African Governance Report 2019
African Governance Report 2019
African Governance Report 2019
_ MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION
Africa’s Agenda 2063 First Ten-Year Implementation Plan covers 7 Aspirations, 20 Goals, 13
Fast-Track Projects, 39 Priority Areas, 255 Targets
The global 2030 Agenda covers 17 SDGs, 169 Targets, 232 Indicators
Agenda 2063 has a distinct focus on democracy, cultural identity and continental integration,
while Agenda 2030 has a stronger emphasis on climate change related issues and inequalities
The IIAG shows that since the beginning of the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan (2014), average
continental performance in Education has deteriorated
While indicators show access to all levels of education is increasing, a decrease in the quality of
education and the growing mismatch between the education system and job market requirements
have led to a decline in the performance of Education since 2014
4 out of the 5 worst-scoring countries in Education in 2017 are fragile states, such as Chad, Libya,
Central African Republic and Somalia
IIAG’s Reliability of Electricity Supply is the most strongly correlated indicator with Education
performance, and the second-most correlated with Health performance
IIAG’s Absence of Undernourishment indicator has registered a continental average decline since 2014
Since 2014 DRC, Gambia, Madagascar and Nigeria have all deteriorated in IIAG’s Access to
Sanitation indicator
At the continental level, citizens’ dissatisfaction with basic health services has grown over the past decade
According to available data, there are 17 skilled health workers per 10,000 people in Africa, versus
over 117 per 10,000 in the US
Though progress is being made, Women’s Political Representation remains the lowest scoring IIAG
indicator in Gender at the continental level
IIAG’s Promotion of Socio-economic Integration of Youth indicator has deteriorated since 2014
The score for IIAG's Laws on Violence against Women indicator remains low, and IIAG’s Absence of
Human Trafficking indicator has experienced a large deterioration since 2014
Despite progress, unconstitutional changes in government are still a reality on the continent, while
Agenda 2063 aims at zero tolerance
AGENDAS 2063 &
2030: IS AFRICA
ON TRACK?
MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION
Section 01 Section 02
_ _
1.1 THE AFRICAN UNION AGENDA 2063 8 2.1 ACCESS TO AND QUALITY OF EDUCATION 24
A Pan-African vision for a 50-year transformation Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 24
of the continent 8 Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 25
A consultative process 8 Country-level performance, IIAG Education
A distinctive focus on democracy, cultural identity sub-category 26
and continental integration 8 African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
Ten-Year implementation plans and key priority areas 9 Education indicators 27
The FTYIP: 2014-2023 9 Spotlight - Education: a strong link with economic
Assessing progress: Goals, Priority Areas, Targets opportunity 28
and Core Indicators 9 Improving performance in Education:
Multi-layered domestication 10 infrastructure and welfare policies appear key 28
1.2 THE UN 2030 AGENDA AND THE SDGs 12 2.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION 29
An economic, social and environmental Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 29
15-year agenda 12 Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 30
A strong emphasis on climate change related Country-level performance, IIAG Health
issues and inequalities 12 sub-category 31
SDGs and MDGs: a shift from donor dependence African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
to government ownership 12 Health indicators 32
A consultative process building on the Common Spotlight - Universal Health Care (UHC) for all of
African Position on Post-2015 Development Africa’s citizens: still a long way to go 33
Agenda (CAP) 12
Improving performance in Health: welfare policies,
Country voluntary reviews on four-year cycles 13 infrastructure, education and anti-corruption
Multi-layered localisation 13 policies appear key 35
Spotlight - Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 joint 2.3 WOMEN AND YOUTH INCLUSION 36
monitoring and evaluation mechanisms 13
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 36
1.3 GOVERNANCE IS KEY TO ASSESS THE Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 37
IMPLEMENTATION OF BOTH AGENDAS 16 Country-level performance, IIAG Gender
Agendas 2063 and 2030: a key correlation sub-category 38
with governance 16 Spotlight - Promotion of youth integration:
Agenda 2063 and 2030: overlaps and differences 16 worrying trends 39
Public governance at the core of both Agendas 17 Spotlight - Violence against women and human
The IIAG: the most comprehensive dataset to assess trafficking: matters of concern 39
the implementation of both Agendas 18 African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
The IIAG: a key tool to assess country readiness Gender indicators 40
and progress towards both Agendas 18 Improving performances in Gender: welfare policies,
public management and rights appear key 41
Spotlight - Using the IIAG 20
2.4 SECURITY, JUSTICE AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS 42
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 42
Section 03
The measurability
of the Agendas
_ _
Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 43 3.1 AGENDA 2063 AND AGENDA 2030:
Country-level performance, IIAG Rule of Law QUANTIFIABILITY IS VARIABLE 64
sub-category 43 Agenda 2063 Targets and Indicators 64
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Rule Not all measures are quantifiable 64
of Law indicators 44
Not all Targets have indicators 65
Country-level performance, IIAG Transparency
Agenda 2030 Indicators 66
& Accountability sub-category 45
One fifth of SDG Indicators with no
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
internationally established methodology
Transparency & Accountability indicators 46
or standard 66
Spotlight - Democratic elections, political
participation and rights: warning signs 47 3.2 IN AFRICA: DATA AVAILABILITY AND
STATISTICAL CAPACITY REMAIN A CHALLENGE 67
Spotlight - Civil registration: a building block for
Public Management 47 Statistical capacity on the continent: progress but
Country-level performance, IIAG National still a major challenge 67
Security sub-category 48 Statistical development in Africa: good progress 67
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG National National Statistical Offices and country statistical
Security indicators 49 capacity: still low 70
Spotlight - Capability of police services: on the way up 50 Spotlight - The status of National Strategies for
Improving performance in Safety & Rule of Law: Development of Statistics: PARIS21 72
rights, participation and welfare policies appear key 50 Data availability: weak coverage and limited openness 74
The current state of publicly available statistics 74
2.5 PROSPERITY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY 51
Spotlight - The impact of weak data coverage for
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 51 the SDGs 77
Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 53 Civil registration and vital statistics: the first step 78
Country-level performance and trends since 2014
in IIAG Sustainable Economic Opportunity category 53
Acronyms 84
Country-level performance, IIAG Infrastructure
sub-category 54 References 85
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Notes 90
Infrastructure sub-category 55 Project team 91
Country-level performance, IIAG Rural Sector Annex 93
sub-category 56
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Rural
Sector sub-category 57
Spotlight - Diversification of exports: a real challenge 58
Spotlight - Findings from the IIAG Business
Environment sub-category 58
Improving Sustainable Economic Opportunity:
rule of law, accountability, education and welfare
appear key 59
Spotlight - Citizens’ perceptions on a citizen-
centred Agenda 60
Section 01
_
1.1 THE AFRICAN UNION AGENDA 2063 8
A Pan-African vision for a 50-year transformation
of the continent 8
A consultative process 8
A distinctive focus on democracy, cultural identity
and continental integration 8
Ten-Year implementation plans and key priority areas 9
The FTYIP: 2014-2023 9
Assessing progress: Goals, Priority Areas, Targets
and Core Indicators 9
Multi-layered domestication 10
In May 2013, the year of the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) member states
signed the 50th Anniversary Solemn Declaration, which laid the foundations for the development of Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want.
Agenda 2063 is a 50-year strategic framework with the main objective being to guide
Africa’s development for the next half-century and to achieve the vision of The Africa We
The adoption of the declaration
Want. Agenda 2063 is aimed at being Africa’s blueprint and master plan for transforming
reaffirmed the commitment towards
the continent into the global powerhouse of the future. It is the continent’s strategic
this new path which was built around
framework that aims to deliver on its goal for inclusive and sustainable development and is
a concrete manifestation of the pan-African drive for unity, self-determination, freedom, the Pan-African Vision of an integrated,
progress and collective prosperity pursued under Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance. prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven
by its own citizens, representing a
African leaders aimed at redirecting the focus from Africa’s struggle against apartheid and
dynamic force in the international arena.
the attainment of political independence for the continent towards inclusive social and
economic growth and development, regional integration, democratic governance and
peace and security.
A consultative process
Under the auspices of the African Union Commission (AUC) Agenda 2063 was developed through a people-driven 18 months of consultation with
stakeholders of African society and was adopted in January 2015. The process also built upon past and existing continental development
initiatives such as the Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development in Africa (1980) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development
(NEPAD)(2001) as well as taking into account a review of Africa’s development experience and global trends and possible development scenarios.
The seven Aspirations are centred around socioeconomic development, culture, democratic governance and peace and security, while also
emphasising inclusive societies and the empowerment of women and youth. Included in Aspiration 3, strong leadership and democratic
institutions are considered critical enablers for achieving the transformation aspired by the Agenda 2063 framework. Additionally, Agenda 2063
puts a strong focus on regional integration. It is considered a critical success factor to achieve shared prosperity and peace on the continent.
Aspiration 1: A prosperous Africa based on inclusive Aspiration 5: An Africa with a strong cultural
growth and sustainable development. identity, common heritage, values and ethics.
The implementation of Agenda 2063 is guided by five ten-year plans, the first adopted by the AU Summit in June 2015 as a basis for the
preparation of medium-term development plans of AU member states, the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and the AU Organs.
The First Ten-Year Implementation Plan for Agenda 2063 (FTYIP) seeks to accelerate Africa’s political, social, economic and technological
transformation while continuing the Pan-African drive for self-determination, freedom, progress and collective prosperity.
1. Identify priority areas, set specific targets, define strategies partners, global financial institutions, the expected results/
and policy measures required to implement the first ten outcomes for the FTYIP and the roles expected of them.
years on the journey to 2063.
4. Assign responsibilities to all stakeholders in the
2. Bring to fruition the fast-track programmes and initiatives implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
outlined in the Malabo Decisions of the AU to provide the
5. Outline the strategies required to ensure availability
big push and breakthroughs for Africa’s economic and
of resources and capacities together with citizens'
social transformation.
engagement to implement the FTYIP.
3. Provide information to all key stakeholders at the national,
regional and continental levels, the diaspora, development
The FTYIP covers 20 Goals and 39 Priority Areas across the seven Aspirations. Each Priority Area also comes with a set of Targets. In total the FTYIP
lists 255 Targets. A set of 63 Core Indicators have been identified on which all member states have to report to their respective RECs, while it is up
to the member states’ priorities which of the non-core indicators they want to track. The 63 Indicators were selected according to how they related
to the flagship projects or to transformation in areas such as science, job creation, technology, gender parity or indicators linked to integration,
as well as indicators which converge with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or are matched to national systems capabilities.
Priority Areas
Informed by a detailed situational analysis called "Africa the Last Fifty Years and the Present: Progress, Challenges and Implications for
Agenda 2063", African governments, RECs and AU organs and other stakeholders identified key Priority Areas for each of the Aspirations.
The Priority Areas and Targets selected for the FTYIP are:
• Areas where African citizens expect to see immediate impact within the context of the African Aspirations
• Short- and medium-term development priorities of member states and the RECs
• Ongoing continental frameworks that fall within the next ten years
• Targets within the Agenda 2063 Framework that fall within the next ten years
Section 01
Flagship projects
In order to achieve an immediate positive impact on • Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM)
perceptions of African citizens regarding the success of Agenda • Annual African Economic Dialogue Platform
2063, the FTYIP comes with 13 fast track projects1 and initiatives • Establishment of African Financial Institutions:
which are supposed to fast track the implementation of • African Central Bank (ACB)
programmes for growth and transformation and act as enablers • African Investment Bank (AIB)
for development. • African Monetary Fund (AMF)
• Integrated High-Speed Train Network • Pan-African Stock Exchange
• African Commodity Strategy • Pan-African E-Network
• Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) • Africa Outer Space Strategy
• African Passport and freedom of movement • African Virtual and E-University
• Silencing the guns by 2020 • Great African Museum
• Grand Inga Dam Project 1
As of October 2019
Multi-layered domestication
Agenda 2063 is to be implemented at the national, REC and Regional monitoring then informs a report at the continent level.
continental level. Public and private sectors and civil society are also Annual consultations are expected between the AU organs and the
to be engaged due to their active part in formulating the Agenda. RECs on the implementation, monitoring and evaluation, with mid-
term reviews every five years and a final evaluation at the end of each
To disseminate the contents of Agenda 2063 and to initiate action,
ten-year plan. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
domestication missions are working with all stakeholders to ensure
(UNECA) supports the African Union Commission in producing these
incorporation of Agenda 2063 into national strategic and action
Africa Reports on Agenda 2063.
plans, programmes and budgets.
Member states have been advised to designate a specific ministry as
AU member states are primarily responsible for monitoring and
the focal point for the implementation of the Agenda which is to also
evaluating the implementation of the Agenda within the national
act as a focal point for the Agenda 2030 SDGs. The domestication
context, reporting to RECs who are responsible for integrating these
process is also supposed to help raise awareness for the Agenda
and facilitating regional initiatives. RECs are responsible for organising
among the population.
annual forums for member states to review regional implementation
performance and prepare annual reports to the AU Assembly.
The role of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development The role of the African Peer Review Mechanism
(NEPAD) (APRM)
NEPAD was a merger of the Millennium Partnership for Africa’s The APRM was initiated in 2002 and established in 2003 by
Recovery (MPA) and Omega Plan and was adopted in Lusaka in the AU in the framework of the implementation of NEPAD.
July 2001. Starting as a socio-economic flagship programme of It acts as a self-monitoring mechanism intended to promote
the AU with primary objectives to eradicate poverty, promote political stability, economic growth, sustained development
sustainable growth and development, integrate Africa in the and regional integration through experience sharing. In January
world economy and accelerate the empowerment of women, 2017, the 28th Ordinary Session of the AU Assembly of Heads
the programme was, among other organisations and agencies, of State and Government assigned the APRM a stronger role
tasked with the drafting of Agenda 2063. In July 2019, the 35th and the task of supporting the monitoring and evaluation of
Ordinary Session of the Executive Council officially made NEPAD key governance areas which encompasses among other things
the first development agency of the AU, called AUDA-NEPAD. both Agenda 2063 and the SDGs. The endorsement and the
AUDA-NEPAD is mandated “to coordinate and execute priority implementation of the APRM by all member states are also
regional and continental projects to promote regional integration 2023 targets within the FTYIP.
towards the accelerated realisation of Agenda 2063” - and thus
takes a direct role in implementing the Agenda.
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Vision: Vision:
A world that is resolved to free the Pan-African Vision and African Renaissance
human race from the tyranny of
The Africa We Want: An integrated, prosperous
poverty and want and to heal and
and peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens,
secure the planet
representing a dynamic force in the
international arena
Breakdown: Breakdown:
National
and regional
17 Goals 7 Aspirations
development
plans
13 fast-
169 tracking Domesti-
Localisation 20 Goals
Targets Flagship cation
Projects
Continent,
232 Member 39 Priority RECs,
Indicators States Areas Member
States
255 63 Core
Targets Indicators
Adopted by all UN member states at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New York on 25 September 2015, the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development is the global sustainable development action plan.
Agenda 2030 is a transformational vision of the world “resolved to free the human race from the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal
and secure our planet”. The 2030 Agenda features 17 Goals known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets, designed
to instigate action on issues of “critical importance for humanity and the planet”. It encompasses the three core dimensions of sustainable
development: economic, social and environmental, and includes areas such as poverty, education, healthcare, sustainable energy, human
rights, equality and sustainable consumption patterns.
The Agenda 2030 builds upon multilateral development plans and commitments developed over the past decades and the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) that have guided global development efforts since the year 2000, and was first conceptualised at Rio+20, the
2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro.
The MDGs initiated a global effort to tackle poverty through the establishment of measurable objectives for addressing poverty, disease and a
wide range of other development issues and was applied to developing countries. The MDGs were constructed under the premise of richer donor
countries providing official development assistance (ODA) to poorer countries to fund the goals, with many ODA obligations not met. The SDGs,
universal and applicable to all countries, will be financed by a global framework developed to align financial flows and policies with economic,
social and environmental priorities. The SDGs are intended to build upon the progress of the MDGs, completing unfinished work in areas such
as poverty, health and food security. However, they are more encompassing, including a wider range of economic, social and environmental
objectives, whilst also including a defined means of implementation in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) that was absent from the MDGs.
A consultative process building on the Common African Position on Post-2015 Development Agenda (CAP)
The SDG formulation process initiated at Rio+20, known as the Post-2015 Development Agenda, sought to avoid the donor led formulation of
the MDGs, developing the SDGs through intensive consultation with the public, civil society, governments and relevant stakeholders from across
the globe. While the SDG targets are defined as global, governments are expected to implement them within the context of their own states’
individual circumstances and the consultation process allowed for better synchronisation between global and national/regional objectives.
Through this process the SDGs were able to better reflect the African development priorities highlighted in the Common African Position on the
Post-2015 Development Agenda (CAP). The CAP was influential in the work of the UN Open Working Group and on formal intergovernmental
negotiations in developing the SDGs.
The CAP states that the Post-2015 Development Agenda should including i) structural economic transformation and inclusive
“enhance Member States’ ownership of development; generate growth, ii) science, technology and innovation, iii) people-centred
the required political will to address the unfinished business development, iv) environmental sustainability, natural resources
of the MDGs; and respond to the emerging issues and gaps in management, and disaster risk management, v) peace and
implementation, particularly with regard to data collection security, vi) finance and partnerships. For the most part, these
and monitoring”. priorities are reflected in the SDGs and the final version of
It also outlines six key pillars of Africa’s development priorities Agenda 2030.
