n[aNkhfdpd;

nts;isahid efu;j;Jk;
murpay; :

,e;jpahtpy; rpg;gha; fyfk; Kbe;J> 15 tUlq;fs; Mfhj xU #oypy;> 1878 I> gpd;Gykhff;
nfhz;L> St.George.Fort mUNf cs;s I]; njhopw;rhiyia ikakhff; nfhz;L> mf;fhyj;ija
r%f epfo;Tfs; vdf; $wg;gLgtw;iwj; jd; ghu;itapy;> guprPyidf;F vLj;J nfhs;tjha;
n[aNkhfd;> jd; ehtyhd nts;isahidia mikj;Js;shu;.

,q;Nf „fhyj;jpd; Nju;Tk;‟> „jd; ghu;itapy;‟ vd;w tplaKk; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshfpd;wd.

NtW tpjkha; $wpdhy;> n[aNkhfd; jd; ghu;itapy; Xu; tuyhw;iwj; jd; thrfu; Kd; epWj;jpl
njz;bj;Js;shu; vdyhk;.

,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa> ,jid Xu; tuyhw;W ehty; vd ehk; fwhuhd nkhopapy; tiuaWf;f

KbahjpUf;fpd;wJ.

KjyhtJ> tuyhw;W ehty; vdpd; Fwpj;j tuyhW – mjd; epfo;Tfs; – tpUg;G ntWg;gw;w
rupahd Kiwapy; gjpT nra;jhfg;gl Ntz;Lk;. $lNt mJ vOJgtdpd; gpupj;jpNaf murpay;
mgpyhirfis Kbe;jstpy; js;sp itj;Jtpl;L> epfo;Tfis mg;gbNa gjpT nra;tjpy; mf;fiw
fhl;Ltjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,q;Nf> ,e;ehtypy; Nkw;gb ,uz;L mk;rq;fSk; rw;Nw js;shLtjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd.

ehtypd; ikaf; fjhg;ghj;jpukhd> Va;ld; vdg;gLk; Xu; mau;yhe;J ,isQd;> uhZtg; gs;spapy;
jdJ gbg;ig Kbj;Jtpl;L kjuh];]py;> fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy;> Xu; mjpfhupahf te;J
Nru;fpd;whd;.

uhZt mjpfhupahf mtd; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;$l n~y;yp mtDf;F mj;Jg;gb.

,jd; fhuzj;jpdhNyh vd;dNth mtd; XusT r%f ePjpf;fhd czu;tpidAk; nfhz;ltdhf

gilj;J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;shd;.

mt;tg;NghJ vOk; ,tdJ r%f ePjpf;fhd> thQ;irf;fhd NtW fhuzk; ehtypy;

fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mau;yhe;J kd;du; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j mtdJ je;ijf;F ,td;
mau;yhe;J uhZtj;jpy; gzpGupa nry;tJ–my;yJ Xu; Mq;fpNya muRf;fhf gzpGupa nry;tJ
mt;tsT gpbj;jkhdjhf ,y;iy. NkYk; mtu;> mtustpNyNa XusT jdpj;J Nghd Xu;
Mrhkpj;jhd;. Ntl;ilAk; gz;izAkhf> jd; FLk;gj;jhupd; kj;jpapNyNa Xu; jdpj;j
fl;ilahfj;jhd; cyTfpd;whu;. ,e;jj; jdpikapd; ghjpg;G Va;lDf;Fk; xU tifapy; njhw;wpf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjid ehty; eh#f;fhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jDld;> n~y;ypAk; Nru;e;J

1
nfhs;s> Va;ld; Vida Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfsplkpUe;J> rw;Nw tpj;jpahrg;gl;ltdhf Njhw;wk;
jUfpd;whd;. Mf ,g;ghj;jpug; gilg;gpd; ju;f;fk; ,g;gbahfj;jhd; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,td; ,e;jpahTf;F te;J Nru;e;j fhyg;gFjpapy;> ,uz;L Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;

ele;NjWfpd;wd. xd;W> gQ;rk;. kw;wJ> kjuh];]py; cs;s I]; `Trpy; epfo;tjha; $wg;gLk;
epfo;Tfs;. Vnddpy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Kiwahf xU Ntiy epWj;jk; ,e;j I]; `T];
njhopw;rhiyapy;jhd;; #y; nfhs;fpd;wJ vd ehty; $Wfpd;wJ.

