CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

All around the world, understanding of concept of consumption is very important for
overall economy. Consumption is act of using goods and services to satisfy human
needs and desires. Most business activist in the world is aimed at providing goods and
services for consumption. The value of goods and service families consume depends
almost entirely on its income and wealth. (Henry, 2005)

According to Henry, 2005 Americans spend more than 95% of their after -tax income
on consumer goods and services. About 2/3 of all the goods and services that
produced in USA in each year are used by consumers. The remaining1/3 is used by
the government or invested in buildings, manufacturing machinery, other forms of
capital in America, or other countries of world. (Henry, 2005)

According to the idea of Manikew, 2000 Consumption consists of the goods and
services are bought by household in different product categories. It makes up 2/3 of
GDP. (Manikew, 2000)
About 85% of total population of Ethiopia lives in rural area and practicing in
agriculture sector with subsistence farming system. Compared to thus production
systems with its population growth rate, it is difficult for each household head to feed
his or her family. In Ethiopia the household consumption behavior is in the lowest
level. This is because, since most people in Ethiopia produced agricultural products
and these products are both price and income inelastic the return from such types of
production is very low. (Soni, 2007)

According to Sitotaw and Negus, 2005, the household consumption behaviors in the
world and country even at regional level are different, due to the variation of income
and other variables among nations and people in the world. In Amhara region
households faces problems in all aspects to satisfy their needs. Because individuals

1
cannot give value for work this leads to he/she have not enough income to maximize
his/her living standard. When individual households` income increase, consumption
and saving also increase and vice versa. (Sitotaw and Negus, 2005)

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Theoretically, there are many different factors which determine the growth of the
overall economy of the country. Among these, the most important determinant is
consumption of household. It has the attention of micro economists who is interesting
in studying the effect of household behavior on the behavior of consumption in
explaining the economy (A. koutsoyinnis, 2006).

According to M. Friedman (2004) in microeconomic term total consumption

expenditure of household is the sum of value of all varieties of goods and service
purchased (i.e. prices times quantity). (M. Friedman, 2004)

According to Harrods and Domar (1950) as cited by Todaro (2012) saving or

investment are almost proportional and affected by consumption level. That is if
household consumption has such type effect on the economy, the economy has
changed. This leads to conduct a research on house hold consumption behavior.
Especially, the low income level in least developed countries like our country
Ethiopia, household is more interested on consumption than investment. Thus the
consumption levels of household can determine the investment level of country.
(Todaro, 2012)

In addition to this Zelalem (2005) analyzed household consumption behavior in Addis

Ababa by using 871 HHs as a sample size with simple random sampling technique.
His methodology was both descriptive and econometrical. The variables that he used
as explanatory were HH income and family size. Accordingly, both explanatory
variables affect HH consumption positively. Dawit, (2016) also tries to analyze a
study on household consumption behavior in woldya city. He also analyzed his study
by considering household income, family size, age, education and other family
dependent on household as main determinants of household consumption behavior.

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In general most researchers such as (Zelalem, 2005; Dawit, 2016), conducted with
related to this topic, but they cannot incorporate the variable expectations of
households in their studies. There for the study attempt to full fill this study gap, by
adding this variable. On the other hand some of the studies have done using
descriptive analysis. But this study will be accomplished by using econometrics
model especially ordinary least square (OLS) estimation methods.

Bichena is one of the town in eastern gojjam administrative zone, the household
consumption in most part of Keble’s in this town is at low level, due to different
factors like education level, family size, administration problem, socio-economic
problem, income constraint, market problem etc. (BFEDO,2011). However, there is
no research have been done in identifying the major responsible factors that is
responsible for household consumption behavior in study area. Therefore, this study
will be believed to fill the gap by assessing the main factors of household
consumption behavior in the study area.

1.3 Research question

 What is the consumption pattern of households in Bichena town?

 What are the factors that affect household consumption behavior?

 Which factors are more responsible for determining household consumption

behavior in Bichena town?

1.4 Objective of the Study

1.4.1 General objective

The main objective of the study will be identifying the determinants of household
consumption in Bichena town.

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 1.4.2 Specific objective

 To assess the consumption pattern of households.

 To identify the factors that affect household's consumption behavior.