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The process of monitoring the SDGs is the mandate of the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). The HLPF convenes on
an annual basis where an inter-related set of SDGs are discussed and progress towards said SDGs is reviewed. This is done on a four-year cyclical
basis, with the overall progress for all SDGs to be evaluated every fourth year. The content of HLPF sessions is largely informed by Voluntary
National Reviews (VNRs), country conducted voluntary self-assessments on SDG progress. Guidelines for conducting VNRs are detailed in the
VNR handbook produced by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), leaving margin to the country to choose whether to
report, and on what aspects of the SDGs to report on.
In order to facilitate the monitoring process, in 2015, the UN Statistical Commission created the Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG
Indicators (IAEG-SDGs). The IAEG-SDGs were tasked with developing and implementing the global indicator framework for the Goals and Targets
of the 2030 Agenda. The framework includes 169 Targets broken down into 232 unique Indicators. Progress on the Indicators can be tracked using
the online SDG Tracker tool, if data is available.
Multi-layered localisation
The primary responsibility for implementation lies with member states, making the localisation of the global and continental Agendas essential,
while the AU and the UN have a key role in facilitating implementation of the SDGs in Africa. Tools to facilitate integration into global and local
development contexts have been developed, with the UN Development Group designing "the mainstreaming, acceleration and policy support
strategy" as well as with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) developing the "Rapid integrated assessment tool" to assist with
and assess the integration of Agenda 2030 into national policy frameworks. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) has developed the "Policy coherence for sustainable development" toolkit which focuses on integrating the economic, social,
environmental and governance dimensions of sustainable development into all levels of policy formulation.
SPOTLIGHT
Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 joint monitoring and evaluation mechanisms
Faced with monitoring two development agendas, several actors Agenda 2063. The ARFSD focuses on the theme of the HLPF,
are involved with assessing progress. evaluating the same SDGs, and the aligned Agenda 2063 targets,
that are up for review at the HLPF in the respective year. The
UNECA in collaboration with the RECs and the UN annually respective HLPF theme also informs the annual Africa Sustainable
convenes the Africa Regional Forum on Sustainable Development Development Report co-authored by UNECA, the AU, the African
(ARFSD), a multi-stakeholder platform for following-up and Development Bank (AfDB) and UNDP which simultaneously
reviewing the implementation progress on both the SDGs and tracks progress on both Agenda 2063 and the SDGs.
Section 01
In January 2018, the African Union Commission (AUC) and the It also details a schedule for reviewing the monitoring and
UN signed the "AU-UN Framework for the Implementation implementation process, with wider biennial reviews of the
of Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Framework being informed by annual meetings
Development" in order to strengthen cooperation between the between the Chairperson of the AUC and the UN Secretary-
two organisations with regard to the implementation of the General on strategic direction, and quarterly meetings of
two Agendas, while avoiding duplication and policy incoherence. technical officials from the AU, UN and RECs to enhance
coordination and collaborative programming. The annual Africa
It reiterates the commitment to the adoption of a common
Sustainable Development Report is an outcome of such joint
reporting and evaluation architecture that builds upon the
efforts. UNECA is further developing an integrated toolkit to
strategic framework of the "African Union-United Nations
harmonise the domestication of the two Agendas into national
partnership on Africa’s integration and development agenda for
development plans, to reduce transaction costs of reporting on
2017–2027", and the AU and UN ambition to develop statistical
both strategies and allow for track progress on both Agendas.
methodologies and common indicators from the two Agendas.
Further, it outlines collaborative monitoring processes for the
implementation of both Agendas in Africa.
Given the various actors and plans, criticisms arise that the monitoring process is overcomplicated. The Sustainable Development Goals
Center for Africa (SDGC/A), an international organisation that supports citizens, governments, civil society and other stakeholders to
accelerate progress towards the SDGs, has raised concerns over a lack of a clear accountability framework and the fact that there is
little guidance on how accountability can be shared across stakeholders at the domestic and international level. The SDGC/A suggests
that VNRs should be compulsory and more systematic and to integrate Agenda 2063 into the process. Despite the UN guidelines on
VNRs, government reviews have been accused of being selective and self-serving, while they often lack comparability.
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Report on the
Sustainable Africa Sustainable Mid-term/End-term
Progress of Agenda
Development Development Report of Ten-Year
2063 Implementation
Goals Report Report Implementation Plan
at all Levels
Annual AU
Organs/RECs
Consultations
AU/UN
Biennial
Framework Mid-term/
Reviews End-term Evaluation
of Agenda 2063
Integrated National
Plans
Annual REC
Monitoring Report
Section 01
Agenda 2030 and Agenda 2063 are both universal frameworks – global and continental respectively, produced through extensive consultations
and aiming at common objectives and aspirations in key areas of sustainable development.
The main dimensions where the Agendas overlap are economic, social and environmental. The Goals, Targets and Priority Areas of Agenda 2063
and the Goals and Targets of Agenda 2030 overlap in broad areas of convergence such as: human development (poverty eradication, education,
health), sustainable economic opportunity (transforming economies, infrastructure and rural sector), gender equality and youth empowerment,
peaceful and inclusive societies, accountable institutions, justice and environmental sustainability.
Where overlaps exist, they stop short of being identical • Agenda 2063 emphasises democratic values and continental
e.g. SDG target 1.3, “implement nationally appropriate institutions and initiatives, such as the African Continental Free
social protection systems and measures for all…. achieving Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the African Peace and Security
substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable” Architecture (APSA). Moreover, it includes Pan-African objectives
related to African cultural identity and common heritage or
overlaps with but is not identical to the Agenda 2063 target
Africa Renaissance.
of ensuring that “at least 30% of vulnerable populations
including persons with disabilities, older persons and children • Agenda 2030 stresses the need to reduce inequalities within and
are provided with social protection.” between countries, while also calling for urgent action to combat
climate change and its impacts, preserve terrestrial and marine
ecosystems and halt land degradation and biodiversity loss.
Comparison of the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063 Source: UNECA (2017)
Agenda 2063 extends beyond the overlapping goals, to include African-specific objectives related to cultural identity or continental
integration processes.
Agenda 2063 additional goals • Goal 15: Fully functional and operational African Peace
• Goal 8: United Africa (federal or confederate) and Security Architecture (APSA)
• Goal 9: Continental financial and monetary institutions • Goal 16: African cultural renaissance is pre-eminent.
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The SDGC/A and the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) note that “governments have a unique and central role to play in
achieving the UN’s Agenda 2030 as well as Africa’s own Agenda 2063, which will continue beyond the SDG timeline. While good governance is a
Sustainable Development Goal in its own right (SDG 16), the active role of government is instrumental to every other SDG as well. For this reason,
it is necessary not only for each country to reflect on its current SDG status and progress(...) but to analyse how government-led efforts can be
improved and accelerated.”
The Mo Ibrahim Foundation (MIF) defines governance as the provision of the political, social and economic public goods and services that every
citizen has the right to expect from their state, and that a state has the responsibility to deliver to its citizens. To measure this, the Ibrahim Index
of African Governance (IIAG) focusses on the outcomes for citizens in key governance dimensions such as Safety & Rule of Law, Participation &
Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development.
The four governance dimensions, and their respective sub-dimensions – from Rule of Law to National Security, to Gender, Business
Environment, Rural Sector and Education – are also at the core of the Goals and Targets of the two Agendas. All three frameworks –
the IIAG, Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 – have in common a citizen-centred approach that is the essence of governance.
OVERALL
GOVERNANCE
Personal Safety
National Security
Participation
Rights
Gender
Public Management
Business Environment
Infrastructure
Rural Sector
Welfare
Education
Health
Number of Indicators
6 9 6 6 5 6 8 9 7 6 8 10 7 9
Section 01
Overlap between IIAG measures with Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030
85.7%
of Agenda 2063 Aspirations
(6 out of 7)
&
70.0%
of the Goals (14 out of 20)
are linked to MIF
governance measures.
70.6%
of Agenda 2030 SDGs
(12 out of 17) are linked to
MIF governance measures.
THE IIAG: THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE DATASET TO ASSESS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BOTH AGENDAS
The IIAG: a key tool to assess country readiness and progress towards both Agendas
Africa is already halfway through the FTYIP of Agenda 2063, and almost one third of the way through Agenda 2030 completion. Efforts to
monitor progress and reports have been produced to inform policy. Initiatives such as the annual Africa Sustainable Development Report focus
on some of the SDGs and related objectives using relevant data, and the SDGC/A and SDSN provide a comprehensive Africa SDG Index assessing
not just where African countries stand with respect to the SDGs and their progress towards the goals, but also how African governments are
implementing strategies for achieving them.
Utilising a mix of data - official, expert assessment and perception surveys, that provide both input and outcome indicators, the IIAG is highly
relevant to highlighting challenges and priorities relating to both Agendas. As a composite Index covering 14 thematic areas for 54 countries
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in Africa for ten years, the IIAG is currently the only singular overarching dimensions of governance. In total, the IIAG contains
comprehensive dataset to provide comparable scores and ten- over 100 indicators.
year trends for Africa in some key overlapping thematic areas
The Africa SDG Index, produced by the SDGC/A and SDSN, is the
covered by both Agendas. This comparable time series is integral
most comprehensive data assessment of African country progress
to understanding the continent’s trajectory towards improving
towards attaining the SDGs. Whilst there is some data overlap, 82.5%
outcomes for citizens.
of indicators in the Africa SDG Index do not feature in the IIAG, and
In the IIAG, country performance in delivering governance is the strong correlation (r= +0.82) between overall country progress
measured across four key components that effectively provide towards the SDGs and Overall Governance scores demonstrates the
indicators of a country’s Overall Governance performance. Each of importance of governance and the application of the IIAG as a tool to
these categories contain sub-categories under which are organised measure country progress towards attaining the SDGs, and therefore,
various indicators that provide quantifiable measures of the given the overlaps, implementing Agenda 2063.
African countries: IIAG Overall Governance scores & Africa SDG Index overall scores (2017 & 2019)
African countries
100.0
Overall Governance score (2017)
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 100.0
SPOTLIGHT
Structure, data points and sources: the 2018 IIAG covers ten largest improvement on the continent (+6.1) over ten years but
years’ worth of data (2008-2017) for all 54 African countries. still ranks in the bottom half (37th) on the continent with a score
The construction method provides vast amounts of data. To of 45.9, below the African average. To fully assess any country’s
construct the 2018 IIAG, the Foundation’s Research Team governance performance, it is also vital to drill-down beyond
collected 191 variables that measure governance concepts from the broader measures such as the Overall Governance score to
35 sources. These were combined to form 102 indicators, then consider country performance across the different governance
organised under the IIAG’s key governance dimensions; the 14 dimensions encompassed by the categories, sub-categories and
sub-categories and four categories that make up the Overall indicators of the IIAG. These are all essentially mini indexes in
Governance score. Including all the data collected from source their own right and country performance can vary across these
and the calculations made expressly for the IIAG, there are a total dimensions. Using Botswana again as an example, whilst the
of 273 different measures of governance for any given country country has a declined score in all four categories of the IIAG,
or group in any given year across ten years. These are made up of looking at the sub-categories, Botswana has improved scores in
indicators that measure specific issues such as the Independence Infrastructure (+2.6) and Welfare (+3.3). The benefit of the IIAG
of the Judiciary, which is one indicator of the broader sub- structure is that country or group performance can be assessed
category Rule of Law, which is in turn part of the overarching holistically through the broader measures, but users can also
category Safety & Rule of Law. In total, there are almost 150,000 drill-down to assess performance in specific governance issues.
data points in the 2018 IIAG.
Group averages: by averaging the scores of countries, the
Scores, ranks, trends, structure & levels: IIAG results can be IIAG provides group analysis for a variety of different group
classified into three main types: score, rank and trend. All three compositions. For this report, key findings are often provided for
types must be considered when using the Index, as each type "Africa". These results are the average of the scores of 54 African
of result gives context to the others. Looking only at rank or countries, at all levels of the IIAG. Of course, Africa is a diverse
score without considering the trends overlooks the important continent with many unique countries, and readers of this report
trajectories that countries follow. In the 2018 IIAG for example, are advised not to over analyse the continental findings. This
Botswana ranks in the top ten highest scoring countries (5th) with report focusses on presenting the top-level findings of the 2018
a score of 68.5 (out of 100.0) in Overall Governance. In the last IIAG for Africa as well as other groups, such as regions, as related
ten years however, it is also the fifth most deteriorated country to Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030. In-depth analysis of countries
on the continent, having declined by -3.7 points. In the same and other groupings are available via other IIAG publications and
way that trends should be considered when looking at scores tools on the MIF website.
and ranks, when looking at trends it is important to consider
the level of score and rank. Guinea, for example, shows the fifth
Section 02
Assessing Africa’s
readiness for both
Agendas
_
2.1 ACCESS TO AND QUALITY OF EDUCATION 24 Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 43
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 24 Country-level performance, IIAG Rule of Law
sub-category 43
Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 25
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Rule
Country-level performance, IIAG Education
of Law indicators 44
sub-category 26
Country-level performance, IIAG Transparency
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
& Accountability sub-category 45
Education indicators 27
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
Spotlight - Education: a strong link with economic Transparency & Accountability indicators 46
opportunity 28
Spotlight - Democratic elections, political
Improving performance in Education:
participation and rights: warning signs 47
infrastructure and welfare policies appear key 28
Spotlight - Civil registration: a building block for
2.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION 29 Public Management 47
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 29 Country-level performance, IIAG National
Security sub-category 48
Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 30
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG National
Country-level performance, IIAG Health
Security indicators 49
sub-category 31
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Spotlight - Capability of police services: on the way up 50
Health indicators 32 Improving performance in Safety & Rule of Law:
rights, participation and welfare policies appear key 50
Spotlight - Universal Health Care (UHC) for all of
Africa’s citizens: still a long way to go 33
2.5 PROSPERITY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY 51
Improving performance in Health: welfare policies,
infrastructure, education and anti-corruption Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 51
policies appear key 35 Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 53
Country-level performance and trends since 2014
2.3 WOMEN AND YOUTH INCLUSION 36 in IIAG Sustainable Economic Opportunity category 53
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 36 Country-level performance, IIAG Infrastructure
Challenges and priorities: IIAG key findings 37 sub-category 54
Country-level performance, IIAG Gender African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
sub-category 38 Infrastructure sub-category 55
Country-level performance, IIAG Rural Sector
Spotlight - Promotion of youth integration:
sub-category 56
worrying trends 39
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Rural
Spotlight - Violence against women and human Sector sub-category 57
trafficking: matters of concern 39
Spotlight - Diversification of exports: a real challenge 58
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG
Gender indicators 40 Spotlight - Findings from the IIAG Business
Improving performances in Gender: welfare policies, Environment sub-category 58
public management and rights appear key 41 Improving Sustainable Economic Opportunity:
rule of law, accountability, education and welfare
2.4 SECURITY, JUSTICE AND STRONG appear key 59
INSTITUTIONS 42
Spotlight - Citizens’ perceptions on a citizen-
Core overlaps between the Agendas and the IIAG 42 centred Agenda 60
Section 02
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (1) A prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
Goal (selected) (2) Well educated citizens and skills revolution underpinned by science, technology and innovation
Priority Area Education and STI-driven (Science, Technology and Innovation) skills revolution
A full list of Targets in Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 related to this overlapping theme appears in the annex of this report. Source: MIF own analysis (2019)
African Governance Report
25
Education is an essential social good to help people develop socially, Too many countries have low scores in providing access to and quality
intellectually and economically. Both the African 2063 and the education, and for many the situation is worsening. Of the bottom ten
global 2030 Agendas have specifically recognised the latter, not just scoring countries, only one (South Sudan) has improved its Education
emphasising access and opportunity for enrolment but providing score since 2014.
a focus on skills, and on the quality of education. As an essential
What is causing the low scores is what the 2063 and 2030 Agendas
foundation of a country’s ability to provide development for its
are partly aiming to address. Among the lowest performing indicators
citizens, Education appears in the IIAG as one of the three sub-
for the Education sub-category, are those that measure whether
categories of Human Development.
governments are successful in delivering high quality education and
Human Development, which apart from assessing whether African training and the quality of research and development, and how well
governments provide educational advancement opportunities for the educational systems are meeting the needs of a competitive
their citizens, also evaluates the outcomes of poverty mitigation economy. In the indicator Education Quality, which measures the
and alleviation mechanisms (Welfare sub-category) and those of quality of basic, secondary and tertiary institutions, only Togo has
healthcare and medical and sanitary services (Health sub-category), improved since 2014.
is on average the Index category where countries score best. In 2017,
Even if the indicators used in the IIAG to measure these are broader
the average score for Human Development is 52.8 (out of 100.0).
than the many specific indicators used to measure the targets in the
Over the Index time series (2008-2017) it is also the most improved
African and global Agendas, they serve as good proxies to assess the
category (African average improvement of +3.5 points).
general environment and trends in which the countries are operating.
