6 Armorer's Handbook v1.7

t b o kjdpcoto
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- BL@MHJJA -
U O L V J @ & L X D J X
_ V E X L M O [ ^[ ] O D

tbo kjdpcoto
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- BL@MHJJA -
B O lv y l X 󰁄 [
Mnskjrm9 mnskjrm.ee/iy󰀽EuRs ]wnttor9 FMDbolvylrds
]wnttor9 Aj-Gn9 aj-﬌.kjd/bolvylrds
M_@EOJ@[ & MXLEJ@[, M&M, Unzlrms Unzlrms jg tbo Kjlst, Gjrejtto` Xolcds, Xlvo`cjgt, Ohorrj`, tbo mrlej` ldporsl`m, Xlv`nkl l`m lcc jtbor Unzlrms jg tbo Kjlst prjmukt `ldos, l`m tbonr rospoktnvo
cjejs lro trlmodlras jg Unzlrms jg tbo Kjlst n` tbo _[L l`m jtbor kju`trnos.
]bns wjra kj`tln`s dltornlc tblt ns kjpyrnebt Unzlrms jg tbo Kjlst l`m/jr jtbor lutbjrs. [ukb dltornlc ns usom wntb pordnssnj` u`mor tbo Kjddu`nty Kj`to`t Leroodo`t
Leroodo`t gjr Muèoj` Dlstors Euncm.
Lcc jtbor jrnen`lc dltornlc n` tbns wjra ns kjpyrnebt 󰀸󰀶󰀸󰀶 hy tbo lutbjr l`m puhcnsbom u`mor tbo Kjddu`nty Kj`to`t Leroodo`t gjr Muèoj` Dlstors
Dlstors Euncm.

Kromnts Kj`to`ts
Urntnè l`m Mosne`9 bolvylrds
Mosne`9 bolvylrds N`trjmuktnj` .................
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_snè ]bns [uppcodo`t .....................
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Dokbl`nklc Omntnè9 @ndlmodo
Omntnè9 @ndlmodo
Kb. <9 Lrds 󰀧 Lrdjr ..................
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[tyco Omntnè9 hclkadleo,
Omntnè9 hclkadleo, Mrlej`hjr`Mjue _perlmnè Oqunpdo`t ..................
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Clyjut9 bolvylrds
Clyjut9 bolvylrds Lrdjr l`m [bnocms
[bn ocms .................
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Uolpj`s ........
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Erlpbnk Mosne`9 ]o
Mosne`9 ]odpclto
dpclto mosne` l`m lmmntnj`lc voktjr ndleos hy Lmmntnj`lc Jptnj`s .........
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@ltbl`lác Xjux (hlralcjtmosne`s.kjd), djmn﬌om l`m puhcnsbom hy
bolvylrds Kb. 89 Xuò Dlenk ..................
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Xuòstjòs ................
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[poknlc ]blàs9 Mj`\unxjtoN`klr`lto
]blàs9 Mj`\unxjtoN`klr`lto l`m @nrMnò gjr tbonr Xuòsdntbnè
Xuòsdntbn` e ..................
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n`vlculhco goomhlka Xuòsdntb„„s Euncm ................
Xuòsdntb .................................
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Lmmntnj`lc Jptnj`s .........
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Kjvor Nccustrltnj`9 Ovo`
Nccustrltnj`9 Ovo` Ldu`mso`
Xuòstjòs L‛Y.................
L‛Y..................................
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N`tornjr Nccustrltnj`9 Mol`
Nccustrltnj`9 Mol` [po`kor, Ovo` Ldu`mso`, Mldnl`
Lppo`mnkos ..................
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Lumn`j, Lcoxl`mor Vjausly
Vjausly,, Dltt Gjrsytb, ]jdlsz
]jdlsz Kbnstjwsan,
Lpp. L9 Uolpj` _perlmo L`lcysns L`lcy sns ........................
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... 8;
[lduoc Ald, L``lmoc Kn`kj
Lpp. H9 Uolpj` _perlmo \unka Xogoro`ko ........................ ............... ...............
...... 8=
Lcc lrtwjra usom wntb pordnssnj` jr u`mor cnko`so. Lcc rnebts Lpp. K9 Xuòsdntbnè
Xuòsdn tbnè Vrjhlhncnty
Vrjhlhn cnty ]lhcos .........................
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rosorvom. Lpp. M9 GL\ ........
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J@ ]BO KJWOX
Ovo` Ldu`mso` saotkbos tbo mwlrvo` hclkasdntb ]bjrclv
Hrlw`l`vnc wjranè tnrocosscy lt tbo gjreo”modj`strltnè tblt
prlktnko rolccy mjos dlao porgokt.
Mnskclndor9 Ubnco oxpcjrnè gjrejtto` krypts gucc jg vldpnros, ebjsts, l`m worowjcvos gjr slkagucs jg
dlenk ntods ns jgto` rowlrmnè, jur grno`m ]brjclv lnds tj prjvo tblt l blrm mly„s erlgt lt tbo gjreo
kl` ho ovo` djro sj. ]bo lutbjr lkkopts `j rospj`snhncnty ng”proso`tom wntb tbns suppcodo`t”yjur
erjup jg lmvo`turors moknmo tj ho`m tbonr oﬆjrts tjwlrm djro bjòst pursunts.
pursunts .
X󰁯󰁷󰁮󰁻󰁮󰁪󰁠 <.5 / G󰁯󰁨󰁸󰁿󰁬󰁸󰁾 8686
Gjrowjrm
Borjos hoen` cngo ls l hclà kl`vls wntb l gow hrjlm strjaos, l`m tbrjueb rjcopcly”ejnè j` lmvo`turos, ﬌ebtnè opnk
dj`stors, l`m spolanè tbrjueb tbod”djro strjaos lro lmmom, l`m l pnkturo hoen`s tj odoreo. @jt ovorytbnè wo mrold
up wncc dlao tbo kut, l`m sjdotndos tbns ns muo tj l cndntltnj` jg tbo eldo. Dlenk ntods tl`tlcnzo us wntb oxtrljrmn`lry
lhncntnos tblt ru` wncm n` jur bolm kl``j`, hut wolvnè tbod n`tj jur stjry ns l` lkt clreocy hoyj`m jur kj`trjc. Uo hokjdo
lwlro jg tbo klroguc hlcl`knè lkt hotwoo` dokbl`nklc lpprjprnltoòss l`m wnsb guc﬌ccdo`t, l`m tbo mn﬋kuctnos glknè tbo
Muèoj` Dlstor n` trynè tj envo us wblt wo wl`t wntbjut envnè tjj dukb (l`m jgto` glncnè spoktlkuclrcy). N` tbo o`m, wo
sottco. Uo lkkopt tblt tbo MD bls o`jueb j` tbonr pclto wntbjut grottnè tjj dukb jvor tbo glkt jur ﬌ro-hroltbnè tlhlxn
hlrhlrnl` kl`„t ﬈y yot.
Ng tbns suppcodo`t sjcvom tboso prjhcods nt wjucm ho kjjc, hut nt mjos dukb djro tbl` tblt”wbnkb dlaos nt erolt. L
rnmnkucjus ldju`t jg ltto`tnj` bls hoo` envo` tj ovory motlnc n` tbo gjccjwnè pleos9 nt kj`stl`tcy hjdhlrms yju wntb erolt
nmols l`m ovo` hottor oxokutnj`, l`m bjòstcy, nt cjjas ldlznè wbnco mjnè sj.
]boro lro l bu`mrom rolsj`s tj rolm tbns mjkudo`t, hut N„d `jt ejnè tj tocc yju tblt yju sbjucm iust hokluso nts
lwosjdo (nt ns) hut hokluso N eoùnòcy tbnà `j dlttor tbo styco jg yjur eldo, tbo coètb jg yjur sossnj`s, jr yjur covoc jg
oxporno`ko, tboro„s sjdotbnè n` boro gjr yju.
Djst ndpjrtl`tcy, yju sbjucm rolm nt hokluso tblt enl`t antty sbjucm ﬈y, l`m nts krndn`lc tblt nt kl`„t lcrolmy mj sj.
”Dlrtä` Mlvnkj
Dlstor Cjkasdntb

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󰁠 󰁪󰁸󰁭󰁮󰁠󰁬󰁸󰁾 󰁣󰁪󰁠󰁥󰁻󰁵󰁪󰁸󰁭, 󰁬 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁽 Kblptor 8 oxpl`ms j` tbo ru`nk

tbo ru`nk uperlmo
uperlmo proso`tom n`
grjd yjur gltbor hogjro o`tornè tbo ﬌rst kblptor, lktnè ls tbo hrnmeo tj ndhunè du`mlò
n`tj tbo Anè„s sorvnko. ]bo hjw oqunpdo`t wntb dlenklc oﬆokts. Xuòstjòs, krlgtom grjd
yju klrrnom j` yjur ﬌rst bu`t. ]bo eodstjòs, kl` ho l﬋xom tj ru`nk oqunpdo`t l`m lkt ls
lxo tblt molct tbo anccnè hcjw l kj`munt gjr tbo pjworguc dlenks kj`tlnòm wntbn`, hut N
@
tj tbo golrsjdo hueholr Aclre. kbl`òcnè sukb dlenks roqunrosm lttuòdo`t hy tbo ]
X
]j l`yjò ocso, tboso ntods lro wnocmor.. ]bns kblptor lcsj n`trjmukos
wnocmor n`trj mukos l kjdpcoto rucosot
rucoso t J
M
u`rodlralhco9 tboy blrhjur `j o`lhcnè kblrlktors tj krolto tbonr jw` ruòstjòs usnè l _
K
pjworguc dlenk, `jr lro tboy hrl`m òw sot jg lrtnsl`„
lrtnsl`„ss tjjcs. ]
N
ko`trlc tj l`y erolt prjpboky, jr spjao` jg hy stjrytoccors J
n` tlvor`s l`m lrju`m kldp﬌ros. Bjwovor, tj yju, tboy Ublt tbo
tbo [uppcodo`t
[uppcodo`t Vrjvnmos
Vrjvnmos @
bjcm l spoknlc sne`n﬌kl`ko, l`m lro lcrolmy plrt jg yjur ]bns suppcodo`t prjvnmos l kjdpcoto grldowjra gjr
stjry”l stjry ls yot u`tjcm.
]bo ﬌rst n` l sornos jg krlgtnè l`m tjjcant oxpl`snj`s gjr puttnè yjur borjos
l`m prjerossnj`, n` kblreo
jﬆornè jg tbonr `lrrltnvo
kjdpoccnè oqunpdo`t socoktnj`
jppjrtu`n-
tbo ﬌gtb omntnj` jg M󰁿󰁠󰁥󰁯󰁪󰁠󰁻 & M󰁸󰁬󰁥󰁪󰁠󰁻, tbo Kjdpcoto tnos, l`m n`trjmuknè l dukb-òomom strukturom ejcm-snà
Lrdjror„s Bl`mhjja prjvnmos
prjvnmos l wolctb jg òw jptnj`s gjr n`tj ﬌gtb omntnj` wntbjut rovortnè tj dlenk ntod sbjps jr
djmngynè, uperlmnè, l`m dln`tln`nè oqunpdo`t. Djro- lmvorsocy lﬆoktnè eldo hlcl`ko. N` suddlry, tbns suppco-
jvor, nt prjvnmos spokn﬌k l`m n`torlktnvo rjcos gjr vlrnjus do`t ns l kjdpcoto pcue l`m pcly grldowjra tblt hrnès
@VK krlgtsporsj`s tj bocp hroltbo cngo n`tj yjur eldos. tbo gjccjwnè hoò﬌ts tj yjur eldos9
]bo wjrcms jg M&M lro gucc jg pojpco n` òom jg lssnstl`ko
grjd l` erjup jg kjurleojus lmvo`turors”nt kl`„t burt tj • N`krolsom pclyor leo`ky l`m
l`m gjrosnebt jvor oqunpdo`t
n`trjmuko l gow wbjso bocp ns òomom n` tur`! prjerossnj`”dlao oqunpdo`t prjerossnj` ls gu` ls
covoccnè up!
_snè ]bns [uppcodo`t • @lrrltnvo n`vostdo`t n` oqunpdo`t hy jﬆornè l`
lctor`ltnvo tj ropclkodo`t ls l` uperlmo pltb.
Urntto` gjr hjtb pclyors l`m Muèoj` Dlstors, tbns
t bns
suppcodo`t prjvnmos ovorytbnè yju òom tj n`trjmuko • L gu` l`m n`torlktnvo djòy snà wntb
wntb tlènhco hoò﬌ts
kustjdnzlhco lrds l`m lrdjr n`tj yjur eldo. ]bo rucos l`m strukturom prjerossnj`.
gjr uperlmnè oqunpdo`t proso`tom boron` huncm j` tbo • Xomukos tbo moknsnj`-dlanè jvorbolm j` tbo Muèoj`
kjro rucos gju`m n` kblptor ? jg tbo Vclyor„s
tbo Vclyor„s Bl`mhjja . N` Dlstor.
lmmntnj`, wboro rogoro`ko ns dlmo tj l` lpprjprnlto lrtn-
sl` jr usnè l` lpprjprnlto sot
s ot jg lrtnsl`„
lrt nsl`„ss tjjcs, tbo "]jjc
"]jjc Ndplkt j` Hlcl`ko
Vrj﬌kno`knos" soktnj` n` kblptor 8 jg Rl`ltblr„s
jg Rl`ltblr„s Eunmo tj
]bo dltornlc kj`tlnòm boron` bls hoo` movocjpom l`m
Ovorytbnè sbjucm
Ovorytbnè sbjucm gu`ktnj` ls yjur eunmo.
tostom jvor l pornjm jg twj yolrs gjr hlcl`ko, kj`snsto`ky,
Kblptor < kjvors tbo prndlry rucosot gjr tbo `j`dlenklc
l`m lmboro`ko tj tbo mosne` oxpoktltnj`s jg j﬋knlc sjurko
ndprjvodo`t jg lrds l`m lrdjr,
lrdjr, ls wocc ls n`trjmuknè
dltornlc (tbo ruòsdntbnè soktnj` ns rocltnvocy òw, hut
òw typos jg lddu`ntnj` gjr rlèom wolpj`s. Nt lcsj
bls hoo` l rjlrnè sukkoss sn`ko nts n`koptnj`!) Ubnco tbo
n`kcumos jptnj`lc rucos gjr oqunpdo`t wolr l`m roplnr
dlijrnty jg jptnj`s lro olsncy lssossom wntbjut erolt òom
l`m proso`ts l vlrnoty jg spoknlc dltornlcs nkj`nk tj tbo
tj stjp l`m kj`snmor, u`plkanè tbo wolpj` uperlmo
M󰁿󰁠󰁥󰁯󰁪󰁠󰁻 & M󰁸󰁬󰁥󰁪󰁠󰁻 ductnvorso tblt lro olsncy n`to-
jptnj`s ns l djro modl`mnè tlsa. Ls sukb, l` l`lcysns jg
erltom n`tj tbo hlso systod lt yjur jptnj`.
tboso uperlmos ns proso`tom n` lppo`mnx L. N` suddlry,
sklcnè tbrjueb tbo wolpj` uperlmo jptnj`s kcjsocy
lpprjxndltos tbo sueeostom vlcuos gjr dlenk ntods n` tbo
Muèoj` Dlstor„s Eunmo ls
Eunmo ls gjccjws9
U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁻󰁪󰁠

Eunmo Vrnko Oqunvlco`t Vjwor
]nor Xlrnty (MDE) _perlmo Kjst
+󰀼 _`kjddj` 󰀼󰀶󰀼‛󰀿󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀻󰀶󰀶‛󰀼,󰀵󰀶󰀶 ep*
+󰀸 Xlro 󰀿󰀶󰀼‛󰀿,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀽,󰀶󰀶󰀶‛󰀿,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep
+󰀻 Wory rlro 󰀿,󰀶󰀶󰀼‛󰀿󰀶,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀷,󰀶󰀶󰀶‛󰀸󰀲,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep
* prnko vlrnos mopo`mnè j` roqunrodo`t jg tbo lhncnty tj jvorkjdo

rosnstl`ko l`m nddu`nty tj `j`dlenklc lttlkas l`m mldleo.
^󰁪󰁿󰁸 E󰁬󰁤󰁯, ^󰁪󰁿󰁸 X󰁿󰁣󰁯󰁻

]boro lro l cjt jg jptnj`s proso`tom n` tbns suppcodo`t, olkb
klplhco jg honè n`trjmukom tj yjur eldo n` l`y kjdhn`ltnj`
jr stl`mlcjò. _snè lcc jptnj`s”jr –lcc systods ej—”ns bjw
N ru` eldos lt dy tlhco. Bjwovor,
Bjwovor, tboro ns `j jò-snzo-﬌ts-lcc.
Ng yju mj`„t cnao l` jptnj`, mrjp nt! Ng sjdotbnè ns`„t qunto
rnebt gjr yjur eldo, kblèo nt! N o`kjurleo yju tj lpprjlkb
tbns suppcodo`t ls l tjjchjx, grjd wbnkb yju kl` tlao
wbltovor wjras gjr yju.
?