cyfpy; me;je;j ehLfspy; ele;J Kbe;jpUf;ff; $ba ,j;jifa KjyhtJ “Ntiy

epWj;jq;fis” gw;wpa tpyhthupahd tprhupg;G> me;je;j ehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fshYk;
ehtyhrpupau;fshYk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

rpf;fhNfhtpy; ele;jjha;f; $wg;gLk; Nkjpd Nghuhl;lk; vd mwpag;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jpy; vz;ku;

#Lgl;L cly; rupe;jJ Kjy; khf;rpk; fhu;f;fpapd; ehtyhd „jhapy;‟ NtiyepWj;j
Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fs;> Kjd; Kiwahf Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;Lr; rpiw nry;tJ cl;gl
,yq;ifapd; kiyafj;jpy; #y; nfhz;bUe;j Muk;gfl;l njhopw;rq;f eltbf;iffSk; Ntiy
epWj;jq;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> mjd; NtWgl;l tbtq;fSk; – ,g;gbahf> kpf mOj;jkhd
Kiwapy;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;Nl fplf;fpd;wd.

,g;gbahf> tuyhw;wpy; „Kjy;‟ my;yJ „Muk;g Kisfs;‟ vdg;gLgit nghWj;j tpupthd

gjpTfs; ftdkhfj; jPl;lg;gl;Nl cs;sd.

,Ue;Jk;> n[aNkhfd;> jd; ehtyhd> nts;isahidf;$lhf> jw;NghJ Xu; tpj;jpahrkhd gjpit

Nkw;nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;Js;shu;.

mjhtJ tuyhW vd;gJ> n[aNkhfDf;Nf cupj;jhd ghu;itapy; gilj;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

n[aNkhfd; ,g;gbahf Nju;T nra;Js;s fhy #oYk;> ehtypy; Nju;T nra;J mtu; epWj;jpAs;s
ghj;jpuq;fSk; mtuJ jdpj;j ,e;jg; ghu;itf;Fj; Njhjhf mike;Js;sd. my;yJ jdpj;j jd;
ghu;itia epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;s mtUf;F trjp nra;tjhf cs;sd.

NtWthu;j;ijapy; $wpdhy;> ,tuJ ,e;jj; jd;dpr;irahd Nju;T ntspg;ghu;itf;Fg; ghjfkw;Wk;>

fiy Mu;tj;jhy; ce;jpj; js;sg;gl;Lk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l xU Nju;thf> fhl;rp je;jhYk;> rw;W
Cd;wp mtjhdpf;Fkplj;J> thiog;goj;jpy; CrpNaw;Wk;> mNj Crpg;Nghd rkhr;rhuk; jhd;
,j;Nju;tpd; gpd;dzpapYk; mg;gbNa mg;gpg; NghapUg;gij ehk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

tho;f;ifapy;> Xu; Fwpj;j ghu;itia> my;yJ xU Fwpj;j epiyg;ghl;il> ,g;ghj;jpuq;fs;

jj;jkf;Fj; Nju;T nra;tjw;$L> ,f;Fwpj;j r%f eyid my;yJ Fwpj;j murpaiy
,g;ghj;jpuq;fs; Ve;jp gpbg;gtdthf ,Ug;gJ Xu; jw;nray; „fiy‟ epfo;ty;y. khwhf>
,g;ghj;jpuq;fs; jkJ murpaiy typikahf Kd;epWj;j KidtNj ,q;Nf ele;NjWk; murpay;
nraw;ghlhfpd;wJ. ,tw;iw ehk; ,q;Nf jdpg;gl $wpahtjw;fhd fhuzk;> NkNyhl;lkha;
ghu;f;Fkplj;J ehty;> murpaiyj; jhz;ba Xu; ehtyhff; fhl;rpju gpuahrgLtNj.

2
,g;ghj;jpuq;fspd; thapyhf vOj;jhsdpd; fUj;J $wy;fSk;> elj;ijfspd; nkhop
ngau;gG; fSk;> nghUs;Nfhly;fSk;> ju;f;fq;fSk; Mw;wg;gLtJ> Nkw;gb murpaYf;F NkYk; tYr;
Nru;f;Fk; cghakhf NtW mike;J Nghfpd;wJ.