Since 2014, when the implementation of Agenda 2063's First Ten-Year The key challenge for many countries in providing education for
Implementation Plan (FTYIP) started, countries have, on average, productive employment lies in the quality of education and its
continued to improve in Human Development (the African average score relevance to the job market.
improved by +0.8). However, and this is a matter of concern, progress
Most countries have indeed been faring better in improving access to
has slowed, and this is largely due to a downturn in results in Education.
education. Even if scores still remain low, a majority of countries have
Education is one of the few sub-categories in the IIAG (four of 14) that seen more primary school completion and more students enrolled
has experienced an African average decline since the implementation in secondary education over the last ten years, providing evidence
of Agenda 2063 has begun, declining by -0.3 points since 2014, that access has, on average, been extended. The indicators measuring
showing the extent to which many African countries are still lagging enrolment are among some of the most improved indicators in
behind in terms of providing an environment conducive to meeting the IIAG, with secondary and tertiary enrolment being, at average
the education-related targets set out in both Aspiration 1 of Agenda continental level, two of the ten most improved of the IIAG's 102
2063 and SDG 4. Half of the 54 countries in the IIAG (27) display a indicators over the last decade. There has also been an increase in
negative trajectory since 2014 and in 2017 the African average score the number of teachers per pupil in primary schools, and the average
has dropped to 44.5. score for the indicator measuring this is 71.2 out of 100.0 in 2017.
Education score
(out of 100.0)
83.8
0.0
No data available
Trend
+10.0
+5.0
Mozambique
Sierra Leone
Madagascar
Cabo Verde
Mauritania
Cameroon
Swaziland
Botswana
Mauritius
Morocco
Namibia
Ethiopia
Uganda
Zambia
Malawi
Guinea
Tunisia
Angola
Gabon
Liberia
Eritrea
Africa
Sudan
Benin
Libya
Chad
Togo
CAR
0.0
Equatorial Guinea
South Sudan
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Seychelles
Comoros
Tanzania
Djibouti
Somalia
Rwanda
Lesotho
Gambia
Senegal
Burundi
Nigeria
Algeria
Ghana
Congo
-5.0
Kenya
Egypt
Niger
DRC
Mali
STP
-10.0
-15.0
27
+1.7
and Sierra Leone, (-6.8, -4.5 and -3.5, respectively). 23 countries
+1.3
improved, the largest improvements are those of Gambia, Mali and
+0.7
+0.4
+0.4
-1.3
-3.5
Malawi (+6.8, +3.8 and +3.6, respectively).
Since 2014, the two Education indicators that have deteriorated the Year
most on average are Education Quality and Alignment of Education
with Market Needs (-3.5 and -1.3, respectively). While the Education
Quality scores of five countries (Ghana, Liberia, Libya, Namibia and
Niger) have deteriorated by more than -15.0 points during the period
2014-2017, only Togo has shown an improvement (+8.3). As for
Alignment of Education with Market Needs, of the 41 countries with
Tertiary Education Enrolment Satisfaction with Education Provision
data, only 17 experienced an improvement. South Africa (+18.2), Secondary Education Enrolment Alignment of Education with Market Needs
Côte d'Ivoire (+17.7) and Burundi (+14.4) experienced the largest Primary School Completion Education Quality
improvements since 2014. Conversely, 21 declined, with Mauritania Human Resources in
(-25.5), Tunisia (-19.9), and Seychelles (-18.7) being the most Primary Schools
SPOTLIGHT
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
Best performance in Education at country level appears strongly related to performance in indicators relating to infrastructure and welfare.
Specifically, high scores in Infrastructure indicators measuring the quality and reliability of electricity supply, digital & IT and transport
infrastructure are highly associated with the best Education scores on the continent. Countries with the best performance in national welfare
policies and services that affect access to and quality of health and education, and provide social safety nets, also tend to score among the
best in IIAG Education.
Whilst the relationships seen in the IIAG between these issues are not evidence of causal links, the high degree of correlation between these
measures does point to a strong association.
SUB-CATEGORY INDICATOR r
29
Violence and discrimination against Gender Goal 3. Good Health and Well-Being
women and girls Health Goal 4. Quality Education
Goal 5. Gender Equality
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (1) A prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
(6) An Africa whose development is people driven, relying on the potential offered by African people,
especially its women and youth, and caring for children
A full list of Targets in Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 related to this overlapping theme appears in the annex of this report. Source: MIF own analysis (2019)
Section 02
Ensuring healthy lives is at the heart of both the global and Africa’s years, the fundamental link with the agricultural sector is fully
Agendas. Agenda 2063 recognises that human capital development, recognised in Goal 5: Modern agriculture for increased productivity
achieved through quality education and health services, will be a key and production. Two of its Targets are focused explicitly on ending
driver of development on the African continent. Under Aspiration 1, hunger and child undernutrition on the African continent.
which envisions a prosperous Africa built upon inclusive growth and
Recognising the importance that good health holds for the
sustainable development, Goal 3 aims at broadening citizens’ access
development of African countries, as well as the fundamental role
to good health and nutrition. Under Aspiration 6, which has two goals
that governments play in providing their citizens with access to
aiming to achieve a people-driven African continent, improved health
good quality health services, one of the three sub-categories sitting
outcomes with a focus on women and girls, feature in some of the
underneath the IIAG’s Human Development category measures the
targets listed in the FTYIP 2014-2023.
health performance of African countries in terms of the outcomes
The FTYIP commits African states to halve the levels of malnutrition of their healthcare and medical and sanitary services.
and of maternal, child and neo-natal deaths; to guarantee universal
In 2017, African countries score, on average, 67.8 in Health, the
access to anti-retroviral therapy for HIV, and to reduce HIV-AIDS
second highest sub-category score in the IIAG. Health is also the most
and malaria-related deaths by half, compared with 2013 levels.
improved sub-category over the last decade (2008-2017), with the
Furthermore, Agenda 2063 and the FTYIP also attempt to address the
African average score having increased by +7.6 points.
social determinants of health (e.g. access to safe drinking water and
sanitation). The African Health Strategy 2016-2030 acknowledges However, there is no room for complacency. Even though the
these commitments and provides guiding principles for African Union continent has made progress in health provision, on average the
(AU) members and key stakeholders for their achievement for a pace of improvement has slackened since the first implementation
continent that hosts most of the world’s countries with the worst period year of Agenda 2063’s FTYIP (2014) (average of +0.67 per year,
performance in indicators such as those measuring maternal and compared to an average of +0.84 per year since 2008). 13 countries
infant mortality. Those principles include health as a human right, have even seen their Health scores decline since 2014.
equity, accountable health systems, gender equality, cost-effective
prevention, and regional cooperation.
Africa: IIAG Health sub-category, average scores & annual
In Agenda 2030, expanding access to health is not only understood average trends (2008-2017)
as a goal per se, but it also plays a fundamental role in realising the Score Annual average trend
whole Agenda. This much more expansive view of health contrasts 100.0
with the former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which 70.0 +0.84 +0.90
68.0 +0.80
mainly led to large increases in the average levels of national health- +0.67 +0.70
66.0
related performance indicators, the majority of them communicable +0.60
64.0 +0.50
disease-specific. +0.40
62.0
+0.30
SDG 3 of Agenda 2030 is solely focused on tackling inequalities in 60.0
+0.20
health access, paving the way to achieve health and wellbeing for 58.0 +0.10
56.0 0.00
all at all ages. In fact, all 17 SDGs have targets that are directly or
0.0
indirectly linked to health, which sheds light into the complexity
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017 Annual Annual Year
and the relevance of health promotion to achieve equity, empower average trend average trend
(2008-2017) (2014-2017)
communities and people and protect human rights. According to the
Health scores Health annual average trends
World Health Organization (WHO), across the 17 SDGs there are,
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
overall, 25 targets that substantially relate to health.
In Agenda 2063, even though nutrition and health targets are mostly The IIAG does point however to other areas where the average trend
conflated within the same Goal and Priority Area for the first ten in Africa is running against the stated targets. Since 2014, the only
African Governance Report
31
Health indicator to show an African average decline is Absence measuring food poverty: Absence of Food Poverty. Even though
of Undernourishment. this measure has shown progress over the last decade, the pace
of improvement has dropped substantially since 2014.
Whilst there is improvement in the indicator Absence of
Undernourishment over ten years, the declining average trend since Targets of both Agendas also reference access to quality healthcare
2014 in data estimating the percentage of the population whose and services. The only proxy measure in the IIAG for this, the indicator
food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements Satisfaction with Basic Health Services, shows dissatisfaction over the
continuously means that, on average, the continent is not on track last decade has grown among Africa’s citizens with how governments
for the ambitious goals of ending hunger, improving nutrition and all are handling delivery of basic health services. Whilst there is African
its related targets. Linked to this, the clustered indicator Absence of average improvement in this indicator since 2014, there is still a long
Lived Poverty, which uses perception data from Afrobarometer and way to go to achieving the essential targets which are relevant to this.
sits under the IIAG’s Welfare sub-category, contains a sub-indicator
Health score
(out of 100.0)
93.2
37.4
+10.0
+5.0
Mauritania
Seychelles
Botswana
Mauritius
Namibia
Ethiopia
Tunisia
Angola
Algeria
Gabon
Eritrea
Congo
CAR
0.0
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
South Sudan
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Madagascar
Cabo Verde
Zimbabwe
Cameroon
Swaziland
Morocco
Tanzania
Djibouti
Somalia
Rwanda
Lesotho
Gambia
Senegal
Burundi
Comoros
Uganda
Zambia
Nigeria
Malawi
Guinea
Liberia
Ghana
Africa
-5.0
Sudan
Kenya
Egypt
Benin
Niger
Libya
Chad
Togo
DRC
Mali
-10.0 STP
-15.0
0.0 in 2017.
+1.9
+1.2
+0.8
+0.7
Sierra Leone (+30.4) and Benin (+28.7) the most. However, despite
+0.6
+0.3
-1.0
33
Immunisation is the highest scoring indicator at continental level, In contrast, the lowest African average score is in Satisfaction with
reaching 78.1 in 2017, a small improvement of +0.3 since 2014. The Basic Health Services (52.7). This is much lower than the 2008 African
lack of progress in the African average score is due to mixed results average score (59.4). Even if there has been some marginal progress
at country level. Since 2014, 21 countries improved, 23 deteriorated since 2014 (+0.8), this has not yet reversed the decline over the ten
and 10 remained static. Liberia (+31.0), Côte d'Ivoire (+13.0) and Chad years (2008-2017) and is only driven by 15 country improvements,
(+9.3) are the most improved whilst Mauritania (-14.1), Mauritius some large enough to counterbalance the 18 country deteriorations.
(-12.9) and Swaziland (-9.4) show the largest deteriorations. Mauritius (-16.9), Togo (-15.5) and Algeria (-13.5) are the most
declined. Ghana (+38.0), Burkina Faso (+29.0) and Senegal (+19.5)
The continent reaches its second highest Health indicator average
show the largest improvements.
score in Absence of Communicable Diseases (75.2, an improvement
of +1.2 since 2014). The improvement is driven by 36 countries The second lowest African average score is in Access to Sanitation,
showing progress although 15 have declined (three show no change). albeit a slight improvement since 2014 of +0.6, with 40 countries
Liberia (+30.1), Sierra Leone (+26.0) and Burkina Faso (+10.9) show registering improvement. Ethiopia (+2.3), Sudan (+2.1) and Lesotho
the largest improvements and CAR (-42.7), Angola (-28.0) and (+1.9) are the most improved. Only four countries show decline:
Burundi (-18.6) the largest declines. Gambia (-0.3), Nigeria (-0.2), Madagascar (-0.1) and DRC (-0.1).
10 countries show no change.
SPOTLIGHT
Universal Health Care (UHC) for all of Africa’s citizens: still a long way to go
What’s causing dissatisfaction and how will this affect Across these countries, the average ratio according to data
Africa’s progress towards UHC? from the last ten years (since 2009) is only 17.0 per 10,000,
which comes to approximately 588 “customers” per skilled
The lack of data makes the answer difficult.
health worker. In some cases, the ratio is staggeringly low: 1.1
There is a clear contrast between the perception of citizens and per 10,000 in Somalia in 2014, or 2.8 in Ethiopia in 2009.
success in indicators that were largely achieved through the focus In comparison, in the United States of America (US) in 2014
of the MDGs, mostly through commitments from multilateral the ratio is 117.3.
organisations and dedicated foundations.
MDG-specific focuses may have had a counter-effect, leading Skilled health workers per 10,000 population
to a lack of policies, and hence a gap in relevant data related to
Africa (average across selected countries, 17.0
broader issues such as health infrastructures and capacities, as
2009-2016)
well as affordability. Recent, regular and comparable indicators
have mainly focused on measuring improvement of specific MDG United States of America (2014) 117.3
targets, missing out these other key components.
Source: WHO (2018a)
The percentage of aid given to the development of healthcare
systems and non-communicable diseases is also significantly less According to the 2006 World Health Report, countries with
when compared to the aid given to specific targets of combating fewer than 23 physicians, nurses and midwives per 10,000
communicable diseases, and maternal, new-born and child population generally fail to achieve adequate coverage rates
health. Even worse, aid given to the development of healthcare for selected primary health care interventions.
systems decreased in the period 2010-2017, when compared to
This kind of data can help us understand why there might be
the period 2000-2010.
dissatisfaction with provision of basic health services, yet even
Indeed, the IIAG does show that there has been notable these are not regular. Over the last ten years, only seven of
progress in indicators relating to the MDGs, related to some the 41 African countries have two data points for this specific
targets and indicators of SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and measure. The last year data was collected for any of the 41
promote well-being for all ages and of Agenda 2063’s Aspiration countries was 2016.
1 Goal 3: Healthy and well-nourished citizens but this will not
In terms of financial protection, the WHO underlines that while
be enough to achieve UHC.
there is no magic number, significant improvement in financial
The UN now acknowledges that “key barriers to UHC protection is observed across countries only once their public
achievement include poor infrastructures and availability of spending on health is greater than PPP (Purchasing Power
basic amenities, out of pocket payments and catastrophic Parity) $200 per capita; in Africa, only 17 countries carried out
expenditures, shortages and maldistribution of qualified health this level of spending in 2016, the latest year of data.
workers, prohibitively expensive good quality medicines and
Sound and robust data are essential to form relevant and
medical products, low access to digital health and innovative
efficient policies: assess needs and priorities, take focused
technologies, among others”.
decisions, efficiently allocate resources and monitor progress.
Currently, we still lack data to measure progress in removing
these barriers in African countries. Recent, regular and
comparable data are lacking for health infrastructure, or costs
of accessing healthcare.
35
Improving performance in Health: welfare policies, infrastructure, education and anti-corruption policies
appear key
Performance in Health is strongly correlated with the existence of national welfare policies and services, access to and quality of education,
and also infrastructure capacity in the areas of reliability of electricity supply, provision of water and sanitation services and digital and IT.
Strong correlations are also found with absence of corruption in both the private and public sectors.
IIAG indicators showing strong statistical correlations with performance in Health (2017)
SUB-CATEGORY INDICATOR r
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (6) An Africa whose development is people driven, relying on the potential offered by African people,
especially its women and youth, and caring for children
(1) A prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
Goal Aspiration 6
(1) A high standard of living, quality of life and well being for all
(2) Well educated citizens and skills revolution underpinned by science, technology and innovation
(3) Healthy and well-nourished citizens
(4) Transformed economies
(5) Modern agriculture for increased productivity and production
Women empowerment
Violence and discrimination against women and girls
Youth empowerment and children
A full list of Targets in Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 related to this overlapping theme appears in the annex of this report. Source: MIF own analysis (2019)
African Governance Report
37
Gender promotion and youth inclusion are essential to create and year-on-year improvement (Burkina Faso, Congo, Egypt, Gabon,
foster inclusive societies and inclusive governments. While women’s Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia and Zambia). Still, 19 countries have
empowerment appears a core issue across both Agenda 2030 and deteriorated, with year-on-year deterioration for Guinea-Bissau
Agenda 2063, both Agenda 2063’s Aspiration 6: An Africa whose and Togo.
development is people-driven, relying on the potential offered by
Measures used to assess the Gender sub-category are more general
African people, especially its women and youth, and caring for
than the specific targets and indicators used to assess equal
children and SDG 5: Gender Equality are explicitly focussed on the
treatment of women in all spheres in Agenda 2063 and Agenda
issue. While Agenda 2063 also puts a strong focus on youth and
2030. Nevertheless, they inform about the current environment and
children with Goal 18, youth is less prominently featured in the
the progress made with regards to the inclusion and empowerment
SDGs. In the IIAG, women’s inclusion in different spheres is measured
of women. In general, Africa has managed to create a more conducive
as one of the three sub-categories in Participation & Human Rights
and inclusive environment for women over the recent years and
through the sub-category Gender.
it continues to advance, albeit slower since starting to implement
Participation & Human Rights, which also showcases to what extent the FTYIP.
countries offer their citizens opportunities for political participation
Countries are performing best and continue to improve when it
(Participation) and grant them basic civil rights and liberties (Rights),
comes to granting women civil liberties, including participation
is the second-lowest scoring of the four IIAG categories. In 2017, the
in political discussion and civil society organisations. Progress is
African average score for Participation & Human Rights is 49.2 (out
less obvious when it comes to representation in politics. Although
of 100.0).
countries have on average made progress, the political representation
Since 2014, when the implementation of Agenda 2063’s FTYIP of women remains the area in which they fare the worst. This in
started, countries have on average continued to improve in particular applies to women’s representation in parliament which on
Participation & Human Rights (the African average improved by +0.7), average is less inclusive than women’s representation at ministerial
and this upwards trend has been mostly driven by large improvements and cabinet level. Indeed, a higher proportion of women in cabinet
in the Gender sub-category. or similar level positions is driving progress in women’s political
representation with 33 countries performing better in this area since
However, though Gender has improved every single year since 2014,
2014. African average scores in representation of women in the
with the African average improving by +1.2 points, progress has
judiciary on the other hand has been declining since the start of the
slightly slowed down in more recent years. The improvements in
implementation of Agenda 2063 albeit only by a small amount.
