Introduction To Pharmacology

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
▪ PHARMACOLOGY - is the study of the effect of drugs

on living organism.
▪ PHARMACY - is the art of preparing, compounding, and EFFECTS OF DRUGS
dispensing drugs. ▪ THERAPEUTIC EFFECT
▪ PHARMACIST - a person licensed to prepare and - also referred to as the desired effect, is the primary
dispense drugs and make up prescriptions effect intended, that is the reason the drug is prescribed.
▪ CLINICAL PHARMACIST - is a specialist who often ▪ SIDE EFFECT
guides the physician in prescribing drugs. - secondary effect, unintended, usually predictable
and maybe either harmless or potentially harmful
HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY ▪ ADVERSE EFFECTS/REACTIONS
1. Babylonians - more severe side effects; may justify
- Earliest surviving “prescriptions” on clay tablets in discontinuation of a drug
3000 B.C.
2. Chinese
- Recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal) – a 40-volume
compendium of plant remedies dating to 2700 B.C.
3. Egyptians
- Archives of remedies on a document known as Erb’s
Papyrus in 1500 B.C.
4. Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materia
Medicum
- First recorded reference to the world pharmacology
EARLY 1800S
▪ Chemists isolates specific substances from complex
mixtures
▪ Pharmacologists then study their effects in animals
▪ Fredrich Serturner (first isolated morphine from
opium, injected himself and three other friends with
huge doses (100mg)
DRUGS
▪ are chemicals that alter physiochemical processes in
body cells.
▪ They can stimulate or inhibit normal cellular functions.
▪ Used interchangeably with medicines.
MEDICATION - is a substance administered for the ▪ DRUG TOXICITY
diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of symptoms or for - deleterious effect of a drugs on an organism or
prevention of disease. tissues: result from over dosage;
PRESCRIPTION - written direction for the preparation - buildup of the drug in the blood because of impaired
and administration of drugs. metabolism or excretion.
▪ DRUG ALLERGY
▪ GENERIC NAME - an immunologic reaction to a drug
- given before a drug becomes officially an approved - severe allergic reaction usually occur immediately
medication after administration of the drugs is called Anaphylactic
- generally used throughout the drug’s use Reaction.
▪ CHEMICAL NAME ▪ DRUG TOLERANCE
- is the name by which a chemist knows it - exists in a person who has unusually low physiologic
- this name describes the constituents of the drug response to a drug and who requires increases in the
precisely. dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect.
▪ TRADE/BRAND NAME
- is the name given by the drug manufacturer ▪ CUMULATIVE EFFECT
- usually selected to be short and easy to remember - is the increasing response into repeated doses of a
* Drugs may have many different trade names. To avoid drug that occurs when the rate of administration
confusion, refer to a drug by its generic name. exceeds
▪ IDIOSYNCRATIC EFFECT * Propylthiouracil use is preferred in pregnant women
- is one that is unexpected and may be individual to a because its rapid action reduces transfer of the drug
client; cause unpredictable and unexplainable symptoms across the placenta.
in a particular client.
A sample drug label
DRUG INTERACTION
- occurs when the administration of one drug before,
at the same time as, or after another drug alters the
effect of one or both drugs.
- may be beneficial or harmful.
▪ INHIBITING EFFECT
- decreasing the effect of drug
▪ POTENTIATING EFFECT
- increasing the effect of drug
⇨ ADDITIVE EFFECT
- when two of the same types of drug increase the
action of each other
⇨ SYNERGISTIC EFFECT
e- occurs when two different drugs increase the
action of one or another drug.
GROUPING OF DRUGS
▪ Names may reflect the conditions for which they are
used (e.g. antidepressants)
▪ May reflect their chemical characteristics
(benzodiazepines)
▪ May reflect the effects on body systems (central
nervous system depressants)
* A pharmacologic class groups drugs by their shared
characteristics. A therapeutic class groups drugs by their “FIVE-PLUS-FIVE”
therapeutic use. RIGHTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
▪ Foundation for medication safety
PROTOTYPE DRUGS ▪ Nurse should follow the original five rights:
▪ Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs are - Right patient - Right drug
called Prototypes - Right dose - Right route
▪ May be the first drugs of this group to be developed - Right time
(e.g., penicillin for antibiotics, morphine for opioid ▪ Experience shows that five additional rights are
analgesics) essential to professional nursing practice:
- right assessment - right documentation
- patient’s right to education
- right evaluation
- patient’s right to refuse.
PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
▪ Cat. A - studies in pregnant women failed to show risk
to the fetus
▪ Cat. B - animal studies have failed to show a risk to the
fetus but there are no adequate studies in women
▪ Cat. C -animal studies have shown an adverse effect on
the fetus, no adequate human studies, benefits may
outweigh risks
▪ Cat. D - positive evidence of human fetal risk
▪ Cat. X - animal or human studies have shown fetal
abnormalities or toxicity

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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

▪ PHARMACOLOGY - is the study of the effect of drugs

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