Physiology of Reproduction  development of sperm

 the site of it is in the wall of

seminiferous tubule
PUBERTY
 it has primary germ
layers (spermatogonium)
 Involves the series of changes that occur 1. Formation of 4 daughter cells
among individuals which causes them to (spermatids)
be ready for reproduction 2. Transformation to become sperm
 The changes that take places in this
physiologic process occur during Spermatogonium (stem cell)
adolescence through the influence of  Has 2 types
sex hormones both on boys and girls o Type A – ensures the creation
Influence > Upsurge > increase of secretion of type B (remain a stem cell in
of sex hormones that causes massive basement membrane)
physical changes o Type B – product of type A

Male: testosterone
After the mitotic division of type A (primary
Female: Estrogen, progesterone spermatogonium)
Comes now the spermatogonium type B
MALE  Daughter cell type b moves
toward the tubule lumen (from
Lumen
Wall wall to lumen)
o Creation of type B from type A is
through mitosis
o creation of type B is a diploid cell
o It will carry out the concept of meiosis:
double form of mitosis

Seminiferous tubule 1st step of meiotic division

- Can be found in testes o 2 daughter cells (spermatocyte)
Testes has a septa  2 types: primary & secondary
Septa – space between lobules
Diploid cell – primary spermatocyte

Product of 1st meiotic division – 2 daughter

cells (secondary)

Spermatocyte > spermatid (haploid: 23

chromosomes = 92 for all 4)

Spermocytogenesis – Mitosis (cell dividing)

Transformation
Spermiogenesis – final stage = mature
spermatozoa

Pointed structure
 To penetrate
 Motility

Readiness of the body

o Spermatogenesis
 - Core of brain that ensures proper
communication between nervous and
endocrine system
- Regulation of pleasure centers
- Site for hunger
- For thirst
- For sexual satisfaction

Pituitary gland
- Master gland
- Access towards the target organ for
them to produce their own hormones
Head
o contains the chromosomal qualities Through what way can hypothalamus
o 23 chromosomes in a sperm cell communicate with pituitary gland?
o Also known as “acrosome” – created - Release of hormone that is unique in
under 4 processes inside hypothalamus (Gonadotropin-
spermiogenesis releasing hormones / GnRH)
- After pituitary gland is simulated, it will
Midpiece release gonadotropins
o Mitochondria is found here - FSH – Follicle stimulating
hormones
Tail - LH – Luteinizing hormone
o Mobility and propulsion of sperm

What causes the sperm cell to be produced? FSH & LH influences spermatogenesis
- Through endocrine system (pituitary o FSH play a role in production of sperm
gland) through wall of seminiferous tubule
o LH – addressing the concept of
testosterone, final trigger for
spermatogenesis
- Stimulates the release of
interstitial cells to release
testosterone (enhance
spermatogenesis)

Puberty in Boys
 Penis and testes size
 Body, facial, pubic hair
 Changes in body shape
 Voice change
 Body odor and acne (hypersecretion of
glands – sebaceous or sudoriferous
glands)
 Nocturnal emissions (wet dreams) –
involuntarily release of semen

Puberty in Girls
Hypothalamus  Breast development (Thelarche)
 Body and pubic hair
 Changes in body shape
  Body odor and acne
 Onset of menstruation (menarche)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE NEUROENDOCRINE COMMUNICATION
 Rhythmical series of physiological Hypothalamus > GnRH (gonadotropin
changes that occur in fertile women releasing hormone > adenohypophysis
beginning puberty (pituitary gland) > FSH, LH
 Under the control of the endocrine system 2 types of pituitary gland
 Average length: 28 days, but typically Anterior: adenohypophysis – controls majority
varies with shorter and longer of 7 hormones
o Ovarian level, uterus level o Releases a stimulating hormone to
produce its own sex hormone
Menarche Posterior: neurohypophysis – controls 2
- Woman’s first menstruation hormones
- Typically occurs around age 12
- Occurrence depends on overall health FSH & LH – regulation of sex hormones,
diet release of gametes
- onset FSH- follicle stimulating hormone
- Stimulate one follicle
Menopause
- End of woman’s reproductive phase, Hypothalamus – regulating hormone
commonly occurs between ages 45-55
- Age of menopause is largely the result FSH > Follicle maturation > Graafian
of genetics follicle (prepares the egg in order for it to
- Cessation become fertile). Houses oocyte in order to
fertilize > Ovulation (follicle is able to
39 – fertility years + 12 = 51 produce its own mature egg)