Gender have led to an African average score of 54.0, making it the
third highest scoring of all 14 IIAG sub-categories in 2017. Achieving On average scores are slightly better in indicators measuring
the targets under Aspiration 6 of Agenda 2063 and SDG 5 of Agenda providing girls with education, as well as offering socio-economic
2030 as well as other related targets within the two agendas thus opportunities to women and integrating them into the labour force.
could seem within reach. More than half of the 54 countries (34) Indeed, the workplace environment for women has seen large
in the IIAG have improved their Gender score since 2014, eight with improvements and in only three countries gender equality in the
workplace has worsened. However, since 2014, only small average
progress has been made in providing women with employment.
Africa: IIAG Gender sub-category, average scores & annual
Agriculture is a key sector when it comes to creating employment
average trends (2008-2017)
Score Annual average trend
opportunities in Africa, especially for women. That is why the IIAG
100.0 sub-category Rural Sector includes an indicator which measures
55.0 +0.60 the enabling environment for women’s representation in rural
54.0 +0.50
+0.50
organisations and potential barriers to these. After displaying its
53.0
+0.40
+0.40
lowest score in 2014, the continent has made progress in Promotion
52.0
of Gender Parity in Rural Organisations, gaining +1.6 points on average,
51.0 +0.30
50.0 but the African average score remains low at 45.5 in 2017. Three
+0.20
49.0 countries, Benin (-12.5), Nigeria (-8.2) and Namibia (-1.3) have
+0.10
48.0 deteriorated since 2014.
47.0 0.00
0.0 Improvement in Gender at continental level also hides substantial
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017 Annual Annual Year disparities. While the average Gender score of 55.8 for countries
average trend average trend
(2008-2017) (2014-2017) in sub-Saharan Africa is above the continental average (54.0), the
Gender scores
Gender annual average trends Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018) average score for North African countries is 39.7, -16.1 points less
than the average score for sub-Saharan Africa.
Section 02
Since 2014, Seychelles (+12.3), Congo (+10.3) and Egypt (+7.5) have
made most progress in Gender, while Guinea-Bissau (-11.9), Libya
(-7.4) and Cabo Verde (-7.3) have declined the most.
Gender score
(out of 100.0)
87.3
17.1
+15.0
+10.0
+5.0
Guinea-Bissau
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Comoros
Namibia
Djibouti
Gambia
Burundi
Malawi
Guinea
Algeria
Eritrea
Ghana
Kenya
Libya
Togo
DRC
CAR
Mali
0.0
Equatorial Guinea
Mozambique
South Sudan
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Madagascar
Mauritania
Zimbabwe
Seychelles
Swaziland
Botswana
Mauritius
Morocco
Ethiopia
Somalia
Rwanda
Lesotho
Senegal
Uganda
Zambia
Nigeria
Tanzania
Tunisia
Gabon
Liberia
Africa
Congo
-5.0
Sudan
Angola
Egypt
Benin
Niger
Chad
STP
-10.0
-15.0
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
African Governance Report
39
SPOTLIGHT
future we all want to see". Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
SPOTLIGHT
While countries have made large improvements in strengthening laws on violence against women over the last ten years, the African
average score for the indicator Laws on Violence Against Women remains low at only 44.8. Violence against women as well as children,
also manifests in the form of human trafficking. The continent shows one of its worst performances in this regard with an African average
score of 26.9 and has experienced one of the largest declines since 2014 (-5.3). Although 11 countries improved their score since 2014,
almost twice as many (21) have experienced a deterioration in the IIAG indicator Absence of Human Trafficking.
As the IIAG data have shown, the continent appears to be mostly on the right track when it comes to generating a conducive environment for
eventually achieving the targets related to the inclusion and empowerment of women and some impressive improvements have been made over
the last ten years. However, countries must be careful not to lose momentum as progress has slowed down since the start of the implementation
of the FTYIP, and challenges remain. One is the continuous decline of the socio-economic integration of youth which is a key element in the 2063
Agenda. The other is the growing prevalence of human trafficking on the continent which is one of the areas where governance on the continent
seems to fail the most.
Section 02
+7.0
improved in Women’s Political Empowerment since 2014, while 24
deteriorated. Guinea (+27.8), Egypt (+23.9) and Somalia (+16.4) have
improved the most since the start of the implementation of Agenda
2063, while Chad (-13.9), Lesotho (-11.2) and Guinea-Bissau (-10.9)
have experienced the largest deteriorations.
+1.5
ten-year Index timeframe (2008-2017). The continent on average
+1.2
+1.0
improved by +1.0 points since 2014, with more than half (32) of the
+0.3
countries following a positive trajectory. Tunisia (+21.6) has made the
-0.4
-1.7
0.0
most progress, followed by Congo (+21.3) and Somalia (+20.2), while
Comoros (-19.5), Cabo Verde (-14.4) and Nigeria (-13.2) deteriorated Year
the most.
The 2017 African average score for Gender Parity in Primary & Lower
Secondary School is 64.8 and the continent on average improved by Workplace Gender Equality Women's Labour Force Participation
+1.2 since the start of the implementation of Agenda 2063 in 2014. Women's Political Empowerment Laws on Violence against Women
Gender Parity in Primary & Lower Representation of Women
23 countries have experienced an increase in score with DRC (+14.5), Secondary School in the Judiciary
Gambia (+8.2) and Burkina Faso (+5.2) making the most progress. The Women's Political Representation Promotion of Gender Equality
scores of ten countries have dropped and Rwanda (-5.6), Liberia (-3.1)
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
and Mali (-2.5) have fallen behind the most on this indicator.
41
Improving performances in Gender: welfare policies, public management and rights appear key
Countries achieving the highest scores on the continent in the IIAG’s Gender sub-category also have the highest scores in welfare policies
that ensure access to health and education services and the most effective social protection and labour policies. The IIAG data illustrate
strong correlations between these measures and performance in Gender.
There are also moderate correlations with public management related variables such as efficient delivery of public services, domestic
resource mobilisation and budget management.
IIAG indicators showing strong and moderate statistical correlations with performance in Gender (2017)
SUB-CATEGORY INDICATOR r
Human rights, justice and the Rule of Law Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong
rule of law Rights Institutions
Maintenance and restoration National Security Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong
of peace and security Institutions
Institutional structure for AU Personal Safety Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong
instruments on Peace and Security National Security Institutions
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (3) An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law
(4) A peaceful and secure Africa
Goal Aspiration 3
(11) Democratic values, practices, universal principles of human rights, justice and the rule of law entrenched
(12) Capable institutions and transformed leadership in place
Aspiration 4
(13) Peace, security and stability is preserved
(14) A stable and peaceful Africa
(15) A fully functional and operational African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA)
Priority Area Aspiration 3
Democratic values and practices are the norm
Human rights, justice and rule of law
Institutions and leadership
Participatory development and local governance
Aspiration 4
Maintenance and restoration of peace and security
Institutional structure for AU instruments on peace and security
Defence, security and peace
Operationalisation of African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) Pillars
A full list of Targets in Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 related to this overlapping theme appears in the annex of this report. Source: MIF own analysis (2019)
African Governance Report
43
+2.3
+2.2
+2.1
have improved their score since 2014, while 24 deteriorated. Somalia
+2.0
(+35.2), Ethiopia (+29.9) and Swaziland (+21.3) have improved the
+1.6
most while Namibia (-12.4), Togo (-12.0) and Comoros (-10.8) have
seen the largest declines.
+1.2
Independence of the Judiciary has seen the second-largest
improvement (+2.2) between 2014 and 2017, with the annual rate
of progress being more than double the rate between 2008 and 2017
(+0.73 compared to +0.29 for the whole time-series). It receives its
highest African average score of 43.8 over the time-series in 2017 but
nevertheless remains the second-lowest scoring Rule of Law indicator.
Year
30 countries have improved their Independence of the Judiciary
score since 2014, while 22 have seen a decline. Gambia (+39.4) Access to Justice Mechanisms for Orderly Transfers of Power
has made the biggest leaps, followed by Guinea-Bissau (+19.2) Independence of the Judiciary Property Rights
and CAR (+15.4). In contrast, Botswana (-15.6), Djibouti (-12.2) Independence & Transparency Absence of Multilateral Sanctions
of the Judicial Process
and DRC (-11.4) deteriorated the most.
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
Independence & Transparency of the Judicial Process is another Rule of
Law indicator where progress has quickened within the most recent
years compared to the average rate of progress across the Index time Although the African average score of 40.1 in 2017 is the highest since
series. The African average score for the indicator improved by +2.1 2008, the indicator remains the lowest scoring within Rule of Law. The
between 2014 and 2017 and more than twice as fast as that seen positive trajectory was driven by only nine countries that improved
over the ten years of data in the Index (annual average improvement their score since 2014, most notably Comoros (+50.0), CAR, Nigeria
of +0.70 compared to +0.31 for 2008-2017), resulting in an African and Somalia (all +33.3). Four countries have deteriorated since 2014:
average score of 47.4 in 2017. 17 countries improved their score Burundi, Djibouti, DRC and Ethiopia (all -33.3).
between 2014 and 2017 and almost the same number (16) declined.
Since 2014, the African average score has begun to arrest a decline
Four countries receive the highest score on the continent of 100.0
in Property Rights, improving the continental average score by +1.6.
in 2017. 21 have not seen a change for this timeframe. Burkina Faso
However, the 2017 African average score of 51.0 is still down by -2.6
(+37.5), Nigeria (+33.3) and Tunisia (+29.1) improved the most while
from the start of the decade. The positive change was driven by the
Lesotho (-25.0), Congo (-25.0) and Burundi (-16.7) experienced the
34 countries that have improved their score since 2014, with Guinea
largest declines in score for this indicator.
(+18.6), São Tomé & Príncipe (+11.5) and Côte d'Ivoire (+10.0) making
Since the start of the implementation of the FTYIP, quick progress the largest progress. Over that period 14 countries have seen a decline
has also been accomplished in the indicator Mechanisms for Orderly in score with South Africa (-16.7), Swaziland (-12.5) and Namibia
Transfers of Power. On average, the continent gained +2.0 since 2014. (-10.6) experiencing the largest deteriorations.
African Governance Report
45
Besides Rule of Law, Transparency & Accountability is the other When it comes to being transparent about laws and the records of
sub-category where recent improvements have occurred, despite state-owned companies, the continent is, despite improvements, still
the wider decline in Safety & Rule of Law over the ten years in the clearly underperforming, with an average score of only 17.1 out of
IIAG. After receiving in 2014 the lowest African average score for the 100.0. The fact that performance in this area of the IIAG remains so
period 2008-2017, the sub-category Transparency & Accountability low means corruption continues to distort effectiveness of the public
has since seen year-on-year improvement, gaining on average +0.50 and private sectors and this will continue to affect delivery of the
points annually. More than half (34) of the countries have improved targets of both Agendas. Both Agendas consider accountability and
their Transparency & Accountability score between 2014 and 2017, integrity as essential, as reflected in Aspiration 3 and SDG 16 which
six showing year-on-year improvement (Benin, Egypt, Mauritania, focus on the building of strong institutions. Although the emphasis
Morocco, Tanzania and Zimbabwe). However, despite this progress, in Agenda 2063 is more on accountability than on transparency, the
the African average score of 35.3 in Transparency & Accountability latter is prominent in SDG 16 and a lack of transparency can act
remains the lowest of all 14 IIAG sub-categories. Of the 19 countries as an obstacle to enforcing accountability.
that have declined, six have deteriorated every year since 2014:
Comoros, Congo, Gabon, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia.
Country-level performance, IIAG Transparency
& Accountability sub-category
Africa: IIAG Transparency & Accountability sub-category, average
scores & annual average trends (2008-2017)
In 2017, Rwanda (66.9), Botswana (65.9), Mauritius (64.6), Namibia
Score Annual average trend
100.0
(59.8) and Cabo Verde (59.1) performed best in Transparency &
Accountability, while Equatorial Guinea (5.1), Somalia (5.8), South
35.5 +0.60
+0.50 Sudan (9.1), Guinea-Bissau (10.1) and Sudan (11.3) are sitting at the
35.0 +0.50
bottom of the ranking table.
+0.40
34.5
+0.30
34.0
+0.20
33.5 +0.10 African countries: IIAG Transparency & Accountability
33.0
0.00
0.00 sub-category scores (2017)
0.0
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017 Annual Annual Year
average trend average trend
(2008-2017) (2014-2017)
African average trends since 2014 in IIAG Transparency & Accountability indicators
+4.7
d’Ivoire and Madagascar (+33.3 each). Tunisia (-29.2), Swaziland
(-29.2) and Zambia (-25.0) declined the most.
+2.7
+2.5
+2.4
The second largest improvements were made in Access to Records of
+2.0
+1.5
State-owned Companies where the continent gained +2.7 points since
2014. Nevertheless, at 17.1, the 2017 African average score is not only
-0.3
-0.5
-2.4
the lowest scoring of the Transparency & Accountability indicators but
also the second-lowest scoring of all 102 IIAG indicators. Half (27) of
Year
the 54 countries in the IIAG receive the lowest possible score of 0.0 in
2017 for this indicator. 30 countries have not seen a change in score
and ten countries declined, while 14 countries, most notably Senegal
Access to Public Anti-corruption Mechanisms
and Seychelles (+50.0 each), have driven the positive trajectory.
& Legislative Information
Accountability of Government
Notable progress has also been made in Absence of Corruption in Access to Records of & Public Employees
State-owned Companies
Government Branches, in which the continent on average gained +2.5 Absence of Corruption
Absence of Corruption
in the Private Sector
points, resulting in its highest average score of 46.3 over the ten-year in Government Branches
Absence of Favouritism
time frame in 2017. 33 countries, at the forefront Gambia (+38.6), Absence of Corruption
in the Public Sector Sanctions for Abuse of Office
Benin (+16.5) and Nigeria (+14.7), have seen an increase in score while
20 deteriorated, with Zambia (-13.4), Burundi (-9.1) and Burkina Faso Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
(-5.2) falling the most.
47
SPOTLIGHT
Apart from the predominance of the rule of law and transparent has been slightly slower in more recent years. However, the
and corruption-free institutions, Agenda 2063’s Aspiration 3 capacity of election monitoring agencies has worsened and the
also entails targets related to elections and the freedom of space for political participation and opposition parties has shrunk
expression. Within its Participation & Human Rights category, since 2014. Measures related to civil rights and liberties, including
the IIAG includes measures that can inform about the continent’s the freedom of association and assembly and in particular the
environment and development in these areas. The freedom, freedom of expression are declining and recorded their lowest
fairness and impartiality of elections has improved on the scores in 2017.
continent between 2008-2017, albeit the pace of improvement
SPOTLIGHT
A fundamental part of capable institutions as mentioned in effectiveness of public services, however, has seen a deterioration
Agenda 2063 is a professional, efficient, and accountable public between 2014 and 2017 on the continental level. On the other
service. The IIAG sub-category Public Management can provide hand, large progress has been made in the use of ICT to deliver
a good indication about the environment for public service in public services, but scores still remain very low with the average
Africa and the progress made. Public Management has improved score being 34.7 out of 100.0. Little progress has been made
on the continental level since 2014 with the annual average rate in stepping up civil registration systems with countries only
of improvement being much quicker in more recent years. The improving by +0.7 points on average between 2014 and 2017.
Section 02
While goals of building strong institutions and creating peaceful Only four countries have managed to reduce their conflict
societies are merged into SDG 16 within the 2030 Agenda, Agenda involvement while 22 countries have been involved in more conflicts
2063 dedicates Aspiration 4 solely to peace, security, defence and in 2017 than in 2014. At the same time, violence by non-state actors
stability. The IIAG’s sub-category National Security informs about the has been at its peak in 2017. This has also led to forced migration,
environment for achieving this as well as the trajectory of security in the form of IDPs and refugees, to reach its highest levels in 2017
issues on the continent. Although National Security, with an African (in the case of refugees in 2016 and 2017) across 2008-2017. This
average score of 75.1, is the highest scoring IIAG sub-category, it threatens Africa’s ambitions under Aspiration 4 and the accompanying
is also the most deteriorated, having lost -2.0 points on average AU’s flagship project of Silencing the Guns.
between 2014 and 2017. The continued weakening of Africa’s National
Security threatens to hold back or prevent achieving the targets
and goals set out under Aspiration 4 and SDG 16, although decline
Country-level performance, IIAG National Security
appears to have almost come to a halt in the last few data years
sub-category
available for the Index. Still, between 2014 and 2017, 29 countries
have experienced a weakening National Security performance with
The African average score for National Security disguises stark
16 countries improving. Country performance varies. While South
differences at country-level. 13 countries score higher than 90.0 while
Africa and Uganda have shown year-on-year improvement, Angola,
the bottom two countries, Somalia and South Sudan both score as
Cameroon and Djibouti have declined every single year since 2014.
low as 17.1. Three countries, Cabo Verde, Mauritius and Seychelles, are
receiving the highest possible score of 100.0, followed by Botswana
with a score of 99.9 and Namibia with a score of 99.7. In addition to
Africa: IIAG National Security sub-category, average scores
Somalia and South Sudan, the other three countries in the bottom
& annual average trends (2008-2017)
five are DRC (20.9), CAR (29.1) and Sudan (35.3).
