APPENDIX A TO CASR 43 − MAJOR ALTERATIONS, MAJOR REPAIRS, AND

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

(a) Major alterations.

(1) Airframe major alterations are changes to parts that are not listed in the aircraft
specifications issued by the Authority :

(i) wings;

(ii) tail surfaces;

(iii) fuselage;

(iv) engine mounts;

(v) control system;

(vi) landing gear;

(vii) hull or floats;

(viii) elements of an airframe including spars, ribs, fittings, shock absorbers, bracing,
cowling, fairings, and balance weights;

(ix) hydraulic and electrical actuating system of components;

(x) rotor blades;

(xi) changes to the empty weight or empty balance which result in an increase in the
maximum certificated weight or center of gravity limits of the aircraft;

(xii) changes to the basic design of the fuel, oil, cooling, heating, cabin pressurization,
electrical, hydraulic, deicing, or exhaust systems; and,

(xiii) changes to the wing or to fixed or movable control surfaces which affect flutter and
vibration characteristics.

(2) Powerplant major alterations are changes to parts that are not listed in the aircraft
specifications issued by the Authority :

(i) conversion of an aircraft engine from one approved model to another, involving any
changes in compression ratio, propeller reduction gear, impeller gear ratios ;
 (ii) replacing structural parts of aircraft engines with parts not specifically approved by
the DGCA ;

(iii) installation of an accessory which is not approved for the engine;

(iv) removal of accessories that are listed as required equipment on the aircraft or engine
specification;

(v) installation of structural parts other than the type of parts approved for the
installation; and,

(vi) conversions of any sort for the purpose of using fuel of a rating or grade other than
that listed in the engine specifications.

(3) Propeller major alterations are changes to parts that are not listed in the aircraft
specifications issued by the Authority :

(i) changes in blade design;

(ii) changes in hub design;

(iii) changes in the governor or control design;

(iv) installation of a propeller governor or feathering system;

(v) installation of propeller deicing system; and,

(vi) installation of parts not approved for the propeller.

(4) Appliance major alterations, is a basic design change that is not made in accordance
with the Airworthiness Directive issued by the DGCA. In addition, changes in the basic
design of radio communication and navigation equipment approved under type certificate or a
Technical Standard or ability to meet environmental test conditions and other changes that
have an effect on the performance of the equipment are also major alterations.

(b) Major repairs

(1) Airframe major repairs are repairs that involve strengthening, reinforcing, joining,
and manufacturing the main structural components or their replacement, if the replacement is
carried out by fabrication such as rivets or welding, are airframe major repairs.

(i) box beams;

 (ii) monocoque or semimonocoque wings or control surfaces;

(iii) wing stringers or chord members;

(iv) spars;

(v) spar flanges;

(vi) members of truss-type beams;

(vii) thin sheet webs of beams;

(viii) keel and chine members of boat hulls or floats;

(ix) corrugated sheet compression members which act as flange material of wings or tail
surfaces;

(x) wing main ribs and compression members;

(xi) wing or tail surface brace struts;

(xii) engine mounts;

(xiii) fuselage longerons;

(xiv) members of the side truss, horizontal truss, or bulkheads;

(xv) main seat support braces and brackets;

(xvi) landing gear brace struts;

(xvii) axles;

(xviii) wheels;

(xix) skis, and ski pedestals;

(xx) parts of the control system such as control columns, pedals, shafts, brackets, or
horns;

(xxi) repairs involving the substitution of material;

(xxii) the repair of damaged areas in metal or plywood stressed covering exceeding six
inches in any direction;

(xxiii) the repair of portions of skin sheets by making additional seams.

 (xxiv) the splicing of skin sheets;

(xxv) the repair of three or more adjacent wing or control surface ribs or the leading edge
of wings and control surfaces, between such adjacent ribs;

(xxvi) repair of fabric covering involving an area greater that that required to repair two
adjacent ribs;

(xxvii) replacement of fabric on fabric covered parts such as wings, fuselages, stabilizers,
and control surfaces; and,

(xxviii) repairing, including rebottoming, of removable or integral fuel tanks and oil
tanks.

(2) Powerplant major repairs. Repairs of the following parts of an engine and repairs of
the following types, are powerplant major repairs:

(i) separation or disassembly of a crankcase of a reciprocating engine equipped with an

integral supercharger;

(ii) separation or disassembly of crankcase or crankshaft of a reciprocating engine

equipped with other than spur-type propeller reduction gearing; and,

(iii) special repairs to structural engine parts by welding, plating, metalizing, or other
methods.

