srimangal weather
station.
6.2.1.7 Sunshine
Sunshine hour refers to the duration of solar insolation over a specific region in a day. Cloud
coverage directly influence the sunshine hour. The average sunshine remained maximum with
7.9 hours in February. The minimum sunshine was 4.22 hours in the month of June in the area
of Srimangal weather station
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Ambient air quality refers to the background air quality levels in a region, characterized by
concentrations of various pollutants in the atmosphere. The presence of air pollutants and
their concentrations depends on the type of polluting sources, and other factors that influence
their flow and dispersion. In most cases vehicular emissions are the predominant source of
air pollution.
Ambient air quality measurements are essential to provide a description of the existing
conditions or the baseline against which changes can be measured and to assist in the
determination of potential impacts of the proposed ground area and rooftop solar project air
quality. Air quality test has been conducted on 13th March 2018 at the proposed project site
and the test was analyzed by DSCL Environmental Laboratory. The test results (Appendix A)
is given in the below Table 6.1. According to Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality
Standards from the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 which was amended on 19th July
2005 vide S.R.O. No. 220-Law/2005; PM10, PM2.5and SPM of the local ambient air exceeded
Bangladesh standard. The other parameters were within the Bangladesh Standard.
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6.2.2 Physiography
In the context of physiography, Bangladesh can be divided into three broad categories based
on topography, physical features, and geological history (Brammer, 1996):
1. Floodplains
2. Terraces
3. Hills
Within these 3 broad categories, a number of authors have further divided the land surface
into a series of Physiographic Units based on a combination of topographical/landscape
features, underlying geology and surface soils (Brammer, 1996, Rashid, 1991, Morgan and
McIntyre, 1959). The most recent study was undertaken by the Soil Resource Development
Institute (SRDI) who further refined the previous classifications into 26 Physiographic Units
(20 primary units and 6 sub-units) based on an assessment of more recent and detailed data
(SRDI, 1997).
Northern and eastern piedmont plains generally sloping piedmont plains border the
northern and eastern hills; (similar piedmont plains adjoining the hills in Chittagong region
have been included in the Chittagong coastal plain). These plains, which comprise coalesced
alluvial fans, mainly have silty or sandy deposits near to the hills, grading into clays in the
basin adjoining the neighbouring floodplains. The whole area is subject to flash floods during
the rainy season. On the higher parts, flooding is mainly intermittent and shallow; but it is
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moderately deep or deep in the basin. The sub-region covers most or parts of the upazilas of
Nalitabari (Sherpur), Tahirpur, Bishwamvarpur, Dowarabazar, Companiganj (Sylhet),
Gowainghat, Madhabpur, Habiganj Sadar, Chunarughat, Sreemangal, Kamalganj and
Kulaura.
The general topography of the project area is relatively flat. The general topography of the
project area is moderately flat. The topography of the specific project location is 10.85 – 14.94
a.m.s.l (Figure 6.9). Topographically the cluster of the project location is almost flat, with many
depressions, natural water bodies, bounded by the Rivers.
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6.2.4 Geology
Geological structure of project area belongs to the northeastern folded area of Bangladesh.
The fold belt is characterized by folding of the sedimentary layers into a series of anticlines
(upward folds) and synclines (downward fold), refer to the Tripura Chittagong Fold Belt as
show in Figure 4.11. The age of the sediments outcropping in the folded belt ranges from
Lower Miocene (about 24 million years before the present) to recent age. The Miocene
sediments were deposited under marine and predominantly deltaic conditions in a rapidly
subsiding, unstable basin, while the depositional environments were governed by subaqueous
to subaerial, fluviatile to lacustrine conditions in Plio-Pleistocene times (5 million years to 0.1
million years before the present).
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This is a discontinuous region occurring as a narrow strip of land at the foot of the northern
and eastern hills. The region comprises merging alluvial fans which slope gently outward from
the foot of the northern and eastern hills into smooth, low-lying basins. Grey piedmont soils
and non-calcareous grey floodplain soils are the major general soil types of the area. Soils of
the area are loams to clays, slightly acidic to strongly acidic in reaction. General fertility level
is low to medium.
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6.2.7 Hydrology
The rivers of Bangladesh mark both the physiography of the nation and the life of the people.
About 700 in number, these rivers generally flow south. The larger rivers serve as the main
source of water for cultivation and as the principal arteries of commercial transportation. Rivers
also provide fish, an important source of protein. Flooding of the rivers during the monsoon
season causes enormous hardship and hinders development, but fresh deposits of rich silt
replenish the fertile but overworked soil. The rivers also drain excess monsoon rainfall into the
Bay of Bengal. Thus, the great river system is at the same time the country's principal resource
and its greatest hazard. The profusion of rivers can be divided into five major networks.
- The Jamuna-Brahmaputra
- The second system is the Padma-Ganges
- The third network is the Surma-Meghna system.
- The fourth river system--the Padma-Meghna
- A fifth river system, unconnected to the other four, is the Karnaphuli.
The project area falls in the third river system of Bangladesh. The project area covers Khowai,
Kushiyara and Upper Meghna River. Khowai River is a trans-boundary river that originates in
the eastern part of the Atharamura Hills of Tripura in India. Flowing north-north-west, it leaves
India at Khowai, and enters Bangladesh at Balla in Habiganj District. The river passes east of
Habiganj town, where it is under pressure from encroachment and pollution. North of town it
turns west, and joins the Kushiyara River.
The third network is the Surma-Meghna system, which courses from the northeastern border
with India to Chandpur, where it joins the Padma. The Surma-Meghna, at 669 kilometers by
itself the longest river in Bangladesh, is formed by the union of six lesser rivers. Below the city
of Kalipur it is known as the Meghna. When the Padma and Meghna join together, they form
the fourth river system--the Padma-Meghna--which flows 145 kilometers to the Bay of Bengal.
The following Figures 6.13 shows the river network map of the project area respectively.
On 14th March 2018, surface water sample was collected by environmental team from a pond
near the project area. The Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) analyzed the
sample. The result (Appendix B) of the surface water sample and the GoB standards for fishing
water (ECR, 1997) are shown in Table 6.2.
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Arsenic is a problem in large part of Bangladesh ground water. The project area also has
acceptable limit of Arsenic levels in ground water. The acceptable quantity of arsenic in
potable water is 0.05 mg per liter under the Department of Environment standard and 0.01 mg
per liter under the WHO standards (Figure 6.15).
Based on field observations and interviews with local residents it was found that groundwater
in the area is used as a drinking water source in many instances, as well as for irrigation
purposes. Water is generally extracted via hand pump (tube wells) from the shallow regions
of the composite aquifer, and via machine-driven pumps (deep tube wells) which draw from
the deeper main aquifers. The ground water reservoir usually recharges from rainfall, floods
and river. In summer season, the water table slightly goes down and goes up in rainy season.
On 14th March 2018, groundwater sample was collected by environmental team from a tube
well near the project area. The Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) analyzed the
sample. The result (see Appendix C) of the groundwater sample and the GoB standards for
drinking water (ECR, 1997) are shown in Table 6.3. All the parameters concentration levels
are within the acceptable limit of Bangladesh drinking water quality standard set by DoE
except for Chloride. The concentration levels of Chloride are not within the drinking water
quality standard set by DOE. However, other three measured parameters are within the
standard quality.
Table 6-3: Results for Ground Water Quality
Concentration Drinking Water Quality Method of
Parameters Unit
Present Standard, DOE Analysis
pH* --- 6.9 6.5-8.5 pH Meter
Electric mg/l 204 - EC Meter
Conductivity*
Dissolved mg/l 3.0
Oxygen(DO)
Temperature* 29.4oC
Total Dissolved mg/l - TDS Meter
553
Solids (TDS)*
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The noise level of the surroundings of the project area is insignificant. The proposed site is
presently using for agriculture and the anthropogenic disturbance is less. However, there is
negligible sound pollution from the traffic movement on the nearby road. Noise level has been
monitored at inside and outside of the project location (Appendix C) during day time (Figure
6.16). Results of the noise level monitored along with details of the sampling locations have
been showed in Table 6.3. The results show that time weighted average value of the
sound monitored at inside and outside of the project area exceeded the standard fixed
for Auto-knitting section, Generator section and Sewing section. For the other locations,
the noise level was within the national standard.