Score Annual average trend
100.0
82.0 +0.05
81.0 -0.05
80.0 African countries: IIAG National Security sub-category
-0.15
79.0 scores (2017)
78.0 -0.25
77.0 -0.35
76.0 -0.45
75.0
-0.49 -0.55
74.0
73.0 -0.65
72.0 -0.67 -0.75
0.0
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017 Annual Annual Year
average trend average trend
(2008-2017) (2014-2017)
49
+1.7
Although progress has been made between 2008 and 2017 in Absence
-0.3
-1.6
-2.1
-2.2
-7.6
of Cross-border Tensions, the indicator has shown a decline of -2.1
since 2014. Most countries (46) have seen no change in score and
Year
the negative trajectory is driven by five countries only: Lesotho, DRC
(both -50.0), Burundi, Djibouti and Togo (-25.0 each). Only three
countries have improved: CAR, Kenya (+25.0 each) and Burkina Faso
(+12.5).
SPOTLIGHT
In addition to eliminating violence, another target area within and fast improvements have been made since 2014. Between
Aspiration 4 is the capability of security services, an important 2014 and 2017, more than half (30) of the 54 African countries
element for peacebuilding and generating lasting peace. Within in the IIAG have improved their score in this indicator, only ten
its sub-category Personal Safety, the IIAG assesses the reliability deteriorated and the African average score improved by +7.6.
of police services. Although countries on average still fare However, there are six countries which received the lowest
relatively poorly in this regard (average score of 35.9), large possible score of 0.0 across the years 2008-2017.
Since the beginning of the implementation of Agenda 2063’s FTYIP, in Overall Governance also feature in the top ten in Rule of Law and nine
the continent has made fair progress in strengthening the rule of law, of the top ten scoring countries in Overall Governance are in the top ten
improving accountability and transparency and fighting corruption. in Transparency & Accountability.
These developments provide an optimistic assessment that Africa
However, deteriorating security situations are still a problem on the
is beginning to establish a conducive environment for achieving the
continent, threatening to prevent the achievement of Aspiration 4
targets and goals of Aspiration 3 and SDG 16. Results from the 2018
and of some key targets of SDG 16, as well as to potentially hinder or
IIAG dataset show that countries which perform well in the IIAG sub-
reverse progress made in relation to other goals and targets within the
categories Rule of Law and Transparency & Accountability also tend to
two Agendas.
score high in Overall Governance. Eight of the top ten scoring countries
Improving performance in Safety & Rule of Law: rights, participation and welfare policies appear key
There are strong statistical correlations in the IIAG with indicators relating to rights and participation, suggesting countries with the best Safety
& Rule of Law performance also perform the best in providing civil rights and liberties, inclusion of women in political processes and generally
providing an environment for participation. Welfare related indicators such as the provision of social safety nets are also closely associated with
Safety & Rule of Law.
IIAG indicators showing strong statistical correlations with performance in Safety & Rule of Law (2017)*
SUB-CATEGORY INDICATOR r
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018) *excluding indicators used within the Safety & Rule of Law category
African Governance Report
51
Income, jobs and decent work Business Environment Goal 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
Modern and liveable habitats Infrastructure Goal 6. Clean Water and Sanitation
and basic quality services Health Goal 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
Framework and institutions for a united Business Environment Goal 17. Partnerships for the Goals
Africa (political and economic integration)
Communications and infrastructure connectivity Infrastructure Goal 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
Institutions and leadership Public Management Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Fiscal system and public sector revenues Public Management Goal 17. Partnerships for the Goals
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (1) A prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
(2) An integrated continent politically united and based on the ideals of Pan-Africanism and the vision
of African Renaissance
(3) An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law
(7) Africa as a strong, united, resilient and influential global player and partner
(1) High standard of living, quality of life and well being for all
(4) Transformed economies
(5) Modern agriculture
(7) Environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities
Framework and institutions for a united Africa (political and economic integration)
Communications and infrastructure connectivity
A full list of Targets in Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 related to this overlapping theme appears in the annex of this report. Source: MIF own analysis (2019)
African Governance Report
53
A key aspect of both Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030 relates to the on the continent deteriorated by -0.8, an average annual deterioration
climate for economic opportunity and prosperity and whether the of -0.13. Indeed, between 2014 and 2017 there has been a notable
foundations are in place for the continent’s citizens to take these improvement with an average annual trend of +0.30.
opportunities. This features in Aspirations 1 and 2, and to a lesser
However, this trend is not universal across Africa. While 32 countries
extent in Aspiration 3 of Agenda 2063, which all contain Priority Areas
have improved between 2014 and 2017, 20 have deteriorated and two
related to this theme as well as in SDGs 8 and 9. The IIAG’s Sustainable
remain unchanged in the same period. At regional level, West Africa
Economic Opportunity category focusses on whether governments
improved by +1.8, with 12 out of 15 countries recording a better score
are creating an environment that fosters sustainable economic
now than in 2014 whereas Southern Africa, along with North Africa the
opportunities, through the assessment of Public Management,
joint highest scoring region with a score of 49.9, has also been the only
Business Environment, Infrastructure and Rural Sector. It is therefore
region to worsen, deteriorating by -0.7 with eight out of 12 regional
a useful tool to assess whether there is a conducive environment
countries worsening since 2014.
for the achievement of relevant goals in both Agendas. Aspiration
1: A prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable
development, contains four Goals and five Priority Areas for which
the Sustainable Economic Opportunity category, including its sub-
categories, can provide proxy measures, the biggest overlap of any Country-level performance and trends since 2014 in
Aspiration with the IIAG. The sub-categories of Sustainable Economic IIAG Sustainable Economic Opportunity category
Opportunity which reflect whether the governance environment is
conducive to inclusive economic development can also be used to
In 2017, the highest scoring country in Sustainable Economic
assess whether there is a conducive environment for achieving goals
Opportunity is Mauritius (74.8), followed by Rwanda (71.5), Morocco
included in Aspiration 1 such as Goal 1: High standard of living, quality
(68.3), South Africa (65.1) and Seychelles (63.5). In contrast, the five
of life and well-being for all, Goal 4: Transformed economies, and
lowest scoring countries were Eritrea (24.1), Libya (23.7), Equatorial
Goal 5: Modern agriculture. The biggest overlaps with Agenda 2030
Guinea (19.1), South Sudan (17.1) and Somalia (7.4).
are in SDGs 8 and 9 although infrastructure is a cross-cutting issue
across goals including SDGs 6 and 7. Since 2014, Egypt (+7.5), Ghana (+7.4) and Guinea (+5.2) have made
the most progress in Sustainable Economic Opportunity while Malawi
(-5.2), Lesotho (-4.1) and DRC (-3.7) have declined the most.
Africa: IIAG Sustainable Economic Opportunity category,
average scores & annual average trends (2008-2017)
Score Annual average trend African countries: IIAG Sustainable Economic Opportunity
category scores (2017)
100.0
45.2 +0.35
45.0 +0.30
+0.30
44.8
44.6 +0.25
44.4 +0.20
44.2
44.0 +0.15
43.8 +0.10
43.6
+0.05
43.4
+0.01
43.2 0.00
0.0
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017 Annual Annual Year
average trend average trend
(2008-2017) (2014-2017)
+8.0
+6.0
+4.0
Mozambique
Sierra Leone
Madagascar
Mauritania
Seychelles
Botswana
Mauritius
Namibia
+2.0
Ethiopia
Lesotho
Zambia
Malawi
Algeria
Gabon
Eritrea
Congo
Sudan
Benin
Libya
DRC
0.0
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
South Sudan
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
South Africa
-2.0
Cabo Verde
Zimbabwe
Cameroon
Swaziland
Comoros
Morocco
Tanzania
Djibouti
Somalia
Gambia
Senegal
Burundi
Uganda
Nigeria
Guinea
Tunisia
Angola
Rwanda
Liberia
Ghana
Africa
Kenya
Egypt
Niger
Chad
Togo
CAR
Mali
-4.0
STP
-6.0
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
At the sub-category level, trends vary. The overarching trend of Country-level performance, IIAG Infrastructure
improvement is driven by increasing progress in the Infrastructure sub-category
sub-category, from an annual trend of +0.40 per year between 2008
and 2014 to +0.73 per year between 2014 and 2017, making it the In 2017, the highest scoring country in Infrastructure is Seychelles
IIAG’s most improved sub-category for this period. The Infrastructure (87.2), followed by Mauritius (83.0), Morocco (70.4), Egypt (69.3)
sub-category can serve as a useful proxy for Agenda 2063’s Goal 10: and Botswana (67.2). In contrast, the five lowest scoring countries
World class infrastructure criss-crosses Africa and Agenda 2030’s are Sierra Leone (24.2), Angola (21.8), South Sudan (16.9), Eritrea
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure and provide useful (11.3) and Somalia (9.9).
indicators for SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 7:
Affordable and Clean Energy.
African countries: IIAG Infrastructure sub-category scores (2017)
The increasing rate of improvement in Infrastructure indicates a
positive trajectory in creating a conducive environment for the
achievement of these goals. However, African countries still perform
poorly in key areas. Reliability of Electricity Supply, Transport
Infrastructure, and Digital & IT Infrastructure are on average the
lowest scoring Infrastructure indicators. These crucial areas need
priority investments as they also appear strongly correlated with
performance in other sub-categories in the IIAG that measure issues
covered by both Agendas, especially education and health.
9.9
55
+4.5
over this period.
+3.8
All indicators in the Infrastructure sub-category have seen their
average score improve since 2014. Reliability of Electricity Supply
(+4.5) is the indicator that has registered the largest improvement
+2.2
between 2014-2017, thus reversing annual average decline of -0.47
+1.8
prior to 2014, with an annual average trend of +1.50 in subsequent
+0.8
years. 27 countries have improved their score in the Reliability of
+0.5
Electricity Supply indicator since 2014. In contrast, 14 countries
have seen their score decline and two have seen no change over the
same period. 11 countries lack data for this indicator. Egypt (+33.0)
has improved the most since 2014, followed by Ghana (+28.5) and
Year
Senegal (+23.7). Malawi (-29.0), Mauritania (-25.6) and Zambia (-9.7)
have experienced the largest declines. However, whilst there are signs
Reliability of Electricity Supply Transport Infrastructure
of improvement, it should be noted that the African average score of
Digital & IT Infrastructure Access to Drinking Water
40.8 is still one of the lower scoring indicators in the IIAG. Satisfaction with Provision of Enabling Environment for
Water & Sanitation Services Infrastructure Development
Satisfaction with Provision of Water & Sanitation Services has also
experienced a recovery since 2014. The African average score Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
Both the Rural Sector (+0.9) and Public Management (+0.8) sub- Country-level performance, IIAG Rural Sector
categories have also improved since 2014, in both cases reversing a sub-category
trend of -0.6 between 2008 and 2014. The direction of change has
gone from an annual average trend of -0.10 to +0.30 for Rural Sector
In 2017, the highest scoring country in Rural Sector is Rwanda (84.1),
and to +0.27 for Public Management.
followed by Mauritius (80.1), Morocco (79.1), Egypt (74.6) and Cabo
Rural Sector can serve as a proxy for Agenda 2063's Goal 5: Modern Verde (72.9). In contrast, the five lowest scoring countries are Chad
agriculture, while it is also one of several sectors influencing Goal 4: (31.0), CAR (21.4), Guinea-Bissau (20.5), South Sudan (18.4) and
Transformed economies and job creation with pertinence to Priority Libya (13.2).
Area 4.3: Economic diversification and resilience. In 2017, there was
a notable discrepancy between regional scores in the Rural Sector
sub-category. Southern Africa is the best performing region with a African countries: IIAG Rural Sector sub-category scores (2017)
score of 57.5, with East Africa (54.3) and North Africa (54.0) not too
far behind. Meanwhile, Central Africa is the worst performer recording
a regional average of 38.8, suggesting a challenging environment for
progress in Goal 5 and Priority Area 4.3. Concerningly, Central Africa
is also the most worsened region between 2014 and 2017 (-0.5),
although this is largely driven by the -7.6 decline of DRC. At the same
time, the regions already performing better have improved further.
Between 2014 and 2017 East Africa improved by +2.0, Southern Africa
by +1.7 and North Africa by +1.5. West Africa however experienced
a modest deterioration of -0.1. The regional discrepancies highlight
that while there has been progress in the Rural Sector sub-category
between 2014 and 2017, with all indicators improving over this time
period, this progress is inconsistent across the continent. Overall, 27 African average score for
countries have improved while 18 have deteriorated and eight have Rural Sector (2017): 51.1
13.2
No data available
57
The African average score for Rural Sector has improved by +0.9
between 2014 and 2017, with the pace of improvement in this Africa: IIAG Rural Sector sub-category indicators, average
timeframe reversing the trends prior to 2014 (annual average trends (2014-2017)
improvement of +0.30 compared to a decline of -0.10 between 2008 4-year trend (2014-2017)
and 2014). Comoros (+11.3), Zimbabwe (+9.8) and Nigeria (+8.4)
+1.7
have improved the most. However, it must be noted that within a
+1.6
continental context they still perform relatively poorly, ranking 43rd,
33rd and 34th respectively. DRC (-7.6), Sierra Leone (-5.6) and Guinea
(-2.2) have seen the largest declines between 2014 and 2017.
+1.0
+1.0
Between 2014 and 2017, every indicator within the Rural Sector
+0.8
+8.0
sub-category has recorded an improvement in its African average
+0.5
score. Rural Business Climate is the indicator that has seen the largest
improvement within the Rural Sector sub-category (+1.7), with the
+0.1
rate of progress reversing an annual average trend of deterioration
prior to 2014 (+0.57 between 2014 and 2017 compared to -0.23
between 2008 and 2014). 16 countries have improved their score in Year
Rural Business Climate since 2014, while only two have seen a decline.
Rural Business Climate Access to Rural Land & Water
33 countries have seen no movement in score, while three countries for Agriculture
Promotion of Gender Parity
lack data for this indicator. Nigeria (+21.9) has seen the most in Rural Organisations Participation of Rural Organisations
dramatic improvement, followed by Zimbabwe (+11.6) and Congo Government Investment Access to Agricultural Research
in Rural Development & Extension Services
(+10.7). However, their position on the overall rankings are joint 24th
Rural Accountability Budgetary Balance
(Congo, Nigeria) and 23rd (Zimbabwe), with Zimbabwe (54.2) scoring & Transparency of Agricultural Policy
41.4 points less than the top scorer Mauritius (95.6). Sierra Leone
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018)
(-7.5) and Guinea (-0.5) are the only countries to have experienced
deterioration in this indicator since 2014.
Promotion of Gender Parity in Rural Organisations has made notable Government Investment in Rural Development has also experienced
progress since 2014. The African average score for the indicator a recovery following 2014 (+1.0), arresting an annual average
improved by +1.6 between 2014 and 2017, with an average annual deterioration of -0.55 prior to 2014, with the following years
improvement of +0.53. However, this trend has largely been driven recording an annual average improvement of +0.33. However, despite
by improvement in a few countries and is not continent wide. Only the progress made, the 2017 African average score of 52.3 remains
ten countries have improved their Promotion of Gender Parity in below the score in 2008 (54.6). This is due to the fact that only six
Rural Organisations score between 2014 and 2017 while only three countries deteriorated between 2014 and 2017, in comparison to 27
countries declined. In the majority of countries (38) there has been between 2008 and 2014. The improvements have been more modest
no change, while three countries are lacking data for this indicator. with only 11 countries increasing their score since 2014. 34 countries
Comoros (+41.7) is by far the most improved country in Promotion of have seen their score remain the same over this period. The biggest
Gender Parity in Rural Organisations, while Uganda (+8.5) and Zambia improvements between 2014 and 2017 have come from Comoros
(+8.5) recorded the next best improvements. Benin (-12.5), Nigeria (+25.0) and Nigeria (+25.0). Meanwhile, Ethiopia (-18.8), Democratic
(-8.2) and Namibia (-1.3) experienced the only declines in score for Republic of Congo (-17.3), Guinea-Bissau and Guinea (both -12.5) have
this indicator. seen the biggest declines.