K󰁂LV󰁝o󰁘 󰁎9
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󰁌r󰁄s
󰁌r󰁄s 󰀧 󰁌r
󰁌r󰁄j
󰁄j􀁘
􀁘
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L
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L
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󰁬󰁡󰁯 󰁮󰁤󰁶󰁸󰁪󰁷󰁯󰁤󰁯󰁠󰁽󰁻, 󰁠󰁪󰁽 󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁿󰁻󰁯󰁻! _perlmnè l`m Dlenk Ntods

[j ejos tbo slynè jg tbo mwlrvos
jg Dntbrlc Blcc. Uncc yju bjò Muo tj tbonr oxtrljrmn`lry lrtnsl`sbnp l`m dlenklc
yjur hclmo tj l rlzjr„s omeo, jr ron`gjrkodo`t, dlenk ntods kl`„t ho djmn﬌om usnè `jrdlc
n`krolso tbo pju`mleo jg yjur lrtnsl`lc dotbjms. Ls sukb, tbo uperlmos proso`tom n` tbns
hjw wntb l` jncom strnè: Vorblps kblptor kl`„t ho lppcnom tj dlenk ntods.
yjur bluhora wjucm hoò﬌t grjd Gurtbordjro, `jò jg tbo uperlmos proso`tom n` tbns
l cn`nè jg yotn gur gjr l` upkjdnè suppcodo`t kj`gor –dlenk ntod— stltus tj l pnoko jg
ijuròy n`tj tbo dju`tln`s, jr oqunpdo`t, tbjueb kortln` uperlmos dly rosuct n` l pnoko
bjw lhjut n`toerltnè l kcovor kcndhnè blròss n`tj yjur jg oqunpdo`t honè kj`snmorom dlenklc u`mor kortln`
coltbor lrdjr gjr sjdo clto-`nebt –wn`mjw sbjppnè—: knrkudstl`kos.
Xudjr lcsj bls nt tboro„
tboro„ss l òw hroom jg lrtnsl` lhco
ndhuo yjur oqunpdo`t wntb dlenk.
]bns kblptor motlncs tbo jptnj`s lvlnclhco tj l kblrlktor
sooanè tj ndprjvo tbonr oqunpdo`t hy blvnè nt uperlmom
hy l sanccom lrtnsl`. Lcsj proso`tom lro jptnj`lc oxpl`snj`-
lry rucos gjr òw typos jg spoknlc lddu`ntnj`, rlro l`m
spoknlc dltornlc, l`m oqunpdo`t wolr l`m roplnr.
_perlmnè Oqunpdo`t
Ubo` yju krolto yjur kblrlktor, yju rokonvo oqunpdo`t
hlsom j` l kjdhn`ltnj` jg yjur kclss l`m hlkaerju`m. ^ju L
X
moknmo bjw yju kblrlktor kldo hy tbns stlrtnè oqunpdo`t. D
[
L swjrm dnebt ho l gldncy bonrcjjd, plssom grjd gltbor
g ltbor tj &
ocmost kbncm gjr eoòrltnj`s”hut wblt blppo`s wbo` yju L
X
﬌`m sjdotbnè hottor n` iust l gow sbjrt sossnj`s: D
J
_`gjrtu`ltocy tbo kjro rucos mj`„t jﬆor l`y jptnj`s gjr X
tbo sklcnè jg ntods lcjèsnmo tbo pclyor kblrlktor”l`m sj
tblt swjrm ns nòvntlhcy mnsklrmom, klst lwly l`m gjrejtto`.
]bo prjhcod ns twjgjcm9 Gnrst, nt prokcumos tbo n`toerltnj`
jg yjur oqunpdo`t n`tj yjur stjry”ontbor ls plrt jg l
hlkastjry, jr l` ntod hokjdnè n`toerlc plrt jg l kblrlktor
tbrjueb pcly (jr n`moom, hjtb). [okj`m, rospj`snhncnty gjr
oqunpdo`t prjerossnj` ns yot l`jtbor rospj`shncnty j` tbo
sbjucmors jg tbo Muèoj` Dlstor.
]bns suppcodo`t lnds tj lmmross tboso nssuos hy
prjvnmnè l pclyor-mrnvo` systod tblt soldcosscy jvorclys
tbo kjro rucos wntbjut l`y ileeom omeos jr orrltl. Lcc
tblt„s roqunrom jg tbo Muèoj` Dlstor ns tj krolto òw
l`m n`torostnè @VKs tblt yjur kblrlktors wncc kjdo tj
a`jw l`m cjvo.
Cot„s eot stlrtom.
]bo Hlsnks
]bo prjkoss jg uperlmnè l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t lcwlys bls
l ùdhor jg hlsnk roqunrodo`ts roelrmcoss jg nts typo. ]bo
gjccjwnè eoòrlc rucos lppcy wbo` uperlmnè oqunpdo`t
usnè tbns suppcodo`t9
• _perlmos tlao tbo gjrd jg tles. ]les lmm òw
prjportnos tj oqunpdo`t.
• Olkb tle ns u`nquo l`m kl` j`cy ho lppcnom tj
l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t j`ko.
• _perlmnè l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t wntb l òw
tle kl` j`cy ho porgjrdom hy l momnkltom
@VK krlgtsporsj` jg tbo lpprjprnlto mnsknpcnò n` l
wjrasbjp o`vnrj`do`t.
• _perlmnè l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t wntb l òw tle ns l
sanccom o`molvjur,
o`molvjur, tlanè l`ywboro grjd l` bjur tj
@
O djro tbl` l wooa mopo`mnè j` tbo tlsa.
[
M
@
_ • J` yjur lmvo`turos, yju dly
dly kjdo lkrjss oqunpdo`t
D
L lcrolmy pjssossnè tles1 ontbor gjr slco, jﬆorom ls
@
O
W
O
rowlrms, jr lvlnclhco tbrjueb jtbor dol`s.
5

Lrdjr l`m [bnocms

[bnocms _perlmnè Lrdjr
]bns soktnj` ns n`to`mom tj kjdpcndo`t l`m oxpl`m ]boro lro l ùdhor jg jptnj`s lvlnclhco tj l kblrlktor tj
j` tbo "Lrdjr
"Lrdjr l`m [bnocms" soktnj` n` kblptor ? jg tbo uperlmo tbonr lrdjr, grjd bneb-kjst lrdjr prjj﬌è, tj
Vclyor„s Bl`mhjja . usoguc lmmntnj`s cnao n`sucltnj` suntlhco gjr kjcm woltbor
o`vnrj`do`ts. L kjdpcoto cnst jg tboso jptnj`s, ls wocc ls
Lrdjr Xovnsnj`s
Xovnsnj`s kjst l`m l`y lmmntnj`lc roqunrodo`ts, lro sbjw` n` tbo
Lrdjr _perlmos tlhco j` tbo gjccjwnè
gj ccjwnè pleo. N` lmmntnj`
]bo Xovnsom Lrdjr tlhco ns n`to`mom tj ropclko tbo Lrdjr
tj tbo hlsnk rucos gjr uperlmnè, tbo gjccjwnè rucos lppcy
tlhco gju`m n` tbo Vclyor„s
tbo Vclyor„s Bl`mhjja . Vrovnjus `ldos lro
wbo` uperlmnè l sunt jg lrdjr jr j r l sbnocm wntb l òw tle9
rogoro`kom n` hrlkaots gjr tbo purpjsos jg kclss oqunp-
do`t socoktnj`. • L`y proroqunsnto kj`mntnj`s dust ho sltns﬌om tj lppcy l
òw tle, ls sbjw` n` tbo Lrdjr _perlmos tlhco.
Lrdjr Moskrnptnj`s
]bo gjccjwnè òw typos jg lrdjr blvo hoo` lmmom tj tbo • ]ypnklccy, nt tlaos l` lrtnsl` l gucc mly jg wjra (dn`ndud
2 bjurs) tj uperlmo l sunt jg lrdjr jr l sbnocm wntb l
Xovnsom Lrdjr tlhco9 òw tle.
Hrnel`mnò.. Hrnel`mnò ns l sturmy kjlt jg clyorom cnò`
Hrnel`mnò
jr coltbor cnòm wntb sdlcc stooc pcltos rnvotom tj tbo glhrnk. • Lrdjr Vrjj﬌è. ]bo
Vrjj﬌è. ]bo prjj﬌è prjkoss `jrdlccy
Kunrlss. L
Kunrlss. L typo jg lrdjr gjrdom
gj rdom jg l snèco jr ductnpco roqunros l gucc wjrawooa (? mlys) l`m kl` j`cy ho u`mor-
pnokos jg dotlc tblt kjvor tbo tjrsj. L kunrlss eoòrlccy tlao` hy l dlstor lrtnsl`. J`ko lmmom, lrdjr prjj﬌è
rogors tj hjtb l kbost pclto l`m hlka pnoko tjeotbor. tles kl`„t ho rodjvom grjd l sunt jg lrdjr.
Eldhosj`. L
Eldhosj`. L eldhosj` ns l plmmom mogo`snvo ilkaot,
ontbor wjr` soplrltocy jr ls l` u`morcly gjr bolvnor typos
Lrdjr Vrjjgnè
X
jg lrdjr. Nt kl` lcsj mjuhco ls l wn`tor kjlt. ]bo prndlry dotbjm jg uperlmnè lrdjr, prjj﬌è ns tbo
J
D Bluhora. L
Bluhora. L bluhora ns l sbnrt jg dlnc tblt rolkbos
ro lkbos lt prjkoss jg tostnè l`m ndprjvnè l sunt jg lrdjr„s lhncnty tj
X wntbstl`m hcjws jg vlrnjus typos hocjw l kortln` tbrosb-
t brosb-
L colst tj dnm-tbneb l`m n`kcumos scoovos.
& Cldocclr. ]bns ns l typo jg hjmy lrdjr dlmo grjd sdlcc jcm, honè kortn﬌om ls prjjg leln`st swjrms, lrrjws, l`m
[
D roktlèuclr pcltos (sklcos jr cldocclo) jg nrj`, coltbor, jr wlrblddors. Ubnco lcc typos jg lrdjr kl`
k l` ho prjjgom
X leln`st sclsbnè mldleo, j`cy domnud l`m bolvy lrdjrs
L hrj`zo clkom n`tj bjrnzj`tlc rjws.
kl` ho prjjgom leln`st pnorknè mldleo, l`m j`cy bolvy
Lrdjr Vrjportnos lrdjr kl` ho prjjgom leln`st hcumeoj`nè lttlkas.
]bo "Vrjportnos" kjcud` n` tbo Xovnsom Lrdjr tlhco
ropclkos tbo provnjus "[tolctb" kjcud`, wntb tbo gjccjw-
Jtbor _perlmos
nè mo﬌`ntnj`s9 N` lmmntnj` tj prjj﬌è, vlrnjus jtbor uperlmos lro
Mnslmvl`tleo
Mnslmvl `tleo ([tolctb).
([tol ctb). ^
^ju
ju blvo mnslmvl`tleo j` lvlnclhco tj lrdjrs dootnè tbo proroqunsntos gjr olkb, ls
Moxtornty ([tolctb) kbokas wbnco wolrnè tbns lrdjr. sbjw` n` tbo Lrdjr _perlmos tlhco. Kortln` uperlmos lro
[poknlc (]jwor [bnocm). ^
[bnocm). ^ju
ju kl`„t dlao jppjrtu`nty n`kjdpltnhco, sukb ls tbo hroltblhco
hroltblhco l`m
l`m n`sucltom
n`sucltom tles,
tles,
lttlkas wbnco bjcmnè tbns sbnocm. wbnco jtbors blvo spokn﬌k roqunrodo`ts
roqunro do`ts (gjr oxldpco, tbo
X󰁯󰁷󰁮󰁻󰁯󰁭 L󰁸󰁤󰁪󰁸
Lrdjr Kjst Lrdjr Kclss (LK) [troètb Uonebt Vrjportnos
Cnebt Lrdjr
Eldhosj`* (coltbor) 󰀼 󰀿 ep 󰀼󰀼 + Mox djmn﬌or 󲀝 󰀲 ch.
Coltbor ioran` (stummom coltbor) 󰀽 󰀿 ep 󰀼󰀸 + Mox djmn﬌or 󲀝 󰀼󰀶 ch.
Domnud Lrdjr
Dlnc sbnrt (kbln` sbnrt) 󰀷 󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀻 + Mox djmn﬌or (dlx 󰀸) 󲀝 󰀸󰀿 ch.
Cldocclr (sklco dlnc) 󰀼󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀽 + Mox djmn﬌or (dlx 󰀸) 󲀝 󰀸󰀶 ch. Mnslmvl`tleo ([tolctb)
Bluhora (hrolstpclto) 󰀸󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀽 + Mox djmn﬌or (dlx 󰀸) 󲀝 󰀻󰀶 ch.
Hrnel`mnò (blcg pclto) 󰀽󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀿 + Mox djmn﬌or (dlx 󰀸) 󲀝 󰀽󰀶 ch. Mnslmvl`tleo ([tolctb)
Bolvy Lrdjr
Kunrlss (kbln` dlnc) 󰀾 󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀷 [tr 󰀼󰀻 󰀻󰀶 ch. Mnslmvl`tleo ([tolctb)
Blcg pclto† (spcn`t) 󰀽󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀵 [tr 󰀼󰀿 󰀽󰀿 ch. Mnslmvl`tleo ([tolctb)
Vclto† 󰀾󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀲 [tr 󰀼󰀿 󰀷󰀶 ch. Mnslmvl`tleo ([tolctb)
[bnocms
Hukacor 󰀼 󰀶 ep +󰀼 󲀝 󰀻 ch.
Boltor sbnocm 󰀸 󰀶 ep +󰀸 [tr 󰀼󰀻 󰀲 ch.
]jwor sbnocm 󰀵 󰀿 ep +󰀻 [tr 󰀼󰀿 󰀼󰀿 ch. [poknlc
* Lcc domnud l`m bolvy lrdjrs roqunro l eldhosj` u`morcly. Ng yju lcrolmy pjssoss l eldhosj` yju kl` suhtrlkt 󰀼󰀿 ep grjd tbo kjst wbo`
purkblsnè l sunt jg domnud jr bolvy lrdjr
lrdjr..
† Bolvy lrdjr kl` ho uperlmom tj tbo òxt tnor up gjr tbo mnﬆoro`ko n` kjst. Gjr oxldpco, l hclkasdntb kl` uperlmo l kunrlss tj l sunt jg blcg
pclto gjr l kjst jg 󰀻󰀷󰀶 ep.
2

ru`nk tle kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy l ruòsdntb.) Kortln`

ru`nk tle
typos jg lrdjr uperlmo tles dly ho rodjvlhco jr todpj-
rlry. Gjr
Gjr oxldpco, yju dly ho lhco tj rodjvo tbo
tbo du﬍om
du﬍om
tle hy oxtrlktnè tbo plmmnè sow` n`tj tbo ijn`ts. Ubo` n`
mjuht, kj`suct wntb yjur MD.
W󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁬󰁠󰁽9 L󰁸󰁤󰁪󰁸 V󰁸󰁪󰁪󰁧󰁮󰁠󰁥

^jur MD dnebt lccjw yju tj
t j ropclko tbo prjportnos jg lrdjr
prjj﬌è wntb l hjùs tj Lrdjr Kclss. N` tbns klso, olkb tnor jg
prjj﬌è prjvnmos l kuducltnvo +󰀼 hjùs tj LK, l`m tbo kjst
jg olkb ns trnpcom.
L󰁸󰁤󰁪󰁸 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯󰁻
]le Kjst Vroroqunsnto Vrjportnos
Lrdj
Lrdjrr prj
prjj﬌
j﬌è
è99 󰀼st
󰀼st tn
tnor
or 󰀼,󰀶󰀶
󰀼,󰀶󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep Cneb
Cnebt,
t, do
domn
mnud
ud,, jr
jr bol
bolvy
vy lr
lrdj
djrr Ubncoo wo
Ubnc wolr
lrn`
nè
e tb
tbns
ns lr
lrdj
djrr, ng yj
yju
u wj
wjuc
ucm
m tla
tlaoo 󰀷 jr co
coss
ss
`j`dlenklc sclsbnè mldleo hogjro rosnstl`ko ns lppcnom,
yju tlao `jò jg tblt mldleo n`stolm.
Lrd
Lrdjr pr
prjj﬌è
è99 󰀸`
󰀸`m tn
tnor 󰀸,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep
ep Domnud jr jr bo
bolvy lr
lrdjr wnwntb tb
tbo Ubnco wolrnè tbns lrdjr, ng yju wjucm tlao 󰀵 jr coss
󰀼st tnor lrdjr prjj﬌è tle
tle `j`dlenklc sclsbnè jr pnorknè mldleo hogjro rosnstl`ko
L
ns lppcnom, yju tlao `jò jg tblt mldleo n`stolm. X
D
Lrdjr pr
prjj﬌è9 󰀻r
󰀻rm tntnor 󰀻,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep Bolvy lr
lrdjr wn
wntb tbo 󰀸`m tnor Ubnco wolrnè tbns lrdjr, ng yju wjucm tlao 󰀲 jr coss `j`- [
lrdjr prjj﬌è tle
tle dlenklc sclsbnè, pnorknè, jr hcumeoj`nè
h cumeoj`nè mldleo hogjro &
L
rosnstl`ko ns lppcnom, yju tlao `jò jg tblt mldleo n`stolm. X
D
Hroltblhco 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep Cnebt jr domnud lrdjr. N`kjd- Ubnco wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju blvo lmvl`tleo j` slvnè J
X
pltnhco wntb n`sucltom tle.
tle. tbrjws yju dlao leln`st oxblustnj` oﬆokts muo tj oxtrodo
bolt, ls moskrnhom n` kblptor 󰀿 jg tbo Muèoj` Dlstor„s
Eunmo.
Hur`nsbom 󰀼󰀶 ep Bolvy lrdjr ]bns lrdjr bls hoo` pjcnsbom tj l dnrrjr ﬌`nsb. Ubnco
wolrnè nt, yju dly blvo lmvl`tleo j` Kblrnsdl-hlsom
sancc kbokas wbo` n`torlktnè wntb kortln` budl`jnms, ls
motordnòm hy tbo MD. ]bns tle ns lutjdltnklccy rodjvom
lgtor 󰀸󰀽 bjurs jg wolr jr lt tbo o`m jg l kjdhlt.
Kcndhnè blròss 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep Cnebt, domnud, jr bolvy lrdjr ]bns lrdjr bls hoo` djmn﬌om wntb l kcndhnè blròss
lrju`m tbo dnmrnﬆ, kjdprnsnè coltbor strlps l`m qunka-
mrlws. Ubnco wolrnè nt, yju dlao [troètb (Ltbcotnks)
kbokas tj sklco vortnklc surglkos wntb lmvl`tleo wbo`
usnè l rjpo jr sndnclr lnm.
Mokjrltom 󰀿 ep Domnud jr bolvy lrdjr l`m ]bns lrdjr jr sbnocm ns lmjròm wntb l bjcy sydhjc l`m kl`
sbnocms ho usom ls l spoccklstnè gjkus gjr kcornk l`m plclmn` spoccs
N`sucltom 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep N`kjdpltnhco wntb hroltblhco
hroltblhco tle
tle ]bns lrdjr kju`ts ls kjcm
kjcm woltbor
woltbor eolr n` kj`mntn
kj`mntnj`s
j`s jg
jg
oxtrodo kjcm, ls moskrnhom n` kblptor 󰀿 jg tbo Muèoj`
Dlstor„s Eunmo.
Cjkanè ijn`ts 󰀼󰀿󰀶 ep Blcg pclto jr pclto lrdjr ]bns lrdjr ns dlmo wntb bnèom ijn`ts tblt kl` ho cjkaom
hy l qunka djtnj` grjd tbo
t bo wolror.
wolror. Ubnco wolrnè nt, yju
dlao [troètb (Ltbcotnks) kbokas tj jppjso lttodpts tj
sbjvo yju wntb lmvl`tleo.
Du﬍om 󰀿󰀶 ep Hrnel`mnò lrdjr ]bns lrdjr `j cjèor kj`gors mnslmvl`tleo j` Moxtornty
([tolctb) kbokas.
\unka-rocolso kclsps 󰀸󰀶󰀶 ep Cnebt, domnud, jr bolvy lrdjr ^ju kl` mjﬆ tbns lrdjr ls l` lktnj`.
Xon`gjrkom 󰀻󰀶󰀶 ep Bolvy lrdjr ]bns lrdjr bls hoo` ron`gjrkom lt tbo ijn`ts l`m jtbor
wola pjn`ts. Ubnco wolrnè nt, krntnklc mldleo yju tlao
grjd `j`dlenklc lttlkas ns romukom hy 󰀻.
Xu`nk 󰀽󰀶󰀶 ep Lrdjr prjj﬌è tle
tle (l`y tnor) jr l ]bns lrdjr jr sbnocm kl` ho ndhuom wntb ruò dlenk.*
sbnocm. Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy l
ruòsdntb.*
[pnaom 󰀸󰀿󰀶 ep Domnud jr bolvy lrdjr ]bns lrdjr bls hoo` djmn﬌om wntb spnaos, hlrhs, jr jtbor
^ sndnclr golturo, l`m molcs 󰀼m󰀽 pnorknè mldleo tj krolturos
L
[
_
A lttlkanè wntb u`lrdom strnaos jr `lturlc wolpj`s tblt
J
V
lro`„t dlenklc.
X
O
M
@
L
R
O
C
L * [oo kblptor 󰀸, –Xuò Dlenk—.
>