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6.2.9 Seismicity
Bangladesh is situated in one of the most tectonically active regions in the world. Here is
where three major plates meet (the Indian Plate, the Tibet Sub-Plate, and the Burmese Sub-
Plate). The project area is located over the Indian Plate, which is moving north. However due
to the location of relevant plates, fault lines and hinge zones, Bangladesh itself is divided into
three seismic zones (Table 6.4), based on the ranges of the seismic coefficient (note: the
seismic coefficient is a measure of how strong an earthquake has the potential to be based
on a combination of the mass of the plate and the seismic forces acting on it, as well as how
frequently these quakes are likely to occur). As per the seismic zone map (Figure 6.17),
project area falls in the zone I. The northeastern folded regions of Bangladesh are the most
active zones and belong to the zone-I. The zone I consists of the regions and the Bask
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coefficient for this zone is 0.08. The project area within the vicinity of Habiganj district falls in
seismic zone I of the seismic zoning map of Bangladesh.
Bask Seismic
Zoning Area Mercalli Scale
Coefficient
I North and eastern regions of Bangladesh (Seismically most active) 0.08
Lalmai, Barind, Madhupur Tracts, Dhaka, Comilla, Noakhali and western part of
II 0.05
Chittagong Folded belt.
III Khulna division S-E Bangladesh (Seismically relatively quiet) 0.04
Climate change is a global issue. The world’s climate is changing and will continue to change
in the coming century. Climate Change is basically the change in climate over a time period
that ranges from decades to centuries. It is a normal part of the Earth’s natural variability,
which is related to interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, and land, as well as changes
in the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth. However, the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as “A change of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which
is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods” (IPCC,
2007) defines the term “climate change”. The risks associated with these changes are real but
highly uncertain. Societal vulnerability to the risks associated with climate change may
exacerbate ongoing social and economic challenges, particularly for those parts of societies
in developing countries dependent on resources that are sensitive to changes in climate.
Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts
of climate change. This is due to dominance of floodplains, low elevation from the sea, high
population density, high levels of poverty, and overwhelming dependence on nature, its
resources and services. The country has a history of extreme climatic events claiming millions
of lives and destroying past development gains. The people and social system have
knowledge and experience of coping with the effects of such events–to some degree and
extent. Historically, Bangladesh is trying to adapt with the changing environment. The Inter-
government Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified the country as one of the most
vulnerable countries to climate change, which may severely affect lives and livelihoods of
millions of Bangladeshi people in coming decades. In this regard, Bangladesh has already
prepared the National Adaptation Programme on Action (NAPA) and Climate Change Strategy
and Action Plan (MoEF, 2005 and MoEF, 2009).
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According to the fourth assessment, report of IPCC, continued greenhouse gas emissions at
or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global
climate system during the 21st century, which would very likely be more severe than those
observed during the 20th century would.
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Bangladesh was once well forested, but most of the native forests have disappeared in recent
decades due to mounting pressure from human populations. Only scattered patches of native
trees, wetlands and associated fauna habitat remain in isolated locations within the terrestrial
environment (IUCN, 2002). In many parts of the country, the abundance of plantations and
groves of trees around villages creates an aspect of discontinuous forest (Wahab, 2008).
The floodplains of Bangladesh have long been subject to cultivation, the most dominant land
use within the project area, with only scattered patches of native trees, wetlands and
associated fauna habitat remaining in isolated locations within the terrestrial environment
(IUCN, 2002).
Each of the ecosystems has many sub-units with distinct characteristics as well. IUCN
Bangladesh in 2002 classified the country into twenty-five bio-ecological zones (Figure 6.18).
The project area falls below the bio-ecological zone.
Sylhet Hills (4,573 sq km) the region occupies the lower, western side of the Surma-
Kushiyara floodplain. Relief is locally irregular near rivers. Soils of the area are grey silty clay
loams and clay loam on the higher parts that dry out seasonally and grey clays in the wet
basins. The soils have a moderate content of organic matter and soil reaction is mainly acidic.
Fertility level is medium to high.
6.2.13 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
The status of terrestrial floras and faunas at the project site were assessed from visual
observations, review of literature, and information documented by other agencies. The project
area consists of several ecological subsystems e.g. open agricultural land, homesteads, and
roadside vegetation. The open agriculture land ecosystem dominates the area providing
widespread habitat types for various species of flora and fauna under flooded and non-
flooded conditions. The vegetation covers of agricultural lands are different crop species,
weeds and other herbaceous plants species. The faunal species in the agriculture land and
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Chapter 6: Description of Environmental and Social Baseline Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
roadside bush ecosystems include birds, amphibians, fishes, snakes rodents and few
mammals. The homestead ecosystem provides the main tree covered areas within rural
Bangladesh including the project site. Fruit, timber, fuel wood, medicinal plants and various
multipurpose tree species cover the homesteads. The wildlife species in homestead
ecosystem include the birds, amphibians, reptiles, rodents and mammals like mongoose,
jackal, cats, monkey, etc. Many of the species including mammals are vulnerable or/and
endangered in Bangladesh due to habitat loss, over exploitation, natural calamities and
lacking of management. The project command area is not the specific habitat for any
particular species of flora and fauna hence none such species will be specifically affected
due to project implementation.
6.2.14 Flora
The project influence area (PIA) has mixed vegetation. The area is mostly dominated by
roadside vegetation. Besides some fruit trees were also observed. The data collected from
the field survey and suggests that the predominant species are those of cultivated vegetables
and trees. A detailed list of terrestrial floral species found in the project area is shown in Table
6.5.
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6.2.14.1 Fauna
The diversified habitat and ecosystem in the project area support various types of animals as
given in Table 6.6. Primary and secondary mode was adopted for identification of fauna. Most
of the birds are identified through direct observation rather than from people. Most of the
amphibians, reptiles and mammals were identified by using books and description of the local
people during the field survey.
Fishes
Fish is still reasonably available in the area, given the overall and increasing scarcity of fish
in the country. Small fishes, which are very popular also in overall Bangladesh, are available
and caught and used widely, particularly during early monsoon and pre- winter season.
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Among reptiles, narrow headed soft-shell turtle deserves special mention. Among birds, Bok,
Salik, Finge etc. deserve special mention.
The fishes include catfishes (Magur and Shing), major carps (Katla, Rui and Mrigal), minor
carps (Puti), other (Tengra, Boal, Mola, Taki, Shol). Also prawn, particularly the popular small
prawns, locally known as Ichha, Wildlife, and Reptile. The common types of reptiles are
found in the area, water snake, house lizard, soft-shell, etc.
Amphibians
Mostly Toads and frogs- two species are prominent.
Mammals
These include bengal fox, small indian mongoose, flying fox etc. No major mammal species
of national significance are present in this area.
Birds
A number of those are including common kingfishers, House crow, House sparrow, etc.