Menstrual cycle LH > Prostaglandin release (substance

 Physiological changes during influencing graafian follicle to be raptured)
menstrual cycle can be observed at
three different levels: Ovulation > FSH (decrease), LH (increase)
o Neuroendocrine level Because egg is released
o Ovaries vice versa – inverse relationship
o Uterus
LH > Lutein (promotes development of) >
Corpus Luteum (in ovaries)

LH
- Promotes concept of fertility
- Sustaining pregnancy
- Progesterone
- Responsible for graafian follicle to
rapture

FSH
- Estrogen will make the egg cell mature
  The release of LH matures the ovum
and weakens the wall of the follicle in
the ovary, causing the fully developed
follicle to release its secondary oocyte
OVARIAN CYCLE  After being released form the ovary,
the ovum is swept into the fallopian
tube (24 hrs. for the sperm to
penetrate it)
 LH with progesterone
 14th day in 28 days

LUTEAL PHASE

Ovaries: site where egg is being release on a  Development of corpus luteum: solid
monthly basis body formed in an ovary after the
ovum has been released into the
 Ovarian cycle can be divided into 3 fallopian tube
phases:  Corpus luteum – trigger the increase of
o Follicular phase production of hormone
o Ovulation  Produces significant amounts of
o Luteal phase progesterone, which plays a vital role
in making the endometrium receptive
Follicular phase to implantation of the blastocyst
 As they mature, the follicles secrete  High levels of estrogen and
increasing amounts of estrogen progesterone suppress production of
which causes the egg to mature and FSH and LH that corpus luteum needs
eventually be ready for its release to maintain itself
soon through the influence of FSH  Falling levels of progesterone trigger
 Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the menstruation and the beginning of the
cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus next cycle
 At the end of this phase, ovulation  Progesterone – hormone for
occurs pregnancy
 Each month, a particular egg is
chosen by ovaries Corpus albicans – shrink form of corpus
 FSH – ensure maturation of egg to luteum
take place by estrogen

Graafian follicle – last stage before ovulation

Ovulation – 14th day

K OVULATION

 During follicular phase, estrogen

suppresses production of luteinizing
hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland
 When the ovum has nearly matured,
levels of estrogen reach a threshold
above which they stimulate production
of LH (positive feedback loop)
 levels, hypophysis secretes
more FSH
o FSH stimulates secretion of
estrogen, and estrogen serves
as proliferation signal to the
endometrial basal layer

UTERINE CYCLE

 Uterus – site of implantation

 Fallopian tube – site of fertilization

4 phases:
o Menstrual phase
o Proliferative (estrogen) phase
o Ovulation  Endometrium starts to thicken due to
o Secretory (progesterone) phase the increased release of estrogen from
the follicles through the influence of
FSHPROLIFERATIVE PHASE
 Estrogen phase – stimulate maturity of
egg cell

SECRETORY PHASE

 Through the influence of LH, the

endometrial lining achieves its full
 When does blood being released? thickness which then prepares the
During 1st part of menstrual cycle reproductive tract for a possible
fertilization to occur as the egg by this
MENSTRUAL PHASE time is already mature