Uolpj`ss
Uolpj` wolpj` jg tbo sldo typo ls plrt jg tbo lttlka.
Kj`kolcom (Lppcnos tj hcjweu`s, mleeors, mlrts,
]bns soktnj` ns n`to`mom tj kjdpcndo`t l`m oxpl`m j` tbo bl`m krjsshjws , l`m scnès).
scnès ). ^
^ju
ju blvo lmvl`tleo j`
"Uolpj`s" soktnj` n` kblptor ? jg tbo Vclyor„s
tbo Vclyor„s Bl`mhjja . Moxtornty ([conebt jg Bl`m) kbokas yju dlao tj aoop tbns
wolpj` bnmmo`.
Uolpj` Xovnsnj`s Cndntom (Lppcnos
(Lp pcnos tj bl`m
b l`m krjsshjws).
krjsshjws ). Vjssossnj` jg
]bo gjccjwnè òw prjportnos blvo hoo` lmmom tj kortln` tbns wolpj` ns rostrnktom n` sjdo sjknotnos, jgto` roqunrnè
wolpj`s. ]bo Xovnsom Uolpj`s
Uolpj`s tlhco ro﬈okts
ro﬈okt s tboso l spoknlc mnspo`sltnj`, rlà, jr pordnt.
kblèos n` hjcm gjr olsy rogoro`ko9 [noeo (Lppcnos tj eroltkcuhs l`m dlucs). ]bns wolpj`
Hl`mjcnor (Lppcnos
( Lppcnos tj
t j mleeors l`m
l` m mlrts).
mlrts). Ubo`
Ubo` molcs mjuhco mldleo tj jhiokts l`m strukturos.
dlanè l rlèom lttlka wntb l wolpj` tblt bls tbo hl`mj- N` lmmntnj`, tbo bolvy prjporty
prjporty bls hoo` lmmom
cnor prjporty, yju kl` nddomnltocy mrlw l`jtbor tj eroltkcuhs.
X󰁯󰁷󰁮󰁻󰁯󰁭 U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠󰁻
Uolpj` Kjst Mldleo Uonebt Vrjportnos
[ndpco Docoo Uolpj`s
Kcuh 󰀼 sp 󰀼m󰀽 hcumeoj`nè 󰀸 ch. Cnebt
Mleeor 󰀸 ep 󰀼m󰀽 pnorknè 󰀼 ch. Hl`mjcnor, kj`kolcom , ﬌òsso, cnebt, tbrjw` (rlèo 󰀸󰀶/󰀷󰀶)
Eroltkcuh 󰀸 sp 󰀼m󰀲 hcumeoj`nè 󰀼󰀶 ch. Bolvy, snoeo, twj-bl`mom
X Bl`mlxo 󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀷 sclsbnè 󰀸 ch. Cnebt, tbrjw` (rlèo 󰀸󰀶/󰀷󰀶)
J
D Ilvocn` 󰀿 sp 󰀼m󰀷 pnorknè 󰀸 ch. ]brjw` (rlèo 󰀻󰀶/󰀼󰀸󰀶)
X
L Cnebt blddor 󰀸 ep 󰀼m󰀽 hcumeoj`nè 󰀸 ch. Cnebt, tbrjw` (rlèo 󰀸󰀶/󰀷󰀶)
& Dlko 󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀷 hcumeoj`nè 󰀽 ch. 󲀝
[
D \ulrtorstlﬆ 󰀸 sp 󰀼m󰀷 hcumeoj`nè 󰀽 ch. Worsltnco (󰀼m󰀲)
X
L [nkaco 󰀼 ep 󰀼m󰀽 sclsbnè 󰀸 ch. Cnebt
[polr 󰀼 ep 󰀼m󰀷 pnorknè 󰀻 ch. ]brjw` (rlèo 󰀸󰀶/󰀷󰀶), vorsltnco (󰀼m󰀲)
[ndpco Xlèom Uolpj`s
Krjsshjw, cnebt 󰀸󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 pnorknè 󰀿 ch. Lddu`ntnj` (rlèo 󰀲󰀶/󰀻󰀸󰀶), cjlmnè, twj-bl`mom
Mlrt 󰀿 kp 󰀼m󰀽 pnorknè 󰀼/󰀽 ch. Hl`mjcnor , kj`kolcom , ﬌òsso, tbrjw` (rlèo 󰀸󰀶/󰀷󰀶)
[bjrthjw 󰀸󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀷 pnorknè 󰀸 ch. Lddu`ntnj` (rlèo 󰀲󰀶/󰀻󰀸󰀶), twj-bl`mom
[cnè 󰀼 sp 󰀼m󰀽 hcumeoj`nè 󲀝 Lddu`ntnj` (rlèo 󰀻󰀶/󰀼󰀸󰀶), kj`kolcom
Dlrtnlc Docoo Uolpj`s
Hlttcolxo 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀲 sclsbnè 󰀽 ch. Worsltnco (󰀼m󰀼󰀶)
Gclnc 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀲 hcumeoj`nè 󰀸 ch. 󲀝
Eclnvo 󰀸󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 sclsbnè 󰀷 ch. Bolvy, rolkb, twj-bl`mom
Eroltlxo 󰀻󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀼󰀸 sclsbnè 󰀵 ch. Bolvy, twj-bl`mom
Eroltswjrm 󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀸m󰀷 sclsbnè 󰀷 ch. Bolvy, twj-bl`mom
Blchorm 󰀸󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 sclsbnè 󰀷 ch. Bolvy, rolkb, twj-bl`mom
Cl`ko 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀼󰀸 pnorknè 󰀷 ch. Xolkb, spoknlc
Cjèswjrm 󰀼󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 sclsbnè 󰀻 ch. Worsltnco (󰀼m󰀼󰀶)

Dluc 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀸m󰀷 hcumeoj`nè 󰀼󰀶 ch. Bolvy, snoeo, twj-bl`mom
Djr`nèstlr 󰀼󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 pnorknè 󰀽 ch. 󲀝
Vnao 󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 pnorknè 󰀼󰀲 ch. Bolvy, rolkb, twj-bl`mom
Xlpnor 󰀸󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 pnorknè 󰀸 ch. Gnòsso
[kndntlr 󰀸󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀷 sclsbnè 󰀻 ch. Gnòsso, cnebt
[bjrtswjrm 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀷 pnorknè 󰀸 ch. Gnòsso, cnebt
]rnmo`t 󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀷 pnorknè 󰀽 ch. ]brjw` (rlèo 󰀸󰀶/󰀷󰀶), vorsltnco (󰀼m󰀲)
Ulr pnka 󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 pnorknè 󰀸 ch. 󲀝
Ulrblddor 󰀼󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 hcumeoj`nè 󰀸 ch. Worsltnco (󰀼m󰀼󰀶)
Ubnp 󰀸 ep 󰀼m󰀽 sclsbnè 󰀻 ch. Gnòsso, rolkb
Dlrtnlc Xlèom Uolpj`s
Hcjweu` 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼 pnorknè 󰀼 ch. Lddu`ntnj` (rlèo 󰀸󰀿/󰀼󰀶󰀶), kj`kolcom , cjlmnè
Krjsshjw, bl`m 󰀵󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀷 pnorknè 󰀻 ch. Lddu`ntnj` (rlèo 󰀻󰀶/󰀼󰀸󰀶), kj`kolcom , cnebt, cndntom , cjlmnè
Krjsshjw, bo
bolvy 󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 pnorknè 󰀼󰀲 ch. Lddu`ntnj` (r (rlèo 󰀼󰀶󰀶/󰀽󰀶󰀶), bo
bolvy, cjlmnè, twj-bl`mom
Cjèhjw 󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼m󰀲 pnorknè 󰀸 ch. Lddu`ntnj` (rlèo 󰀼󰀿󰀶/󰀷󰀶󰀶), bolvy, twj-bl`mom
@ot 󰀼 ep 󲀝 󰀻 ch. [poknlc, tbrjw` (rlèo 󰀿/󰀼󰀿)
<6

_perlmnè Uolpj`s Uolpj` _perlmo

_perlmo Kjst [trukturo
_perlmnè l wolpj` bls l hlso kjst lssjknltom wntb olkb
_pelmnè wolpj`s gjccjws l hrl`kbnè pltb systod, wntb
tnor, wntb suhsoquo`t uperlmos jg tblt tnor kjstnè twnko tbo
lvlnclhco jptnj`s spcnt n`tj ductnpco tnors. Lt ﬌rst, l wolpj`
provnjus ldju`t gjr tblt tnor. Gjr oxldpco, Orna moknmos tj
kl` j`cy ho uperlmom wntb l cndntom socoktnj` jg <st tnor
ply l vnsnt tj l cjklc hclkasdntb n` jrmor tj blvo l kustjd-
tles mopo`mnè j` nts typo, olkb jg wbnkb –u`cjkas— jò jr
nzom pjddoc lttlkbom tj bns mleeor”lmmnè tbo hlcl`kom
djro jptnj`s grjd tbo òxt tnor. ]bo gjccjwnè lmmntnj`lc
tle”gjr tbo tnor < hlso kjst jg <66 ep. Cltor, bo rotur`s tj
rucos lppcy wbo` uperlmnè l wolpj` wntb l òw tle9
blvo tbo hclmo bjòm”lmmnè tbo sblrpoòm tle”tbns
tle”tbns tndo
• Lcc proroqunsnto kj`mntnj`s dust ho sltns﬌om tj lppcy l kjstnè 866 ep, wntb tbo òxt <st tnor uperlmo kjstnè =66
òw tle, ls sbjw` n` tbo
t bo Uolpj` _perlmos tlhco. ep, l`m sj j`.
• 8`m tnor uperlmos kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy l trlnòm _perlmos lro erjupom hy tnor gjr tbo purpjsos jg tbns
krlgtsdl`, wntb ;rm tnor uperlmos roqunrnè tbo sanccs jg kjst sklcnè9 kj`tnùnè wntb tbo lhjvo oxldpco, ng Orna
l dlstor lrtnsl`. tbo` wnsbos
sorrltom tj blvo
n` jrmor tbo hclmonts
tj ndprjvo jgoﬆoktnvoòss
bns mleeor plrtnlccy
wbo` scnknè
• ]ypnklccy, nt tlaos l` lrtnsl` l gucc mly jg wjra (dn`ndud l`m kuttnè”lmmnè tbo slw-tjjtbom tle”nt
tle”nt wjucm kjst
2 bjurs) tj uperlmo l wolpj` wntb l òw tle. <,666 ep (tbo 8`m tnor hlso kjst) prjvnmom tblt tbo mleeor
• J`ko lmmom, l tle kl`„t
kl`„t ho rodjvom grjd l wolpj`. mjos`„t lcrolmy pjssoss l`y jtbor 8`m tnor tles.
U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯󰁻
]le Vroroqunsnto Vrjportnos
L
󰀼st ]nor (hlso kjst9 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep) X
D
Hlcl`kom L`y wolpj` ^ju eln` l +󰀼 hjùs tj lttlka rjccs dlmo wntb tbns wolpj`. [
&
Krnntn
Kr tnkl
klc9
c9 [bl
blrp
rpooò
òm
m Docooo wo
Doco wolp
lpj`
j`ss tb
tblt
lt mo
molc
lc pn
pnor
orkkn`
nè
e jr Lttlkas wntb tbns wolpj` skjro l krntnklc bnt j` l rjcc jò cjwor L
X
sclsbnè mldleo j`cy tbl` `jrdlc.* D
J
Krntnklc9 [nebt pn` Hjws l`m krjsshjws j`cy Lttlkas wntb tbns wolpj` skjro l krntnklc bnt j` l rjcc jò cjwor X
tbl` `jrdlc.*
Krntnklc9 [pnaom Docoo wolpj`s tblt molc hcumeoj`nè Lttlkas wntb tbns wolpj` skjro l krntnklc bnt j` l rjcc jò cjwor
mldleo j`cy tbl` `jrdlc.*
Xu`nk Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy l ruòsdntb† ]bns wolpj` kl` ho ndhuom wntb ruò dlenk.
[ncvorom L`y wolpj` Lttlkas wntb tbns wolpj` kju`t ls sncvorom gjr tbo purpjsos jg
jvorkjdnè rosnstl`ko l`m nddu`nty tj `j`dlenklc lttlkas l`m
mldleo.
Uju`mnè9 Aoo` Docoo wolpj`s j`cy ^ju eln` l +󰀼 hjùs tj mldleo rjccs dlmo wntb tbns wolpj`.
Uju`mnè9 Jncom strnè Hjws l`m krj
rjssshjws j`cy ^ju eln` l +󰀼 hjùs tj mldleo rjccs dlmo wntb tbns wolpj`.
󰀸`m ]nor (hlso kjst9 󰀼,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep)
Hrutlc [blrpoòm jr
jr spnaom tl
tle Ubo` yju rjcc tbo dlxndud mldleo gjr l` lttlka wntb tbns wolp-
j`, yju kl` rjcc tbo
t bo wolpj` mldleo mnko leln` l`m lmm tbo òw
rjcc tj tbo mldleo jg tbo lttlka. Ng yju rjcc tbo dlxndud ldju`t
leln`, yju kl` ropolt tbns prjkoss u`tnc yju mj`„t.
O`kbl`tom L`y 󰀼st tnor tle. Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom ^ju eln` l +󰀼 hjùs tj spocc lttlka rjccs wbnco usnè tbns wolpj`
hy l` lrklò spoccklstor. \ulrtorstlﬆs ls l spoccklstnè gjkus.
j`cy.
Gclèom [pnaom tle.
tle. Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom tj Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo wolrnè domnud jr bolvy lrdjr wntb
dlkos l`m dlucs. tbns wolpj` yju su`mor nts lrdjr, n`﬈nktnè l `j`kuducltnvo ∘󰀼
po`lcty tj nts Lrdjr Kclss u`tnc tbo lrdjr ns roplnrom.
Dlenklc [ncvorom tle.
tle. Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy l` Lttlkas wntb tbns wolpj` kju`t ls dlenklc gjr tbo purpjsos jg
lrklò spoccklstor
spoccklstor.. jvorkjdnè rosnstl`ko l`m nddu`nty tj `j`dlenklc lttlkas l`m
mldleo, l`m golturos sukb ls tbo hclka pummnè„s
pummnè„s kjrrjsnvo gjrd.
gjrd.
[lw-tjjtbom [blrpoòm tle.
tle. Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom tj Lttlkas wntb tbns wolpj` molc l` oxtrl 󰀼m󰀽 sclsbnè mldleo. @j
mleeors. oﬆokt leln`st kj`strukts jr u`molm.
[upornjr Hlcl`kom , aoo`
aoo`,, jr jncom strnè tle.
tle. Kl` ]bo mldleo mno jg tbns wolpj` ns n`krolsom hy jò snzo (gjr
j`cy ho lppcnom tj wolpj`s wntb jò oxldpco, 󰀼m󰀷 hokjdos 󰀼m󰀲, l`m 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 hokjdos 󰀼m󰀼󰀸) tj l
mldleo mno. dlxndud jg 󰀼m󰀼󰀸.
󰀻rm ]nor (hlso kjst9 󰀼󰀶,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep)
Lrklò O`kbl`tom tle.
tle. Kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy ^ju eln` l +󰀼 hjùs tj yjur spocc slvo MK wbnco usnè tbns
t bns wolpj`
l` lrklò spoccklstor
spoccklstor.. ls l spoccklstnè gjkus.
Dlstorwjra Hrutlc jr
jr supornjr tl
tle ^wntb
ju etbns
ln` lwolpj`.
` lmmntnj`lc +󰀼 hjùs tj lttlka l`m mldleo rjccs dlmo
* Gjr oxldpco, ng yju `jrdlccy skjro l krntnklc bnt j` l rjcc jg 󰀸󰀶 yju n`stolm skjro jò j` l rjcc jg 󰀼󰀾 jr 󰀸󰀶.
† [oo kblptor 󰀸, –Xuò Dlenk—.
<<

Lmmntnj`lc
Lmmntnj`lc Jptnj`s [󰁶󰁯󰁫󰁮󰁬󰁣 L󰁤󰁤󰁿󰁠󰁮󰁽󰁮󰁪󰁠
]ypo Kjst Uonebt
]bns soktnj` proso`ts sjdo lmmntnj`lc jptnj`s tj gurtbor
o`bl`ko tbo lrdjry systod n` yjur kldplne`. Eoòrlc (Lcc ]ypos)
Gnrokrlkaor (󰀿) 󰀸󰀶 ep 󰀼/󰀽 ch.
[poknlc Lddu`ntnj` [blmjw (󰀿) 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀼/󰀽 ch.
]bo gjccjwnè òw typos jg lddu`ntnj` dly ho lvlnclhco Lrrjws l`m Krjsshjw Hjcts
gjr rlèom wolpj`s1 ontbor gju`m ls cjjt, lvlnclhco tj Hcu`t (󰀼󰀶) 󰀼 ep 󰀼/󰀸 ch.
purkblso, jr ls l` jptnj` tj krlgt murnè mjw`tndo9 Hjman` (󰀼󰀶) 󰀽󰀶 ep 󰀼/󰀸 ch.
Horsora Mlrt.
Ml rt. ]bo pjnsj` n` tbns mlrt kl` n`muko Hrjlmbolm (󰀼󰀶) 󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼/󰀸 ch.
todpjrlry psykbjsns n` l krolturo suhioktom tj nt. Ubo`
[ncvorom (󰀼󰀶) 󰀸󰀿 ep* 󰀼/󰀸 ch.
yju bnt l krolturo wntb
wnt b l` lttlka usnè tbns lddu`ntnj`, nt
Mlrts
dust sukkoom j` l MK <6 Kj`stntutnj` slvnè tbrjw jr ej Horsora mlrt (󰀿) 󰀸󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀼/󰀽 ch.
horsora. Ubnco horsora, nt dust uso nts lktnj` olkb rju`m
tj lttlka tbo krolturo òlrost tj nt. Lt tbo o`m jg olkb jg [coop mlrt (󰀿) 󰀼󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼/󰀽 ch.
nts tur`s, tbo tlreot kl` dlao l`jtbor Kj`stntutnj` slvnè
* ]bo kjst jg sncvorom lrrjws ls proso`tom n` tbo
t bo Vclyor's Bl`mhjja
tbrjw, o`mnè tbo oﬆokt j` l sukkoss. L krolturo tblt bls
bls hoo` romukom hy 󰀵󰀿%.
sukkoomom j` tbo slvo bls lmvl`tleo j` suhsoquo`t slvos
dlmo tj rosnst tbo oﬆokts jg tbns pjnsj` gjr 8= bjurs. @j Krlgtnè [poknlc Lddu`ntnj`
oﬆokt leln`st u`molm l`m krolturos ndduò tj honè
N` lmmntnj` tj tbo lpprjprnlto tjjcs gjr tbo ntod tj ho
kblrdom. J`ko l horsora mlrt bnts l krolturo, nt cjsos tbns
krlgtom, l kblrlktor òoms rlw dltornlcs wjrtb blcg jg tbo
prjporty l`m hokjdos l `jrdlc mlrt.
X prjmukom ntod„s soccnè kjst. L kblrlktor prj﬌kno`t wntb
J Hcu`t. L ﬈lt-`jsom lrrjwbolm typnklccy usom gjr
Hcu`t.
tbo tjjcs òomom tj krlgt tbo ntod l`m wntb lkkoss tj tbo
D tlreot prlktnko l`m bu`tnè sdlcc eldo l`ndlcs sukb ls
X lpprjprnlto oqunpdo`t kl` krlgt <6 ep„s
L rlhhnts, squnrrocs, l`m erjuso. [ukkossguc lttlkas usnè
& wjrtb jg spoknlc lddu`ntnj` gjr ovory
ovor y 2
[
tbns lddu`ntnj` molc <m= `j`cotblc hcumeoj`nè mldleo
bjurs spo`t.
D n`stolm jg tbo wolpj`„
wolpj`„ss `jrdlc mldleo.
X
L Hjman`. ]bo tnp jg l hjman` lrrjw ns djst
Hjman`.
kjddj`cy l sblrpoòm spnao wntb l squlro prj﬌co,
mosneòm tj poòtrlto
poòt rlto pclto l`m dlnc lrdjr.
lrdjr. ^ju
^ju eln` l
+< hjùs tj lttlka rjccs leln`st tlreots wolrnè lrdjr
wbo` usnè tbns lddu`ntnj`.
Hrjlmbolm. Untb l tnp sblpom cnao l spolr pjn`t,
Hrjlmbolm.
hrjlmbolms lro mosneòm gjr dlxndud poòtrltnj` jg
sjgt ﬈osb l`m tbnka bnmo”kjddj`cy usom hy bu`tors gjr
hrnènè mjw` clreo eldo. Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo tblt
ns`„t wolrnè lrdjr wntb l` lttlka usnè tbns lddu`ntnj`
nt tlaos l` oxtrl <m7 pnorknè mldleo.
Gnrokrlkaor. ]bns lddu`ntnj` ns tnppom wntb l vjcltnco
lckbodnklc kjdpju`m. J` strnanè l blrm surglko, nt
oxpcjmos kroltnè l ﬈lsb jg cnebt l`m cjum krlka lumnhco
jut tj <66 goot.
[blmjw. O`kbl`tom wntb dlenk grjd tbo [blmjw-
gocc, tbns lddu`ntnj` ns lhco tj strnao krolturos n` tbo
Otborolc Vclò, l`m kju`ts ls dlenklc gjr tbo purpjsos
jg jvorkjdnè rosnstl`ko tj nddu`nty l`m `j`dlenklc
lttlkas l`m mldleo.
[coop Mlrt.
Mlrt. ]bns mlrt kj`tln`s l mjso jg l pjworguc
sjpjrn﬌k, mosneòm tj todpjrlrncy n`klplkntlto l tlreot.
Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo wntb l` lttlka
lt tlka usnè tbns lddu-
`ntnj`, n`stolm jg molcnè mldleo rjcc ?m21 ng tbo tlreot bls
gowor bnt pjn`ts tbl` tbo tjtlc rjccom nt glccs u`kj`sknjus
u`tnc jò bjur bls plssom, nt tlaos mldleo, jr sjdojò
usos l`m lktnj` tj sblao jr sclp tbo tlreot lwlao. @j
oﬆokt leln`st u`molm l`m krolturos ndduò tj honè
kblrdom. J`ko l scoop mlrt bnts l krolturo, nt cjsos
tbns prjporty l`m hokjdos l `jrdlc mlrt.
Hjws l`m krjsshjws j`cy.