SPOTLIGHT
SPOTLIGHT
The Business Environment sub-category can indicate if there It is worth noting that again this trend varies a lot among
is a conducive environment for achieving key components of indicators and among regions. Three indicators worsened
Goal 1: High standard of living, quality of life and well-being between 2014 and 2017, most notably Robustness of Banks
for all, Goal 4: Transformed economies and job creation, and (-4.7), while four indicators improved, most notably Efficiency of
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Concerningly, it is Customs Procedures (+4.1). Only two regions improved their score
the only sub-category within Sustainable Economic Opportunity with the West Africa average score increasing by +2.0 between
to have deteriorated between 2014-2017, although the rate 2014 and 2017, an annual average trend of +0.67 compared to a
of deterioration has slowed significantly. The annual average trend of -0.28 between 2008 and 2014. However, only eight of
deterioration of -0.75 between 2008 and 2014 has decreased the 15 countries in the region have improved their score. North
to -0.13 between 2014 and 2017. Overall 30 countries have Africa is the only other region to have improved in this period.
deteriorated while 21 countries have improved. Three countries Southern Africa is the most worsened region across this period
experienced no change. deteriorating by -3.5, with only three out of 12 countries in the
region improving their score.
African Governance Report
59
Improving Sustainable Economic Opportunity: rule of law, accountability, education and welfare appear key
Apart from the direct links of the indicators within the Sustainable Economic Opportunity category, across the IIAG several indicators are highly
correlated with Sustainable Economic Opportunity.
The countries performing best in the IIAG in Sustainable Economic Opportunity also tend to perform well in provision of welfare, ensuring rule
of law through property rights and judicial independence, and ensuring accountability, anti-corruption and sanctions for abuse. The IIAG also
provides statistical evidence linking the quality of the education system with performance in provision of economic opportunity.
IIAG indicators showing strong statistical correlations with performance in Sustainable Economic Opportunity (2017)*
SUB-CATEGORY INDICATOR r
Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of African Governance (2018) *excluding indicators used within the Sustainable Economic Opportunity category
SPOTLIGHT
(Figure shows % of responses to Afrobarometer questions about most important problems (“Priority”) and government performance (“Performance,” “fairly well” or
“very well”), mapped onto the SDGs.)
The measurability
of the Agendas
_
3.1 AGENDA 2063 AND AGENDA 2030:
QUANTIFIABILITY IS VARIABLE 64
Agenda 2063 Targets and Indicators 64
Not all measures are quantifiable 64
Not all Targets have indicators 65
Agenda 2030 Indicators 66
One fifth of SDG Indicators with no
internationally established methodology
or standard 66
African countries face enormous challenges both in terms of working on the measurability of the Targets of the development Agendas and
developing the statistical capacity required to collect the data to measure those Targets.
Compared to the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) framework, the challenge of monitoring and reporting development progress has
multiplied exponentially for African countries with Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030. While African countries had to collect data and report
on eight MDG Goals and their corresponding 21 Targets, today they are expected to do that for the 20 Goals and 255 Targets of Agenda
2063 and the 17 Goals and 169 Targets of Agenda 2030.
Whereas in the Agenda 2030 framework, all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are matched with the relevant indicators to measure them,
in Agenda 2063 the most detailed measures are Targets. Indicators are then elaborated according to the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan's
(FTYIP) specific priorities.
Targets
1. Clearly quantifiable
Of the 255 Targets of Agenda 2063’s FTYIP, 133 appear to be numeric/ 29 more Targets (11.4% of the total) refer to the achievement of
quantifiable at member state level. This means that progress of a continental target for which an action at the member state level
African countries in just more than half (52.2%) of the targets can, is required. The measurement of these Targets will be done at the
in theory, be measured; statistical capacity permitting. continental level and will involve a count of the African countries that
have arrived at a milestone (e.g. “At least 50% of member states have
Some Targets refer to general concepts, and hence, data to
national accreditation systems in place by 2023”, “Visa at point
measure their progress is likely to be available (e.g. “Reduce 2013
of entry for Africans on arrival is allowed”, “Active member of the
unemployment rate by at least 25%” – even if in fact assessing
African Free Trade Area”, “African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)
unemployment in African countries remains in itself a huge challenge)
acceded by all member states”, etc).
while for more specific Targets the collection of comparable and
reliable data might prove difficult (e.g. “Increase youth and women 48 Targets (18.8% of the total) have a dichotomous nature and
participation in integrated agricultural value chains by at least 30%”). pertain to continental initiatives or programmes to be adopted,
implemented or be made operational (e.g. “African Common Market
Even though 2013 is the most frequent baseline year for Agenda
is established by 2025”, “African Standby-Force and the Rapid
2063 Targets (e.g. “Increase 2013 per capita income by at least 30%”,
Deployment Capability to be in place by 2018”, “Continental TV
“Reduce 2013 levels of poverty by at least 30%”, “Reduce 2013
station/ pan African E Network in Place by 2023”).
maternal, neo-natal and child mortality rates by at least 50%”, etc.),
the majority of Targets lack a clearly established temporal baseline
to measure progress against.
African Governance Report
65
26 Targets (10.2% of the total) also pertain to continental initiatives but they are less or not at all quantifiable (e.g. “African Education
Accreditation Agency is fully operational”, “Hubs for industrialisation/manufacturing linked to global value chains fully functional in all Regional
Economic Communities (RECs)”, “African Mineral Development Centre (AMDC) is fully operational”).
19 of Agenda 2063 Targets, which constitute 7.5% of the total, are qualitative and of an aspirational nature, which makes them hard to measure
(e.g. “Cultures, values and norms of local communities are respected and protected”, “Entrench the culture of peace”, “Africa speaks with one
voice on global affairs”, etc.).
As outlined in Chapter 1, 63 Core Indicators have so far been The lowest percentage of Targets with at least one assigned Core
developed to measure Agenda 2063 Targets. Of Agenda 2063’s 49 Indicator can be found in Aspiration 5: Africa with a strong cultural
Targets with at least one assigned Core Indicator in the FTYIP, 22 identity, common heritage, values and ethics, which relates to the
(44.9% of total) sit under Aspiration 1: A prosperous Africa, based theme of African culture, and Aspiration 7: An Africa as a strong,
on inclusive growth and sustainable development. Aspiration 1, united, resilient and influential global player and partner, which
which covers a variety of topics such as health, education, structural encompasses themes related to Africa’s global role and development
transformation, agriculture and environment, is home to almost half financing. Only one target under Aspiration 5 (“All curricula integrate
of the Targets (113 Targets, constituting 44.3% of the total) in Agenda African culture, and values targeting primary and secondary schools”)
2063 and 19.5% of those targets have been assigned a Core Indicator. and three Targets under Aspiration 7 (“National capital market
finances at least 10% of development expenditure”, “Tax and non-
Aspiration 6: An Africa whose development is people driven, relying
tax revenue of all levels of government should cover at least 75%
on the potential offered by African people, especially its women and
of current and development expenditure”, “Proportion of aid in the
youth, and caring for children features the highest percentage of
national budget is at most 25% of 2013 level”) have been assigned
Targets with at least one assigned Core Indicator. Of the 24 Targets
at least a Core Indicator. This constitutes respectively 5.6% and
sitting under Aspiration 6, which covers the themes of gender equality
15.8% of the Aspirations’ Targets. Aspiration 5 only accounts for
as well as youth and children empowerment, one third (8) have at
2.0% of Targets with at least one assigned Core Indicator, and
least one assigned Core Indicator.
Aspiration 7 for 6.1%.
Core Indicators
Number of Targets Number of Targets with at least % of Targets with at least one assigned Distribution of Targets with at least one
one assigned Core Indicator Core Indicator per Aspiration assigned Core Indicator across Aspirations
Aspiration 1 113 22 19.5 44.9
Aspiration 2 37 7 18.9 14.3
Aspiration 3 26 5 19.2 10.2
Aspiration 4 18 3 16.7 6.1
Aspiration 5 18 1 5.6 2.0
Aspiration 6 24 8 33.3 16.3
Aspiration 7 19 3 15.8 6.1
Total 255 49 19.2 100.0
As of February 2019, the Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) updated the SDG Indicator tier classification:
• Of the 232 SDG Indicators, 101 were classified as Tier I, 84 indicators as Tier II, and 41 as Tier III indicators. A further six indicators appear
in multiple tiers (different components of the indicator are classified into different tiers).
• More than two thirds of the SDG Indicators feature in the Tier I and II classifications.
• Hence, almost one fifth of the SDG Indicators do not currently have an internationally established methodology or standards to measure them.
• Tier 1: Indicator is conceptually clear, has an internationally • Tier 3: No internationally established methodology
established methodology and standards are available, and or standards are yet available for the indicator, but
data are regularly produced by countries for at least 50% methodology/standards are being (or will be) developed
of countries and of the population in every region where or tested.
the indicator is relevant.
67
African Charter on Statistics (2009): a code of professional Praia Group on Governance Statistics (2015): created
ethics centred around six major principles to be enforced in March 2015 at the 46th session of the United Nations
by members of the African Statistical System, African Statistical Commission (UNSC). The Presidency has been
statisticians and all professionals working in the area of assumed by the National Statistical Institute (INE) of Cabo
statistics in Africa: Verde since its initiation.
The African Union (AU) Institute for Statistics (2018): • Only the most relevant, reliable, accurate, accessible
the AU Institute for Statistics in Africa (STATAFRIC) opened and timely data is acceptable, irrespective of its source.
in Tunis (Tunisia) in 2018. Capacity building in the realms of • Data should be driven by needs rather than for its own sake.
production and use of statistics has been one of the recurrent
themes in integration initiatives on the continent. • Recognition of the role of governments in engaging the
data community, financing the production and
The need for a Pan-African Institute for Statistics can be dissemination of data and developing civil registration
traced back to the 2009 Strategy for the Harmonisation systems to produce credible vital statistics.
of Statistics in Africa (SHaSA). It constitutes an outcome
of SHaSA’s Strategic Objective 2 ("To establish an effective
coordination mechanism") of Strategic Theme 2 ("To
coordinate the production of quality statistics for Africa").
Section 03
Conference of African
Establishment of the Statisticians established as
United Nations Statistical a technical committee of
Commission (UNSC) the Statistical Commission
AU African Charter on
Africa Strategy for
Statistics
Improving Statistics for
Food Security, Sustainable Programme to compile
Agriculture and Rural Harmonised Consumer World Statistics Congress
African Addendum
Development Price Indices held in South Africa
on Principles and
Recommendations on
Busan Action Plan on African Group on National African Statistical Yearbook Population and Housing Statistical Commission
Statistics Accounts launched Censuses (PHCs) for Africa (StatCom-Africa)
2011
2011 2010
2010 2009
2009 2008
2008 2007
2007
Open Data for Africa Africa Programme on Strategy for the African Statistical
Platform Accelerated Improvement Harmonisation of Statistics Coordination Committee
of Civil Registration and in Africa (SHaSA)
Vital Statistics (APAI-CRVS)
African Group on Statistical
Training and Human Africa Data Consensus
1st Conference of African
Ministers Responsible for Resources
Civil Registration takes
place in Addis Ababa Solution Exchange for the
African Statistical Community
2012
2012 2013
2013 2014
2014 2015
2015 2016
69
Establishment of the
Addis Ababa Plan for Action IMF Special Data IMF General Data Partnership in Statistics for
for Statistical Development Dissemination Standard Dissemination System Development in the 21st
in Africa in the 1990s (SDDS) (GDDS) Century (PARIS21)
1980 1990
1990 1996
1996 1997
1997 1999
1999
Reference Regional
Strategic Framework (RRSF)
for Statistical Capacity-
Building in Africa
African Centre for Statistics African Statistical Journal Marrakesh Action Plan International Comparison
(ACS) created by UNECA launched on Statistics (MAPS) Programme (ICP) for Africa
2006
2006 2005
2005 2004
2004 2002
2002 2000
2017
2017 2018
2018 2019
2019
Cape Town Global Action 1st Africa Civil Registraton 5th Conference of African
Plan for Sustainable and Vital Statistics Day Ministers Responsible for
Development Data Civil Registration takes
The AU Institute for place in Lusaka
Statistics in Africa opened
in Tunis
Source: MIF (2016) updated
Statistical capacity constitutes a nation’s ability to collect, analyse, and disseminate high-quality data about its population and
economy. Quality statistics are essential for all stages of evidence-based decision-making, which include monitoring of social
and economic indicators; allocating political representation and government resources; guiding private sector investment; and
information for the international donor community for programme design and policy formulation.
Section 03
Africa: IIAG Governmental Statistical Capacity sub-indicator, African countries: IIAG Governmental Statistical Capacity
average scores & annual average trends (2008-2017) sub-indicator scores (2017)
Score Annual average trend
100.0
55.0 +0.7
+0.60
54.0 +0.6
53.0 +0.43 +0.5
52.0 +0.4
51.0 +0.3
50.0 +0.2
49.0 +0.1
48.0 0.0
0.0
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2017 Annual Annual Year
average trend average trend
(2008-2017) (2014-2017) African average score for
Governmental Statistical
Governmental Statistical Capacity scores
Capacity (2017): 54.5
Governmental Statistical Capacity annual Source: MIF Ibrahim Index of
average trends African Governance (2018a)
Governmental Statistical Capacity
(out of 100.0)
89.4
Mauritius, Egypt and Seychelles are the only three countries to obtain a 2017 score higher than 80.0 (89.4, 86.4 and 80.3, respectively). Somalia's
and Libya's scores are lower than 10.0 (4.5 and 3.0, respectively).
Trend
+40.0
+30.0
+20.0
Mozambique
Madagascar
Cabo Verde
Mauritania
Swaziland
Botswana
Comoros
Morocco
Tanzania
+10.0
Rwanda
Lesotho
Gambia
Zambia
Nigeria
Tunisia
Angola
Gabon
Eritrea
Egypt
Libya
Chad
DRC
CAR
Mali
0.0
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
South Sudan
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
South Africa
Sierra Leone
-10.0
Zimbabwe
Seychelles
Cameroon
Mauritius
Namibia
Ethiopia
Djibouti
Senegal
Burundi
Uganda
Malawi
Guinea
Algeria
Somalia
Liberia
Ghana
Africa
Congo
Sudan
Kenya
Benin
Niger
Togo
STP
-20.0
-30.0
71
Since 2014, when the implementation of the FTYIP started, the continental average score for Governmental Statistical Capacity has increased by
+1.8. While Sudan, CÔte d’Ivoire and Seychelles have strengthened their statistical capacity the most during the period 2014-2017 (+31.8, +27.2
and +22.7, respectively), the largest deteriorations have been those of the CAR, Chad and Comoros (-27.2, -19.7 and -13.7, respectively). While
Liberia, Sudan and Togo have shown the largest improvements in the ten-year period (+46.9, +42.4 and +30.3, respectively), Comoros, Libya and
Botswana have registered the largest declines (-36.4, -25.8 and -19.7, respectively).
In the context of the 2020 PHC Programme (2015-2024), nine During the past ten years (2009-2018), 39 African
African countries have already conducted a PHC during the period countries, home to 711.1 million citizens, have conducted
2015-2018. As of July 2019, an additional 15 African countries are
a PHC. This means that just over half (54.4%) of the
planning to conduct their PHC before the end of the year. In the
continent's population live in a country where a census
2010 round of the PHC, 47 African countries conducted population
has been conducted during the period 2009-2018.
censuses, compared with 38 countries for the 2000 round and 44
In DRC, Eritrea and Somalia, the last PHC was conducted
countries for the 1990 round.
before 1990, almost 30 years ago, one generation.
Section 03
Household surveys are also a key source of data for developing Improvements in key data such as administrative and
countries in which fully functioning vital registration and geospatial data, civil registration and vital statistics, have
administrative systems do not exist and information gaps are the been very slow as well.
largest. Over the past ten years (2009-2018), 45 African countries
have conducted at least once, one of the three main types of
international household survey programmes: Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys (MICS), Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Poor data quality
and Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). Many African countries still struggle to produce
systematic, accurate, relevant, comparable and timely
Despite increased participation in censuses and household surveys
data due to differences in methodology, concepts and
and the use of technology, most African countries are still unable
definitions applied, a lack of coordination within the
to collect data in a regular and timely manner. The recurrent data
national statistics system (NSS), inadequate financial
gaps constitute an obstacle to the establishment of baselines for
measuring the implementation of both Agendas by African countries. and human resources and weak infrastructure and
For instance, in 2017, data for African countries were available only data technology.
for 37.8% of SDG Indicators in the UN Statistics Division’s (UNStats)
global database.
This is limited in many African countries due to the late publication Mobile devices and geospatial data, the way up?
of data, the use of different formats by various data producers, the Severe limitations in the temporal resolution of many
non-integration of user needs in approaches to data dissemination indicators can be addressed by integrating geospatial data
and publication, as well as the existence of inadequate information on infrastructure into national development plans. However,
available data and how to access them. However, the use of mobile for this the production of data needs to be more agile and
devices and geospatial information are starting to help fill these gaps.
adaptable to user needs.