 To determine which factors are more responsible for determining household

consumption behavior.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study will provide information and frame work to residents of Bichena town
about consumption pattern. The findings of the study will to initiate other interested
bodies to undertake a better and detailed study in this area, and it may also draw
attention of researchers to the importance of understanding and knowing the
household consumption behavior to help in designing policies and strategies for future
development of the country and welfare of the society as a whole.

1.7. Scope of the Study

A household consumption behavior analysis involves a range of activities, which
needs time to cover all details; it requires understanding the resource base of a
particular area in relation to particular group of people. Moreover, the household
consumption behaviors are numerous, and vary from one household to the other.
Likewise, factors that affect household consumption behavior also vary. However it is
difficult to investigate all consumption behaviors and factors influencing household
consumption behavior the study cover it to the major and common ones, which are
found to be relevant to the topics and research area.

In line with this, for reasons associated with time and resource, the scope of the study
is limit on three selected kebeles in Bichena town such as 01, 02 and 03 kebeles.

1.8 Limitation of the study

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This study will be faced the following limitations with related to time and cost,
another limitation of the study will be concerned with data collection and reference
materials. Having thus problems the study will aim to resist these problems and do the
study effectively.

1.9. Organization of the study

This study contains three chapters. The first chapter deals with introduction part
which includes background of the study, statement of the problem, research question,
objective of the study, Hypothesis of the study, significance of the study, scope of the
study, limitation of the study and organization of the study. The second chapter deal
about review of literature, the third chapter deals with methodology of the study.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of Theoretical Literature

2.1.1 Definitions of Consumption

Consumption: - is defined as expenditure of household on final goods and services.

Each household consumes food, clothe, home furniture, TV sets, hair cut services, etc.
The consumption of goods and services is to get satisfaction. (C.KBansal, 2002)
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Consumption Expenditure: - is defined as expenditure on goods and services to
satisfy needs and wants. It includes expenditure on food products, medicine,
education; culture and social participation such as Idir, miscellaneous which includes
electricity, water, telephone bill (Boys Melvin (2005).

Consumption function: - is the schedule, which describes the amount of

consumption at various levels of income. It is distinguishing from amount of
consumption, which is the amount of at specific level of income. (Dr.H.LAhuja,
2008)

Household consumption equilibrium involves, first, a set of wants it is attending and a

want satisfaction target for each. Second, a collection of activities and activity levels
it is using to meet each want, and a customary balance among the several. Third,
purchases of inputs associated with those activities and third differential employment.
In equilibrium, the mix of activities and their levels, and how the household organizes
its activities, just meets want satisfaction targets, and the purchases of inputs fit within
the household budget and time constraints with little slack. And of particular
importance the household has no tendency to changed circumstance, or changes are
the thing it knows or believes (Nelson et al, 2010).

2.1.2 Theories of Consumer Behaviour

Consumer behavior means how consumers decide on the basket of goods and services
they consume. It is essentially decision making behavior. In most cases, behavior of
consumer measured by its utility.

Utility refers to the numerical score responding the satisfaction that a consumer gets
from a market basket. In other words, utility is device used to simplify the ranking of
market basket. Alternatively, utility of a commodity is the basis of demand for it.

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 2.1.3 Approaches to the Analysis of Consumer Behaviour

In the study there are four main approaches to the analysis of consumer behavior.

A. Cardinal Utility Approach

It states that utility is measurable in cardinal absolute terms.

Assumptions

 Rationality: - it is assumed that the consumer is rational being in the sense

that he or she satisfies his/her wants in order of their merits.
 Limited money income: - the consumer has a limited money income to spend
on the goods and services he/ she choose to consume.
 Maximization of satisfaction: - every rational consumer intends to maximize
his /her satisfaction from his/her given money income.
 Utility is cardinally measurable: - the cardinalists assume that utility is
cardinally measurable that is it can be measured in absolute terms. For them,
utility of one unit of a commodity equal of the amount paid for it.
 Diminishing marginal utility: - the cardinality assumed that the gained from
successive unit of a commodity consumed decrease as the consumer consumes
a larger quantity of it.
 Constant utility of money: - the marginal utility of money remains constant
whatever the level of consumer income.
 Utility is additively separable: - utility derived from various goods and
services consumed by consumer can be added together to obtain the total
utility. It can be expressed through utility function. Suppose that the basket of
goods and services consumed by consumer contains “N” items and their
quantity may be expressed as:-

U=F(X 1, X2, X 3 ……..XN)

K Given the utility function above, the total utility obtained from (n) items maybe
expressed as:-

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 UN = U1(X1) + U2(X2) + U3 (X3) + ………………………UN (XN)

B. Ordinal (In Difference Curve) Utility Approach

It is only an expression of the consumer preference for one commodity over another
or for one basket of goods over another.