Local
Scientific Name English Name Local Name
Status
Class: Amphibia
Bufo melanostictus Common Toad Kuno bang NO
Rana temporalis Bull Frog Kola bang NO
R. pipens Grass Frog Sona bang NO
Class: Reptilia
Hemidactylus flaviviridis Common House Lizard Tiktiki NO
Calotes versicolor Common Garden Lizard Rokto-chosha NO
Varanus bengalensis Bengal monitor Gui shap VU
Xenochrophis piscator Checkered keelback Dhora shap NO
Amphiesma stolata Stripped keelback Dora shap NO
Enhydris enhydris Common smooth water Paina shap NO
snake
Coluber mucosus Rat snake Daraj shap VU
Atretium schistosum Olive keelback Maitta shap NO
Class: Aves
Phalacrocorax niger Little cormorant Paan-kowri NO
Ardeola grayii Indian pond heron Kani bok NO
Casmerodius albus Great egret Sada bok NO
Haliastur indus Brahminy kite Shankho chil NO
Milvus migrans Black kite Bhubon chil NO
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove Tila Ghughu NO
Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed parakeet Tia NO
Eudynamys scolopacea Asian cuckoo Kokil NO
Tyto alba Barn owl Laxmi Pencha NO
Alcedo atthis Common kingfisher Choto Maachranga NO
Dinopium benghalense Black-rumped flameback Kaththokra NO
Corvus splendens House crow Pati Kak NO
Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo Fingey NO
Copsychus saularis Oriental magpie robin Doel NO
A. tristis Common myna Bath Shalik NO
Orthotomus sutorius Common tailorbird Tuntuni NO
Passer domesticus House sparrow Charui NO
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Local
Scientific Name English Name Local Name
Status
Ploceus philippinus Baya weaver Babui NO
Class: Mammalia
Pteropus giganteus Flying Fox Badur NO
H. auropunctatus Small Indian Mongoose Benji NO
Felis chaus Jungle Cat Ban biral EN
Vulpes bengalensis Bengal Fox Khek shial VU
Viverricula indica Small Indian Civet Khatash VU
Rattus rattus Common House Rat Indur NO
Mus musculus House Mouse Nengri indur NO
Suncus murinus House Shrew Chicka NO
NO= Not Observed, VU= Vulnerable, EN= Endangered
6.2.15 Aquatic Flora and Fauna
Some aquatic plant species exist in the canal nearby the industry. The species commonly
found are Kochuripana, DholKalmi, Sheola, Malanchi, Kalmi, Helencha etc.
The species of fish found in the area are Mrigel, Rui, Katla, Grass Carp, Silver Carp, Mirror
Carp, Big Head, Koi, Tengra, Taki, Singh, Chingri, Loitta, etc.
It is observed from the consultations that no endangered/ rare fish species were identified.
No anticipated impact on aquatic species as well as fish species due to the project activities.
In and around the project no environmentally protected areas were found. Construction
impacts on the rate of deforestation, loss of habitat, habitat fragmentation, and interruption of
wildlife migration patterns are not anticipated. Figure 6.19 shows that no environmental
sensitive area is present around the project region.
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In addition, data obtained from secondary sources were compared with the primary
data/information gathered during the study. Data on population, age/sex composition,
household patterns, and sources of drinking water, sanitation facility, and ownership of
agricultural land were enumerated from the latest community series census published by the
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS).
There is one local market (Haat) within 500 m of the proposed project site. There are also
schools and mosques near the proposed location with in 1km. The range of profession
includes business, farmer, service etc.
Habiganj subdivision was established in 1874 under Sylhet District and was turned into a
district in 1984. The district consists of 8 upadistricts, 77 unions, 1255 mauzas, 2143 villages,
6 paurashavas, 54 wards and 188 mahallas. The upadistricts are Ajmiriganj, Baniachang,
Bahubal, Chunarughat, Habiganj Sadar, Lakhai, Madhabpur and Nabiganj.
6.3.1 Demography
Demography is the scientific study of the number of population, especially with reference of
their size, structure, sex distribution, population density, literacy rate etc. The core point is
the Habiganj was one of the sub-divisions of former Sylhet District was created in 1888. It
was up-graded to a district on the 1 February, 1984. There are different views about the origin
of the district name. There is a popular view that in the past there lived a prominent man
named Habibullah, who set up a Ganj meaning trading centre in the present district
headquarters. It is belived that the district name might have been originated from the word
Habibullah and Ganj. Area and Location: Habiganj district is bounded on the north by
Sunamganj district, on the east by Maulvibazar district and Sylhet district, on the south by
Tripura state of India and on the west by Kishoreganj district and Brahmanbaria district. The
total area of the district is 2636.59 sq.km. (1017.00 sq.miles) of which 149.48 sq.km (57.72)
sq.miles) are under forest. The district lies between 23°58’ and 24°42' north latitudes and
between 91°09' and 91°40' east longitudes.
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Habiganj Town Committee was established in 1881 and it was turned into a municipality in
1913. During the British period an embankment was constructed along the Khowai River to
protect the town. The main business centre of the town is Chowdhury Bazar.
The maximum and minimum temperature in Habiganj district varies from 33.2°C to 13.6°C.
The annual average rainfall of the district is 3334 mm.
Khowai, Sutang, Korangi, Kalni, Kushiyara, Gopala, Ratna and Barak are the important rivers
of Habiganj district.
Number of household, population and density: In Habigonj district, the total population is
1757665. Male population is 893020 and female population is 864645.
Table 6-8 Population of the Habigonj District
Population by Religion: Census2011, BBS data shows that in Habigonj Muslims form 81.47
percent of the population (1431886). Other major religions in the city are Hinduism, at 18.26
percent (321077); Buddhism, at 0.11 percent (1973); Christianity, at 0.014 percent (258); and
others, at 0.14 percent (2471). Indigenous communities such as KHASIA and MANIPURI belong
to this upazila.
Table 6-9 Population Distribution by Religion
Total
Muslim (%) Hindu (%) Buddhist (%) Christian (%) Other (%)
Population
1757665 81.47 18.26 0.11 0.014 0.14
Source: Banglapedia (2014)
6.3.2 Livelihood
Livelihood means a supporting of one’s existence, especially in terms of financial support. It
encompasses people’s capability, assets, income, etc. Main sources of income are
commerce, employment, service, rent and remittance, transport and communication,
industry, religious service, agricultural and non-agricultural labor, construction, and others.
The percentage of the different livelihood sources of Habiganj City Corporation are presented
in below Table 6.10:
Table 6-10 Livelihood Sources of Habigonj
Income Source Rate (%)
Agriculture 61.13
Non-agricultural Laborer 7.20
industry 2.25%
Commerce 10.95
Transport & Communication 1.98
Service 4.58
Construction 1.13
religious service 0.39
rent and remittance 1.80
Others 10.74
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Habiganj is famous for growing a considerable quantity of tea which is one of the most
important cash crops of Bangladesh earning a good amount of foreign exchange. More than
20% of tea gardens of Bangladesh are located in this district. The required conditions prevail
in this district for growth of tea.
Non-farm activities also play a significant role in economic development of Habiganj district.
The following table1 shows total establishments in the urban and rural areas and persons
engaged by sex and activity in Habiganj.
In Madhabpur Upazila Sources of drinking water Tube-well 90.44%, tap 1.37%, pond 2.54%
and others 5.65%.
Upazila health complex 1, union health and family welfare centre 6, family planning centre 6,
community clinic 2, private clinic 1, mother and child welfare centre 2, maternity 6, charitable
dispensary 2, satellite clinic 1, diagnostic centre 1, veterinary hospital 1.
Sanitation 28.13% (rural 26.59% and urban 50.47%) of dwelling households of the upazila
use sanitary latrines and 58.32% (rural 59.14% and urban 43.86%) of dwelling households
use non-sanitary latrines; 13.55% of households do not have latrine facilities.