Xu; rpW cjhuzkhf „gQ;rk;‟ vd;gjid n[aNkhfd; vg;gb jd; ghu;itapy; tptupf;fpd;whu;
my;yJ vLj;Jiug;Gr; nra;fpd;whu; vd;W ghu;g;gJ mtuJ ,j;jifa murpaiy ntspf;nfhzUk;
mk;rq;fspy; xd;whfpd;wJ.

fpl;lj;jl;l 5-8 kpy;ypad; kf;fis gypf;nfhz;l> Mq;fpNyauhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ vd

tuyhw;whrpupau;fshy; ek;gg;gLk; Nkw;gb gQ;rj;ij n[aNkhfd;> ehtypy; gpd;tUkhW
tu;zpf;fpd;whu;:

“ gQ;rKk; mij Nghyj;jhd; mJ ek; rpe;jidfis „cUfp‟ topar; nra;Ak;. ek; „ju;f;f
Gj;jpia‟ mopf;Fk;. tho;f;ifapd; „vy;yh mbg;gilfisAk;‟ epuhfupf;f itf;Fk;. rhtNj Nky;
vd;W ek;gr; nra;Ak;. Mk;> ek;ik ntWk; Kl;lhshf;fp fdtpy; ele;J nrd;W mjd; thapy;
tpor; nra;Ak;.. mjpypUe;J tUk; xt;nthU rpe;jidAk; rhj;jhdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit..”
(mOj;jk; vk;KilaJ)

kdpju;fs;> vYk;Gk; NjhYkha; Mapuf;fzf;fpy;> yl;rf;fzf;fpy;> cwTfs; gwpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;>

kf;fs;> rpijf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; jj;jk; Foe;ijfNshL gupjtpj;J> kz;NzhL kz;zhf nrj;J
kbe;J njhiyg;gJ Xu; ruhrup kdrhl;rpia ve;j tpjj;jpYk; cYf;f Ntz;Lkh $lhjh? vd;w
Nfs;tpia Nkw;gb ge;jp tYthf Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa Nrup tho;itf; fz;ZWtJ my;yJ mz;ikapy; nfhNuhdh Neha; epkpj;jk;
Klf;fg;gl;l by;yp tho;tpy; ,Ue;J tho;tpoe;j kdpju;fs; yl;rf;fzf;fpy; ,lk;ngau;e;J
fhy;eilahf jj;jk; RikfNshL grpj;j jk; Foe;ijfNshL Cu; jpUk;Gk; fhl;rp–,it Xu; kdpj
gpuQ;iQiaj; jl;b vOg;Gkh–vOg;ghjh> vOg;g Ntz;Lkh – vOg;gf; $lhjh vd;gNj
Nfs;tpahfpd;wJ.

$lhJ vd;fpwJ ehty;. jpU.n[aNkhfdpd; $w;Wg;gb ,J rf[khdJ. ftdkhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;

,it> cq;fs; kdpj kdrhl;rpia my;yJ rpe;jidia cUfp topa nra;JtpLk;. mJ Neuhky;
ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhk;. ,J ehty; $WtJ.

NkYk;> ,J ek; ju;f;f Gj;jpia NtW mopj;J tpLkhk;. rhtNj Nky; vd;W NtW vz;z nra;J
tpLkhk;.

Nfs;tp–Nkw;gb $w;W> „ek; ju;f;f Gj;jpia mopj;JtpLk; ,J‟ vdf; $Wtjpy;> ,q;F
fhzf;fpl;Lk; ju;f;fk; ahUila ju;f;fk;? ve;jj; ju;f;fk;? vjw;fhd ju;f;fk;? Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSk;
vohky; ,y;iy.

3
xU rhjPa gbg;gpidia my;yJ Ruz;ly; gbKiwia–cWjpahf;fp–mjd; ,Ug;ig
epahag;gLj;jp–Xu; Mapuk; Mapuk; tUlkha; –tho;e;J te;Js;NshNk–me;jj; ju;f;fj;ijah> ,g;gb
cUfp topa nra;JtpLk; vd;W Nkw;gb $w;W mQ;RfpwJ?

my;yJ> ,f;fhl;rp> vkJ kdrhl;rpia> tpopj;njor; nra;J vkJ vy;yh mbg;gilfisAk;

epuhfupf;fNtW itj;JtpLk; vd;wh mQ;RfpwJ.

mjhtJ> r%f nfhLikfis> nfhLikahd r%f mtyq;fis fz;ZWk; xU kdpj kdk;

tpopj;J mtdJ kdpj kdrhl;rp capu; ngWtijah Nkw;gb $w;W epe;jpf;f ghu;f;fpd;wJ?

vr;rupf;fpd;wJ:

“cd;id ntWk; Kl;lhshf;fp fdtpy; ele;J nrd;W rhtNj Nky; vd;W NtW vz;z nra;J
tpLk;”

cz;ikjhd;. mde;j ,isQu;fs; ,g;ghiu cau;j;Jtjw;fha;> rhitAk; vjpu; nfhs;s

Jzpfpd;whu;fNs–r%f njhLthdpy; khe;jupd; tho;f;if ,g;gb vy;yhk; gwpg;gLjiy kdk;
nghWf;fhky; cUf Kw;gLfpd;whu;fNs–mjidj; jLj;jhf Ntz;Lk; –vd;gNj ,e;ehtypd;
%iyf;fy;yhfpd;wJ> ,q;F. cz;ikiaf; $wpdhy; ,J n[aNkhfdpd; midj;J
vOj;Jf;fspdJk; %iyf;fy;yhfNt ,Ue;Js;sJ.

,jidNa NtW thu;j;ijapy; $Wtjhdhy;> ,k;%iyf;fy;Ny n[aNkhfdpd; murpaYkhfpd;wJ.

,q;fpUe;Nj mtuJ midj;Jr; rkhr;rhuq;fSk; ntspf; fpsk;GtjhAk; cs;sd. ,J xU

Ez;zpa murpay; –kpf EZf;fkhfr; nraw;gLk; xU murpay;> vdyhk;.

,jidNa nts;is ahidAk; jd; mbj;jskhff; nfhz;L jd; thrf gpuQ;iQapd; nrtpfSf;F
vl;lhky;> nkJtha; mire;J mire;J Kd;NdWfpd;wJ jd; fhJfis Mde;jkha;
mirj;jthNw.

ii
ehtypy; tUk; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fspy; xd;W Va;ld;. kw;wJ ePyNkfk;. kw;wJ fhj;jtuhad;
vDk; jypj; ,isQd;.

,ilNa Va;ldpd; Njhop – Xu; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa tpiykhJ. xU kjFU. ,d;Dk; Xu; Mq;fpNya
fhydpj;Jt mjpfhup ,g;gbaha; rpy ghj;jpuq;fs; te;J Nghfpd;wd> fijapd; Njit fUjp.
,Ue;Jk;> NkNy $wg;gl;l %d;W ghj;jpuq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit. fhuzk; mit r%fj;jpy;
,aq;Fk; murpaiy Ve;jpgpbf;f trjp nra;J jUtd.

ehtypy; ePyNkfk; mwpKfkhFk; fhl;rp Fwpf;fj;jf;fJ:

4
“rTf;fbapd; xypAk; FsWk; Fuy;fSk; Nfl;Fk;… Fjpiuapy; rthup nra;Ak; Va;ld;
jpLf;fpLfpd;whd;…”

“rl;nld;W xU ngz;Fuy; tPwpl;lJ… kPz;Lk; mbapd; Xir…” (gf;fk; - 45)

“fPNo ,Utu; tpOe;J fplf;fpd;wdu;…ehiye;J jhty;fspy; mUNf nrd;Wtpl;lhd; Va;ld;…

mtu;fspy; xUtu; ngz;nzd;gij mg;NghJjhd; ftdpj;jhd;” (gf;fk;-46)

Va;ld; tprhupf;Fk; NghJ ePyNkfk; $Wfpd;whd;:

“,tu;fs; I]; `T]; njhopyhsu;fs;”

“Ntiy nra;atpy;iy…xspe;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;”

“fPNo fple;jtd; cuj;j Fuypy; VNjh fj;jpagbNa Va;ld; fhiy gpbf;f te;jhd;. rhl;ilf;fhud;
(ePyNkfk;) rhl;iliar; Row;wp mtid Xq;fp mbf;f rhl;ilehf;F mtd; fupa KJif ef;fpr;
Rod;wJ. mtd; mywpagb kz;zpNyNa tpOe;Jtpl;lhd;. me;jg; ngz; mywpagb mtid
gpbj;jhs;”. (gf;fk;-46)

,g;NghJ> n[aNkhfdpd; ghu;itapy; Va;ldpd; r%f ePjpf;fhd kdk; tpopj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

“Ntz;lhk; vdj; jLj;J $Wthd;: ePyNkfk;> eP ,tu;fis jz;bf;f mjpfhuk; cs;std;

,y;iy..” (gf;fk; - 47)