Assumption

 Rationality: - the consumer is a rational being. He or she aims at maximizing

his or her total satisfaction given his or her income and price of goods and
services he or she consumes. They have full knowledge of their own
circumstance and conditions required for rational decision.
 Ordinal utility: - unlike cardinal utility approach, in difference curve analysis
assume that utility only ordinary measurable. That is, the consumers are able
to express only the order of their preference.
 Transitivity and consistency of choice: - consumers’ choice are assumed to
transitive (A.Koutsoyiannis, 2006).

Transitivity of choice means that of, a consumer prefer, commodity X to Y and Y to

Z, then, they must prefer X to Z or they treat X=Y and Y=Z, they treat X=Z
(A.Koutsoyiannis, 2006).

Consistency choice means that, if they prefer X to Y in one period, they will not
prefer Y to X in another period or treat them as equal, everything remaining the same.

An indifference curve is the locus of points, each representing a different combination

of goods, which yield the same utility or level of satisfaction to the consumer. So that
they are indifferent between any combinations of goods when incomes to making a
choice between them. It also known as ISO utility or equal utility curve (Hiwot, 2007)

C. The Permanent Income Hypothesis

This hypothesis is primarily developed by Milton Friedman (2004) winner of prize in
university of Chicago, Friedman’s point of view is the rejection of the usual concept
of current income and its replacement with permanent income. A household

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permanent income in any one year is in no sense indicated by its current income to be
received over a long period of time, stretching out over a number of future years.
Friedman puts this permanent income is to be interpreted as the mean income regard
as permanent by the consumer unit in question which in turn depends on its horizon
(Dorn bush, 1975)

Households measured or observed income in any particular year may be larger or

smaller than its permanent income. Friedman divides the households measured yearly
income into permanent and transitory income, so that is measured income is large or
smaller than its permanent income depending on the sum of positive and negative
transitory income components. In the same way, Friedman divides measured
consumption in to permanent and transitory components. A good purchased because
of an attractive sale price or a normal purchase deferred due to unavailability of the
good are examples of positive and negative transitory consumption (Mankiew,2000).

D. the Life Cycle Hypothesis

This hypothesis developed by Franco Modigliani (1985) a novel prize winner in
economic science. It is like Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis in that the
individual consumption in any given time period does not depend on to a significant
degree on his income during that period but depends on value of expected income
wealth.

The life cycle hypothesis is based on the argument that the rate of consumption in any
given period is a facet of plan, which extends, over his life cycle, although his income
displays a quit different pattern over the same year.

According to him, age structure of the population is an important determinate of

consumption pattern of different households in the economy. Consumption over some
one’s life time cannot exceeds his life time income unless that person is born wealth
then according to Franco consumption spending is financed by life time income and
wealth.

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One important reason that income varies over a person life is retirement. Host people
plan to stop working at about age 65 and expect their income to fall when they retire.
Yet they do not want large drop in their standard of living, as measured by their
consumption. To maintain consumption after retirement, people must save during
their working years (Mankiew, 2000).

Based on the life cycle hypothesis, when a household enjoys an increasing or

decreasing in income, there will be little effect on consumption.

2.2 Review of Empirical Literatures

Zelalem (2005) analyzed household consumption behavior in Addis Ababa by using

871 HHS as a sample size with simple random sampling technique. His methodology
was both descriptive and econometrical. The variables that he used as explanatory
were HH income and family size. Accordingly, both explanatory variables affect HH
consumption positively.

Additionally, Tadess kuma, (2010) analyzed changes in consumption patterns in

urban Ethiopia, Addis Ababa by using working lesser demand function as a dependent
variable, per capital income and other demand factors like dependence ratio, age and
family as independent variables. His methodology was both descriptive and
econometrical. According to his finding, age affects food demand negatively.

