Philippine Politics and Governance: Expert

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Name: ______________________________________ 1 st Quarter – Week 4

Grade /Section: _____________________________ Date: ____________
THE NATURE, DIMENSION/TYPES AND CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
Background Information:
What is power?
Power refers to the ability or the right to do something; the ability to exercise
authority over others. The term implies a hierarchy of control of the stronger over the
weaker. John R. P. French and Beltran Raven, in “ The Bases of Social Power, “
suggest that there are five major bases of power which can also be rightly described
as the Star of Power.
Five major bases of power
Bases of power Functions

1. Expert power - Is based on the perception that the leader
possesses some special knowledge or expertise.
2. Referent power - Is based on the follower’s liking, admiring, or
identifying with the leader.
3. Reward power - Is based on the leader’s capacity to mediate
rewards for the follower.
4. Legitimate - Is based on the follower’s perception that the leader
power has the legitimate right or authority to exercise
influence over him or her.
5. Coercive power - Is based on the follower’s fear that non-compliance
with leader’s wishes will lead to punishment.
Subsequently research on these power bases indicates that the first two
(expert and referent power) are more positively related to subordinate performance
and satisfaction than the last three (reward, legitimate and coercive power).
Expert
Power
The Star of
Power Reward Referent
Power
POWER
Coercive
Legitimate
What are the sources of power?
If power is not intrinsic to the power-holder, it follows that it must have outside
sources, says Gene Sharp of the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
In his internationally acclaimed book, The Politics of Non-Violent Action-Power and
Struggle, Sharp maintains that power appears to emerge from the interaction of all or
several of the following sources.
AUTHORITY INTANGIBLE
P FACTORS
O
HUMAN
RESOURCES
W MATERIAL
RESOURCES
E
SKILLS AND R
KNOWLEDGE SANCTIONS
Sources of Power Functions

1. Authority - The extent and intensity of the ruler’s
authority among the subjects is a crucial
factor affecting the ruler’s power. “The right to
command and direct, to be heard or obeyed
by others” to be voluntarily accepted by the
people and therefore exist without the
imposition of sanctions is authority. The
possessor of authority may not actually be
superior, it is enough that he/she be
perceived and accepted as superior. While
not identical with power authority is
nevertheless clearly a main source of power.
2. Human Resources - A ruler’s power is affected by the number of
persons who obey him, cooperate with him,
or provide him with special assistance, as
well as by the position of such persons in the
general population, and the extent and forms
of their organization.
3. Skills and knowledge - The ruler’s power is also affected by the
skills, knowledge and abilities of such
persons and the relation of their skills,
knowledge and abilities to his needs.
4. Intangible factors - Psychological and ideological factors, such
as habits and attitudes towards obedience
and submission, and presence or absence of
a common faith, ideology, or sense of
mission, all affect the power of the ruler in
relation to the people.
5. Material resources - The degree to which the ruler controls
property, natural resources, financial
resources, the economic system, means of
communication, and transportation helps to
determine the limits of his power.
6. Sanctions - The final source of a ruler’s power is the type
and extent of sanctions at his disposal, both
for use against his own subjects and in cases
of conflict with other rulers. Sanctions are an
enforcement of obedience used by rulers
against their subjects to supplement
voluntary acceptance of their authority and to
increase the degree of obedience to their
commands.
It is always a matter of the degree to which some or all of these sources of

power are present: only rarely, if ever, are all of them completely available to a ruler
or completely absent. But their availability is subject to constant variation, which
brings about an increase or decrease in the ruler’s power. Baron de Montesquieu
observed that “those who govern have a power which, in some measure, has need
of fresh vigor everyday…” To degree that the sources of power are available without
limitation, the ruler’s power is unlimited. However, the opposite is also true: to the
degree that the availability of these sources is limited, the ruler’s power is also
limited.
Learning Competency:
Analyze the nature, dimension / types and consequences of power
Activity 1
Directions: Arrange the following jumble words under column A using choices below
and write your answers in column B.
Column A Column B
1. REWPOETAMITIGEL
2. YTIROHTUA
3. REWOPEVICREOC
4. REWOPTNEREFER
5. EGDELWONKDNASLLKS
6. SECRUOSERLAIRETAM
7. SROTCAFELBIGNATNI
8. REWOPDRAWER
9. REWOPTREPXE
10. SNOITCNAS
Choices:
Expert power, Authority, Human resources, Referent power, Skills and
knowledge, Reward power, Intangible factors, Legitimate power,
Sanctions, Coercive power, Material resources, Capacity, Exercise
Activity 2
Directions: Identify the following statements and write your answers on the spaces
provided.
___________________1 the final source of a ruler’s power is the type and extent
of sanctions at his disposal, both for use against his own
subjects and in cases of conflict with other rulers.
___________________ 2 is based on the perception that the leader possesses