(3) Propeller major repairs. Repairs of the following types to a propeller are propeller
major repairs:

(i) any repairs to, or straightening of steel blades;

(ii) repairing or machining of steel hubs;

(iii) shortening of blades;

(iv) retipping of wood propellers;

(v) replacement of outer laminations on fixed pitch wood propellers;

(vi) repairing elongated bolt holes in the hub of fixed pitch wood propellers;

(vii) inlay work on wood blades;

(viii) repairs to composite blades;

 (ix) replacement of tip fabric;

(x) replacement of plastic covering;

(xi) repair of propeller governors;

(xii) overhaul of controllable pitch propellers;

(xiii) repairs to deep dents, cuts, scars, nicks or similar damage, and straightening of
aluminum blades; and,

(xiv) the repair or replacement of internal elements of blades.

(4) Appliance major repairs. Repairs to the following types to appliances are appliance
major repairs:

(i) calibration and repair of instruments.

(ii) calibration of radio equipment.

(iii) rewinding the field coil of an electrical accessory.

(iv) complete disassembly of complex hydraulic power valves.

(v) overhaul of pressure type carburetors, and pressure type fuel, oil and hydraulic
pumps.

(c) Preventive maintenance.

Preventive maintenance is limited to the following work, provided it does not involve
complex assembly operations:

(1) Removal, installation, and repair of landing gear tires.

(2) Replacing elastic shock absorber cords on landing gear.

(3) Servicing landing gear shock struts by adding oil, air, or both.

(4) Servicing landing gear wheel bearings, such as cleaning and greasing.

(5) Replacing defective safety wiring or cotter keys.

(6) Lubrication not requiring disassembly other than removal of nonstructural items such
as cover plates, cowlings, and fairings.
 (7) Making simple fabric patches not requiring rib stitching or the removal of structural
parts or control surfaces.

(8) Replenishing hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic reservoir.

(9) Refinishing decorative coating of fuselage, balloon baskets, wings tail group surfaces
(excluding balanced control surfaces), fairings, cowlings, landing gear, cabin, or cockpit
interior.

(10) Applying preservative or protective material to components where no disassembly

of any primary structure and where such coating is not prohibited or is not contrary to good
practices.

(11) Repairing upholstery and decorative furnishings of the cabin, cockpit, or balloon
basket interior.

(12) Making small simple repairs to fairings, nonstructural cover plates, cowlings, and
small patches and reinforcements not changing the contour so as to interfere with proper air
flow.

(13) Replacing side windows where that work does not interfere with the structure or any
operating system such as controls, electrical equipment, etc.

(14) Replacing safety belts.

(15) Replacing seat or seat parts with replacement parts approved for the aircraft, not
involving disassembly of any primary structure or operating system.

(16) Trouble shooting and repairing broken circuits in landing light wiring circuits.

(17) Replacing bulbs, reflectors, and lances of position and landing lights.

(18) Replacing wheels and skis where no weight and balance computation is involved.

(19) Replacing any cowling not requiring removal of the propeller or disconnection of
flight controls.
(20) Replacing or cleaning spark plugs and setting of spark plug gap clearance.

(21) Replacing any hose connection except hydraulic connections.

(22) Replacing prefabricated fuel lines.

(23) Cleaning or replacing fuel and oil strainers or filter elements.

 (24) Replacing and servicing batteries.

(25) Cleaning of balloon burner pilot and main nozzles in accordance with the balloon
manufacture’s instructions.

(26) Replacing or adjustment of nonstructural standard fasteners incidental to operations.

(27) The interchange of balloon baskets and burners on envelopes when the basket or
burner is designated as interchangeable in the balloon type certificate data and the basket and
burners are specifically designed for quick removal and installation.

(28) The installations of antimisfueling devices to reduce the diameter of fuel tank filler
openings provided the specified device has been made a part of the aircraft type certificate
data by the aircraft manufacturer.

(29) Removing, checking, and replacing magnetic chip detectors.

(30) The inspection and maintenance tasks prescribed and specifically identified as
preventive maintenance in a primary category aircraft type certificate or supplemental type
certificate holder’s approved spe cial inspection and preventive maintenance program.

(31) Removing and replacing self-contained, front instrument panel-mounted navigation

and communication devices that employ tray-mounted connectors that connect the unit when
the unit is installed into the instrument panel, (excluding flight control systems, transponders
and microwave frequency distance measuring equipment (DME).

(32) Updating self-contained, front instrument panel-mounted Air Traffic Control (ATC)
navigational software data bases, an operational check must be performed in accordance with
applicable sections of part 91 of the CASRs.