The demand for high value food items (example: meat, milk vegetables and fruits)
increase with higher income. They are also expensive source of energy. This implies
that poor households are unlike to access them. This is largely because poor
households prioritize to fulfill their basic energy requirement to avoid hunger. This is

10
mainly because high value food to be expensive source of energy for them.
Households with income near to subsistence level, consume large quantities of grains
and starchy staples and few fruits, vegetable, meat, milk, and milk products.
Consumer preferences on the other hand, shape the decision of consumer what to do
consume or not. Poor households, until they meet physiological need to satisfy
hunger, they have little choice but to focus on cheap sources of energy as grains and
starchy staples. Once they satisfied their basic energy needs, households start to
diversify their diets by including animals’ food sources, dairy products and fruits and
vegetable (Ruel et al, (2005) cited in Tadess kuma, (2010).

Dawit, (2016) used descriptive statement to identify the determinants of household

consumption behavior in woldia city. He used both primary and secondary data, the
result in household income, family size, age, education and other family dependent on
household as main determinants of household consumption behavior that determine a
household do not consume appropriately.

Generally, even though many researchers try to investigate effectively on household

consumption behavior in Ethiopia, they were not considered expectation of household
as a determinant of household consumption behavior. However, the study will be tried
to investigate by adding this variable.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
3.1 Description of study area

Bichena is a town in west central Ethiopia, located in the east gojjam zone of amhara
region. It is located at 169km to north of the city of Addis Ababa and 155km to south
east of Bahir Dar city. Astronomically, it is located 10.24⁰N-10.34⁰N latitude and
38.9⁰E-38.4⁰E longitude. Attitudinally, it is more of woina Dega being located
between 1480m-2400m above sea level. The topography of the town is gentile slope.
Currently Bichena town has 8 kebeles. It is the administrative canter of Enemay
woreda. It has a total land mass of 6945 hectares. The town has been experiencing
rapid urbanization and population increase. For instance, the 1984 and 1994
population censes put the population size of the town at 12570 and 16340,
respectively-an increase of 30% of the population in just 10 years. According to the
population and housing census of 2007, the population of the town reached about
27966, the population in 2007 increased by71.2% from its level in 1990s showing
also the very rapid rate of urbanization taking place in the town (BFEDO, 2011).

The climatic condition of the town is such that the mean annual maximum and
minimum temperature is 20.7°c and 7.5°c, respectively. The mean annual maximum
and the mean minimum rainfall of the town are recorded to be about 1200 mm and
2200 mm in the order of mention. The highest rainfall concentration occurs from the

12
middle of May to the end of September showing that the duration is short but the
intensity is relatively high in the town. (BFEDO, 2011)

3.2 Research design

Under this section the study will be used different information gathering technique
such as observations, Questioners and interview, the subject of the study, tools of the
data gathering methods and procedures of data analyses and interpretation will be
discussed

3.3 Types of data

Cross sectional data will be used. Cross sectional data or cross section of a study
population in statistics and econometrics is a type of data collected by observing
many subjects (such as individuals) at the same point of time or without regard to
difference in time, analysis of cross sectional data usually consists of comparing the
differences among the subjects. Cross sectional data can be used in cross sectional
regression, which is regression analysis of cross sectional data (Brady et al, 2008).
since it is important for the values one or more than one variable are collected for
several sample unites at the same points in time, the researcher collect the data from
the respondents directly in a particular time.

3.4 Source and method of data collection

3.4.1 Data source

In this study both primary and secondary sources of data will be used. The source of
data’s included in central statics agency of Bichena town of finance and economic
development office, written document, books, journal report etc.

3.4.2 Method of data collection

As both primary and secondary data will be used, the appropriate method of data
collection for primary data will be questionnaires for sample households, interview
with town administrative and other response bodies. Likewise the secondary data’s
will be collected from books, journal reports and other related documents.
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3.5 Sample and sampling technique
There are two main sampling techniques in modern research study. These are
probability sampling and non- probability sampling. The study used simple random
sampling techniques i.e. purposive with homogenous population in various aspects,
like, culture, living standard etc. it is the simplest and easiest method of probability
sampling. It`s sampling procedure in which each element of the household has an
equal time chance of being selected in to sample. From the entire 8 kebeles of
Bichena town the researcher will be select three kebele such as, (01 kebele, 02 kebele
and 03 kebele), because, all kebele in this town have homogeneous character in
culturally and socially of households. So, the study allocate the sample size via simple
random sampling in each element of household has equal chance being selected in to
the sample.