6.3.6 Education
The literacy rate of Habigonj is 37.72% Male literacy rate is 41.76% and female literacy rate
is 33.62%. Some noted educational institutions of Habigonj are, Habiganj Government
Bindaban College, Paniumda Ragib-Rabeya School and College, Alif Sobhan College,
Gobindapur Government High School (1832), Habiganj Government High School (1843),
Rajar Bazar Government High School (1867), Jalsukh Krishna Govinda Public High School
(1876), Mirashi High School (1887), Fakirabad Government High School (1890), LR
Government High School (1896), Adaoir Lokenath High School (1911), Habiganj High School
(1913), Nabiganj JK High School (1916), Shayestaganj High School (1918), Chhatian
Bishwanath High School (1921), Dinarpur High School (1921), BKGC Government Girls' High
School (1923), GK and HK High School (1924), Jagadishpur JC High School (1924),
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Dakshina Charan Pilot High School (1928), Laskarpur Primary School (1843), Habiganj
Government Primary School (1883), Ubahata Kudratia Dakhil Madrasa (1870), Mirpur Dakhil
Madrasa (1920), Shankhola Dakhil Madrasa (1928), Shayestaganj Kamil Madrasa, Habiganj
Daruchchhunnat Senior Madrasa. The number of various educational institutions is showen
in the next Table 6.10:
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Chapter 6: Description of Environmental and Social Baseline Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Fig: 6.21 Cultural and Sensitive Structures within 1km Radius of the Project Location
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Criteria for determining receptor sensitivity of the Project’s potential impacts are outlined in
Table 7.2.
Sensitivity Definition
Determination
Vulnerable receptor with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes or
Very Severe
minimal opportunities for mitigation.
Vulnerable receptor with little or no capacity to absorb proposed changes or
Severe
limited opportunities for mitigation.
Vulnerable receptor with some capacity to absorb proposed changes or
Mild
moderate opportunities for mitigation.
Vulnerable receptor with good capacity to absorb proposed changes or/and
Low
good opportunities for mitigation
Potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed project activities of both the
projects are classified as:
Qualitative and quantitative techniques have been applied for direct and indirect impact
identification. Impacts are classified as being insignificant, minor, moderate and major.
Impacts are described in the sections below.
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Indirect impacts could be beyond the project boundary. According to the Department of
Environment (DoE) guideline the project impact area is divided into two sections. One, those
related to the project. Another section is those related to the background environmental
features of the project site. This should cover not only the project site in proper, but generally
an area of 1km radius around the site. In this project the farm area have been considered as
core impact zone and 1km as buffer zone for better understanding.
Mitigation
The project developer is to take responsibility of minimizing environmental impact on the
surroundings by following the project’s environmental management plan (EMP). Since these
activities are to be performed temporarily the minimum impact is expected to be acceptable.
As per the circulation of BGMEA the RMG building’s rooftop should not be occupied by the
other facilities or any tin shade structures1. Additionally, the Bangladesh National Building
Code (BNBC) instruct to keep at least 40% open space on the rooftop. The project building
also follows the guideline of BNBC.
1
BGMEA Letter#BGA/Safety/18000/2011/28180, Dated: 28th December, 2011
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largely limited to effect only employees living in the company’s temporary camp facilities
during construction (if any).
Mitigation
The contractor must be careful while doing construction works as though the adjacent
agricultural practices and close communities do not hamper.
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7.7.3 Noise
Impact
During construction of rooftop and ground area solar power project noise might be generated
from construction work. Movement of construction materials, handling of equipment can
cause significant noise which has impact on environment.
Mitigation
The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the Contractor during the
construction phase and which include:
Apply adequate general noise suppressing measures. This could include the use of
well-maintained mufflers and noise suppressants for high noise generating equipment
and machinery, developing a regular maintenance schedule of all vehicles,
machinery, and equipment for early detection of issues to avoid unnecessary elevated
noise level, etc.
If noise levels were found to be excessive, construction activities should be stopped
until adequate control measures are implemented etc.; and
Comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements and
the Bangladesh Codes to ensure that for activities associated with high noise levels, workers
are equipped with proper Personal Protective Equipment (e.g. Earmuffs).
7.7.4 Air Quality
Impact
As with the development of any large-scale industrial facility, the construction of rooftop solar
energy power plants can pose hazards to air quality. Such threats include the release of soil-
carried pathogens and results in an increase in air particulate matter which has the effect of
contaminating water reservoirs.
As the proposed project is also for ground area solar system the main impacts associated
with construction activities will be:
Dust generation: resulting from earthworks such as leveling, grading, excavation works
and movement of vehicles across dirt/unpaved roads, especially during windy conditions
but impacts are low.
Exhaust emissions: Exhaust emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, and PM10, PM2.5 will be
attributed predominantly to the operation of the construction plant and road vehicles such
as movement of vehicles during construction works. These emissions will be limited to
the project area and are anticipated to be generated in small concentrations and
dispersed rapidly within the area leading to an impact of low significance. This means that
these effects are localized and temporary which implies that any deterioration in air quality
at project location is unlikely to be significant and is expected to be transient.
Mitigation
The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the Contractor during the
construction phase (to prevent impacts caused by their construction activities and which are
within their control) and which include:
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Comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements
and the Bangladesh Codes to ensure that for activities associated with high dust
levels, workers are equipped with proper Personal Protective Equipment (e.g. masks,
eye goggles, breathing equipment, etc.);
Apply basic dust control and suppression measures which could include:
If dust or pollutant emissions were found to be excessive, construction activities
should be stopped until the source of such emissions have been identified and
adequate control measures are implemented;
Proper planning of dust causing activities to take place simultaneously in order to
reduce the dust incidents over the construction period.
Regular watering of all active construction areas.
7.7.5 Soil
Impact
There will be no significant impact on the soil except for accidental spillage of the chemicals
to the ground and disposal of solid wastes and wastewater for rooftop solar system.
For ground area solar system construction activities are expected to result in significant soil
loss. The excavation, leveling and other earthworks are the possible source to disturb the soil
due to the removal of top soil, which could trigger soil erosion process. Additionally, the
proposed project area is flood prone and needs huge amount of land filling. The total area is
4 bigha or 132 decimal.
The other source of impact to soil is waste generation from construction material, accidental
leakage of fuel, oil, or chemicals stored within a bounded area causing direct contamination
to soil which may degrade lower layers of soil depending on the amount of spills.
Mitigation
Assuming that spill response plans shall be in place by the contractor, it is anticipated that
impacts to soil resulting from these activities will be likely, with a marginal consequence,
yielding medium impact significance.
The filling material should be collected from the approved source dredging location with
proper care so that no spillage will be happen. Retention wall or water proof boundary with
plastic material should be constructed before the dredged material placement to prevent the
spillage from site to adjacent agricultural land.
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the project area does not encompass natural systems, which means that no significant flora
and fauna are present.
As a result, construction activities are not anticipated to pose any risks on the terrestrial
ecology within or in the vicinity of the project site.
However, it may cause temporary disturbance to resident birds with ground nests due to
noise, dust and particulate emissions, and possible illegal hunting by construction workers.
Moreover, reptiles present within the project site may temporarily move to adjacent locations
during construction activities, however are expected to return back as construction is
completed.
Mitigation
The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by the Contractor during the
construction phase and which include:
Implement proper management measures to prevent damage to the natural
vegetation of the site. This could include establishing a proper code of conduct and
awareness raising / training of personnel and good housekeeping which include the
following:
Restrict activities to allocated construction areas only, including movement of
workers and vehicles to allocated roads within the site and prohibit off roading
to minimize disturbances
Prohibit hunting at any time and under any condition by construction workers
onsite
Avoid unnecessary elevated noise levels at all times. In addition, apply
adequate general noise suppressing measures Ensure proper storage,
collection, and disposal of waste streams generated
Before construction commences, undertake a fauna survey (through an ecological
expert) to identify the presence of any key faunal species of importance (reptiles and
mammals). Should viable populations of such key species exist within the Project site
then it should be relocated outside of construction active areas;
Ensure that the fencing constructed for the Project site allows for the natural
movement of small faunal species within the area.
7.7.7 Waste Generation
Impact
Improper management of non-hazardous and hazardous waste generated during
construction may lead to impacts on soil, water, visual environment, in addition to health and
safety of workers.
Non-hazardous waste includes paper, wood, plastic, scrap metals, glass and mud.