Hcjweu`s l`m mlrts j`cy
j`cy..
<8

[poknlc Dltornlcs • Uolpj`s dlmo jg spoknlc dltornlcs vlry n` prnko,

typnklccy kjstnè upwlrms jg 8,666 ep. N` lmmntnj`,
J` yjur lmvo`turos yju dly o`kju`tor jr blvo tbo jppjr- wolpj`s dlmo jg spoknlc dltornlcs lutjdltnklccy
tu`nty tj krolto oqunpdo`t kj`struktom usnè tbo gjccjwnè pjssoss tbo sncvorom l`m dlenklc tles, wbnkb kju`t wbo`
spoknlc dltornlcs9 motordn`nè tbo kjst jg l`y suhsoquo`t uperlmos.
Lmldl`tnò. L`
Lmldl`tnò. L` uctrl-blrm lccjy jg lmldl`t l`m ocok-
trud. Lmldl`tnò ns hclka wntb l eroo` tnèo tblt sblrp-
o`s tj purpco-wbnto u`mor cnebt grjd djst dlenklc sjurkos. @󰁪󰁽󰁯 󰁪󰁠 D󰁮󰁽󰁢󰁸󰁬󰁣 󰁬󰁠󰁭 L󰁭󰁬󰁤󰁬󰁠󰁽󰁮󰁠󰁯
Lrdjr dlmo jg lmldl`tnò romukos n`kjdnè hcumeoj`- ]bo jptnj`s gjr lmldl`tnò l`m dntbrlc proso`tom boron` lro
nè, pnorknè, l`m sclsbnè mldleo hy ; ng nt„s bolvy lrdjr,
lrdjr, n`to`mom tj ropclko tbo lmldl`tnò l`m dntbrlc lrdjrs gju`m
jr 8 ng nt„s domnud lrdjr.
lrdjr. [bnocms dlmo jg lmldl`tnud n` kblptor 󰀿 jg tbo Muèoj` Dlstor„s Eunmo.
Eunmo. ]bo prjportnos
blvo l +< hjùs tj LK. Oqunpdo`t dlmo jg lmldl`tnò jg lmldl`tnò blvo hoo` lmiustom tj djro kcjsocy ro﬈okt nts
djro nkj`nk stltus jg provnjus omntnj`s.
kl`„tt ho mostrjyom,
kl`„ most rjyom, mldleom jr suﬆor grjd wolr.
Kjcm Nrj`. L
Nrj`. L rlro puro-gjrdom nrj`, dnòm moop u`mor-
erju`m l`m gjreom lt cjwor todporlturos tj prosorvo nts Uolr l`m Xoplnr
mocnklto prjportnos. Uolpj`s dlmo jg kjcm nrj` molc l`
lmmntnj`lc wolpj` mldleo mno leln`st goy krolturos. ^ju kl` uso tbo gjccjwnè rucos gjr oqunpdo`t wolr l`m
^ju
Mlrawjjm (Ylcl`tlr).
(Ylcl `tlr). ]bns rlro dlenklc wjjm bls roplnr tj lmm l` oxtrl mndo`snj` tj yjur kldplne`9
sndnclr prjportnos tj hookb, jla l`m yow gjr hjw-dla-
nè wbnco honè oxtrodocy cnebt l`m murlhco. Cjèhjws
Oqunpdo`t Vrjportnos
l`m bolvy krjsshjws dlmo jg mlrawjjm mj`„t blvo tbo ]bo gjccjwnè tles kl`„t ho lmmom ls uperlmos, hut dly ho
bolvy prjporty
prjpor ty.. gju`m prooxnstnè j` cjjtom jr gjr-slco ntods, jr lppcnom
Moop Krystlc.
Krys tlc. Moop krystlc ns l dnòrlc jg lhjvo-lvorleo lutjdltnklccy wbo` kortln` kj`mntnj`s lro dot. L
X
qulcnty gju`m lt tbo bolrt jg clreo von`s jr mopjsnts, l`m ns Ujr` jr [u`morom. ]bns pnoko jg oqunpdo`t bls hoo` D
[
ro`jwòm gjr nts stroètb l`m dlenklccy rosj`l`t `lturo. mldleom n` kjdhlt jr bls motornjrltom wntb leo jr uso. L &
Uolpj`s
U olpj`s dlmo jg moop krystlc
kr ystlc kl` ho usom ls l spocc- wjr` jr su`morom wolpj` kj`gors l ∘< po`lcty tj lttlka
ltt lka L
X
klstnè gjkus. l`m mldleo rjccs dlmo wntb nt, l`m tbo LK jg wjr` jr D
su`morom lrdjr ns romukom hy < J
Mrlej`bnmo. L
Mrlej`bnmo. L rlro typo jg coltbor
co ltbor lrdjr dlmo grjd X
tbo suppco u`morhoccy bnmo jg l mrlej`. Ubnco wolrnè Mldleom. ]bns pnoko jg oqunpdo`t bls sustlnòm sne`ng-
mrlej`bnmo lrdjr yju blvo rosnstl`ko tj tbo mldleo typo nkl`t

gjr l`mldleo l`m wncc
lttlka dlmo wntbhrola wbo` yju
nt (wolpj`s) jrrjcc
yjultlao
< j`mldleo
tbo m86
lssjknltom wntb tbo mrlej` grjd wbnkb nt ns dlmo (gjr
oxldpco, hcuo mrlej`bnmo lrdjr kj`gors rosnstl`ko tj grjd l krntnklc bnt wbnco wolrnè nt (lrdjr l`m sbnocms).
cnebt`nè mldleo). Hrjao`. L
Hrjao`. L hrjao` wolpj` jr sbnocm kl``jt ho wnocmom,
Nrj`wjjm. Nrj`wjjm ns l dlenklc suhstl`ko kroltom l`m tbo LK jg hrjao` lrdjr ns romukom hy ?, tj l
grjd `jrdlc wjjm hy mrunms. Ubnco rodln`nè `lturlc dn`ndud jg <6.
wjjm n` lcdjst ovory wly, nrj`wjjm ns ls strjè, bolvy,
bolvy,
l`m rosnstl`t tj ﬌ro ls stooc. [poccs l`m oﬆokts tblt lﬆokt W󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁬󰁠󰁽9 M󰁬󰁤󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁠󰁥 O󰁼󰁿󰁮󰁶󰁤󰁯󰁠󰁽
dotlc mj `jt lﬆokt nrj`wjjm, wborols spoccs tblt lﬆokt Ng yjur erjup oìjys djro tlktnklc kjdhlt, kj`snmor lccjwnè
wjjm mj”lctbjueb nrj`wjjm wncc `jt hur`. wjr` jr su`morom lrdjr tj hokjdo mldleom j` sustln`nè
sust ln`nè
Dntbrlc. A`jw` tj tbo mwlrvos ls truodotlc, tbns mldleo grjd l krntnklc bnt, l`m l wjr` jr su`morom wolpj` tj
sbn`nè sncvory-hcuo dotlc ns cnebtor tbl` stooc yot iust ls hokjdo mldleom wbo` yju rjcc l 󰀼 j` tbo m󰀸󰀶 gjr l` lttlka
murlhco. Oqunpdo`t dlmo jg dntbrlc wonebs j`cy blcg ls rjcc dlmo wntb nt.
dukb ls tbo sldo ntod dlmo jg `jrdlc dotlcs, l`m bls `j
[troètb roqunrodo`t. Lmmntnj`lccy, lrdjr dlmo jg dntbrlc
kl` ho wjr` u`mor `jrdlc kcjtbos, l`m mjos`„t ndpjso Xoplnrnè Oqunpdo`t
mnslmvl`tleo
wnso j` Moxtornty
wjucm. [dlcc ([tolctb)
krolturos mj `jt kbokas wbo` nt jtbor-
blvo mnslmvl`tleo j` L kblrlktor
prnlto sot jg prj﬌kno`t wntbkl`
lrtnsl`„s tjjcs l`mlttodpt
n` pjssossnj` jg l`
tj roplnr lp prj-
lpprj-
wjr`,
lttlka rjccs wntb bolvy wolpj`s dlmo jg dntbrlc. mldleom, jr hrjao` oqunpdo`t ls gjccjws9
[blmjwsnca. Bnebcy prnzom hy lsslssn`s l`m kutpursos, • Oqunpdo`t tblt ns wjr` jr su`morom kl` ho roplnrom gjr
sblmjwsnca ns kcjtb dlmo grjd dlenklccy wjvo` sblmjw- l ﬌xom kjst jg <6 ep, jr hy spo`mnè < bjur l`m sukkoom-
stuﬆ. Ubnco wolrnè `jrdlc kcjtbnè jr l eldhosj` dlmo nè j` l MK <? roplnr kboka wntb l` lpprjprnlto sot jg
jg sblmjwsnca l`m `j jtbor lrdjr, yju blvo lmvl`tleo j` tjjcs.
Moxtornty ([tolctb) kbokas wbo` lttodptnè tj bnmo n` mnd
cnebt jr mlraòss. • Oqunpdo`t tblt ns mldleom kl` ho roplnrom gjr l kjst
oqulc tj <6 ep jr <6% jg tbo hlso kjst jg tbo ntod
Xucos gjr [poknlc Dltornlcs (wbnkbovor ns bnebor), jr hy spo`mnè = bjurs l`m
]bo gjccjwnè eoòrlc rucos lppcy tj lrds l`m lrdjr sukkoomnè j` l MK 86 roplnr kboka wntb l` lpprjprnlto
kj`struktom usnè spoknlc dltornlcs9 sot jg tjjcs.
• Lrdjr l`m sbnocms kj`struktom usnè lmldl`tnò jr • Oqunpdo`t tblt ns hrjao` kl` ho roplnrom gjr l kjst
mrlej`bnmo blvo l hlso kjst oqulc tj two`ty tndos tblt oqulc tj ?6% jg tbo hlso kjst jg tbo oqunpdo`t. ]bo tlsa
jg tbo sldo ntod dlmo oxkcusnvocy jg `jrdlc dltornlcs. jg roplnrnè hrjao` oqunpdo`t kl` j`cy ho u`mortlao` n`
B
Lrdjr l`m sbnocms kj`struktom usnè jtbor
jt bor spoknlc dlto- l wjrasbjp
mly tj djro o`vnrj`do`t, l`m tlaos j`
tbl` l wooa mopo`mnè l`ywboro
tbo typogrjd
l`m lqulc-
gucc
] rnlcs blvo l hlso kjst oqulc tj to` tndos ls dukb.
^
[
X
nty jg tbo oqunpdo`t l`m tbo oxto`t jg tbo wjra roqunrom.
J
G Vrjjgom lrdjr tblt ns hrjao` kl` j`cy ho roplnrom hy l
]
] dlstor lrtnsl`.
L
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K󰁂LV󰁝o󰁘 󰁎󰁎9
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󰁘u󐁀ΐ 􀁄󰁬
􀁄󰁬en
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󰁢󰁯 󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁠󰁽 󰁶󰁸󰁬󰁫󰁽󰁮󰁫󰁯 󰁪󰁧 󰁸󰁿󰁠󰁯 tbo todpost ruò

ruò dnebt kluso tbo blnr j` yjur òka tj
dlenk jrnen`ltom wntb enl`ts stl`m j` o`m ls vnsnj`s jg hlttco l`m tbu`morstjrds ﬈lsb
murnè tbo leo wbo` Jstjrnl tbrjueb yjur dn`m. Ls tbo ruòs lro hlsom j` djmor`
rucom l` lrol jg Glorñ` grjd tbo Motboa, tbjso lhco tj rolm Mwlrvnsb kl` kjdprobo`m
Wncbj` Xolkb tj tbo Kjcm Cl`ms. tbonr eoòrlc dol`nè, wbnkb dly prjvnmo kcuos lhjut tbo
[n`ko tblt tndo, tbo mwlrvos blvo ruòstjò„ss `lturo l`m prjportnos.
ruòstjò„ prj portnos.
stumnom tbo tokb`nquos jg tbo sanct- ]bo nmo`tngy
]bo nmo`tngy spocc
spocc nddomnltocy rovolcs l ruòstjò„
ruòst jò„ss
erlvr (–ruò kuttors—), lmlptnè prjportnos. ^ju kl` lcsj colr` nts prjportnos jvor tbo
tbo ruò dlenk jg tbo enl`ts l`m kjurso jg l sbjrt rost wbnco dln`tln`nè pbysnklc kj`tlkt
dlanè nt tbonr jw`. wntb nt, jr hy sukkoomnè
suk koomnè j` l MK <? N`toccneo`ko (Lrkl`l)
Xuò dlenk lccjws l kblrlktor tj lkkoss tbo dlenklc kboka usnè l sot jg ruòsdntb„s tjjcs.
pjto`tnlc jg snencs kroltom hy tbo ﬌rst ruòsdntbs l`m tbonr
kj`todpjrlrnos.
oèrlvom ]bnsusom
eodstjòs kblptor moskrnhos
tj kbl`òc ruòstjòs”
ruò dlenk”l`m tbo
wlys n` wbnkb tboy dnebt ho o`kju`torom n` yjur wjrcm, ls
Xuòsdntbnè
Kblrlktors wnsbnè tj krlgt tbonr jw` ruòstjòs kl` mj
wocc ls rucos gjr kroltnè tbod. sj gjccjwnè tbo rucos n` tbns soktnj`.
]jjc Vrjgnkno`ky
Xuòstjòs L ruòsdntb usos l spoknlc sots ot jg tjjcs n` jrmor
j rmor tj oèrlvo
Xuòstjòs lro eodstjòs usom ls gjkn gjr tbo dlenk eodstjòs wntb dlenklc snencs. N` lmmntnj` tj tbo n`gjrdl-
kj`tlnòm wntbn` tbo snencs oèrlvom j`tj tbod hy ruò- tnj` hocjw, uso jg tboso tjjcs gjccjws tbo eoòrlc eunmocnòs
sdntbs. L prnzom oxpjrt jg mwlrvo` sjknoty, tboy lro sjcm gjr lrtnsl`„s tjjcs gju`m n` kblptor 8, –]jjc
–]jjc Vrj﬌kno`knos—
Vrj﬌k no`knos—,,
tj wolctby lmvo`turors l`m dorko`lrnos ls l dol`s jg jg Rl`ltblr„s
jg Rl`ltblr„s Eunmo tj Ovorytbnè.
Ovorytbnè .
odpjwornè tbonr lrds l`m lrdjr.
lrdjr. N` l wjrcm wboro
wbor o dlenk
ntods lro n`krolsnècy rlro, tbo mwlrvos wjra wntb typnklc Xuòsdntb„s ]jjcs
n`mustry tj doot l` ovor-oxpl`mnè modl`m. Vrj﬌kno`ky wntb ruòsdntb„s tjjcs lccjws yju tj otkb
dlenklc ruòs n`tj proknjus stjòs, ls wocc ls nmo`tngy
_snè Xuòstjòs lspokts jg tbonr cjro wbo` o`kju`torom n` tbo wjrcm. L sot
]bo gjccjwnè rucos lppcy tj tbo uso jg ruòstjòs9 jg ruòsdntb„s tjjcs kjsts 8? ep l`m wonebs ? ch.
• N` jrmor tj uso l ruòstjò, nt dust ﬌rst ho l﬋xom tj l Kjdpjò`ts. Xuòsdntb„
Xuòsdntb„ss tjjcs n`kcumo l blddor, l sot
jg kbnsocs l`m òomco ﬌cos, l ﬌ò-blnrom hrusb, l pjukb jg
pnoko jg oqunpdo`t wntb tbo ru`nk
tbo ru`nk tle.
tle. J`cy oqunpdo`t
pjwmorom dntbrlc, l`m l spoknlc lckbodnklc clkquor.
wntb tbo ru`nk
tbo ru`nk tle
tle kl` kbl`òc tbo dlenklc prjportnos jg
Lrkl`l l`m
l `m Bnstjry. ^
Bnstjry. ^jur
jur oxportnso co`ms yju lmmntnj`lc
lmmntnj `lc
ruòstjòs.
n`snebts lhjut cjro lssjknltom wntb ruòs l`m jtbor snencs
• L krolturo dust ho lttuòm tj tbo ntod tj eln` tbo hoò- klrvom n`tj stjò jr jtbor surglko.
﬌ts jg l` l﬋xom ruò. N`vostneltnj`.
N`vostnelt nj`. ^
^ju
ju kl` spjt kcuos l`m dlao momuktnj`s
• L dlxndud jg jò ruòstjò kl` ho l﬋xom tj l pnoko jg tblt jtbors dnebt jvorcjja wbo` n`spoktnè ntods jr
oqunpdo`t lt l tndo. surglkos klrvom wntb ruòs l`m jtbor snencs.
• L ruòstjò kl` ho rodjvom grjd l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t, X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢'󰁻 ]󰁪󰁪󰁣󰁻 X

hut nt ns mostrjyom n` tbo prjkoss. _
Lktnvnty MK @
O
• Gjr dlenklc oﬆokts kroltom hy
hy ruòstjòs, yjur spocc Nmo`tngy tbo prjportnos jg l ruòstjò 󰀼󰀿 D
lttlka djmn﬌or l`m spocc slvo MK uso tbo lhncnty djmn﬌or Motordnò tbo kroltjr jg l ruòstjò 󰀸󰀶 L
E
jg tbo wolpj` usom gjr tbo lttlka. N
K
Lwlrmnè
Lwlrmnè Xuòstjòs
Xuòstjòs
Lwlrmnè ruòstjòs sbjucm gjccjw tbo eoòrlc
eoòr lc eunmocnòs
gjr lwlrmnè dlenk ntods gju`m n` tbo Muèoj`
tbo Muèoj` Dlstor„s
Eunmo l`m
Eunmo l`m Rl`ltblr„s
Rl`ltblr„s Eunmo tj Ovorytbnè wbo`
Ovorytbnè wbo` pcl``nè
trolsuro rowlrms. Boro lro l gow wlys tj n`toerlto ruò-
stjòs n`tj yjur kldplne`9
• Xuòstjòs kl` ho gju`m n` trolsuro bjlrms, sbjps, jr
jﬆorom ls quost rowlrms ontbor lcjèsnmo jr n` cnou jg
dlenk ntods jg l` oqunvlco`t rlrnty.
• ]boy dnebt j`cy ho lvlnclhco
lvlnclhco tbrjueb l rokje`nzom
euncm”sukb ls tbo Xuòsdntb„s Euncm”jr jtbor trlm-
nè bjuso, l`m suppcy dly ho rosntrnktom tj qulcngynè
porsj`s jr cjkltnj`s.
Nmo`tngynè Xuòstjòs
Xuòstjòs lro nmo`tn﬌om n` l dl`òr sndnclr tj nmo`tn- D󰁪󰁪󰁠󰁣󰁮󰁥󰁢󰁽󰁮󰁠󰁥
D gynè dlenk ntods. [ndpcy bl`mcnè l ruòstjò klusos ]rlmnè n` ruòstjòs jutsnmo jg lutbjrnzom kbl`òcs ns
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C l strjè so`so jg nts nmo`tnty tj okbj n` l kblrlktor„s strnktcy gjrhnmmo`. Ovory ruòsdntb colvos l u`nquo lurl ”cnao l
O
_ dn`m. Gjr oxldpco, tjukbnè l ruòstjò oèrlvom wntb dlenklc ﬌èorprn`t”j` ruòstjòs tboy krolto, sj ho klroguc!
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Krlgtnè Xoqunrodo`ts Krlgtnè Vrjkoss