Based on the data obtained from (BFEDO, 2011) the total number of household in
bichena town is 1900.

To determine the sample size the researcher might consider factors like cost, time etc.
so total size of 95 respondents are selected randomly by using Yamane sample size
formula in.

n=N/1+N (e2) Where: n= sample size

N=total number of households

e= expected error that the researcher committed when gathering data.

The number of household is equal to 1900 (610, from 01 kebele, 623, from 02 kebele,
and 667, from 03 Keble) and take 10% error term.

n =1900/1+1900 (0.12)

=1900/1+1900 (0.01)

=1900/1+19

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 =1900/20

=95

Among this, from 01 Keble (610*95/1900) =31, from 02 Keble (623 *95/1900) =31,
and 03 Keble (667*95/1900) =33 respondents will select randomly. The technique
will apply as gives equal chance to all household that will be selected as a sample and
they represents the entry of household in all Keble’s due to homogeneity of Keble’s.

Table 3.1 determining of sample size

No. of kebele No. of house hold Sample size

01 610 31

02 623 31

03 667 33

Total 1900 95

Source; own survey, 2019

3.6 Model specification

As mention earlier the study will be apply econometrics tools in order to analysis in
the determinants of household consumption behavior ordinary least square(OLS)
method will be employ with dependent variable. OLS is particularly powerful as it
relatively easy to also check the model assumption such as linearity, constant variance
and the effects of outliers using simple graphical methods (Hutcheson and Sofroniou,
1999). In this study the dependent and independent variables have linear relationship.
Therefor OLS method is appropriate to show the linear relationship between the two
variables.

CT =β0+ β1yd +β2 Ni+β3Educi+β4Agei+ β5Si

15
 +β6Expc+β7Invst+β8Odf+ Ui

CT = total household consumption per month

yd. =household disposable income per month

Ni =household family size

Educ =education level of household head in years

Age = age of household head in year

Si = household saving status

Expec = expectation of household head

Invest= investment status of household

Odf= other family that dependent on the household

Ui =error term

Bi=coefficient of explanatory variables

B0 =autonomous consumption or constant

3.7 Expected Sign (Hypothesis) and Description of Variables

3.7.1 Expected sign (Hypothesis)

The variables which are incorporated in the model with expected signs are given
by the following tables

No Variable name Symbol Description Expected sign

1 Income Yd Income of household +

2 Family size Ni Total number of household +

member

3 Age Age Age of household head _

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4 Education level Educ Educational level +

household head

5 Saving status Si Household saving _

6 Expectation Expec Expectations of the +

household head

7 Investment Invest Investment level of _

households

8 Other dependent Odf Other dependent family on

family household head +

Source; self-developed (2019)

3.7.2 Description of variable

3.7.1.1 Dependent variable

Total household consumption (CT):- It is the sum of all expenditure of household to

satisfy their wants. It is a continuous variable with the following components:

expenditure on food and drink (cereal, vegetable, fruit, milk, and milk product,
alcohol, chat and cigarette), expenditure on clothing including foot ware (shoe),
expenditure on housing (building materials, housing maintain ace and rent),
expenditure on culture and social (expenditures on different ceremonies, contribution
on idir, donation to religious institution), expenditure on miscellaneous (water bills,
electricity bills, telephone bill including mobile card payment), expenditure on school
fee (school fees and other education expenditure), expenditure on medical service
(health treatment, durable goods fuel, utilities, personal care, transportation and non-
durable goods).

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3.7.1.2 Independent variable

Household disposable income (yd.):- It is the income after tax (net income of

household from different source of income).This variable is continuous and the

expected sign will be positive.

Family size (Ni):- It is the total numbers of household members. This variable is

continuous and the expected sign will be positive.

Age of household head (Age):- It`s one of the determinant of household consumption.

It measure the age of the household head in year. This variable is continuous and the
expected sign will be negative.

Education level of household head (Educ):- It is the number of years of schooling

attained by the simple household head up time of the survey. This variable is
continuous and the expected sign will be positive.

Saving status of household (Si):- It is a deposited income after consumption. It is a

continuous variable and the expected sign will be negative.