Hazardous waste includes absorbent material, batteries, metal drums, empty chemical
containers, waste oil from machinery lubricants, etc.
Mitigation
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All waste generated at construction site will be managed as per Contractor’s Waste
Management procedures. Domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in septic
tanks.
Recommendation
Contractor as far as practicable will recruit construction workers from amongst the locals
where possible and shall maintain gender equity while employing the locals. Additional
benefits will be derived by setting aside-areas within contractor camps/labor shed for local
people to sell their products or to provide additional services to the workers. Replacement on
a suitable location in a better form will be done with the help and consent of the local
community.
Mitigation
The Contractor, under the supervision of developer, will be committed to ensure all health
and safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and\or reduce the consequences
of non-conformance events. The contractor shall ensure all prospect risks during
construction phase are assessed and all prevention and mitigation measures are in place
accordingly. The contractor shall ensure all workers during construction comply with
safety producers through training, awareness and supervising. Moreover, the contactor
shall provide all appropriate resources (Personnel Protective Equipment) onsite to ensure
providing first aid for personnel in case of occurrence emergencies.
The project authority will be requested to prepare an approved Construction
Environmental Action Plan (CEAP), which will, among others, delineate all work safety
aspects he intends to apply. Focal points of the CEAP will relate to means, type and
number of protective clothing, safety precautions at specific work sites, first aid, rescue
plans, work hours, and all intended measures for avoiding or proper clearance of
hazardous substances, including fueling operations, transport and handling of hazardous
materials and explosives, securing measures etc. The CEAP will further explain methods
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and volumes for using any local resource, and how to address common risks associated
with public safety. The project authority will disclose the CEAP with the local stakeholders
for further developments on the health and safety issue.
7.7.10 Traffic
Impact
During the construction phase traffic is expected to increase to a certain degree due to the
nature of activities that will take place such as the transport of equipment and materials to
and from the site through the surrounding road network. Additional traffic load will be evident
at certain times during the day, especially if there are slow moving heavy vehicles transporting
material to and from the site.
The above potential traffic impacts can possibly occur during the construction, especially
during working hours. However, this is considered a short-term impact. This impact is likely
to happen but is not anticipated to cause any permanent effect on the receiving environment.
Mitigation
Proper Traffic Management Plan (TMP) should be prepared by the contractor during starting
of construction and follow it strictly. However, minimum numbers of vehicles will be used for
carrying construction materials. Hence, the accidental loss is expected at the lowest.
Moreover, the project authority will try to carry the construction materials during off peak hours
when the traffic volume is the minimum.
Mitigation
This impact is temporary and minor negative in nature. Mitigation measures will include:
Timely completion of the construction work and provision of alternative routes during
the construction;
Establishment of construction site camp and labour camp must maintain proper
distance from the cultural sites.
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Mitigation
It is not anticipated that visual impacts will be generated due to the PV system design, which
is specifically designed to include dark, light-absorbing materials and covered with an anti-
reflective coating (ARC) for glass surfaces, which reduces the reflectance from PV panels to
2.5%-2.6% while at the same time improving their efficiency.
It is essential to point out that the intensity of light reflected from a PV module surface
depends on factors such as the amount of sunlight reaching the surface and rooftop and will
therefore vary based on, among others, geographic location, time of year, cloud cover, and
PV module orientation.
Mitigation
In order to reduce the impact, air gap between the PV panels may be simulated. These air
gaps will be freely connected to the outdoor air to keep the PV panels cool.
7.8.3 Noise
Impact
The solar power as a facility is not considered to exhibit any significant noisy operations,
although the facility’s inverters and transformers may produce noise, but this is not
considered a serious issue, since they will not generate any significant noise. In addition,
there are some close by sensitive receptors such as a school and some residential dwellings
within the project site.
In addition, noise generated from inverters is only heard when distance is close (i.e. within 1-
2 m, however, as distance increases, noise will be greatly reduced, not to mention that they
do not generate noise during night time.
Mitigation
These noise impacts are not considered to significantly harm animals nor cause impacts on
a population level. The increased noise levels are considered occupational noises that
require occupational health and safety measures. The worker inside the project area should
use earmuffs during the operation of diesel generator.
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It is worth mentioning that solar power plants have very low air emissions of air pollutants
such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and
the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide during operations compared to fossil fuel power
generation facilities, since solar power plants do not involve combustion processes.
Mitigation
The project developer shall be committed to control emitted dust and gaseous
pollutant from such operations through the proposed emission control procedures
described in the environmental management plan (EMP) included in this report.
Photovoltaic (PV) is now a proven technology which is inherently safe as opposed to
some dangerous electricity generating technologies. Photovoltaic systems make no
air pollution and cause no pollution in operation. PV panel should be clean and
maintenance regularly for dust free. The supplier will collect wastage PV panels for
maintenance and destroy and they will be responsible for management of PV panels.
7.8.5 Soil
Impact
Soil impacts during operation phase are limited to accidental spillage of lubricant, fuel and
other chemicals that may potentially cause soil degradation. However, since the project area
is designated for solar projects near roadside and settlements area, they do not have any
agricultural significance. Another most significant source of soil pollution is the damage of PV
panels in case of major accidents. These contain chemicals and may be harmful for soil
quality.
Mitigation
Through implanting spill response procedures, and proper storage and handling of any
chemicals on site, the impact probability will be reduced. The project proponent should check
these devices regularly and have to replace the damaged and expired or bad devices.
However, if possible, the damaged and expired devices should be maintained properly and
recycled.
Mitigation
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The anticipated impacts on terrestrial ecology are considered low and hence no particular
mitigation measure should be followed. However, the vehicular movement should be very
limited and proper attention should be given to minimize the disturbance on surrounding
ecological environment.
Ground-mounted PV solar arrays are typically made up of panels of silicon solar cells covered
by a thin layer of protective glass attached to an inert solid underlying substance (or
“substrate”). While the vast majority of PV panels currently in use are made of silicon, certain
types of solar cells may contain cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CIS),
and gallium arsenide (GaAs). All solar panel materials, including the chemicals noted, are
contained in a solid matrix, insoluble and non-volatile at ambient conditions, and enclosed.
Therefore, releases to the ground from leaching, to the air from volatilization during use, or
from panel breakage, are not a concern.
Waste water: Water consumption in PV panel cleaning operations can be a major operating
cost over the lifetime of a solar panel installation. Control of water use is a key element to the
economic viability and environmental stewardship of many PV installations.
Water requirement for cleaning panels (and its frequency) mainly depends on the cost and
the environmental conditions of project area. In the dry and dusty season the water
requirement will be higher but during the monsoon the water consumption will be very
minimum or no consumption. Usually the cleaning frequency may be two times a month. The
water requirement may vary from 5000 to 10000 liters for cleaning the panels during different
weather conditions.
Others: Waste generation during the operation phase is considered part of daily operations,
therefore, it is not considered to have any significant impacts to the environment or health of
personnel present on site.
Mitigation
Photovoltaic (PV) is now a proven technology which is inherently safe as opposed to some
dangerous electricity generating technologies. Photovoltaic systems make no air pollution
and cause no pollution in operation. PV panel should be clean and maintenance regularly for
dust free. The supplier will collect wastage PV panels for maintenance and destroy and they
will be responsible for management of PV panels.
Cleaning of solar panels will be conducted on an overcast day, early in the morning or in the
evening. If the sun is beating down on the panels, any water used can quickly evaporate and
dirt will become smeared. Early morning can be a particularly good time for cleaning as dew
that has settled on the panels overnight will likely have softened grime; meaning that will need
to use less water and less energy to clean the solar panels. Groundwater will be used for the
cleaning purpose but reuse of water will be emphasized.
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Mitigation
The project developer shall ensure all risks from operation activities to be assessed
and to establish specific work procedures for tasks during operation phase including
all safety prevention and mitigation measures to avoid non-conformance events.