 Involves the process of menstruation Ovulation – estrogen

o Menstrual bleeding, menses, Progesterone through lh
period
o Discharge of bloody fluid
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
containing endometrial cells,
glandular secretions and the  Also known as coitus (penetration of
blood cells, lasts 3-5 days penis to vagina) or copulation
o Result of the previous  This involves rhythmic movements that
menstrual cycle cause the physical movement of the
o Due to strong vasoconstriction penis, when erected, towards the
and proteolytic activity, vagina either for sexual pleasure,
functional stratum of reproduction or both
endometrial tissue dies and is PHYSIOLOGY OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
discharged during menstrual
bleeding  Sexual response (engagement) among
o Endometrium becomes very individuals is divided into 4 important
thin, but due to low estrogen phases (Masters and Johnsons):
o Excitation
 o Plateau - Upper 2/3 of vagina balloons
o Orgasm - Cervix and uterus stand up: tenting
o Resolution effect
- Angle of cervical opening more
1. Excitation receptive to sperm
- This phase usually last from a few
minutes to several hours depending on
the engagement of these individuals
toward each other
- Hypes up / intensifies the feeling of
pleasure
- General characteristics include
- Vasocongestion especially in
genitals, gradual increase in
vita; signs and generalized
myotonia (stiffness of muscles)

Characteristics: 2. Plateau
Male  This phase usually extends to the brink
- Penile erection of orgasm whereas the changes that
(vasocongestion) begun in excitation are more
- Scrotal sac intensifies
thickens  Both males and females continue
- Scrotal sac vasocongestion to max with
elevation continuous increase in vital signs,
copious perspiration and increased
myotonia

Characteristics:
Males:
- Cowper’s gland (precum) secrete fluid
Females through tip of penis
- Vaginal lubrication (penetration be - Scrotum even higher and testicle
facilitated easier) bigger
- Glans clitoris enlarges (erection)
- Nipples erect (myotonia: muscle
contraction) Females:
- Breasts enlarge - Orgasmic platform:
- Inner lips of vulva swell and open, o Outer third pf vagina thickens,
change in color (darker) swells: condition sine qua non:
without it, no orgasm
- Tenting complete
- Clitoris effect

3. Orgasm
 This phase is known to be the climax
of the sexual response cycle and the
shortest of the phases which generally
lasts only a few seconds
 General characteristics include:
 o Very high heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing with intense
myotonia CONCEPT OF PREGNANCY

Characteristics:
Males:
o Contraction of seminal vesicles, vas
and prostate
o Contraction of urethra and penis:
ejaculation (forceful release of semen)

Females:
o Contractions of orgasmic platform
o Contractions of uterus
o Several orgasms possible if stimulation
continues

Conception
4. Resolution - This process involves the meeting up
 This phase causes the body go return of the sperm and the egg cell
to normal state as muscles relax, containing individual haploid
breathing becomes normal as well as chromosomal characteristic inside the
vital signs, blood goes back to tract towards the fallopian tube
circulation d=from genitals - Haploid to diploid (23-46)
 For males they undergo refractory
period (male needs to have rest after Fertilization
one full orgasm: 1-4 hours) - Involves the union of sperm and egg
 Each phase must be fully completed in causing transformation in the egg to
order to reach the next one avoid other sperm from getting in;
thus, their genetic material is shared to
produce an individual
- Fusion of acrosome of sperm with
zona pellucida of egg
- Product: zygote
- Multiple sperm from getting in –
polyspermy

Site: fallopian tube

Product: diploid cell
Means of cellular division: mitosis

Implantation
- This takes place once the egg is
fertilized and is actively dividing which
becomes a blastocyst and remains in
the endometrial wall throughout the
course of pregnancy
Site: uterus
Product: blastocyst
Means of cellular division: mitosis
Ideal time it takes place: 7 days after
fertilization
PREGNANCY
Pregnancy
- Refers to entire process of
development of the offspring inside the
womb of mother from conception until
delivery
- 9 months- 3 semesters

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES

First trimester – all vital parts of the embryo

are formed (organogenesis- embryo)

Second trimester – all parts of the body start

to function (male / female), ultrasound for sex
of baby (fetus)

Third trimester – growth of the fetus and

preparation for delivery until it takes place
- Intended weeks of age of gestation
(newborn)
- Amenorrhea – absence of
menstruation
- Urine test – HCG

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

 Pregnancy hormone present in
woman’s blood from the time of
conception which is produced by the
cells that form the placenta
 Forms possible pregnancy as it is seen
in blood or urine test which usually
detects its presence
 Of pregnancy occurs, the lining of
uterus gets thicker and cervix is sealed
by a plug of mucus that will stay in
place until baby is ready to be born

Transvaginal ultrasound