Expectation of household (Expec):- is one of the determinant of household

consumption, it is a belief about what might happen in the future This variable is dummy
(1= certain and 0= uncertain) and the expected sign will be positive.

Investment of household (Invest):- it is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but

are used in the future to create wealth for households and its expected sign will be

negative.

Other dependent family household (Odf):- It is a continuous variable and represent the

other household depend on the household and expected sign of this variable will be
positive.

3.8 method of data analysis

After the collection of the necessary data, the data analysis will be carried out by

18
using both descriptive and econometric analysis. In the descriptive analysis different
table, pie chart and percentage are used to describe the information clearly. For
econometrical analysis, the study will be concentrated on the variables, such as,
household disposable income (yd.), household family size (Ni), age of household head
(Age), household head education level (Educ), total household saving status (Si),
expectation of household (Expec), investment of household (Invest) and other
dependent family household (Odf) as explanatory variable and total household
consumption (CT) as dependent variable using ordinary least square (OLS) estimation
method. Additionally, t-test (variable significant), prob>F, Multicollinearity and
Hetrosecedasticity problems will be tested. This estimation technique is working out
with the help of STATA software application program method. The study uses
ordinary least square estimation method (OLS) the reason is that OLS is the most
frequently used estimator due to the fact that, it has some optional properties; best,
linear and unbiased estimation(BLUE) than any other estimators(Gujirat, 2004).

3.9 TIME AND COST BUDGET

3.9.1 BUDGET OF TIME

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Time plan or time budget is a time table explaining how the researcher expected to
carry out his project. It is a plan in terms of months and expected completion.

Dates, it is present in the table form or charts in the following schedule

2019/2020

NO ACTIVITY NOV DEC JANUARY FEBRA MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

1 Problem X

identificatio

2 Topic X

selection

3 Literature X

review

4 Proposal X

writing

5 Proposal X

submission

6 Proposal X

paper

defence.

7 Data X

collection

and process

8 Data X

analysis and

interpretatio

9 First draft X

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 report

writing

10 Final report X

writing

11 Paper X

presentation

3.9.2 COST BUDGET

Cost budget refer to budget required to conduct the study which comprise the
materials and resource required.

No ITEMS Unit cost (in Number of Total

birr) required cost

1 Pen and pencil 10&5 3&1 35

2 Flash memory 16GB 200 1 200

4 Paper 0.50 30 15
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5 Telephone expense 25 4 100

6 Binding 15 1 15

7 Transportation rent 1000 1 1000

8 Typing and printing 1.50 26 39

9 Miscellanies 100

Total 1504

REFERENCE

 A.koutsoyiannis (2006). Modern Micro Economics University of

ottawaoontario.

 Central statistical agency (2007). Census report of Ethiopia, AA, Ethiopia.

 Dawit H. (2016). Determinants of household consumption behavior,

Mekelle.

 Dourn bush, (1975).Macroeconomics, consumption and saving Chicago

University, USA.

 Guajarati D. (2004). Basic econometrics, United States of America, Mc

Graw-Hill press.

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 Henery J. Aaron. (2001) world book, vol.4USA, Chicago

 M. Friedman (2004), a theory of the consumption function (Princeton, N.J.:

Princeton university press.

 M. Gregory Mankiew (2000), Macroeconomics, Harvard University press.

 Modigliani F. (1985) the life cycle hypothesis of saving, the demand for
wealth and the supply of capital, social research, Issue 33, pp.106-217.

 Nelson R. and David, (2010), an evolutionary theory of HH consumption

behavior, Colombia University New York, USA and university of
Manchester, UK

 Bemnet and Woliams, (2008). Analysis of change in food consumption

patterns in urban Ethiopia. Ethiopian development research institute AA,
Ethiopia.

 Robert Mc Henery, (2005), economic theory world book, vol.17.

 Sitotaw and Nigus, (2006), introduction to economics. AA, Kuraz

international publisher.

 Soni, R.N (2007). Leading issues in agricultural economics theoretical and

applied New Delhi.

 Zelalem T, (2005), analysis of household consumption behavior. Ethiopia,

AA university.

 Tadess k, (2010). Analysis of change in food consumption patternes in

urban Ethiopia. Ethiopia development research institute AA, Ethiopia.

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