Check modules for excessive soiling from dirt buildup or animal droppings. During the
wash of the PV panels try to use deionized water to avoid electrocution. Wear rubber
sole shoes with good traction to prevent slips and falls. Never walk on the modules.
Use non-conductive extended reach broom and hose handles to reach modules. A
lift may be needed to access the array. Follow aerial lift safety procedures, including
wearing a harness if required.
The Contractor, under the supervision of developer, will be committed to ensure all
health and safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and\or reduce the
consequences of non-conformance events. The contractor shall ensure all prospect
risks during construction phase are assessed and all prevention and mitigation
measures are in place accordingly. The contractor shall ensure all workers during
construction comply with safety producers through training, awareness and
supervising. Moreover, the contactor shall provide all appropriate resources
(Personnel Protective Equipment) onsite to ensure providing first aid for personnel in
case of occurrence emergencies.
Mitigation
Their consequence will be negligible due to fact that such impact would be temporary (over
a short period). Moreover, the actual dismantling of the solar power plant will reduce or
remove the visual impacts witnessed during the operation phase.
7.9.2 Noise
Impact
The decommissioning activities of dismantling the solar power plant and removing the
ancillary facilities are associated with potential increased noise levels. The receptors of the
increased noise level will be only the workers of decommissioning activities.
Mitigation
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As the only receptors will be the workers at the site and within the proposed facilities within
the vicinity of the solar power plant, these increased noise levels are considered occupational
noises that require occupational health and safety measures.
Mitigation
The project developer shall be committed to control emitted dust and gaseous pollutant from
such operations through the proposed emission control procedures described in the
environmental management plan (EMP) included in this report.
7.9.4 Soil
Impact
During the decommissioning phase, the decommissioning activities are anticipated to have
an impact of medium significance to soil. This is due to possible accidental leakage of fuel,
oil, or chemicals during demolition activities.
Mitigation
The activities associated with decommissioning will involve dismantling of the solar power
plant and removal its facilities. This is a temporary phase that could result in some additional
noise and dust disturbances. These activities are not anticipated to harm any flora elements
due to absence or scarcity of vegetative cover within and around project area, provided dust
suppression measures and other procedures are followed. On the other hand,
decommissioning activities may cause disturbance to bird species.
Mitigation
The mitigation measures should be the same as it was considered during the construction
phase since the decommissioning activities will be same as construction phase.
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Waste generated during decommissioning limited to non-hazardous and inert wastes such
as scrap metals, paper, wood, plastic, given that the contractor will adhere his waste
management procedures.
It is not expected that hazardous wastes will be generated from dismantling the solar power
plant since the project developer will opt for recycling PV panels of the facility.
PV modules and others: PV modules wastes and few other solid wastes generated during
the operational stage. These include end-of-life solar PV modules, electrical wastes, metallic
wastes and stationary wastes of office works etc.
Ground-mounted PV solar arrays are typically made up of panels of silicon solar cells covered
by a thin layer of protective glass attached to an inert solid underlying substance (or
“substrate”). While the vast majority of PV panels currently in use are made of silicon, certain
types of solar cells may contain cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CIS),
and gallium arsenide (GaAs). All solar panel materials, including the chemicals noted, are
contained in a solid matrix, insoluble and non-volatile at ambient conditions, and enclosed.
Therefore, releases to the ground from leaching, to the air from volatilization during use, or
from panel breakage, are not a concern.
End-of-Life Solar Panels: The solar PV panels that will be used in the project will have a life
span of 25 years. Disposal of wasted solar PV modules is very important because if not
properly decommissioned, the greatest health risk from end-of-life crystalline solar modules
arises from lead containing solders. Under the right conditions it is possible for the lead to
leach into landfill soils and eventually into water bodies.
While the solar cell is the heart of a photovoltaic system, on a mass basis it accounts for only
a small fraction of the total materials required to produce a solar panel. The outer glass cover
constitutes the largest share of the total mass of a finished crystalline photovoltaic module
(approximately 65%), followed by the aluminum frame (~20%), the ethylene vinyl acetate
encapsulant (~7.5%), the polyvinyl fluoride substrate (~2.5%), and the junction box (1%). The
solar cells themselves only represent about four percent (4%) of the mass of a finished
module.
Mitigation
The following identifies the mitigation measures to be applied by all involved entities:
Ensure that hazardous materials are stored in proper areas and in a location where
they cannot reach the land in case of accidental spillage. This includes storage
facilities that are of hard impermeable surface, flame‐proof, accessible to authorized
personnel only, locked when not in use, and prevents incompatible materials from
coming in contact with one another.
Maintain a register of all hazardous materials used and accompanying Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS) must present at all times. Spilled material should be tracked and
accounted for;
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Chapter 7: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Although this impact is very unlikely given that fact that an upgrade is expected for the facility
during its post–design life, however, the consequence is considered critical to permanent
personnel if the facility underwent decommissioning, yielding a low impact significance.
Recommendation
Preference should be given to employing the local communities in various positions.
Mitigation
The project developer will be committed to ensure all health and safety measures are in place
to prevent accidents and\or reduce the consequences of non-conformance events. The
developer shall ensure all prospect risks during decommissioning phase are assessed and
all prevention and mitigations measures are in place accordingly.
7.9.9 Traffic
Impact
The anticipated impacts during decommissioning are similar to those for the construction
phase, where the heavy machinery that transports disassembled parts of the project solar
power plant facility might be of more significance than normal vehicles and pickups.
Mitigation
Proper management actions with adequate mitigations can reduce significantly such
anticipated impacts.
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Table 7-4: Summary of Anticipated Impacts during the Planning and Construction Phase
Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Planning and Significance Significance
Construction Phase Spatial
Attribute Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
Visual and landscape impacts
Landscape and due to presence of elements
Short Moderate
typical of a construction site Local Reversible Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
Visual term Negative
such as equipment and
machinery.
The Project site is rooftop and
ground area and there is no
significant surface water sources
Short Moderate
around. Only some possible Local Reversible Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
term Negative
impacts are dumping of solid
waste to the nearby source
Geology and during construction.
Hydrology Risk of soil contamination during
the various construction
activities from spillage of Could be Could be
hazardous material, random Local Likely Medium Mild Low Negative High Positive
discharge of waste and long term irreversible
wastewater. No risk of
groundwater contamination.
Construction activities could
disturb existing habitats (flora,
fauna, and avifauna) and any
threatened or endangered
species which might be present
Biodiversity Long term Local Irreversible Certain Minor Mild Low Negative High Positive
within the Project site. In
addition, other impacts could be
from improper management of
the site (e.g. improper conduct
and housekeeping practices).
Construction activities will likely
result in an increased level of
dust and particulate matter
Air Quality Long term Local Reversible Certain Medium Mild Low Negative High Positive
emissions which in turn will
directly impact ambient air
quality.
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Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Planning and Significance Significance
Construction Phase Spatial
Attribute Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
Possible noise emissions to the
environment from the
construction activities which will
Moderate
Noise likely include the use of Long term Local Reversible Certain Medium Mild Low Negative
Negative
machinery and equipment such
as generators, hammers, and
compressors and other activities
Improper management and
Waste handling of hazardous and non- Short Moderate
Local Reversible Likely High Severe High Negative
Generation hazardous waste during term Negative
construction.
The Project is expected at a
minimum to provide job
opportunities for local
communities. This, to some
extent, could contribute to
Socioeconomic Not applicable.
enhancing the living
environment for its inhabitants,
elevate their standards of living,
and bring social and economic
prosperity to local communities.
There will be some generic risks
Health and to workers health and safety Could be
Short Moderate
from working on construction Local Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
Safety term irreversible Negative
sites, as it increases the risk of
injury or death due to accidents.