N` jrmor tj oèleo n` ruòsdntbnè l kblrlktor dust ho J`ko lcc roqunrodo`ts lro dot, tbo prjkoss jg kroltnè l
prj﬌kno`t wntb l`m blvo lkkoss tj l sot jg ruòsdntb„s ruòstjò ns porgjrdom jvor l pornjm jg twj bjurs, wbnkb
tjjcs, wntb prj﬌kno`ky roproso`tnè tbo hlso covoc jg kl` ho spcnt n`tj sbjrtor sossnj`s sukb ls murnè l sbjrt
kjdpoto`ky òomom tj wnocm tbo tjjcs oﬆoktnvocy. N` rost. Lt tbo o`m jg tbo pornjm, dlao l krlgt kboka usnè
lmmntnj` tj l sot jg ruòsdntb„s tjjcs, l eodstjò ns yjur ruòsdntb„s
ruòsdntb„s tjjcs. Ubo` yju dlao tbns kboka, yju
roqunrom j`tj wbnkb tbo ruòs lro oèrlvom tj glsbnj` l mj`„t hoò﬌t grjd l`y hjùsos (sukb ls Hlrmnk N`spnrltnj`)
ruòstjò. ]bo dn`ndud roqunrom qulcnty jg tbo eodstjò oxkopt yjur jw` lhncnty skjro l`m prj﬌kno`ky hjùs, u`coss
(ls mo`jtom hy nts vlcuo) mopo`ms j` tbo stroètb jg tbo yju hoò﬌ttom grjd tbo hjùs
hj ùs gjr tbo murltnj` jg tbo krlgt.
ruòstjò honè kroltom (ls mo`jtom hy nts rlrnty), ls
Xuòsdntb„s tjjcs djmn﬌or 4 4 yjur prj﬌kno`ky hjùs +
sbjw` n` tbo Xuòsdntbnè tlhco9
yjur Moxtornty jr N`toccneo`ko djmn﬌or (yjur kbjnko)
X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢󰁮󰁠󰁥 J` l sukkoss, tbo eodstjò ns oèrlvom sukkossguccy
Xuòstjò Xlrnty Eodstjò Wlcuo MK l`m hokjdos l ruòstjò, jtborwnso tbo eodstjò ns
Kjddj` Lt colst 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀶 mostrjyom.

ls sbjw` n`]bo
tboMK mopo`ms j`tlhco.
Xuòsdntbnè tbo rlrnty jg tbo ruòstjò, J
K
_`kjddj` Lt colst 󰀿󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀿 @
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Xlro Lt colst 󰀿󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀸󰀶 Lppo`mnx K proso`ts l rogoro`ko
rog oro`ko sot jg tlhcos
t lhcos tj bocp l K
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pclyor qunkacy lskortln` tbo kbl`kos jg sukkoss jg l envo` M
Wory rlro Lt colst 󰀼,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀸󰀿 L
@
krlgtnè lttodpt. @
Coeo`mlry Lt colst 󰀿,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep 󰀸󰀲 L
<7

Xuòsdntb„s Euncm Ijuròydl`. ^

Ijuròydl`. ^ju
ju blvo modj`strltom tbo hlsnk klro
k lro l`m
kjdpoto`knos oxpoktom jg l ruòsdntb. Ls l rosuct jg yjur
]bo Xuòsdntb„s
Xuòsdntb„s Euncm ns tbo
t bo j﬋knlc euncm gjr
gj r tbo stumy stumnos, yju eln` l +< hjùs tj kbokas yju dlao tj krlgt
l`m prlktnko jg ruòsdntbnè l`m ruò dlenk. Gju`mom n` ruòstjòs jg kjddj` rlrnty.
Elu`tceryd murnè tbo Leo jg tbo Vrjum Vojpcos, tjmly Krlgtsdl`. ^
Krlgtsdl`. ^ju
ju lro rokje`nzom ls l gucc dodhor jg tbo
tbo euncm ns bolmqulrtorom n` tbo knty jg @ovorwn`tor wntb euncm ^ju eln` l +< hjùs tj kbokas yju dlao tj krlgt
l proso`ko n` dl`y dlijr sottcodo`ts tbrjuebjut tbo ruòstjòs jg u`kjddj` rlrnty. Gucc dodhors lro lhco tj
Xolcds. ]bns soktnj` proso`ts l` jptnj`lc grldowjra gjr porgjrd euncm wjra murnè mjw`tndo (soo hocjw).
n`kjrpjrltnè tbo euncm n`tj yjur kldplne`. Lrtnsl`. ^
Lrtnsl`. ^ju
ju blvo modj`strltom tbo klplhncntnos
klplhncntno s jg l
votorl` jg tbo euncm. ^ju eln` l +< hjùs tj kbokas yju
Ijn`nè
Ijn`nè tbo Euncm dlao tj krlgt rlro ruòstjòs. Euncm lrtnsl`s lro ocnenhco
L`y kblrlktor prj﬌kno`t wntb l sot
s ot jg ruòsdntb„s tjjcs gjr tbo Xuòsdntbnè Lmopt golt (soo òxt pleo).
kl` hokjdo l` lppro`tnko jg tbo Xuòsdntb„s

Xuòsdntb„s Euncm hy Dlstor.
stltus jg l ]brjueb mncneo`t stumy,
dlstor ruòsdntb. yju blvo
^ju eln` l +< lkbnovom
hjùs tj tbo
roenstornè wntb l euncm u`nj` roproso`tltnvo l`m plynè l
roenstrltnj` goo jg <6 ep. kbokas yju dlao tj krlgt vory rlro ruòstjòs.
Erl`mdlstor. ^
Erl`mdlstor. ^ju
ju blvo lsko`mom tj tbo rlà jg erl`m-
N`krolsnè ^jur [tl`mnè dlstor.. ^ju eln` l +< hjùs tj kbokas
dlstor k bokas yju dlao tj krlgt
^ju dust plss oxlds n` jrmor tj n`krolso yjur stl`mnè
^ju coeo`mlry ruòstjòs. Erl`sdlstors lro n`vntom tj ltto`m
wntbn` tbo euncm. Gjr olkb oxld, kl`mnmltos lro tlsaom dootnès jg tbo kju`knc, l`m jgto` bolm cjklc kblptors.
wntb krlgtnè tbo tost
t ost ntod spokn﬌om n` tbo
t bo Euncm Oxlds
tlhco. Oxlds lro skbomucom lt tbo o`m jg ovory dj`tb. Euncm Mjw`tndo Lktnvntnos
]bo mjw`tndo rucos proso`tom n` tbns soktnj` lro n`to`mom
E󰁿󰁮󰁣󰁭 O󰁲󰁬󰁤󰁻 tj kjdpcndo`t l`m oxpl`m j` tbo "Mjw`tndo Xovnsntom"
Xlà ]ost Ntod soktnj` n` kblptor 8 jg Rl`ltblr„s
jg Rl`ltblr„s Eunmo tj Ovorytbnè.
Ovorytbnè .
Ijuròydl` Ulrrnjr ruòstjò
ruòstjò
Euncm Ujra
Krlgtsdl` Hju`m wolpj` ruòstjò
wolpj` ruòstjò
Dodhors jg tbo euncm kl` spo`m tndo n` tbo wjrablccs
Lrtnsl` Kblcnko ruòstjò
Kblcnko ruòstjò
﬌ccnè jrmors pclkom hy kcno`ts.
Dlstor Jvorsbnocm ruòstjò
ruòstjò
Erl`mdlstor Wjcl`t ruòstjò
Wjcl`t ruòstjò Xosjurkos.
Oqunpdo`t l`mEuncm wjra roqunros
dltornlcs lt colst
lro suppcnom j òeuncm.
jò
hy tbo mly„s clhjr.
clhjr.
Xosjcutnj`. [tl`mlrm roduòrltnj` gjr euncm wjra
]j ho ocnenhnco tj snt l` oxld, l kblrlktor dust blvo plnm mopo`ms j` yjur euncm rlà ls gjccjws9
gjr tblt tord„
t ord„ss tuntnj`. ]untnj` tndo l`m kjst
kj st vlrnos mopo`m-
mop o`m-
nè j` tbo covoc jg n`struktnj`, ls sbjw` n` tbo Euncm E󰁿󰁮󰁣󰁭 U󰁪󰁸󰁡
]untnj` tlhco. ]untnj` ns u`mortlao` gjr tbo òxt covoc jg Xlà Olr`nès
euncm lmvl`kodo`t. Gjr oxldpco, l krlgtsdl` wncc rokonvo
Krlg
Krlgts
tsdl
dl`
` Djmost
Djmo st cn
cngo
gost
styc
ycoo gjr
gjr tb
tboo woo
wooaa + 󰀿 ep
ep por
por ml
mlyy jg
jg
tuntnj` lt tbo lrtnsl` covoc n` jrmor tj proplro gjr lmvl`ko-
wjra
do`t tj tblt rlà.
Lrttnsl`
Lr Kjdgjrtlhco cngosty tycco gjr tb
tbo wooa + 󰀼󰀶 ep por
E󰁿󰁮󰁣󰁭 ]󰁿󰁮󰁽󰁮󰁪󰁠 mly jg wjra
X
Dlstor Uolctb
tbyy cngostyc
ycoo gjr tbo wooa + 󰀸󰀶 ep por mly _
N`stuktnj` Covoc ]untnj` ]ord ]untnj` @
jg wjra O
Ijuròydl` 󰀼 wjrawooa 󰀼󰀶 ep D
Erl`md
Erl`mdlsto
lstorr Lrnstj
Lrnstjkrl
krltnk
tnk cng
cngost
ostyco
yco gjr tbo woo
wooaa + 󰀿󰀶 ep por
por L
Krlgtsdl` 󰀸 wjrawooas 󰀸󰀶 ep mly jg wjra E
N
Lrtnsl` 󰀽 wjrawooas 󰀿󰀶 ep K
Dlstor 󰀷 wjrawooas 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep Kjdpcnkltnj`s.

sne`n﬌kl`t Vorgjrdnè
kjdpcnkltnj`s. [tncc,euncm wjra
wjranè gjrrlrocy rosucts
tbo euncm n`
ns `jt
Erl`mdlstor 󰀼󰀶 wjrawooas 󰀿󰀶󰀶 ep
wntbjut rnsa. Olkb wjrawooa spo`t ﬌ccnè jrmors
j rmors hrnès l
Kl`mnmltos snttnè l` oxld dust suppcy tbonr jw` <6% kbl`ko l kjdpcnkltnj`.
eodstjò, jr tboy kl` purkblso jò grjd euncm stjkas. U󰁪󰁸󰁡 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁣󰁮󰁫󰁬󰁽󰁮󰁪󰁠󰁻
Oxlds lro n`vnencltom hy l dlstor jr erl`mdlstor l`m clst
gjr twj bjurs, murnè wbnkb tndo lcc gjrds jg dlenk l`m m󰀷 Kjdpcnkltnj`
dlenklc oﬆokts lro supprossom ls ng hy l` l`tndlenk
l` l`tndlenk ﬌ocm 󰀼 L kus
kustj
tjdo
dorr kl`
kl`ko
kocs
cs l` jr
jrmo
morr, rom
romuk
ukn` nè
e yju
yjurr olr
olr`n
`nè
èss
spocc. Lt tbo o`m jg tbo pornjm, dlao l krlgt kboka usnè gjr tbo wooa hy jò kltoejry.
yjur ruòsdntb„s
ruòsdntb„s tjjcs, gjccjwnè tbo `jrdlc rucos gjr krlgt-
krlgt - 󰀸 ^ju wjr
wjraa l cukr
cukrltn
ltnvo
vo kj`
kj`trl
trlkt
kt,, n`kr
n`krololsnsnè
è yju
yjurr olr`
olr`n`
nèses
nè l ruòstjò. ^ju dlao tbns kboka wntb lmvl`tleo ng gjr tbo wooa hy jò rlà kltoejry.
yju blvo ltto`mom l gucc tuntnj` tord
to rd (tlao` ls l mjw`tndo 󰀻 ^ju
jurr tjjc
tjjcss lro
lro mld
mldleleom
om jr st
stjc
jco`
o`,, gjr
gjrkn
knè
è yj
yjuu tj hu
huyy
lktnvnty). J` l sukkoss, yju plss tbo oxld l`m yjur òw òw jòs.*
rlà ns rokje`nzom. Xuòstjòs kroltom murnè oxlds lro 󰀽 L` n`
n`kn
knmo
mo`t
`t jk
jkku
kurs
rs n` tb
tboo wjr
wjrabablc
lccc gjr
gjr wb
wbnk
nkb
b yju
yju lr
lroo
wntbbocm hy tbo euncm tj ply tlxos covnom hy tbo cjklc cjrm jr hcldom (iustn﬌om jr `jt, ls yju kbjjso). ^ju ^ju lro
ejvor`jr, jgto` hy suppcynè tbo òlrost elrrnsj`. hlrrom grjd tbo wjrablcc gjr tbo òxt snx wjrawooas.*
Xlà Hoògnts 󰀿 ^ju lro

lro lkk
lkkus
usom
om jg
jg socc
soccn`
nè
e ruò
ruòstj
stjò
òss juts
jutsnm
nmoo jg eu
eunc
ncm
m
kbl`òcs hy l kjccoleuo.*
]bo gjccjwnè hoò﬌ts lro nddomnltocy kj`gorrom tj
󰀷 L ru`
ruòs
ostj
tjò
ò ho
holr
lrn`
nèe yju
yjurr dle
dlenk
nklc
lc sn
sne`
e`lt
ltur
uroo wls
wls ususom
om
dodhors j` lttln`nè l òw rlà. Lcc rlà hoò﬌ts tj kjddnt l krndo.*
lro kuducltnvo.
* Dnebt n`vjcvo l rnvlc.
<5

Lmmntnj`lc
Lmmntnj`lc Jptnj`s Xuòstjòs L‛Y
]bns soktnj` proso`ts sjdo lmmntnj`lc jptnj`s tj gurtbor ]bns soktnj` moskrnhos tbo djst kjddj` ruòstjòs n` tbo
o`bl`ko tbo ruò dlenk systod n` yjur kldplne`. wjrcm jg M󰁿󰁠󰁥󰁯󰁪󰁠󰁻 & M󰁸󰁬󰁥󰁪󰁠󰁻. Hoen``nè wntb l hrnog
cnst jg tbo ruòstjòs, sjrtom hy typo l`m rlrnty, gjccjwom hy
]jjc Golts tbonr moskrnptnj`s proso`tom n` lcpblhotnklc jrmor.
]bo ruòsdntbnè systod proso`tom n` tbns kblptor
lssudos tblt mjuhco prj﬌kno`ky kl` ho jhtlnòm hy Uolpj`s Lrdjr
kblrlktors wnsbnè tj hokjdo l` lkkjdpcnsbom lrtnsl`.
Ls sukb, nt ns lmvnsom tj lccjw tbo gjccjwnè òw golt (jr
(j r K󰁪󰁤󰁤󰁪󰁠 K󰁪󰁤󰁤󰁪󰁠
sndnclr) n` eldos tblt lccjw golts9 Dlrnòr Lckbodnst
Ulrrnjr ]bnog
Xuòsdntbnè Lmopt
Vroroqunsnto9 Lrtnsl`
Lrt nsl` jg tbo Xuòsdntb„s
Xuòsdntb„s Euncm (ng usnè tbo _󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁤󰁤󰁪󰁠 _󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁤󰁤󰁪󰁠
euncm systod) Hju`m Uolpj` Lrrjw-Kltkbor
^ju blvo oxkoccom n` yjur stumy jg ruòsdntbnè l`m lro
^ju Klt Hju`m Lrdjr
roelrmom ls l prjmney hy yjur poors, eln`nè tbo gjccjw- Kbljs Mlywlcaor
nè hoò﬌ts9 Goltborgjjt Ocodo`tlc [bnocm
@j`motoktnj` Goltborgjjt
• N`krolso yjur Moxtornty jr N`toccneo`ko skjro hy <, tj l
[orpo`t A`jka
dlxndud jg 86.
@j`motoktnj`
• ^jur prj﬌kno`ky hjùs ns mjuhcom gjr l`y
l`y lhncnty kboka X󰁬󰁸󰁯
yju dlao wntb ruòsdntb„s
ruòsdntb„s tjjcs. Horsoraor X󰁬󰁸󰁯
Kblcnko Hlstnj`
• Jvor tbo kjurso jg l sbjrt rost, yju kl` lttodpt tj
rodjvo l ruòstjò l﬋xom tj l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t Moltb Kblcnko
wntbjut mostrjynè nt.
nt . Lt tbo o`m jg tbo sbjrt rost, dlao l Bu`t Ijuròy
kboka wntb yjur ruòsdntb„s tjjcs, wboro tbo MK ns oqulc Dleohlò Vbjo`nx
tj tbo MK tj krolto tbo ruòstjò. J` l sukkoss, tbo [juctrlp Ulrdleo
ruòstjò ns rokjvorom. [uporkj`muktjr
W󰁯󰁸󰁾 X󰁬󰁸󰁯
Lrtngnkor N`gusnj`s
N`gusnj`s W󰁯󰁸󰁾 X󰁬󰁸󰁯 Mnspclkodo`t
Hcjjm Uolpj` Dlra/Xoklcc
]bo gjccjwnè òw n`gusnj`s lro lvlnclhco tj lrtn﬌kors.
Mrlej`hlò Jvorsbnocm
]bo moskrnptnj` jg olkb n`gusnj` motlncs tbo typo jg ntod
Olrtbsblaor Xotrnhutnj`
tblt kl` rokonvo nt, l`m gjccjw tbo `jrdlc rucos gjr lrtn﬌-
Enl`t [clyor
kor n`gusnj`s gju`m n` kblptor < jg Ohorrj`9
jg Ohorrj`9 Xnsnè grjd C󰁯󰁥󰁯󰁠󰁭󰁬󰁸󰁾
tbo Clst Ulr . Ujcgshlò
Gjrko jg Uncc
O`bl`kom Xu`nk Mogo`so C󰁯󰁥󰁯󰁠󰁭󰁬󰁸󰁾 Dndo
Dndo Wjcl`t
Vroroqunsnto9 Vrj﬌kno`ky
Vr j﬌kno`ky wntb ruòsdntb„s tjjcs
K ]odpost
N Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr jr
j r l sbnocm wntb tbo ru`nk tle
E
L
D ]bo dlxndud ùdhor jg ruòstjòs tblt kl` ho l﬋xom
O tj tbns sunt jg lrdjr jr sbnocm ns n`krolsom hy <. Ng tbns
@
_ n`gusnj` o`ms, l ùdhor jg l﬋xom ruòstjòs oxkoomnè
Xuòstjò Moskrnptnj`s
X
jò lro nddomnltocy mostrjyom (yjur kbjnko). Xuòstjòs

stjò„s ntod lro proso`tom
moskrnptnj` n` lcpblhotnklc
envos nts `ldo, ntsjrmor.
rlrnty,Ltbo
ruò-
typo
O`bl`kom Xu`nk Uolpj` jg ntod tblt kl` rokonvo nt, l`m nts dlenklc prjportnos.
Vroroqunsnto9 Vrj﬌kno`ky
Vr j﬌kno`ky wntb ruòsdntb„s tjjcs
Ntod9 L sndpco jr dlrtnlc wolpj`
wolpj ` wntb tbo ru`nk tle Lckbodnst
Xuòstjò, kjddj`
]bo dlxndud ùdhor jg ruòstjòs tblt kl` ho l﬋xom
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr
tj tbns wolpj` ns n`krolsom hy <. Ng tbns n`gusnj` o`ms, l
ùdhor jg l﬋xom ruòstjòs oxkoomnè jò lro nddomn- Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju roeln` 8 lmmntnj`lc
ltocy mostrjyom (yjur kbjnko). bnt pjn`ts wbo` yju mrnà l pjtnj` jg bolcnè.
Lrrjw-Kltkbor
Lrrjw-Kltkbor
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj`
Ntod9 L sbnocm
]bns ruòstjò bls tbroo kblreos. Ubnco yju lro wnocmnè
tbns sbnocm, wbo` yju jr l grno`mcy krolturo wntbn` <6 goot
jg yju lro tbo tlreot jg l rlèom wolpj` lttlka yju kl`
oxpo`m l kblreo ls l rolktnj` tj ndpjso mnslmvl`tleo j`
tbo lttlka. ^ju dust kbjjso tj mj sj hogjro tbo rjcc. ]bo
ruòstjò roeln`s <m; kblreos mlncy lt mlw`.
<2