SPOTLIGHT
The Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st needs, serve as a framework for international and bilateral
Century (PARIS21) promotes the better use and production assistance, be part of a country's development and poverty
of statistics throughout the developing world. Its main reduction strategy, and follow international data standards
objective is to encourage and assist low-income and lower including quality.
middle-income countries to design, implement and monitor
a National Strategy for the Development of Statistics (NSDS),
NSDS status - May 2019 Count of African countries
and to have nationally owned and produced data for all
No strategy 1
SDG Indicators. Completed, awaiting adoption 5
A NSDS is expected to provide a country with a strategy for Implementation 37
developing statistical capacity across the entire NSS. The NSDS Expired 11
73
1. Data coverage
Open Data Watch’s Open Data Inventory (ODIN) assesses the of coverage assessed are: indicator coverage and disaggregation,
coverage and openness of statistics produced by NSSs as published data available for last five and ten years; and first and second
on the official website of the NSOs. Coverage refers to the availability administrative level. The five criteria of openness assessed are:
of statistical indicators in 21 data categories grouped into social, machine readable, non-proprietary, download options, metadata
economic, and environmental statistics clusters. Openness refers available and terms of use.
to the way in which the data are made available. The five criteria
Coverage subscore by data category, African average (%) 2015 2016 2017 2018 Trend 2015-2018*
SOCIAL STATISTICS SUBSCORE 36.1 30.8 25.6 29.2 -7.0
Education outcomes 40.8 33.8 25.8 26.7 -14.1
Education facilities 35.1 31.0 19.6 22.4 -12.7
Population & vital statistics 47.4 36.9 32.6 37.5 -9.9
Health outcomes 35.3 32.6 25.8 28.9 -6.3
Gender statistics 28.7 23.4 21.1 24.5 -4.1
Poverty & income 29.8 21.1 21.0 28.1 -1.7
Reproductive health 35.9 32.1 30.7 35.0 -0.9
Crime & justice . . 12.7 15.9 +3.2
Health facilities 36.0 35.3 41.5 43.6 +7.6
ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL STATISTICS SUBSCORE 49.7 44.8 42.1 47.9 -1.8
International trade 79.1 55.0 57.7 57.5 -21.6
National accounts 49.5 38.3 38.5 40.1 -9.4
Labour 41.0 33.7 29.1 34.2 -6.8
Money & banking 55.7 51.8 41.7 51.0 -4.7
Price indexes 40.5 34.8 34.1 47.7 +7.2
Government finance 40.4 53.2 50.0 49.7 +9.3
Balance of payments 56.4 60.3 56.0 66.0 +9.6
ENVIRONMENT SUBSCORE 22.5 19.4 19.3 24.0 +1.5
Energy use 14.5 9.1 4.4 7.7 -6.8
Land use 25.5 21.9 23.6 23.9 -1.7
Built environment 37.6 37.4 34.7 37.0 -0.6
Pollution 6.4 4.5 5.5 8.4 +2.0
Resource use 28.3 24.0 28.6 39.8 +11.5
All Categories 35.0 30.6 28.0 32.7 -2.2
*For Crime & justice data category, the trend is for 2017-2018 only as there are no more data years available
The 2018 African average Coverage subscore for the Economic & At a more disaggregated level, in 2018 all five data categories meeting
Financial Statistics cluster is the highest, amounting to 47.9%. This more than 45.0% of ODIN’s criteria for data coverage are part of
means that African countries, on average, satisfy almost half of the the Economic & Financial Statistics cluster (Balance of payments,
criteria for data coverage across all data pertaining to the Economic Government finance, International trade, Money & banking and
& Financial Statistics cluster. Compared to this, less than 30.0% of Price indexes). On the other hand, the 2018 African average
the criteria for data coverage are met for both the Social Statistics Coverage subscore is the lowest for the data categories Energy use
and Environment clusters (with 2018 average scores of 29.2% and and Pollution, both included in the Environment cluster (7.7% and
24.0%, respectively). 8.4%, respectively).
African Governance Report
75
Over the four years with data (2015-2018), while the African average
Coverage subscore for the data types included in the Environment Africa: Coverage subscore by data category, average
cluster improved by +1.5 percentage points, African countries, on percentage scores (2015-2018)
average, have got worse at meeting the data coverage criteria for %
the Social Statistics as well as Economic & Financial Statistics cluster 50.0
40.0
The drivers of the large decline in the continental average Coverage
35.0
subscore in the Social Statistics cluster have been the data categories
30.0
Education outcomes, Education facilities and, most concerningly,
25.0
Population & vital statistics (-14.1, -12.7 and -9.9 percentage
20.0
points, respectively).
15.0
10.0
0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 Year
Openness subscore by data category, African average (%) 2015 2016 2017 2018 Trend 2015-2018*
SOCIAL STATISTICS SUBSCORE 20.7 34.8 31.6 35.6 +14.9
Crime & justice . . 15.8 17.3 +1.5
Education facilities 19.6 31.3 23.0 26.5 +7.0
Population & vital statistics 25.7 35.5 35.8 38.8 +13.0
Education outcomes 21.3 38.3 33.4 35.7 +14.4
Health facilities 19.8 27.9 33.0 35.5 +15.7
Health outcomes 20.6 36.4 34.0 40.4 +19.8
Reproductive health 24.5 41.7 37.4 45.1 +20.6
Poverty & income 16.6 35.3 37.6 40.0 +23.4
Gender statistics 17.0 31.5 34.6 40.6 +23.6
ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL STATISTICS SUBSCORE 20.6 34.1 34.3 39.7 +19.1
Balance of payments 20.2 28.9 25.0 34.7 +14.5
Government finance 18.3 29.8 32.0 34.1 +15.8
Money & banking 17.4 27.0 26.6 35.5 +18.1
International trade 21.5 37.7 36.4 39.8 +18.3
Labour 23.2 38.5 36.0 41.6 +18.4
National accounts 23.6 39.1 40.6 44.1 +20.5
Price indexes 19.8 37.4 43.4 48.2 +28.4
ENVIRONMENT SUBSCORE 16.1 22.0 22.8 26.8 +10.6
Energy use 13.8 10.4 6.4 10.2 -3.6
Pollution 8.3 8.7 9.6 13.7 +5.4
Resource use 19.8 26.8 28.0 32.9 +13.1
Land use 16.0 25.7 30.8 33.3 +17.3
Built environment 22.8 38.1 39.4 43.9 +21.1
All Categories 19.1 30.3 29.6 34.0 +14.9
*For Crime & justice data category, the trend is for 2017-2018 only as there are no more data years available
Section 03
Of the 21 data categories, only Price indexes and Reproductive health 25.0
than 45.0% (48.2% and 45.1%, respectively). Conversely, the lowest 15.0
compliance with the openness criteria can be found in the Pollution 10.0
and Energy use data categories (13.7% and 10.2%, respectively). 0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 Year
These are the same two data categories that have the lowest African
average subscores for coverage in 2018. Social statistics subscore
Economic & financial statistics subscore Environment subscore
Since 2015, the largest increase in the African average Openness
Source: Open Data Watch (2019)
subscore has been in the Economic & Financial Statistics cluster
(+19.1 percentage points). However, the continent’s average openness
performance in the Social Statistics and Environment clusters has
also increased by more than +10.0 percentage points (+14.9 and
+10.6, respectively).
77
SPOTLIGHT
SDG data availability on African countries from UNStats has only data for 91 indicators covering Africa
(37.8% of the total).
SDG Total number Percentage of
of indicators* indicators with data For topics under SDG 1: No Poverty, SDG 5: Gender Equality,
1 12 25.0 SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities
2 14 57.1 and Production, SDG 13: Climate Change, SDG 14: Life below
3 26 69.2 Water and SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, less
4 11 54.5 than 30.0% of indicators have data on African countries.
5 14 21.4
6 11 18.2
7 6 66.7
8 17 58.8 Data sources of SDG Indicators on Africa
9 12 66.7
10 11 45.5 Data Source Type Share (%)
11 15 6.7 1990-2005 2006-2016
12 14 14.3 Country or country-adjusted 22.8 33.5
13 9 0.0
Estimation 42.9 36.0
14 7 14.3
Global monitoring 7.7 10.6
15 14 42.9
Modelling 5.6 5.8
16 23 26.1
Others 21.0 14.1
17 25 32.0
Total 241 37.8 Total 100.0 100.0
Civil registration is the recommended source for vital statistics. employment, vote in an election, access financial services, such as
It constitutes the means by which countries maintain continuous a bank account, obtain a passport and/or ID card, buy or prove the
and complete records of vital events such as births and deaths. A right to inherit property, as well as land ownership and the ability to
civil registration system is a critical element for establishing the claim access to land. Proper civil registration is also critical to define
legal identity of individuals, providing them with access to public adequate public policies, based on the right assessment of needs
services and securing basic human rights. Civil registration is required and demand.
for an individual to: go to school, attend university, gain formal
CIVIL
REGISTRA
TION
79
According to the third revision of the 'Principles and Recommendations for a Vital Statistics System' (2014), the components of a vital
statistics system are: legal registration, statistical reporting of vital events, collection, compilation and dissemination of statistics pertaining
to those events.
Live births
Health services Civil
registration,
Deaths Vital statistics Complementary/
including
interim sources
Fetal deaths population
Main features:
registers
Compilation Population
Authorised Processing census surveys
Marriages Principles:
institutions Quality control
1. Compulsory
Dissemination
2. Universal
Divorces 3. Continuous
4. Confidential Additional
Annulments Courts administrative
sources
Judicial separations Coronary
Police
Registries
Adoptions Judicial National Health records
institutions identification
Legitimation
Electoral lists
Passports
Recognition
Some main challenges have hindered the development of fully While the available data points on the coverage rate of the birth
functioning civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems registration system in Algeria, Libya, Tunisia and Djibouti are higher
in African countries: than 90.0%, they are all outdated (2001 for Algeria, Libya and Tunisia,
2006 for Djibouti).
• Civil registration exercise is fundamentally project driven
• Poor coordination between National Civil Registration Of the 16 African countries with data on death registration coverage,
Authorities and the NSOs only three cover 90.0% or more of the population (Egypt, Mauritius
and Seychelles). The worst performing is Niger, with a death coverage
• Weak national policy and commitment on CRVS
rate of only 3.5% in 2018. As with birth registration coverage, the
• Poor linkages with the national development framework data points for some countries exist but they are very old (2000 for
• Uncoordinated and fragmented utilisation of CRVS Tunisia, 2001 for Algeria and Libya).
• Poor funding of NSOs The IIAG indicator Civil Registration assesses the existence of a
• Inadequate national, regional and continual policies on CRVS functioning birth and death registration system and the ability
of citizens to obtain birth and death certificates in a reasonable
According to the Coverage of Birth and Death Registration dataset
period and at no charge. The 2017 African average score for the IIAG
from UNStats, of the 42 African countries with their latest
indicator Civil Registration is 60.4, having only increased by +0.7 since
observation being in the last ten years of available data (2009-2018),
2015, the first year with data available from source. Since 2014, when
only eight have a birth registration system with a coverage rate
the implementation of the FTYIP started, eight African countries
higher than 90.0%*. The worst performing countries on the African
have even seen their Civil Registration IIAG scores decline. The largest
continent are Chad and Tanzania (12.0% and 13.3%, respectively).
deteriorations have been those of Malawi (-62.5), Congo, Seychelles
* Cabo Verde, Congo, Egypt, Gabon, Mauritius, São Tomé & Príncipe, Seychelles, and Sudan (-25.0 each).
South Africa
Section 03
37.5% of ODIN’s criteria for data coverage in the case of Population 45.0
35.0
In terms of openness of Population & vital statistics, the African
30.0
average Openness subscore, has improved by +13.0 percentage points
25.0
since 2015. Despite this, of the 20 data categories experiencing an
20.0
improvement in openness during the period 2015-2018, that of the
15.0
Population & vital statistics data category constitutes the fourth
10.0
lowest. In 2018, African countries, on average, meet 38.8% of ODIN’s
0.0
criteria for data openness in the case of Population & vital statistics.
2015 2016 2017 2018 Year
Only four African countries in 2018 meet 80.0% or more of ODIN’s As for data openness criteria, in 2018, only four African countries
data coverage criteria for the Population & vital statistics data meet 70.0% or more: Rwanda (90.0%), Botswana (70.0%), Morocco
category: Nigeria (90.0%), Seychelles (87.5%), South Africa (80.0%) (70.0%) and South Africa (70.0%).
and Sierra Leone (80.0%). But eight African countries meet none
of the criteria for data coverage: Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon,
Madagascar, São Tomé & Príncipe, Somalia, Sudan and Swaziland.
African countries: Coverage subscore of Population & vital African countries: Openness subscore of Population & vital
statistics data category (2018) statistics data category (2018)
90.0 90.0
0.0 0.0
No data available No data available
Source: Open Data Watch (2019) Source: Open Data Watch (2019)
African Governance Report
81
The Africa Programme on Accelerated Improvement of Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (APAI-CRVS)
With the Africa Programme on Accelerated Improvement of Civil Even though APAI-CRVS was established in 2010, the need for
Registration and Vital Statistics (APAI-CRVS), three Pan-African a comprehensive work plan for the decade led the Heads of
institutions (AfDB, AUC and UNECA) aim at building a common State and Government in June 2016 to declare 2017-2026 as the
and consolidated policy and advocacy framework for CRVS "Decade for repositioning of CRVS in Africa’s continental, regional
initiatives on the continent. APAI-CRVS is implemented based on and national development agenda".
the guidance and mandate given by African ministers responsible
Main policy directives given by the 4th Conference held in
for civil registration through their biennial conferences.
Nouakchott, to the Secretariat of APAI-CRVS:
To date the ministerial conference has taken place four times
1. Focus the CRVS improvement process on implementation
(2010: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2012: Durban, South Africa; 2015:
at country level, and in particular in the context of Agendas
Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire; 2017: Nouakchott, Mauritania).
2030 and 2063.
The 5th Conference of African Ministers Responsible for Civil
Registration is taking place during 14-18 October 2019 in 2. Revitalise the APAI-CRVS through a systematic review
Lusaka, Zambia. and improved coordination, monitoring and reporting.
The programme is guided by a Regional CRVS Core Group led 3. Endorsement of the CRVS strategic plan (2017-2021)
by UNECA in partnership with the AUC, AfDB, the Secretariat and approval of the establishment of "Africa CRVS Systems
of the African Symposium on Statistical Development, UNICEF, Improvement Fund".
WHO, UNHCR, UNFPA, INDEPTH Network, Plan International
and PARIS21. The Secretariat of the Programme is located in the
African Center for Statistics (ACS) at UNECA.
Instituted in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Identification for Georgieva and UN's Deputy Secretary-General Amina J.
Development (ID4D) Initiative recognises the enabling and Mohammed. Comprised of eminent practitioners and thought
transformational role of identification systems in achieving leaders from the public and private sector, the Advisory Council
several of the SDGs and advancing progress in many areas provides strategic guidance and amplifies the global narrative
such as social protection, women and girls' empowerment, of the Initiative and considers emerging trends and challenges,
financial inclusion, governance, healthcare, digital development including new technologies, privacy and data protection,
and humanitarian response. The ID4D High-Level Advisory migration, and displacement.
Council, has been co-chaired by then World Bank CEO Kristalina
Acronyms 84
References 85
Notes 90
Project team 91
ACRONYMS
85
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NOTES
This 2019 African Governance Report makes use of the comprehensive dataset About this report
of the 2018 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) to assess Africa’s
For the purpose of the 2019 African Governance Report, key overlapping
development trajectory at a time when the continent is already halfway
thematic areas between the Agenda 2063, Agenda 2030 and 2018 IIAG
through the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan (FTYIP) of the African Union’s
frameworks have been identified. The Priority Areas and Targets contained in
(AU) Agenda 2063 and almost one third of the way through the completion of
the FTYIP have constituted the starting point for this analysis. The integrated
the UN’s (United Nations) Agenda 2030.
nature of governance and development challenges means that overlaps are
The Mo Ibrahim Foundation (MIF) releases a new Index dataset with numerous, however, we have in this report focused on those that we considered
updated scores, ranks and trends every two years, while publishing an the strongest overlaps.
annual IIAG African Governance Report, focused on African governance
In a few instances, different numbers of indicators relating to an Agenda may
trends and challenges.
be mentioned in the report. When this is the case, it reflects discrepancies at
About the IIAG source and over time (e.g. additional indicators are likely to have been added
in the past years).
The IIAG is an index that provides a statistical measure of governance
performance in 54 African countries. Governance is defined by MIF as the For the measurability classification of targets contained in the FTYIP, MIF’s
provision of the political, social and economic public goods and services that Research Team has classified them in three main broad groups: clearly
every citizen has the right to expect from their state, and that a state has the quantifiable, less clearly quantifiable and not clearly quantifiable. Clearly
responsibility to deliver to its citizens. quantifiable targets encompass three groups: those that appear to be numeric/
quantifiable at country level; those that refer to the achievement of a
The IIAG governance framework comprises four categories: Safety & Rule
continental target for which an action at the country level is required, but
of Law, Participation & Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and
measurement has to be done at the continental level; and those that have a
Human Development. These categories are made up of 14 sub-categories,
dichotomous nature and belong to continental initiatives or programmes to
consisting of 102 indicators. The 2018 IIAG is calculated using data from 35
be adopted, implemented or be made operational. Less clearly quantifiable
independent African and global institutions.
targets include those that pertain to continental initiatives, but they are
To distinguish the IIAG, all measures from the IIAG included in this report less or not at all quantifiable, often employing very qualitative wording. Not
are italicised, as opposed to measures obtained from other sources. The clearly quantifiable targets are those that appear to be very qualitative and are
full IIAG dataset, including underlying raw data and normalised scores, as characterised by an aspirational nature, which makes them hard to measure.
calculated for the express purposes of the Index, is available online via the
This report also explores the correlations between different measures in the
Foundation’s website.