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Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Operation Significance Significance
Phase Spatial
Attribute Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
The Project is expected to be
visible within the immediate
vicinity and up to some long
distance around the Project site
Long term Local Reversible Likely Medium Low Low Negative Low Negative
only and thus is likely to create
Landscape and visual impacts related to
Visual interaction with surrounding
landscape.
Potential for glare caused by
minimal sunlight reflected off the
Long term Local Reversible Likely Medium Mild Low Negative Low Negative
PV panel modules which in turn
could affect nearby receptors.
The most significant source of
soil pollution is the damage of PV
panels in case of major
accidents. These contain
chemicals and may be harmful
for soil quality. There will be Moderate
PV panels Long term Local Reversible Likely High Severe High Negative
environmental impacts of Negative
emission of greenhouse gas,
Ozone depletion, photochemical
smog, eutrophication and
acidification and also health
effects on people.
Increased heat by radiation, Could be Moderate
Heat Generation Long term Local Likely Medium Mild Low negative
convection and conduction irreversible Negative
Risk of soil and groundwater
contamination during the various
Geology and operational activities from Could be Moderate
improper housekeeping Long term Local Likely Medium Mild Low negative
Hydrology irreversible Negative
activities, spillage of hazardous
material, random discharge of
waste and wastewater. However,
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Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Operation Significance Significance
Phase Spatial
Attribute Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
most significant sources of soil
and water pollution are the
chemicals from PV panel’s
damage and from the expired
batteries.
Impacts limited to improper
management of the site (e.g. Could be Moderate
Biodiversity Long term Local Likely Minor Low Low Negative
improper conduct and irreversible Positive
housekeeping practices).
Solar power plants have very low
air emissions of air pollutants
such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
Could be
Air Quality oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile Long term Local Likely Minor Low Low Negative High Positive
irreversible
organic compounds, and the
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide
during operations.
The only significant noise source
from the operation activities
Moderate
Noise which will likely include the use of Long term Local Reversible Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
Negative
backup generators to ensure
continuous power supply.
The Project is expected at a
minimum to provide job
opportunities for local
communities. This, to some
Socio‐ extent, could contribute to
Not applicable.
economic enhancing the living environment
for its inhabitants, elevate their
standards of living, and bring
social and economic prosperity to
local communities.
There will be some risks to
Occupational
workers health and safety during Could be Moderate
and Community Long term Local Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
the operation and maintenance irreversible Positive
Health and
activities of the Project.
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Chapter 7: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Operation Significance Significance
Phase Spatial
Attribute Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
Safety Trespassing of unauthorized
personnel into the Project site
could result in potential risks from
several hazards of the various
Project components (e.g. electric
shock, thermal burn hazards,
exposure to chemicals and
hazardous materials, etc.). Could be Moderate
Long term Local Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
irreversible Positive
Leaching of materials from
broken or fire damaged PV
modules.
Emergency Fire Hazard.
Electrocution of workers.
Electromagnetic radiation from
PV modules.
Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Significance Significance
Spatial
Attribute Decommissioning Phase Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
Risk of soil and groundwater
contamination during the various
decommissioning activities from
Geology and Short Could be Moderate Low
improper housekeeping Local Likely Medium Low
Hydrology term irreversible Negative Positive
activities, spillage of hazardous
material, random discharge of
waste and wastewater.
Decommissioning activities will
likely result in an increased level
of dust and particulate matter Moderate
Air Quality Short term Local Reversible Certain Medium Low Low Negative
emissions which in turn will Negative
directly impact ambient air
quality.
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Chapter 7: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Impact Assessment
Environmental Likely Impact– Significance Significance
Spatial
Attribute Decommissioning Phase Duration Reversibility Likelihood Magnitude Sensitivity Prior to After
Extent
Mitigation Mitigation
Possible noise emissions to the
environment from the
decommissioning activities
which will likely include the use Moderate
Noise Short term Local Reversible Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
of machinery and equipment Negative
such as generators, hammers,
and compressors and other
activities.
Of particular importance related
to infrastructure and utilities is
the final disposal of the panels at
the end of their lifetime. Final
disposal of panels, which may
contain hazardous material,
Infrastructure
needs to ensure that existing Long term Local Reversible Likely High Severe High Negative Low Negative
and utilities
waste facilities would be able
accept such solar modules. In
addition, it is also important to
investigate other disposal
options such as buy back and
recycling programs.
There will be some generic risks
to workers health and safety
Health and from working on Could be Moderate
Short term Local Likely Medium Mild Low Negative
Safety decommissioning sites, as it irreversible Negative
increases the risk of injury or
death due to accidents.
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
8.2 Objectives
This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) aims at ensuring the application of
the mitigation and monitoring measures needed to reduce and control the various
environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of the proposed project.
Minimizing any adverse environmental, social and health impacts resulting from the
project activities;
Conducting all project activities in accordance with relevant Bangladesh Legislation
and applicable World Bank guidelines.
Implementation of on-going environmental monitoring programs;
Periodic review of the Environmental Management programs to allow for iterative
improvement;
Ensure that all stakeholder concerns are addressed.
Overall, this ESMP aims at ensuring the application of the mitigation and monitoring measures
needed to reduce and control the various environmental and social impacts associated with
the implementation of the proposed project.
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Health and Safety Leaching of Provide walkways that are clearly Continuously Total Recordable Project Bangladesh Labour
materials from broken designated as a walkway; all walkways Incidence Rate (TRIR) Developer Law, 2006
or fire damaged PV shall be provided with good conditions Lost Time Incidence
modules underfoot; signposted and with adequate Frequency
Emergency Fire lighting. Number of safety
Hazard Ensure all works and storage areas are Training performed
Electrocution of tidy, all material deliveries shall be planned Number of
workers to minimize accumulated materials at nonconformance
Electromagnetic project site. events.
radiation from PV Signpost any slippery areas, provide
modules proper footwear during working within
slippery areas.
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
8.4.1 General
An Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan will be prepared to provide guidelines for
environmental and social management plan during the construction and operation phases of
the project. The environmental components that will be monitored are those that will be
positively or negatively affected, or expected to be affected, by construction activity.
Environmental management is a sustainable way of planning, arranging, supervising,
organizing, and developing the environment for the maintenance of the preservation of
natural resources and the prevention or reduction of damage to the environment. The major
environmental impact, monitoring method, responsible organization, and expense for each
environmental item in the construction and operation phases for the proposed development
are listed in Table 8.2.
8.4.2 Objectives
The objective of environmental monitoring during the construction and operation phases is to
compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period
to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient
environment based on national standards. The main objectives of the pre-construction,
construction and operation phase monitoring plans will be to:
Monitor the actual impact of the works on physical, biological and socioeconomic
receptors within the project area for indicating the adequacy of the ESA;
Recommend mitigation measures for any unexpected impact or where the impact
level exceeds that anticipated in the ESA;
Ensure compliance with legal and community obligations including safety on
construction sites;
Ensure the safe disposal of excess construction materials.