Hlstnj` tbo lttuòm wolror usos tbod. ]bo ruò kl` stjro up tj
Xuòstjò, rlro ? covocs wjrtb jg spoccs lt l tndo. Ubo` gju`m, nt kj`tln`s
Ntod9 L elu`tcotom sunt jg lrdjr jr l sbnocm <m7 ∘ < covocs jg stjrom spoccs kbjso` hy tbo MD.
L`y krolturo kl` klst l spocc
s pocc jg <st tbrjueb ?tb covoc
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè (sbnocm) tbns n`tj tbo ruò hy tjukbnè tbo ruò ls tbo spocc ns klst. ]bo
ntod, yju kl` uso l hjùs lktnj` tj pross yjur ﬌st tj tbo spocc bls `j oﬆokt, jtbor tbl` tj ho stjrom n` tbo ruò. Ng
erju`m l`m spola nts kjddl`m wjrm, klusnè l <6-gjjt tbo ruò kl`„t bjcm tbo spocc, tbo spocc ns oxpo`mom wntbjut
rlmnus nddjhnco mjdo jg gjrko tj sprnè n`tj oxnsto`ko oﬆokt. ]bo covoc jg tbo spocc usom tj klst tbo spocc motor-
lrju`m l`m lhjvo yju tblt rodln`s stltnj`lry l`m clsts dnòs bjw dukb splko nt usos.
gjr < dnùto. ]bo mjdo lutjdltnklccy ropocs `j`dlenklc Ubnco yju lro wolrnè (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè (sbnocm) tbns
rlèom lttlkas lttodptnè tj plss tbrjueb nt, l`m tbo lrol ntod, yju kl` klst l`y spocc stjrom n` tbo ruòstjò. ]bo
n`snmo tbo mjdo ns kj`snmorom mn﬋kuct torrln` gjr bjstnco spocc usos tbo scjt covoc, spocc slvo MK, spocc lttlka hjùs,
krolturos. J`ko usom, tbns prjporty kl`„t ho usom leln`
u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`. l`m spoccklstnè
wnso troltom ls nglhncnty jg tbo
yju klst tbo jrnen`lc klstor,
spocc. ]bo spocchut
klstnsgrjd
jtbor-
tbo
ruò ns `j cjèor stjrom n` nt, groonè up splko.
Horsoraor
Xuòstjò, rlro Kbljs
wolp j` Xuòstjò, u`kjddj`
Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo wntb tbns
t bns wolpj`, yju kl` Ntod9 L sndpco jr dlrtnlc wolpj`
wolp j`
oxpo`m l ùdhor jg Bnt Mnko up tj blcg yjur kblrlktor L pjpuclr prjiokt ldjè lppro`tnko lrtn﬌kors,
lrtn﬌ko rs, tbns ruò
covoc (rju`mom mjw`). Gjr olkb Bnt Mno spo`t tbns wly, odhjmnos tbo kbljs jg u`hju`m dlenk. Ubo` yju skjro
rjcc tbo mno l`m lmm nt tj tbo mldleo jg tbo lttlka. ^ju l krntnklc bnt wntb l` lttlka usnè tbns wolpj`, rjcc j` tbo
tlao l` ldju`t jg mldleo oqulc tj tbo mldleo molct n` Uncm Dlenk [ureo tlhco n` tbo Vclyor„s
tbo Vclyor„s Bl`mhjja tj tj krolto
tbns wly, n`kcumnè l`y oxtrl mldleo grjd l krntnklc bnt. l dlenklc oﬆokt. Ng tbo oﬆokt ns l spocc tblt roqunros kj`ko`-
]bns mldleo tj yju kl`„
kl`„tt ho romukom
romuko m jr provo`tom n` l`y trltnj`, nt mjos`„t roqunro kj`ko`trltnj` n` tbns klso l`m
wly.. J`ko usom, tbns prjporty
wly prjpo rty kl`„t ho usom leln` u`tnc tbo clsts gjr nts gucc murltnj`.
gjccjwnè mlw`.
Mlywlcaor
Hcjjm Uolpj`
Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro Xuòstjò, u`kjddj`
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr wntb l bocdot jr bjjm
Ntod9 L sndpco jr dlrtnlc docoo wolpj`
wo lpj`
Ubnco wolrnè tbns lrdjr wntb tbo bjjm mrlw`, yju lro
Ubo` yju skjro l krntnklc
krntnk lc bnt wntb l` lttlka usnè tbns
t bns u`lﬆoktom hy tbo su`cnebt so`sntnvnty trlnt ng yju blvo nt.
wolpj`, yju roeln` l ùdhor jg bnt pjn`ts oqulc tj tbo
mldleo molct tj l dlxndud jg tbo bnt pjn`ts cjst hy tbo Moltb
tlreot. @j oﬆokt leln`st kj`strukts jr u`molm. Xuòstjò, rlro
wolp j`
Hju`m Lrdjr
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj` Uboòvor yju ancc l [dlcc jr Domnud budl`jnm wntb
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr l` lttlka usnè tbns wolpj`, nt rnsos nddomnltocy ls l
zjdhno u`mor yjur kj`trjc wntb < bnt pjn`t, ls por tbo X
Ls l hjùs lktnj` wbnco yju lro`„
lro `„tt wolrnè lrdjr, yju _
l`ndlto molm spocc.
spocc. ]bo krolturo usos tbo zjdhno stltns- @
kl` kluso tbns lrdjr tj lppolr n` l ﬈lsb jg cnebt lrju`m O
tnks. Nt rodln`s l`ndlto gjr < dnùto, lgtor wbnkb tndo nt D
yju”n`stl`tcy mj``nè nt. Lcsj ls l hjùs lktnj` wbnco yju kjcclpsos l`m mnos. L
lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju kl` kluso tbo lrdjr tj vl`nsb E
N
K
o`tnrocy, n`stl`tcy mj﬋è nt. Mnspclkodo`t
Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro
Hju`m Uolpj`
Ntod9 L sunt jg cnebt jr domnud lrdjr
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj`
wolp j` Ubo` yju tlao mldleo grjd l wolpj` lttlka, yju kl` k l` toco-
pjrt ;6 goot tj l` u`jkkupnom splko tblt yju kl` soo. J`ko
Ls l hjùs lktnj`, yju kl`
k l` kluso tbns wolpj` tj mnslppolr yju tocopjrt n` tbns wly, yju kl`„t
kl`„t mj sj leln` u`tnc tbo stlrt
s tlrt
jr lppolr n`stl`tcy n` l groo bl`m. jg yjur òxt tur`.
Klt Mrlej`hlò
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj` Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro
wolp j` Ntod9 L dlrtnlc wolpj`
Ubnco wnocmnè tbns wolpj`, ls l hjùs lktnj`
lktnj ` yju kl` Ubo` yju bnt l mrlej` wntb tbns wolpj`, nt tlaos l` oxtrl
lktnvlto tbns ruò hy spolanè nts kjddl`m pbrlso. Gjr 8m7 mldleo jg tbo wolpj`„s typo l`m dust sukkoom j` l
< bjur, yju kl` soo `jrdlccy n` mlraòss tj l mnstl`ko jg [troètb slvnè tbrjw jr nts ﬈ynè spoom (ng l`y) ns romukom
<86 goot. J`ko usom, tbns prjporty kl`„t ho usom leln` u`tnc tj 6 goot u`tnc tbo o`m jg nts òxt tur`. Ng tbo tlreot ns
tbo gjccjwnè mlw`. lnrhjrò, nt mosko`ms lt 76 goot por rju`m u`tnc nt rolkbos
Kblcnko tbo erju`m jr tbo oﬆokt o`ms. Gjr tbo purpjso jg tbns
wolpj`, "mrlej`" rogors tj l`y krolturo wntb tbo mrlej`
Xuòstjò, rlro typo, n`kcumnè mrlej` turtcos l`m wyvor`s.
Ntod9 L`y lrdjr jr wolpj`
]bns ruòstjò stjros spoccs klst n`tj nt, bjcmnè tbod u`tnc
<>

Olrtbsblaor Ijuròy
Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro Xuòstjò, rlro
wolp j` wntb tbo Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr
bolvy prjporty
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yjur spoom n`krolsos
Ubnco yju lro wnocmnè tbns wolpj`, yju kl` uso l` lktnj` hy <6 goot. N` lmmntnj`, yju kl` trlvoc lt l glst plko
tj strnao l pjn`t j` tbo erju`m wntbn` rolkb, kroltnè l wntbjut suﬆornè tbo `jrdlc po`lcty
po `lcty tj plssnvo Unsmjd
sonsdnk mnsturhl`ko ls por tbo olrtbqulao
olrtbqulao spocc
spocc wntb l (Vokoptnj`) kbokas, l`m yjur gjjm l`m wltor roqunro-
murltnj` jg < rju`m. J`ko usom, tbns prjporty kl`„t ho usom do`ts lro blcvom.
leln` u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`.
A`jka
Ocodo`tlc [bnocm Xuòstjò, u`kjddj`
Xu`sostjò, u`kjddj` Ntod9 L elu`tcotom sunt jg lrdjr
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr jr
j r l sbnocm Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju kl` rlp yjur ﬌st
Ubo` yju ﬌rst l﬋x tbns ruò tj l sunt jg lrdjr jr l sbnocm, j` l` jhiokt tj klst tbo a`jka
tbo a`jka spocc
spocc j` nt. J`ko usom, tbns
kbjjso jò jg tbo gjccjwnè mldleo typos9 lknm, kjcm, ﬌ro, prjporty kl`„t ho usom leln` u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`.
cnebt`nè, jr tbu`mor.
tbu`mor. Ubnco wolrnè (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè
(sbnocm) tbns ntod, wboòvor yju tlao mldleo jg tbo kbjso` Dleohlò
typo yju kl` uso yjur rolktnj` tj romuko tbo mldleo hy l` Xuòstjò, rlro
ldju`t oqulc tj twnko yjur kblrlktor covoc + yjur Kj`stn- Ntod9 L sndpco jr dlrtnlc wolpj`
wolpj `
tutnj` djmn﬌or l`m suﬆor jò covoc jg oxblustnj`. ^ju kl`
]bns ruòstjò bls tbroo kblreos. Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo
kblèo tbo kbjso` mldleo typo jvor tbo kjurso jg l sbjrt wntb tbns wolpj`, yju kl` oxpo`m
oxpo `m l kblreo tj kluso l`y
jr cjè rost hy spo`mnè lt colst ;6 dnùtos n` kj`tlkt spocc oﬆokts jg ;rm covoc jr cjwor j` tbo tlreot tj o`m. Lmmn-
wntb tbo ruòstjò.
tnj`lccy, gjr olkb spocc jg =tb covoc jr bnebor j` tbo tlreot,
dlao l` lhncnty kboka usnè
us nè yjur wolpj` lhncnty. ]bo MK
Goltborgjjt
oqulcs <6 + tbo spocc„s covoc. J` l sukkossguc kboka, tbo
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj`
spocc o`ms. ]bo ruòstjò roeln`s <m; oxpo`mom kblreos
mlncy lt mlw`.
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè (wolpj` jr Dlrnòr
sbnocm) tbns ntod, yju blvo l stl`mnè iudp mnstl`ko oqulc
tj yjur kurro`t wlcanè spoom. Olkb gjjt yju kcolr wbnco Xuòstjò, kjddj`
iudpnè kjsts l gjjt jg djvodo`t, l`m yju kl`„t iudp Ntod9 L sndpco jr dlrtnlc wolpj`
wolpj `
gurtbor tbl` yjur rodln`nè djvodo`t n` l tur`. ]bns wolpj` jr lddu`ntnj` ﬌rom wntb nt dlenklccy ropocs
wltor. Lttlka rjccs yju dlao usnè nt lro`„
wltor. lr o`„tt dlmo wntb
Gjrko jg Uncc
mnslmvl`tleo gjr honè u`morwltor.
Xuòstjò, coeo`mlry
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr Dlra/ Xoklcc
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju kl`„t
kl`„t ho lﬆoktom hy Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro
o`kbl`tdo`t dlenk u`coss yju kbjjso tj ho. Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr
K
N
E Enl`t [clyor Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju kl` uso l` lktnj` tj
L dlenklccy dlra l surglko j` wbnkb yju lro stl`mnè.
D Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro
O Ubnco l cjkltnj` ns dlraom n` tbns wly, yju kl` spo`m <
@ Ntod9 L dlrtnlc wolpj`
_ dnùto kj`ko`trltnè j` nt (ls ng kj`ko`trltnè j` l spocc).
X Ubo` yju bnt l enl`t wntb tbns wolpj`, nt tlaos l` oxtrl Lt tbo o`m jg tbo pornjm, yju l`m up tj ﬌vo wnccnè krol-
8m7 mldleo jg tbo wolpj`„
wolpj`„ss typo l`m dust sukkoom j`j` l turos wntbn` ? goot jg yju tocopjrt tj tbo dlraom cjkltnj`,
[troètb slvnè tbrjw jr glcc prjò. Gjr tbo purpjso jg tbns l`m tbo dlra vl`nsbos. J`ko yju dlra l cjkltnj`, yju
wolpj`, "enl`t" rogors tj l`y krolturo wntb tbo
t bo enl`t typo, kl`„t mj sj leln` u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`. Ng yju dlra
n`kcumnè ottn`s l`m trjccs. l`jtbor cjkltnj` wbnco yju lcrolmy blvo l dlra, tbo jcmor
dlra vl`nsbos.
Bu`t
Xuòstjò, rlro Dndo
Ntod9 L sndpco jg dlrtnlc wolpj`
wolp j` wntb tbo lddu`n- Xuòstjò, coeo`mlry
tnj` prjporty Ntod9 L`y lrdjr jr wolpj`
Ubnco yju lro wnocmnè tbns wolpj`, yju kl` uso l` lktnj` ]bns ruòstjò ns lhco tj dndnk tbo prjportnos jg dlenk
j` yjur tur` tj dlra l krolturo yju kl` soo wntbn` >6 goot ntods. L krolturo kl` spo`m l sbjrt rost spo`t gjkusnè
jg yju. Gjr < bjur, wbo` yju bnt tbo dlraom krolturo
kro lturo wntb j` l dlenk ntod l`m tbns ruòstjò. ]bo dlenk ntod dust
l rlèom lttlka usnè tbns wolpj` yju kl` uso l hjùs ho jg tbo sldo typo ls tbo typo jg oqunpdo`t tj wbnkb
lktnj` tj tocopjrt tj l` u`jkkupnom splko wntbn` ;6 goot jg tbns ruò ns l﬋xom. Gjkus usulccy tlaos tbo gjrd jg qunot
nt tblt yju kl` soo. J`ko usom, tbns prjporty kl`„t ho usom domntltnj` jr jtbor lpprjprnlto lktnvnty. Ng tbo sbjrt rost
leln` u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`. ns n`torruptom, tbo kjpynè prjkoss glncs. Jtborwnso, lt
tbo o`m jg tbo sbjrt rost tbo ruòstjò eln`s tbo prjpor-
tnos jg tbo dlenk ntod, oxkcumnè l`y ﬌xom hjùsos sukb
ls tbjso tj lttlka l`m mldleo rjccs, spocc slvo MK, l`m
86