Index dataset. Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the extent to
The 2018 IIAG dataset covers a ten-year time period from 2008 to 2017. which two variables are associated. The correlation coefficient indicates the
For the purpose of this report, the two main periods of analysis for IIAG data strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Correlation
have been the decade (2008-2017) and the last four years of the dataset does not equal causation and users are advised to take care when interpreting
(2014-2017). The latter encompass the period since the implementation of these statistics. Correlation coefficients shown in this report are rounded to
the FTYIP started. However, users of the IIAG can carry out analysis of any two decimal places.
other time periods by using our online and offline Data Portals, also available
This report makes use of the latest available data from a wide range of sources. A
via our website.
reference list containing all the sources used for this document is provided at the
All figures on IIAG outputs are displayed to one decimal place. The exception to end of the report. Each graph is also accompanied by their respective data source.
this are the annual average trend figures. These are calculated on the rounded Sources used are not always the primary data sources.
trends over time and displayed to two decimal places.
African averages are, in most cases, taken directly from source. When they have
The 2018 IIAG does not include data for South Sudan prior to secession in been calculated for the purpose of this report, they are unweighted (e.g. Open
2011. Due to the lack of data, ten-year trends are not available for this country. Data Watch’s Open Data Inventory data used in this report). As not all sources
Data for Sudan prior to 2011 (Former Sudan) have been used in the 2018 IIAG. provide data for the 54 African countries, some averages may not include data
Despite Sudan being a new country post-secession of South Sudan, pre-2011 from all countries.
data for ‘Former Sudan’ are deemed a suitable proxy for governance in Sudan. All the data included in this report are publicly available. Data were correct at the
Data for Morocco may or may not include Western Sahara depending on time of research (the last access date for each variable is provided in the references).
the source. In some cases, the numbers may not add up to the total due to rounding.
Somalia has no underlying raw data for all indicators in the Rural Sector sub- Unless indicated otherwise, population statistics are taken from the 2019
category (2008-2017). The same occurs for Guinea-Bissau in the Education revision of the World Population Prospects from the United Nations
sub-category for all years except 2010. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA).
Please visit MIF’s website for a full Index structure as well as a technical MIF is committed to making data freely available and accessible. We welcome
methodology: http://mo.ibrahim.foundation/. and encourage any accurate reproduction, translation and dissemination of this
material. The material must be attributed to the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, but
not in any way that suggests that the Foundation endorses you or your use of
the material.
To get in touch with MIF’s Research Team about this report, please contact:
research@moibrahimfoundation.org
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PROJECT TEAM
Name Title
Nathalie Delapalme Executive Director – Research and Policy
Yannick Vuylsteke Head of the Ibrahim Index of African Governance
Camilla Rocca Head of Research
Diego Fernandez Fernandez Senior Analyst
Ines Schultes Junior Researcher
Oliver Ben Chandler Junior Researcher
Callum Etches Research Intern
Advisory Council
Name Organisation
Abdoulie Janneh (Chair) Mo Ibrahim Foundation
Dr Comfort Ero International Crisis Group
Dr Roberta Gatti World Bank
Arancha González International Trade Centre
Dr Ali Hadi Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, American University in Cairo
Dr Daniel Kaufmann National Resource Governance Institute
Prof. Eddy Maloka Africa Peer Review Mechanism
Claire Melamed Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data
Dr Kevin Urama African Development Bank Group
Dr Daniel Zovatto International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Lord Simon Cairns Africa's Voices
Annex 93
ACCESS TO AND QUALITY OF EDUCATION
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (1) A prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
Goal (selected) (2) Well educated citizens and skills revolution underpinned by science, technology and innovation
Priority Area Education and STI-driven (Science, Technology and Innovation) skills revolution
Enrolment rate for early childhood education is at least 300% of the 2013 rate
Increase number of qualified teachers by at least 30% with focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
Universal secondary school (including technical high schools) with enrolment rate of 100%
At least 30% of secondary school leavers go into tertiary education with at least 40% being female
At least 70% of secondary school students not entering the tertiary sector are provided with a range of options for further skills development
At least 70% of the public perceive quality improvements in education at all levels
At least 50% of member states have national accreditation systems in place by 2023
95
Agenda 2030 SDG 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Target 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education
leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
Target 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary
education so that they are ready for primary education
Target 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary
education, including university
Target 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical
and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
Target 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and
vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in
vulnerable situations
Target 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy
and numeracy
Target 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development,
including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights,
gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural
diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
Target 4.A Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent,
inclusive and effective learning environments for all
Target 4.B By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular
least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher
education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering
and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries
Target 4.C By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for
teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
Violence and discrimination against Gender Goal 3. Good Health and Well-Being
women and girls Health Goal 4. Quality Education
Goal 5. Gender Equality
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (1) A prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
(6) An Africa whose development is people driven, relying on the potential offered by African people,
especially its women and youth, and caring for children
Increase 2013 levels of access to quality basic health care and services by at least 40%
Increase 2013 levels of access to sex and reproductive health services to women and adolescent girls by at least 30%
Reduce 2013 maternal, neo-natal and child mortality rates by at least 50%
Reduce 2013 proportion of deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis by at least 50%
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Reduce 2013 proportion of deaths attributable to dengue fever and chikungunya by 50% (for island states)
Elimination of child under-nutrition with a view to bring down stunting to 10% and underweight to 5%
End all harmful social norms and customary practices against women and girls (e.g. female genital mutilation, child marriages)
and those that promote violence and discrimination against women and girls
Eliminate all barriers to quality education, health and social services for women and girls by 2020
Agenda 2030 SDG 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
Target 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on
stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls,
pregnant and lactating women and older persons
Target 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women,
indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land,
other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition
and non-farm employment
Target 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate
change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Target 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and
their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the
national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed
Target 2.A Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural
research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance
agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Target 2.B Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the
parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect,
in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round
Target 2.C Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate
timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility
Agenda 2030 SDG 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Target 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
Target 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to
reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low
as 25 per 1,000 live births
Target 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis,
water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
Target 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and
treatment and promote mental health and well-being
Target 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use
of alcohol
Target 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
Target 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning,
information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
Target 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care
services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
Target 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and
soil pollution and contamination
Target 3.A Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
in all countries, as appropriate
Target 3.B Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable
diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines,
in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS (Trade-related Aspects on Intellectual Property Rights)
Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions
in the Agreement on TRIPS regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to
medicines for all
Target 3.C Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health
workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing states
Target 3.D Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and
management of national and global health risks
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Agenda 2063
Aspiration (6) An Africa whose development is people driven, relying on the potential offered by African people,
especially its women and youth, and caring for children
(1) A prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
Goal Aspiration 6
(1) A high standard of living, quality of life and well being for all
(2) Well educated citizens and skills revolution underpinned by science, technology and innovation
(3) Healthy and well-nourished citizens
(4) Transformed economies
(5) Modern agriculture for increased productivity and production
Women empowerment
Violence and discrimination against women and girls
Youth empowerment and children
Aspiration 6
Equal economic rights for women, including the rights to own and inherit property, sign a contract, save, register and manage a business
and own and operate a bank account by 2025
At least 20% of rural women have access to and control productive assets, including land and grants, credit, inputs, financial service
and information
At least 30% of all elected officials at local, regional and national levels are women as well as in judicial institutions
At least 25% of annual public procurement at national and sub-national levels are awarded to women
Increase gender parity in decision making positions at all levels to at least 50-50 between women and men
Solemn Declaration Index (SDI) developed by GIMAG (Gender is My Agenda Campaign) and UNECA on gender is computed bi-annually
and used in making policy/resource allocation decisions
Increase gender parity in decision making positions at all levels in pan African organisations to at least 50-50 between women and men
Reduce 2013 levels of violence against women and girls by at least 20%
End all harmful social norms and customary practices against women and girls (e.g. female genital mutilation, child marriages)
and those that promote violence and discrimination against women and girls
Eliminate all barriers to quality education, health and social services for women and girls by 2020
End all forms of political, legal or administrative discrimination against women and girls by 2023
Reduce by 50% all harmful social norms and customary practices against women and girls and those that promote violence and discrimination
Fully implement Executive Council Decision on Gender Parity in the African Union by 2020
Reduce 2013 rate of youth unemployment by at least 25%; in particular female youth
Youth business start ups including female youth in all business start ups is at least 15%
At least 50% of youth who cannot go on to have tertiary education are provided with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)
At least 50% of youth and children are engaged in talent based development programmes, leisure and recreation
End all forms of violence, child labour exploitation and child marriage and human trafficking
Full implementation of the provision of African Charter on the Rights of the Youth is attained
At least 30% of secondary school leavers go into tertiary education with at least 40% being female
Increase 2013 levels of access to sex and reproductive health services to women and adolescent girls by at least 30%
Increase youth and women participation in integrated agricultural value chains by at least 30%
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At least 50% of informal sector ventures that grow into small formal enterprise category a year will be owned by women
At least 10% of small-scale farmers graduate into small-scale commercial farming and those graduating at least 30% should be women
Agenda 2030, SDG 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Target 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
Target 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking
and sexual and other types of exploitation
Target 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
Target 5.4 Recognise and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and
social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as
nationally appropriate
Target 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-
making in political, economic and public life
Target 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with
the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing
Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
Target 5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control
over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with
national laws
Target 5.B Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the
empowerment of women
Target 5.C Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the
empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
Agenda 2030, SDG 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
(selected Targets)
Target 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical
and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
Target 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and
vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in
vulnerable situations
Target 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy
and numeracy
Agenda 2030, SDG 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and
decent work for all (selected Targets)
Target 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
Target 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking
and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of
child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
Agenda 2030, SDG 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and
build effective, accountable and inclusive (selected Targets)
Target 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
SECURITY, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
Human rights, justice and the Rule of Law Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong
rule of law Rights Institutions
Maintenance and restoration National Security Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong
of peace and security Institutions
Institutional structure for AU Personal Safety Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong
instruments on Peace and Security National Security Institutions
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (3) An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law
(4) A peaceful and secure Africa
Goal Aspiration 3
(11) Democratic values, practices, universal principles of human rights, justice and the rule of law entrenched
(12) Capable institutions and transformed leadership in place
Aspiration 4
(13) Peace, security and stability is preserved
(14) A stable and peaceful Africa
(15) A fully functional and operational African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA)
Priority Area Aspiration 3
Democratic values and practices are the norm
Human rights, justice and rule of law
Institutions and leadership
Participatory development and local governance
Aspiration 4
Maintenance and restoration of peace and security
Institutional structure for AU instruments on peace and security
Defence, security and peace
Operationalisation of African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) Pillars
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103
Aspiration 3
At least 70% of the people believe that they are empowered and are holding their leaders accountable
At least 70% of the people perceive that the press/information is free and freedom of expression pertains
At least 70% of the public perceive election to be free, fair and transparent by 2020
A functional national focal point responsible for implementation of AU shared values is in place by 2017
All reporting obligations with respect to compliance of AU Shared Values instruments are met
African Governance Architecture (AGA) Clusters on Democracy; Governance; Human Rights; Constitutionalism and Rule of Law and
Humanitarian Assistance fully functional and operational
The African Governance Platform reviews at least 23 State reports under the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance
(ACDEG) and provides technical support to State Parties towards effective implementation
Frameworks for the computation of governance metrics for African island states is in place by 2025
At least 70% of the people perceive the judiciary to be independent and deliver justice on fair and timely basis
At least 70% of the people perceive they have free access to justice
At least 70% of the people perceive the entrenchment of the culture of respect for human rights, the rule of law and due process
All members states are implementing the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)
All member states comply with the framework provision on the reporting of Article 62 of the African Court on Human and Peoples'
Rights (ACHR)
At least 70% of the public acknowledge the public service to be professional, efficient, responsive, accountable, impartial and corruption free
At least 70% of the public acknowledge the relevance and good functioning of the legislature as a key component of democracy
At least 70% of member states are implementing the African Charter on the Values and Principles of Public Administration
At least 70% of member states are implementing the African Union (AU) Convention on Preventing and Combatting Corruption
All local governments have full administrative and institutional capacities and appropriate fiscal powers
Local communities have a fair share of the exploitation of natural resources and are using them for the benefit of all
Culture, values and norms of local communities are respected and protected
Aspiration 4
Level of conflict emanating from ethnicity, all forms of exclusion, religious and political differences is at most 50% of 2013 levels
Panel of the Wise and PanWise fully operational and undertaking conflict prevention initiatives
African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) is up-dated to reflect security concerns related to piracy, drug trafficking, human
trafficking and transnational crimes including terrorism
Complete civilian control of security services within democratic practices, rule of law and due processes by 2025
Respect for rules of engagement and human rights in conflict situations is entrenched in the security forces
Target 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
Target 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
Target 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
Target 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen
assets and combat all forms of organised crime
Target 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
Target 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
Target 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
Target 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance
Target 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
Target 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation
and international agreements
Target 16.A Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity
at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
Target 16.B Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development
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Income, jobs and decent work Business Environment Goal 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
Modern and liveable habitats Infrastructure Goal 6. Clean Water and Sanitation
and basic quality services Health Goal 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
Framework and institutions for a united Business Environment Goal 17. Partnerships for the Goals
Africa (political and economic integration)
Communications and infrastructure connectivity Infrastructure Goal 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
Institutions and leadership Public Management Goal 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Fiscal system and public sector revenues Public Management Goal 17. Partnerships for the Goals
Agenda 2063
Aspiration (1) A prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
(2) An integrated continent politically united and based on the ideals of Pan-Africanism and the vision
of African Renaissance
(3) An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law
(7) Africa as a strong, united, resilient and influential global player and partner
(1) High standard of living, quality of life and well being for all
(4) Transformed economies
(5) Modern agriculture
(7) Environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities
Framework and institutions for a united Africa (political and economic integration)
Communications and infrastructure connectivity
107
Reduce 2013 level of proportion of population without access to safe drinking water by 95%
Reduce 2013 level of proportion of the population with poor sanitation facilities by 95%
Level of intra-African trade in agricultural commodities is increased by at least 100% in real terms
Increase 2013 levels of water productivity from rain-fed agriculture and irrigation by 60%
Free movement of person and goods/services within REC member states is in place
At least 70% of the public acknowledge the relevance and good functioning of the legislature as a key component of democracy
At least 70% of member states are implementing the African Charter on the Values and Principles of Public Administration
Tax and non-tax revenue of all levels of government should cover at least 75% of current and development expenditure
Agenda 2030, SDG 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
(selected Targets)
Target 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
Target 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women,
indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land,
other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value
addition and non-farm employment
Target 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that
increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation
to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land
and soil quality
Agenda 2030, SDG 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (selected Targets)
Target 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Target 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation,
paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
Target 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimising release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling
and safe reuse globally
Agenda 2030, SDG 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all (selected Targets)
Target 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
Target 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
Target 7.B By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services
for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing states, and land-
locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support
Agenda 2030, SDG 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all (selected Targets)
Target 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship,
creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalisation and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized
enterprises, including through access to financial services
Target 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young
people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
Target 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
Agenda 2030, SDG 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation
(selected Targets)
Target 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in
particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing
the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and
development spending
Target 9.B Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including
by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to
commodities
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Agenda 2030, SDG 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (selected Targets)
Target 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
Target 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanisation and capacity for participatory, integrated and
sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
Agenda 2030, SDG 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels (selected Targets)
Target 16.5. Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
Target 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
Agenda 2030, SDG 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable
development (selected Targets)
Target 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilisation, including through international support to developing countries,
to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
Target 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries
to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South,
South-South and triangular cooperation
Despite progress since 2014, performance in Transparency & Accountability remains the lowest of all IIAG’s
14 sub-categories
Access to Record of State-owned Companies is the second lowest scoring of all 102 IIAG’s indicators
While the IIAG indicator Absence of Corruption in the Public Sector has improved since 2014, Absence of
Corruption in the Private Sector has deteriorated
IIAG’s indicators show that since 2014, non-state actors’ involvement in violent events, as well as numbers
of refugees and internally displaced persons, have increased
African countries still perform poorly in Reliability of Electricity Supply, Transport Infrastructure, and Digital
& IT Infrastructure IIAG’s indicators
The large majority (more than 80%) of the 255 targets of Agenda 2063 are currently missing a core
indicator that would enable the monitoring of implementation
For almost one fifth of SDG indicators, there is currently no internationally established methodology or
standards
Of the 232 SDG indicators, the UN database platform only has data for 91 when it comes to Africa
More than half the data sources of SDG indicators on Africa come from estimation, global monitoring or
modelling
National Statistical Offices are weakened by inadequate funding and limited autonomy
Almost half (45.6%) of the continent’s population live in a country where no census has been conducted
over the last ten years
In DRC, Eritrea and Somalia, a census has not been conducted since before 1990, almost 30 years ago
Energy use and pollution have the lowest data coverage by National Statistical Offices in Africa
On average, data coverage for population, vital statistics and education have all deteriorated on the
continent since 2015
On UNStats databases only 8 African countries have a birth registration system and only 3 a death
registration system with a coverage rate of over 90%, in the last ten years
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