Appraise the adequacy of the ESA with respect to the project’s predicted long-term
impacts on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment;
Evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures proposed in the ESMP and
recommend improvements, if and when necessary;
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Monitoring Responsibility
Period/
Environmental Parameters/ Standards/
Frequency/
Components Units Guidelines Implementation Supervision
Sampling,
No/year
Pre-Construction Stage
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Monitoring Responsibility
Period/
Environmental Parameters/ Standards/
Frequency/
Components Units Guidelines Implementation Supervision
Sampling,
No/year
of drain at camp site;
Check toilets are close to construction site;
First Aid Box with required tools and medicines;
The heavy construction material to handled and stored safely
putting due care on public safety;
Heavy construction materials at construction site to be stored
and handled safely; and
Check of personal protective equipment (PPE) for worker at
the sites
Operation Stage
Air quality standard by DOE, FEIL
Air Quality SO2, NOx, CO, SPM, PM2.5, PM10 1/year (5 year) DOE/IDCOL
Bangladesh
Noise Pollution Control Rules FEIL
Noise Level dB(A) 1/year (5 year) DOE/IDCOL
(2006)
Surface water: pH, EC, TDS, DO, COD, BOD, TSS, FEIL
Water quality standard by DOE,
Temperature, Salinity, Nitrate, Ammonia, phosphate 1/year (5 year) DOE/IDCOL
Bangladesh
Water Quality
Ground Water: pH, Alkalinity, Fe, Cl-, TDS, DO, EC, As, FEIL
Water quality standard by DOE,
Temperature, Salinity 1/year (5 year) DOE/IDCOL
Bangladesh
Accident and Public FEIL
Record of accidents, different level of disabilities/fatalities. None Specific ---------- DOE/IDCOL
Safety
FEIL
PV panels Chemicals 1/year (5 year) DOE/IDCOL
Decommissioning Stage
Air quality standard by DOE,
Air Quality SO2, NOx, CO, SPM, PM2.5, PM10 Once Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
Bangladesh
Air quality standard by DOE,
Dust Dust control Once Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
Bangladesh
Noise Pollution Control Rules
Noise Level dB(A) Once Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
(2006)
Surface water: pH, EC, TDS, DO, COD, BOD, TSS,
Water quality standard by MoEF,
Temperature, Salinity, Nitrate, Ammonia, phosphate Once Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
Bangladesh
Water Quality
Ground Water: pH, Alkalinity, Fe, Cl-, TDS, DO, EC, As,
Water quality standard by MoEF,
Temperature, Salinity Once Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
Bangladesh
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Monitoring Responsibility
Period/
Environmental Parameters/ Standards/
Frequency/
Components Units Guidelines Implementation Supervision
Sampling,
No/year
Check storage, transportation, disposal, handling of hazarders
waste
Waste Careful and proper handling of PV panels and batteries
Monitoring Weekly Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
Waste and effluents to be collected and disposed safely from
camp.
Wastes and garbage from worker sites to be disposed safely
Check quality of food and accommodation at worker camp;
Check safe water supply, hygienic toilet at camps, construction
of drain at camp sites;
Health and
Check toilets are close to construction site; Monitoring Regularly Contractor FEIL /IDCOL
Safety
First Aid Box with required tools and medicines;
Check of personal protective equipment (PPE) for worker at the
sites
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Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
The total budget is estimated as BDT. 4,59,800. This budget does not include the
decommissioning stage since the minimum operation period is 20 years and the rate will vary
largely from the present cost.
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Chapter 9: Environmental and Social Benefit Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Increasing the supply of renewable energy would allow replacing carbon-intensive energy
sources and significantly reducing global warming emissions. Generating electricity from
renewable energy offers significant public health benefits. The air and water pollution emitted
by coal and natural gas plants is linked to breathing problems, neurological damage, heart
attacks, and cancer.
Solar power plant systems generate electricity with no associated air pollution emissions.
While solar plant energy systems emit some air pollutants, total air emissions are generally
much lower than those of coal and natural gas-fired power plants. In addition, solar energy
requires essentially no water to operate and thus do not pollute water resources or strain
supply by competing with agriculture, drinking water systems, or other important water needs.
In addition, the burning of fossil fuels results in carbon dioxide emissions; a primary
greenhouse gas emitted through human activities, which contributes to global warming. The
main human activity that emits CO2 is the combustion of fossil fuels for electricity production
and transportation. Concurrently, global climate change has become an issue of concern and
so reducing greenhouse gas emissions have also emerged as primary issues to be
addressed as the world searches for a sustainable energy future.
Electricity produced using solar energy emits no greenhouse gases (GHGs) or other
pollutants. As with any electricity-generating resource, the production of the PV systems
themselves requires energy that may come from sources that emit GHGs and other
pollutants. Since solar PV systems have no emissions once in operation, an average
traditional PV system will need to operate for an average of four years to recover the energy
and emissions associated with its manufacturing. A thin-film system currently requires three
years. Technological improvements are anticipated to bring these timeframes down to one or
two years. Thus, a residential PV system that can meet half of average household electricity
needs is estimated to avoid 100 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 30-year lifetime.
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Chapter 9: Environmental and Social Benefit Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
The last two centuries have seen massive growth in the exploitation and development of
energy sources, and the world has gained many benefits from these activities. The magnitude
of energy consumed per capita has become one of the indicators of development progress
of a country, and as a result, energy issues and policies have been mainly concerned with
increasing the supply of energy. This approach is now seen as a vision that needs
challenging.
In the last two years, countries around the world have added almost as much new solar
photovoltaic (PV) capacity as had been added since the invention of the solar cell. Nearly
38,000 megawatts of PV came online in 2013, a new annual record. In all, the world’s installed
PV generating capacity is now close to 140,000 megawatts. Falling costs and effective
policies continue to drive tremendous growth in solar power.
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Chapter 9: Environmental and Social Benefit Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
PV remains the most rapidly growing energy technology by a wide margin. Indeed, global PV
installations for 2014 should reach at least 40,000 megawatts, expanding world PV capacity
by another 30 percent. As concerns about climate change grow, solar PV has firmly
established itself as an integral player in the transition from fossil fuels.
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Chapter 10: Conclusion Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
10.2 Recommendations
Adequate provisions have been made for the environmental mitigation and monitoring of
predicted impacts, along with their associated costs. Adverse impacts if noticed during
implementation will be mitigated using appropriate design and management measures. The
potential cumulative and residual impacts of the project classify as not a highly sensitive or
complex.
The ESMP, its mitigation and monitoring programs, contained herewith shall be included
within the Bidding documents for project works. The Bid documents state that the contractor
shall be responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the ESMP through his own
Site Specific Environmental Management Plan, which will adopt all of the conditions of the
ESMP. This ensures that all potential bidders are aware of the environmental requirements
of the project and its associated environmental costs.
The ESMP and all its requirements shall then be added to the contractor’s contract, thereby
making implementation of the ESMP a legal requirement according to the contract. To ensure
compliance with the ESMP the contractor should employ an environmental specialist to
monitor and report project activities throughout the project construction phase.
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References Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
11 REFERENCES
Banglapedia, 2015. National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Online [Online]. Available at
http://www.banglapedia.org
Brammer, H., 1996. The Geography of the Soils of Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press Limited.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2002. Bio-ecological zones of Bangladesh.
Dhaka: IUCN Bangladesh.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2002. Bio-ecological zones of Bangladesh.
Dhaka: IUCN Bangladesh.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2007. Climate change 2007: Synthesis Report.
Contribution of Working Groups I, II, III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland.
IUCN Bangladesh. ed. 2002f. Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh. Dhaka: IUCN-The World
Conservation Union.
IUCN Bangladesh. ed. 2002f. Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh. Dhaka: IUCN-The World
Conservation Union.
MoEF, 2009. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009, Ministry of Environment
and Forest, Bangladesh.
MoEF/UNDP, 2005. National Adaptation Programme on Action (NAPA). Final Report. Ministry of
Environment and Forests, GOB, Bangladesh.
Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), 1998. Agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh. Dhaka:
SRDI, Ministry of Agriculture.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 2010. State of World Population 2010- From Conflict and
Crisis to Renewal: generations of change [Online]. Available at:
http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/swp/2010/swop_2010_eng.pdf
Wahab, A., (2008), Bangladesh Introduction (Ramsar Wetland Information). [Online] Available at:
http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bangladesh.pdf
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
12 Appendices
Appendix A: Air Quality Test Result
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Madhukhola Graveyard 24.17860° 90.43730° There are five graves in the graveyard.
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Location
Name Description Photo
N E
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Location
Name Description Photo
N E
Lamiha Poultry Farm 24.18041° 90.43958° One storied tinshed primary school.
Madhukhola Bazar 24.17956° 90.43955° A small bazar for the local people
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Appendices Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)
Location
Name Description Photo
N E
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