Lrdjr Kclss. Ng l prjporty

prjpo rty bls kblreos, nt ns kjpnom
kj pnom wntb `j tj tbo prj﬌kno`ky hjùs jg tbo krolturo lttuòm tj nt. Ubo`
rodln`nè kblreos. yju lro tlreotom hy l spocc
sp occ wbnco bjcmnè tbns wolpj`, tbo
J`cy tbo prjportnos jg jò dlenk ntod kl` ho kjpnom lt ruòstjò eln`s l ùdhor jg kblreos oqulc tj tbo covoc
l tndo. ]bo dndnkanè prjkoss jvorwrntos l`y oxnstnè jg tbo spocc, up tj tbo dlxndud tbo ruòstjò kl` bjcm.
kjpnom prjportnos. ]bo prjkoss lutjdltnklccy glncs wbo` Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo wntb l` lttlka
lt tlka usnè tbns wolpj`,
lttodptnè tj dndnk tbo prjportnos jg lrtnglkts. yju kl` oxpo`m l`y ùdhor jg kblreos tj molc l` oxtrl oxtr l
<m7 gjrko mldleo por kblreo oxpo`mom.
@j`motoktnj` ]bns ntod cjsos l`y lkkruom kblreos wbo` yju ﬌`nsb l
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj` sbjrt jr cjè rost.
]odpost
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè (wolpj` jr
sbnocm) tbns ntod, yju lro bnmmo` grjd mnvn`ltnj` dlenk.
^ju kl`„t ho tlreotom hy sukb dlenk jr porkonvom tbrjueb
^ju Ntod9 L sndpco jr dlrtnlc wolpj`
wolp j`
dlenklc skrynè so`sjrs. J`ko j` olkb jg yjur tur`s, wbo` yju bnt l krolturo wntb
tbns wolpj` yju kl` molc l` oxtrl <m<6 cnebt`nè mldleo.
Jvorsbnocm L` lrk jg cnebt`nè tbo` colps grjd
grj d tblt tlreot tj ls dl`y
Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro ls tbroo lmmntnj`lc krolturos jg yjur kbjnko wntbn` ;6 goot
Ntod9 L sunt jg bolvy lrdjr jg nt, wbnkb lcsj tlao <m<6 cnebt`nè mldleo.
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju eln` 2 todpjrlry bnt
]bnog
pjn`ts lt tbo stlrt jg olkb jg yjur tur`s.
Xuòstjò, kjddj`
Vbjo`nx Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr
Xuòstjò, rlro L glvjrnto jg kutpursos
kutpurs os l`m tbnovos. J`ko por mly wbnco
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr wolrnè tbns lrdjr yju kl` rorjcc
rorj cc l glncom Moxtornty kboka.
Ubo` yju„ro
yju„ro romukom tj 6 bnt pjn`ts
pj n`ts l`m stlrt mynè wbnco Ng yju mj sj, yju dust uso tbo òw rjcc.
wolrnè tbns lrdjr, tbns ruò nddomnltocy klsts ﬌rohlcc
klsts ﬌rohlcc
Wjcl`t
ko`torom j` yju. Lt tbo stlrt jg yjur òxt tur`, n`stolm jg
rjccnè l moltb
J`ko usom, tbnsslvnè tbrjw,
prjporty kl`„tyju
ho roeln` <m7 bnt
usom leln` pjn`ts.
u`tnc tbo Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr
gjccjwnè mlw`. Ubnco yju lro wolrnè tbns lrdjr, yju eln` l ﬈nebt (bjvor)
spoom oqulc tj twnko yjur wlcanè spoom.
Xotrnhutnj`
Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro Ulrdleo
Ulrdleo
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr jr l sbnocm Xuòstjò, rlro
Ntod9 L sunt jg lrdjr jr l sbnocm
Ubnco yju lro wolrnè (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè (sbnocm) tbns
ntod, wboòvor yju tlao mldleo grjd l krolturo yju blvo ]bns ruòstjò bls tbroo kblreos. Ubnco yju lro wolrnè
lmvl`tleo j` yjur òxt lttlka rjcc leln`st krolturos jg tblt (lrdjr) jr wnocmnè (sbnocm) tbns ntod l`m glnc l kj`ko`trl-
typo hogjro tbo o`m jg yjur òxt tur`. tnj` slvnè tbrjw tblt yju dlao tj dln`tln` kj`ko`trltnj`
X
j` l spocc muo tj tlanè mldleo, yju kl` oxpo`m l kblreo _
@
[orpo`t ls l rolktnj` tj rorjcc tbo slvnè tbrjw. Ng yju mj sj, yju O
Xuòstjò, u`kjddj` dust uso tbo òw rjcc. D
L
wolp j` ^ju
^ju kl` oxpo`m l spocc scjt jg <st covoc jr bnebor tj E
N
rokjvor l` oxpo`mom kblreo. K
Ubo` yju bnt l krolturo wntb tbns
t bns wolpj`, yju kl` lttodpt
tj pjnsj` nt. ]bo tlreot dust sukkoom j` l Kj`stntutnj` Ulrrnjr
Ulrrnjr
slvnè tbrjw jr hokjdo pjnsjòm gjr < dnùto. ]bo
Xuòstjò, kjddj`
krolturo kl` ropolt tbo slvnè tbrjw lt tbo o`m jg olkb
wolp j`
jg nts tur`s. J` l sukkoss, tbo oﬆokt o`ms. J`ko usom, tbns
prjporty kl`„t ho usom leln` u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`. Vjpuclr ldjè dorko`lrnos l`m sjcmnors, tbns ruòstjò
o`suros yju aoop yjur swjrm n` yjur bl`m. Ubnco yju
[juctrlp lro wnocmnè tbns wolpj`, yju kl`„t ho mnslrdom jg tbns
Xuòstjò, rlro wolpj` wbnco yju lro kj`sknjus.
kj`sknj us.
wolp j`
Ujcgshlò
Ubo` yju ancc l krolturo wntb l kblccoèo rltnè
rl tnè oqulc tj
Xuòstjò, vory
vor y rlro
jr bnebor tbl` yjur covoc wntb tbns wolpj`, yju roeln` jò
wo lpj`
oxpo`mom spocc scjt. ]bns spocc kl`„t ho jg l covoc bnebor
tbl` yjur prj﬌kno`ky hjùs. J`ko usom, tbns prjporty kl`„t N` mlraòss, tbo u`sboltbom hclmo jr bolm jg tbns wolpj`
ho usom leln` u`tnc tbo gjccjwnè mlw`. sboms djj`cnebt, kroltnè hrnebt cnebt n` l <?-gjjt rlmnus
l`m mnd cnebt gjr l` lmmntnj`lc <? goot. N` lmmntnj`, wbo`
[uporkj`muktjr yju bnt l sblpokblèor wntb tbns wolpj`, nt tlaos l` oxtrl
Xuòstjò, rlro 8m7 mldleo l`m dust sukkoom j` l Kj`stntutnj` slvnè
wolp j` tbrjw. J` l glncuro, nt nddomnltocy lssudos nts truo gjrd ng
nt wls sblpokblèom l`m nt kl`„t sblpokblèo u`tnc tbo
]bns ruòstjò klpturos l`m stjros dlenklc pjto`tnlc gjr
o`m jg nts òxt tur`.
sbjrt-tord uso, l`m kl` bjcm l ùdhor jg spocc covocs oqulc
8<

@
󰁌p
󰁌ppΐ􀁀mnΐs
O
[
M
@
_
D
L
@
O
W
O

Lppo`mnx L9 Uolpj`
Uolpj` _perlmo L`lcysns
L`lcysns
]bns lppo`mnx mnskussos tbo dltbodltnklc rolsj`nè l`m jtbor glktjrs kj`kor`nè tbo wolpj` uperlmo systod.
]bo @udhors
]bo gjccjwnè tlhco proso`ts tbo lvorleo mldleo molct por lttlka hy l ?tb covoc kblrlktor (+= lhncnty djmn﬌or) gjr l wolpj`
wntb olkb uperlmo n`mnvnmulccy (`j jtbor uperlmos)
uper lmos) usnè j` l Dj`to Klrcj snducltnj` jg
j g ?6,666 rju`ms jg lttlkas
ltt lkas leln`st l
@jrdlc Mnstrnhutnj` jg KX-lpprjprnlto oòdnos gjr tblt covoc (djmoc lssudos l dol` LK jg <? wntb l <.? [tl`mlrm
Movnltnj`.) Gjr olso jg kjdplrnsj`, l hlsocnò (`j uperlmos) ns proso`tom gjccjwnè tbo sldo dotbjmjcjey9
N󰁠󰁭󰁮󰁷󰁮󰁭󰁿󰁬󰁣 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁻󰁪󰁠

Uolpj` Mno Hlsocnò Hlcl`kom Krntnklc Uju`mnè Hrutlc [lwtjjtbom [upornjr Dlstorwjra
Dl
󰀼 󰀻.󰀻 󰀻.󰀿 󰀻.󰀽 󰀻.󰀾 @/L @/L 󰀽.󰀽 󰀽.󰀻
󰀼m󰀽 󰀽.󰀽 󰀽.󰀵 󰀽.󰀿 󰀿.󰀶 󰀿.󰀵 󰀷.󰀼* 󰀿.󰀼 󰀿.󰀽
󰀼m󰀷 󰀿.󰀼 󰀿.󰀽 󰀿.󰀻 󰀿.󰀵 󰀷.󰀸 @/L 󰀿.󰀲 󰀷.󰀼
󰀼m󰀲 󰀿.󰀲 󰀷 .󰀸 󰀷.󰀶 󰀷.󰀸 󰀷.󰀾 @/L 󰀷.󰀽 󰀷.󰀲
󰀼m󰀼󰀶 󰀷.󰀽 󰀵.󰀶 󰀷.󰀵 󰀵.󰀼 󰀵.󰀷 @/L 󰀵.󰀸 󰀵.󰀷
󰀼m󰀼󰀸 󰀵.󰀸 󰀵.󰀵 󰀵.󰀿 󰀵.󰀲 󰀲.󰀸 @/L @/L 󰀲.󰀽
󰀸m󰀷 󰀵.󰀿 󰀲.󰀼 󰀵.󰀾 󰀲.󰀼 󰀲.󰀶 @/L @/L 󰀲.󰀵
* Lvorleo mldleo ropjrtom gjr tbo slw-tjjtbom tle

tle lssudos 󰀼󰀶󰀶% lppcnklhncnty (`j u`molm jr kj`strukt tlreots).
N` lmmntnj`, tbo gjccjwnè tlhco proso`ts tbo lvorleo mldleo jg l guccy-uperlmom wolpj` leln`st l hlsocnò +; dlenk
wolpj` gjr vlrnjus kltoejrnos
klt oejrnos jg wolpj` erjupom
erj upom hy mno snzo l`m lvlnclhco uperlmo dnx lt <?tb covoc (+? lhncnty djmn﬌or
djmn﬌or,,
djmoc lssudos l dol` LK jg <2 wntb l 8.6 [tl`mlrm Movnltnj`) gjccjwnè tbo sldo dotbjmjcjey9
G󰁿󰁣󰁣󰁾 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯󰁭 U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁻󰁪󰁠

Uolpj` Uolpj` Mno _perlmom +󰀻 Uolpj` Mnﬆoro`ko Kjst
Hcjweu` 󰀼 󰀷.󰀿 󰀵.󰀻 (󰀶.󰀲) 󰀼󰀻,󰀵󰀶󰀶 ep
Kcuh, cnebt blddor, snkaco, wbnp 󰀼m󰀽 󰀼󰀶.󰀻 󰀲.󰀿 󰀼.󰀲 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Mleeor 󰀼m󰀽 󰀼󰀸.󰀷 󰀲.󰀿 󰀽.󰀼 󰀸󰀲,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Mlrt, scnè 󰀼m󰀽 󰀵 .󰀻 󰀲.󰀿 (󰀼.󰀸) 󰀼󰀻,󰀵󰀶󰀶 ep
Bl`mlxo, ilvocn`, dlko, qulrtorstlﬆ, skndntlr, sbjrtswjrm, 󰀼m󰀷 󰀼󰀼.󰀼 󰀾.󰀽 󰀼.󰀵 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep*
spolr, trnmo`t
Bl`m krjsshjw, sbjrthjw 󰀼m󰀷 󰀾.󰀼 󰀾.󰀽 (󰀶.󰀻) 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Hlttcolxo, eroltkcuh, cjèswjrm, djr`nèstlr
djr`nèstlr,, rlpnor, wlr 󰀼m󰀲 󰀼󰀸.󰀶 󰀼󰀶.󰀸 󰀼.󰀲 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
pnka, wlrblddor
Cnebt krjsshjw, cjèhjw 󰀼m󰀲 󰀾.󰀾 󰀼󰀶.󰀸 (󰀶.󰀻) 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Eclnvo, blchorm, pnao 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 󰀼󰀸.󰀾 󰀼󰀼.󰀸 󰀼.󰀵 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Bolvy krjsshjw 󰀼m󰀼󰀶 󰀼󰀶.󰀲 󰀼󰀼.󰀸 (󰀶.󰀽) 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Eroltlxo, cl`ko 󰀼m󰀼󰀸 󰀼󰀸.󰀾 󰀼󰀼.󰀾 󰀼.󰀶 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep

Eroltswjrm, dluc 󰀸m󰀷 󰀼󰀸.󰀽 󰀼󰀸.󰀽 󰀶.󰀶 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep*
tbo ﬈lèom tle
* Lmmntnj`lccy, tbo ﬈lèom
tle ns lvlnclhco tj dlkos l`m dlucs lt l ﬌`lc lmmntnj`lc kjst jg 󰀲,󰀶󰀶󰀶 l`m 󰀽,󰀶󰀶󰀶 ep, rospoktnvocy.
Mosne` @jtos
Vjwor Kroop. L
Kroop. L guccy-uperlmom 8m7 wolpj`”tbo bnebost lvorleo mldleo”ns oqulc tj tbo hlsocnò tj wntbn` jò mokndlc
pclko, sbjwnè tblt tbo uperlmo systod mjos`„t oxkoom dlenklc wolpj`s lt tbo tjp o`m. N` lmmntnj`, tboro ns l` n`krolsnè
rocltnvo ndprjvodo`t gjr wolpj`s wntb cjwor lvorleo mldleo, wbnkb bocps tj rowlrm l`m n`ko`tnvnzo tbonr uso.
Erolt Uolpj`s. L
Uolpj`s. L guccy-uperlmom <m<8 wolpj` pjssossos bnebor lvorleo mldleo tbl` l` oqunvlco`t 8m7 wolpj` muo tj
strjèor syòrey wntb tbo hrutlc tle.
tle. ]bns proso`ts tbo pclyor wntb l` n`torostnè kbjnko9 bnebor n`ntnlc mldleo (8m7) vorsus
bnebor lvorleo ﬌`lc mldleo (<m<8). Gurtbordjro, tbo 8m7 dluc hoò﬌ts tbo òw snoeo prjporty (ng yju lro usnè tbo òw
wolpj` prjportnos) l`m lcsj bls lkkoss tj tbo t bo ﬈lèom
﬈lèom uperlmo”jﬆornè
uperlmo”jﬆornè l` lttrlktnvo jptnj` lt l` lmmntnj`lc kjst. L
V
Eclnvo, Blchorm, l`m Vnao. ]boso
Vnao. ]boso wolpj`s kl` dltkb l eroltlxo gjr l` lmmntnj`lc kjst jg =,666 ep. Gu`ktnj`lccy, tbns ns V
O
=,666 ep gjr tbo rolkb prjporty lt tbo ﬌`nsb cnò, wbnkb ns ﬌ò. @
M
Xlèom Uolpj`s. Hcjweu`s
Uolpj`s. Hcjweu`s l`m mlrts lro sne`n﬌kl`tcy hocjw tbo hlsocnò, hut eln` oxkcusnvo lkkoss tj pjworguc òw N
K
typos jg spoknlc lddu`ntnj`. Hjws l`m krjsshjws lro lcsj hocjw tbo hlsocnò, l`m lro cnaownso lkkju`tom gjr hy tbo lvlnc- O
[
lhncnty jg spoknlc lddu`ntnj`. N` hjtb klsos, tbo cjwor tjtlc kjst jg uperlmnè ns jﬆsot hy tbo lmmntnj`lc kjst jg lddu`ntnj`.
Mleeors. Mleeors
Mleeors. Mleeors hoò﬌t grjd l` oxkoptnj`lc rocltnvo n`krolso jvor tbo hlsocnò tblàs tj oxkcusnvo lkkoss tj tbo
slw-tjjtbom tle.
tle. ]bns ns porsj`lc tlsto, hut nts lcwlys hjtborom do tblt tbo nkj`nk mleeor ns sj dokbl`nklccy suhjptndlc gjr
l rjeuo. ]bns kcjsos tbo elp tj tbo rlpnor suhsl`tnlccy wntbjut tbo òom gjr l` orrltl jg j﬋knlc dltornlc, l`m lcsj prjvnmos
tbo mleeor wntb sjdo u`nquo ﬈lvjr.
8;

Lppo`mnx H9 Uolpj`
Uolpj` _perlmo \unka Xogoro`ko
Xogoro`ko
]bo tlhcos n` tbns lppo`mnx lro n`to`mom ls kj`vo`no`t rogoro`ko gjr pclyors wbo` motordn`nè lvlnclhco uperlmos gjr olkb
wolpj` typo, tbo prjkoss
prj koss gjr wbnkb ns moskrnhom
moskr nhom n` kblptor <.
U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠󰁻 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 \󰁿󰁮󰁫󰁡 X󰁯󰁧󰁯󰁸󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁯 (􀀼󰁻󰁽 ]󰁮󰁯󰁸)

Krntnklc” Krntnklc” Krntnklc” Uju`mnè Uju`mnè
Uolpj` Hlcl`kom [blrpoòm [nebt pn` [pnaom Xu`nk [ncvorom ”Aoo` ”Jncom str.

Kcuh V V V V V
Mleeor V V V V V
Eroltkcuh V V V V V
Bl`mlxo V V V V V
Ilvocn` V V V V V
Cnebt blddor V V V V V
Dlko V V V V V
\ulrtorstlﬆ V V V V V
[nkaco V V V V V
[polr V V V V V

Krjsshjw, cnebt V V V V V
Mlrt V V V
V V V V V
[bjrthjw
[cnè V V V

Hlttcolxo V V V V V
Gclnc V V V V V
Eclnvo V V V V V
Eroltlxo V V V V V
Eroltswjrm V V V V V
Blchorm V V V V V
Cl`ko V V V V V
Cjèswjrm V V V V V
Dluc V V V V V
Djr`nèstlr V V V V V
Vnao V V V V V
Xlpnor V V V V V
[kndntlr V V V V V
[bjrtswjrm V V V V V
]rnmo`t V V V V V
Ulr pnka V V V V V
Ulrblddor V V V V V
Ubnp V V V V V

Hcjweu` V V V
Krjsshjw, bl`m V V V V V
Krjsshjw, bolvy V V V V V
Cjèhjw V V V V V
[
O @ot V V V
K
N
M
@
O
V
V
L
8=

U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠󰁻 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 \󰁿󰁮󰁫󰁡 X󰁯󰁧󰁯󰁸󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁯 (􀀸󰁠󰁭 󰀧 􀀻󰁸󰁭 ]󰁮󰁯󰁸)

[lw- Dlstor- ]jtlc Kjst”Lcc
Uolpj` Hrutlc Gclèom Dlenklc tjjtbom [upornjr wjra _perlmos* _perlmos

Kcuh V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Mleeor V V V V V 󰀼󰀶 󰀸󰀲,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Eroltkcuh V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Bl`mlxo V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Ilvocn` V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Cnebt blddor V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Dlko V V V V V 󰀼󰀶 󰀸󰀲,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
\ulrtorstlﬆ V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
[nkaco V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
[polr V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Krjsshjw, cnebt V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Mlrt V V V 󰀷 󰀼󰀻,󰀵󰀶󰀶 ep
V V V
[bjrthjw
[cnè V V V
󰀲󰀷 󰀼󰀼󰀷󰀻,,󰀼󰀵󰀶󰀶󰀶󰀶 e
epp
Hlttcolxo V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Gclnc V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Eclnvo V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Eroltlxo V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Eroltswjrm V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Blchorm V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Cl`ko V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Cjèswjrm V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Dluc V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Djr`nèstlr V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Vnao V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Xlpnor V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
[kndntlr V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
[bjrtswjrm V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
]rnmo`t V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Ulr pnka V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Ulrblddor V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Ubnp V V V V 󰀾 󰀸󰀶,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Hcjweu` V V V 󰀷 󰀼󰀻,󰀵󰀶󰀶 ep
Krjsshjw, bl`m V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Krjsshjw, bolvy V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep
Cjèhjw V V V 󰀲 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep L
V
@ot V 󰀽 󰀼,󰀵󰀶󰀶 ep V
O
@
M
N
K
O
[
8?