some special knowledge or expertise.
___________________ 3 is based on the leader’s capacity to mediate rewards for

the follower.
___________________ 4 is based on the follower’s liking, admiring, or identifying

with the leader.
___________________ 5 the extent and intensity of the ruler’s authority among the
subjects is a crucial factor affecting the ruler’s power.
___________________ 6 is based on psychological and ideological factors, such as

habits and attitudes towards obedience and
submission, and presence or absence of a common faith,
ideology, or sense of mission.
___________________ 7 is based on the follower’s perception that the leader has

the legitimate right or authority to exercise influence over
him or her.
___________________ 8 the ruler’s power is also affected by the skills, knowledge

and abilities of such persons and the relation of their skills,
knowledge and abilities to his needs.
___________________ 9 is based on the follower’s fear that non-compliance with

leader’s wishes will lead to punishment.
___________________ 10 the degree to which the ruler controls property, natural

resources, financial resources, the economic system,
means of communication, and transportation helps to
determine the limits of his power.
Activity 3
Directions: If you will be given a chance to become the President of the Philippines
for one week, which among bases of power presented are you going to use to
resolve issues on Covid-19? Choose only 1 power and support your answer with
examples.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 4
Directions: Think of five (5) famous leaders in the world you admired most and write
their characteristics as leaders.
Leaders Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Guide Questions:
A. What are the five major bases of power?

1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
B. Why power is important? Give examples to support your answers.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Reflection:
Directions: Complete the following statements below.
I have learned that power

is____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
My realization of power
is____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
References:
Campanilla, Marlo B., Dannug, Ramon R.,”What is Power” Politics,

Governance and Government with Philippine Constitution: (C & E
Publishing, 2003) 19-22
De Leon, Hector S., “Concepts of State and Government” Philippine

Constitution: (Rex Book Store, 2002) 5-6
Answer key
Activity 1
1. Legitimate power
2. Authority
3. Coercive power
4. Referent power
5. Skills and knowledge
6. Material resources
7. Intangible factors
8. Reward power
9. Expert power
10. Sanctions
Activity 2
1. Sanctions 6. Intangible power
2. Expert power 7. Legitimate power
3. Reward power 8. Skills and knowledge
4. Referent power 9. Coercive power
5. Authority 10. Material power
Activity 3
Answers of students may vary.
Activity 4
Checking/recoding depends on the strategy of teacher
Rubric for Activity 3
Prepared by:
MICHAEL C. BUNGAY, PhD

OIC-School Head /Head Teacher - III

Philippine Politics and Governance: Expert

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PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Name: ______________________________________ 1 st Quarter – Week 4

THE NATURE, DIMENSION/TYPES AND CONSEQUENCES OF POWER

Five major bases of power

Bases of power Functions

Sources of Power Functions

It is always a matter of the degree to which some or all of these sources of

___________________ 2 is based on the perception that the leader possesses

___________________ 3 is based on the leader’s capacity to mediate rewards for

___________________ 4 is based on the follower’s liking, admiring, or identifying

___________________ 6 is based on psychological and ideological factors, such as

___________________ 7 is based on the follower’s perception that the leader has

___________________ 8 the ruler’s power is also affected by the skills, knowledge

___________________ 9 is based on the follower’s fear that non-compliance with

___________________ 10 the degree to which the ruler controls property, natural

A. What are the five major bases of power?

Directions: Complete the following statements below.

I have learned that power

Campanilla, Marlo B., Dannug, Ramon R.,”What is Power” Politics,

De Leon, Hector S., “Concepts of State and Government” Philippine

Rubric for Activity 3

MICHAEL C. BUNGAY, PhD

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