Lppo`mnx K9 Xuòsdntbnè
Xuòsdntbnè Vrjhlhncnty ]lhcos
]bo tlhcos n` tbns lppo`mnx lro n`to`mom ls kj`vo`no`t rogoro`ko gjr pclyors tj qunkacy motordnò tbo kbl`kos jg sukkoss jg
l envo` krlgtnè lttodpt. Gjr ovory lmmntnj`lc +< hjùs tj tbo rjcc, tbo jmms jg sukkoss lro n`krolsom hy ?%.
X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢󰁮󰁠󰁥 [󰁿󰁫󰁫󰁯󰁻󰁻 X󰁬󰁽󰁯 ” V󰁸󰁪󰁧󰁮󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁾

Vrj﬌kno`ky Lhncnty Kjddj` _`kjddj` Xlro Wory Xlro Coeo`mlry
Covoc Hjùs Djmn﬌or* MK 󰀼󰀶 MK 󰀼󰀿 MK 󰀸󰀶 MK 󰀸󰀿 MK 󰀸󰀲
󰀼st +󰀸 +󰀻 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀸`m +󰀸 +󰀻 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀻rm +󰀸 +󰀻 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀽tb +󰀸 +󰀽 󰀲󰀿% 󰀷󰀶% 󰀻󰀿% 󰀼󰀶% 󰀶%
󰀿tb +󰀻 +󰀽 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀽󰀶% 󰀼󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀷tb +󰀻 +󰀽 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀽󰀶% 󰀼󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀵tb +󰀻 +󰀽 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀽󰀶% 󰀼󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀲tb +󰀻 +󰀿 󰀾󰀿% 󰀵󰀶% 󰀽󰀿% 󰀸󰀶% 󰀿%
󰀾tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀵󰀿% 󰀿󰀶% 󰀸󰀿% 󰀼󰀶%
󰀼󰀶tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀵󰀿% 󰀿󰀶% 󰀸󰀿% 󰀼󰀶%
󰀼󰀼tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀵󰀿% 󰀿󰀶% 󰀸󰀿% 󰀼󰀶%
󰀼󰀸tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀵󰀿% 󰀿󰀶% 󰀸󰀿% 󰀼󰀶%
󰀼󰀻tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%
󰀼󰀽tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%
󰀼󰀿tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%
󰀼󰀷tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%

󰀼󰀵tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀿% 󰀷󰀶% 󰀻󰀿% 󰀸󰀶%
󰀼󰀲tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀿% 󰀷󰀶% 󰀻󰀿% 󰀸󰀶%
󰀼󰀾tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀿% 󰀷󰀶% 󰀻󰀿% 󰀸󰀶%
󰀸󰀶tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀿% 󰀷󰀶% 󰀻󰀿% 󰀸󰀶%
X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢󰁮󰁠󰁥 [󰁿󰁫󰁫󰁯󰁻󰁻 X󰁬󰁽󰁯 ” M󰁪󰁿󰁨󰁣󰁯 V󰁸󰁪󰁧󰁮󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁾

Vrj﬌kno`ky Lhncnty Kjddj` _`kjddj` Xlro Wory Xlro Coeo`mlry
Covoc Hjùs Djmn﬌or* MK 󰀼󰀶 MK 󰀼󰀿 MK 󰀸󰀶 MK 󰀸󰀿 MK 󰀸󰀲
󰀼st +󰀸 +󰀻 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀽󰀶% 󰀼󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀸`m +󰀸 +󰀻 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀽󰀶% 󰀼󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀻rm +󰀸 +󰀻 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀽󰀶% 󰀼󰀿% 󰀶%
󰀽tb +󰀸 +󰀽 󰀾󰀿% 󰀵󰀶% 󰀽󰀿% 󰀸󰀶% 󰀿%
󰀿tb +󰀻 +󰀽 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%
󰀷tb +󰀻 +󰀽 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%
󰀵tb +󰀻 +󰀽 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%
󰀲tb +󰀻 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀿% 󰀷󰀶% 󰀻󰀿% 󰀸󰀶%
󰀾tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀿% 󰀵󰀶% 󰀽󰀿% 󰀻󰀶%
󰀼󰀶tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀿% 󰀵󰀶% 󰀽󰀿% 󰀻󰀶%
󰀼󰀼tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀿% 󰀵󰀶% 󰀽󰀿% 󰀻󰀶%
󰀼󰀸tb +󰀽 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀿% 󰀵󰀶% 󰀽󰀿% 󰀻󰀶%
󰀼󰀻tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀽󰀶%
󰀼󰀽tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀽󰀶%
[ 󰀼󰀿tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀽󰀶%
O
K
N 󰀼󰀷tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀽󰀶%
M
@ 󰀼󰀵tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀿󰀶%
O
V
V 󰀼󰀲tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀿󰀶%
L
󰀼󰀾tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀿󰀶%
󰀸󰀶tb +󰀷 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀾󰀶% 󰀷󰀿% 󰀿󰀶%
* Lssudos Moxtornty jr N`toccneo`ko ls l prndlry lhncnty skjro wntb l typnklc rlto jg prjerossnj` usnè tbo [tl`mlrm Lrrly.
87

Lppo`mnx M9 GL\
GL\
]bns lppo`mnx sooas tj kclrngy sjdo jg tbo djst kjddj` Kl` n Krolto Dy Jw` _perlmo ]les:
quornos grjd usors jg tbns suppcodo`t. \uostnj`s lro
Lhsjcutocy! Gjr lrdjr tboro ns `j nssuo hokluso
hoklus o (lrdjr
proso`tom n` tbo `lturlc jrmor tboy dnebt jkkur wbnco
prjj﬌è `jtwntbstl`mnè) lvlnclhco uperlmos lro n`mopo`-
rolmnè tbo toxt.
mo`t jg jò l`jtbor. Gjr wolpj`s, tbo kjst-mjuhcnè `lturo
Uby Hlso tbo [ystod j` Djòy: jg tbo systod o`suros tblt yju kl` aoop lmmnè uperlmos
hoyj`m wblt„s proso`tom wbnco aoopnè l`y pjwor kroop kr oop
N` sbjrt, hokluso tblt„s wblt djòy ns gjr9 l u`nvorslc kjst-lpprjprnlto (n.o. oxpjò`tnlc). Gjr oxldpco, yju kjucm
domnud jg oxkblèo gjr ejjms l`m sorvnkos. Nt„s glr djro krolto l òw <st tnor gjkus
tnor gjkus tle
tle tblt o`lhcos l wolpj` tj ho
hocnovlhco tbl` lctor`ltnvo systods cnao oxpjò`tnlc (l`m usom ls l spoccklstnè gjkus gjr yjur spoccs.
jgto` u`rolsj`lhco) tndo sklcnè jr lrhntrlry covoc-cjkanè. Gurtbordjro, yju kl` sklco tbo wolpj` uperlmo systod
]boso lctor`ltnvos lro dokbl`nklccy ﬌ò
dokbl`nklccy ﬌ò,, hut tboy gooc
tboy gooc vory
vory n`tj opnk covocs hy kroltnè l òw =tb tnor wntb l hlso kjst
dukb cnao lrtn﬌knlc rostrnktnj`s (hokluso tboy lro). jg <66,666 ep, l`m ovo` l ?tb tnor wntb l hlso kjst jg
Gurtbordjro, usnè djòy lccjws pclyors tj dlao <,666,666 ep”tbjueb prosudlhcy tboso tnors lro hoyj`m
u`nvorslc vlcuo iumeodo`ts. Kjucm tbo ﬌ebtor pjto`tnlccy tbo sanccsot jg ovo` l dlstor lrtnsl`, l`m tbo erjup wncc
uperlmo tbonr wolpj` lt l glstor-tbl`-l`tnknpltom rlto: òom tj o`trolt l bnebor pjwor gjr lssnstl`ko!
Lhsjcutocy”ng tbo erjup ns wnccnè tj ply tbo jppjrtu`nty
jppjrt u`nty
kjst (n.o. coss ejcm gjr jtbor tbnès), wbnkb bls l rnppco Uby Kl`„t l Kblrlktor Krlgt
Krlgt _perlmos:
oﬆokt glr hoyj`m tbo hju`mlrnos jg tbns systod. ]bo djro Bjòstcy, hokluso N blvo`„t
blvo`„t gju`m l wly tj t j dlao nt wjra
tbnès yju kl` bntkb tj djòy, tbo djro vlculhco l`m n`tor- n` cnebt jg tbo lrtn﬌kor„s tjjc oxportnso. Nt wls moknmom
ostnè djòy hokjdos! Ls stltom n` tbo n`trjmuktnj`, tbns tj oxkcumo sukb rucos o`tnrocy rltbor tbl` dummy tbo
ns dy ﬌rst sukb suppcodo`t tj ho rocolsom j` tbo Muèoj` kjdpcoto wjra wntb soktnj` tblt roqunros
tblt roqunros sne`n﬌kl`t
sne`n﬌kl`t orrltl
Dlstors Euncm, hut nt wncc `jt ho tbo clst. tj l kjro kclss golturo. Ng l systod tlaos sblpo tblt doots
tbo stl`mlrm jg tbo rost jg tbo wjra, nt wncc ho dlmo lvlnc-
Ld n Lwlrmnè
Lwlrmnè O`jueb
O`jueb Djòy:
Djòy: lhco n` l guturo rovnsnj` jr djmostcy-prnkom oxpl`snj`.
]bo host l`swor tj tbns quostnj` ns ng tbo plrty bls o`jueb
tj lﬆjrm sjdo
sjdo jg
jg tbo (covoc-lpprjprnlto) tbnès tboy wl`t Uby
DukbKl`„t Cnebt
ls Bolvy Lrdjr ho _perlmom
Lrdjr: _perlmom ls
hut `jt ovorytbnè
ovorytbnè tbo`
tbo` yju„ro j` tbo rnebt trlka jr tboro-
lhjuts. ]bns suppcodo`t ns hlsom j` tbo rocovl`t soktnj`s L hoò﬌t jg tbo lrdjr uperlmo
u perlmo systod ns nt envos bolvy
jg tbo Muèoj`
tbo Muèoj` Dlstor„s Eunmo,
Eunmo, n`kcumnè tbo oxpoktom lrdjr l hnt djro vlcuo tbl` u`mor tbo mogluct rucos, wbnco
rlto jg lkkrulc jg wolctb usnè tbo ]rolsuro Bjlrm tlhcos lcsj lmmnè l`jtbor clyor jg rolcnsd. Ng yju mj`„t cnao nt, tbo
tboron`. ]bns dol`s tblt”usom stl`mlcjò”tbns suppco- pjwor ns yjurs.
do`t sbjucm put yju j` tblt rnebt trlka. Ng, bjwovor, yju
n`kjrpjrlto lmmntnj`lc djòy snàs (gjr oxldpco, tbjso ]bo Duggcom ]le
]le Jvorclps wntb tbo Domnud
n` [trjèbjcms & Gjccjwors)
Gjccjwors) tbo` kj`snmor n`krolsnè Lrdjr Dlstor Golt!
Golt!
djòy-rowlrms lkkjrmnècy”porblps hy n`krolsnè tbo
ldju`t jg kjn` lwlrmom l`m mokrolsnè tbo dlenk ntods ^ju blvo l aoo` oyo, Ultsj`!
^ju Ultsj`! N`moom, wbnco N„d usulccy
cjltbo tj hogjuc j﬋knlc dltornlc n` tbns wly (jvorclppnè
lwlrmom hy l kjddo`surlto ldju`t (jr lccjwnè tbo
jr romu`ml`t golturos l`m sukb), lgtor dukb kj`snmorltnj`
erjup tj socc l`y surpcus dlenk ntods). Lcc N kl` jﬆor
tbo du﬍om
tbo du﬍om tle
tle rodln`s tj dy oyo tbo djro `lturlc dol`s
boro ns tblt yju oxorknso iumeodo`t hlsom j` yjur n`mn-
jg jhtln`nè tbns plrtnkuclr hoò﬌t. Ls sukb, n` eldos tblt
vnmulc òoms.
uso golts kj`snmor ropclknè tbo ﬌rst huccot jg tbo Domnud
Kl` N Dlao Dlenk Ntods _perlmlhco: Lrdjr Dlstor golt wntb

wnt b tbo gjccjwnè9
ôs! ]bo systod kl` olsncy lkkjddjmlto tbns. ^jur
ôs! • N`krolso yjur Moxtornty skjro hy <, tj l dlxndud jg 86.
stlrtnè pjn`t wjucm ho tj ﬌rst rokrolto tbo ntod ls kcjsocy
Kl` N Krolto Djro Xuòstjòs:
ls pjssnhco usnè l hlso wolpj` l`m l`y kjdhn`ltnj` jg
uperlmo tles. Gjr oxldpco, yju wjucm rokrolto tbo mleeor @ow ruòstjòs lro lcwlys honè kroltom jr mnskjvorom
jg vo`jd grjd tbo Muèoj`
tbo Muèoj` Dlstor„s Eunmo ls
Eunmo ls gjccjws9 hy dodhors jg tbo Xuòsdntb„s
Xuòsdntb„s Euncm! Dlenk ntods
nt ods lro l
• Lmm tbo sncvorom l`m dlenklc
l`m dlenklc tles
tles tj jvorkjdo rosns- pjpuclr ﬌ocm jg stumy, dol`nè l` olsy wly tj krolto yjur
jw` ruòstjòs ns tj uso tbo prjportnos jg yjur glvjrnto
tl`ko l`m nddu`nty tj `j`dlenklc lttlkas l`m mldleo.
dlenk ntods. Ubj a`jws, dlyho l hju`ty ns jﬆorom hy
• Lmm hjtb tbo hlcl`kom l`m
l`m wju`mnè”aoo`
wju`mnè”aoo` tles
tles tj tbo euncm gjr dlenk ntods wntb u`mnskjvorom prjportnos jr
eln` l +< hjùs tj lttlkas l`m mldleo dlmo wntb tbns wncc lkkopt mj`ltnj`s jg
j g sukb ntods gjr stumy”jﬆornè
stu my”jﬆornè tbo
wolpj`. mj`jr l ruòstjò ndhuom wntb nts dlenklc prjportnos j`ko L
V
• Lmm tbo
tbo ru`nk
ru`nk tle
tle l`m krolto l` lpprjprnlto ruò wntb tboy blvo hoo` mokjmom. V
O
tbo prjportnos jg tbo pjnsj`nè lktnj` moskrnhom n` tbo @
M
ntod toxt. K󰁪󰁠󰁽󰁸󰁮󰁨󰁿󰁽󰁯 󰁽󰁪 󰁽󰁢󰁯 GL\! N
K
O
[
]bo lhjvo rokroltos l mleeor wntb lcc jg tbo prjportnos Ng yju blvomovocjpodo`t
kj`tnùom l quostnj` jr wjucm
jg tbnscnao tj kj`trnhuto
suppcodo`t, wo'mtjhotbo
jg tbo mleeor jg vo`jd. ]bo rokroltom ntod roqunros
lttuòdo`t hy tbo wnocmor tj eln` tbo hoò﬌ts jg tbo mocnebtom tj wockjdo yju tj jur Mnskjrm sorvor!
sorvor! Kj`trnhutjrs
wncc ho `ldom n` tbo kromnts soktnj` jg l`y guturo rovnsnj`s,
l﬋xom ruò, hut nt ns `jw uperlmlhco!
wntb bocpguc quostnj`s honè lmmom tj tbns GL\.
85

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X󰁯󰁷󰁮󰁻󰁮󰁪󰁠 <.5 / G󰁯󰁨󰁸󰁿󰁬󰁸󰁾 8686

󰁠 󰁪󰁸󰁭󰁮󰁠󰁬󰁸󰁾 󰁣󰁪󰁠󰁥󰁻󰁵󰁪󰁸󰁭, 󰁬 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁽 Kblptor 8 oxpl`ms j` tbo ru`nk

U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁻󰁪󰁠

* prnko vlrnos mopo`mn`e j` roqunrodo`t jg tbo lhncnty tj jvorkjdo

^󰁪󰁿󰁸 E󰁬󰁤󰁯, ^󰁪󰁿󰁸 X󰁿󰁣󰁯󰁻

󰁬󰁡󰁯 󰁮󰁤󰁶󰁸󰁪󰁷󰁯󰁤󰁯󰁠󰁽󰁻, 󰁠󰁪󰁽 󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁿󰁻󰁯󰁻! _perlmn`e l`m Dlenk Ntods

Cot„s eot stlrtom.

Lrdjr l`m [bnocms

ru`nk tle kl` j`cy ho lppcnom hy l ru`osdntb.) Kortln`

W󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁬󰁠󰁽9 L󰁸󰁤󰁪󰁸 V󰁸󰁪󰁪󰁧󰁮󰁠󰁥

Cj`eswjrm 󰀼󰀿 ep 󰀼m󰀲 sclsbn`e 󰀻 ch. Worsltnco (󰀼m󰀼󰀶)

_perlmn`e Uolpj`s Uolpj` _perlmo

Hjws l`m krjsshjws j`cy.

[poknlc Dltornlcs • Uolpj`s dlmo jg spoknlc dltornlcs vlry n` prnko,

mrlej`bnmo lrdjr yju blvo rosnstl`ko tj tbo mldleo typo nkl`t

󰁢󰁯 󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁠󰁽 󰁶󰁸󰁬󰁫󰁽󰁮󰁫󰁯 󰁪󰁧 󰁸󰁿󰁠󰁯 tbo todpost ru`o

• L ru`ostj`o kl` ho rodjvom grjd l pnoko jg oqunpdo`t, X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢'󰁻 ]󰁪󰁪󰁣󰁻 X

Krlgtn`e Xoqunrodo`ts Krlgtn`e Vrjkoss

Kjddj` Lt colst 󰀼󰀶 ep 󰀼󰀶 mostrjyom.

Xu`osdntb„s Euncm Ijur`oydl`. ^

kl` hokjdo l` lppro`tnko jg tbo Xu`osdntb„s

Dlstor 󰀷 wjrawooas 󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep Kjdpcnkltnj`s.

Xl`a Ho`ognts 󰀿 ^ju lro

jò lro nddomnltocy mostrjyom (yjur kbjnko). Xuòstjòs

Lrdjr Kclss. Ng l prjporty

N󰁠󰁭󰁮󰁷󰁮󰁭󰁿󰁬󰁣 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁻󰁪󰁠

* Lvorleo mldleo ropjrtom gjr tbo slw-tjjtbom tle

G󰁿󰁣󰁣󰁾 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯󰁭 U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠 K󰁪󰁤󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁮󰁻󰁪󰁠

Eroltlxo, cl`ko 󰀼m󰀼󰀸 󰀼󰀸.󰀾 󰀼󰀼.󰀾 󰀼.󰀶 󰀼󰀷,󰀼󰀶󰀶 ep

U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠󰁻 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 \󰁿󰁮󰁫󰁡 X󰁯󰁧󰁯󰁸󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁯 (􀀼󰁻󰁽 ]󰁮󰁯󰁸)

[ndpco Docoo Uolpj`s

[ndpco Xl`eom Uolpj`s

Dlrtnlc Docoo Uolpj`s

Dlrtnlc Xl`eom Uolpj`s

U󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁪󰁠󰁻 _󰁶󰁥󰁸󰁬󰁭󰁯 \󰁿󰁮󰁫󰁡 X󰁯󰁧󰁯󰁸󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁯 (􀀸󰁠󰁭 󰀧 􀀻󰁸󰁭 ]󰁮󰁯󰁸)

[ndpco Docoo Uolpj`s

X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢󰁮󰁠󰁥 [󰁿󰁫󰁫󰁯󰁻󰁻 X󰁬󰁽󰁯 ” V󰁸󰁪󰁧󰁮󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁾

󰀼󰀷tb +󰀿 +󰀿 󰀼󰀶󰀶% 󰀲󰀶% 󰀿󰀿% 󰀻󰀶% 󰀼󰀿%

X󰁿󰁠󰁯󰁻󰁤󰁮󰁽󰁢󰁮󰁠󰁥 [󰁿󰁫󰁫󰁯󰁻󰁻 X󰁬󰁽󰁯 ” M󰁪󰁿󰁨󰁣󰁯 V󰁸󰁪󰁧󰁮󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁠󰁫󰁾

Kl` N Dlao Dlenk Ntods _perlmlhco: Lrdjr Dlstor golt wntb

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