“ePy Nkfk; gaj;Jld; iff; $g;gpdhd;. $g;gpa if eLNt rhl;il ,Ue;jJ”

“xg;gil… ,tu;fSf;F rl;lg;gb vd;d jz;lidNah mij nfhLf;fl;Lk;. ,tu;fs; mbikfs;

,y;iy.. gpupl;b~; rl;lg;gb.. rhl;ilahy; mbf;f ve;jnthU FbkfDf;Fk; mjpfhukpy;iy…”

“mtu;fis J}f;fp vOg;G…”

“mtu;fs; iff;$g;gpagb vo Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;. me;j Mz; vo Kad;whd;. js;shb kPz;Lk;

tpOe;J tpl;lhd;”

“gpb mtid…”

„ePyNkfk; Ngrhky; epd;whd;…”

mtd; vOe;J elg;ghd; rhu;…” – ePyNkfk;

“mg;NghJjhd; ePyNkfj;jplk; ,Ue;j me;j Kuz;ly; Va;lDf;F ciwj;jJ… cWjpahd

vjpu;g;G…”

5
„ehd; nrhd;dijr; nra;… gpb mtid…”

“ePyNkfk; jiy Fdpe;J> cliy ,Wf;fp Ngrhky; epd;whd;”

“Va;lDf;F Gupe;jJ ,e;j cs;s+u; kf;fs; gyu; xUtiu xUtu; njhLtjpy;iy. fPopUf;Fk;
Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j xUtidj; njhl;lhy; jhq;fs; mRj;jkhfp tpLNthk; vd ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. rpy
rkak; Fspj;jhy; $l me;j mRj;jk; ePqF ; tjpy;iy. gRtpd; rhzj;ijf; fiuj;J Fbf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspd; Nfhapy;fSf;Fr; nrd;W gpuha;rpj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rpy rhjpfspy;
jPz;ba ghtk; Nghf jPapy; ifiaj; njhl;L jz;lid mDgtpf;f $l Ntz;Lk;…” (gf;fk; - 49)

,J Va;ldpd; Fuyh my;yJ n[aNkhfdpd; Fuyh vd;gJ jPu;f;fkha;f; $w KbahJ

,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,Ue;Jk; xd;iw Fwpf;fyhk;:

NkNy cs;s ge;jpapy; Kjy; %d;W tupfs; tplaj;ijf; $wp itf;f NghJkhdJ. ,jidNa
gpwpnjhU vOj;jhsu; rpy rkak; mg;gbNa $w epu;ge;jpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; $l NtW tifapy;
$wpapUg;ghu;. mg;gbNa kpQ;rp NghdhYk; NkNy fhZk; %d;W tupfNshL khj;jpuk; jd;id
kl;Lg;gLj;jpapUg;ghu;.

Mdhy; n[aNkhfdpd; rhjPa kdk;> me;jstpy; jd;idr; RUf;fp vy;iyg;gLj;jp nfhs;s tpUg;gk;
nfhs;shJ.

jd; rhjPa kkijia> mtu;fis Nehf;fp vs;sp eifahLjiy jj;jkJ tho;f;ifg;

ghuk;gupaj;ij> Mokhf Ngrpf; nfhs;tjpy; Mde;jk; Njbf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,t; Mde;jNk mjd;
murpayhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t; murpaNy Nkw;gb r%f mePjpfisj; njhluTk; ];jpug;gLj;jp
nfhs;sTk; top tFf;fpd;wJ.

vdNtj;jhd;> n[aNkhfd; NkYk; VO tupfis vOjpj; jd; kdg;gf;Ftj;ij

Neu;j;jpahf;Ffpd;whu;> tUkhW:

“Va;lDf;F Gupe;jJ ,e;j cs;s+u; kf;fs; gyu; xUtiu xUtu; njhLtjpy;iy. fPopUf;Fk;
Fyj;ij Nru;e;j xUtidj; njhl;lhy; jhq;fs; mRj;jkhfp tpLNthk; vd ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. rpy
rkak; Fspj;jhy; $l me;j mRj;jk; ePq;Ftjpy;iy. gRtpd; rhzj;ijf; fiuj;J Fbf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspd; Nfhapy;fSf;Fr; nrd;W gpuha;rpj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rpy rhjpfspy;
jPz;ba ghtk; Nghf jPapy; ifia njhl;L jz;lid mDgtpf;f $l Ntz;Lk;…” (gf;fk; - 49)

,g;NghJ> ,Nj Nghd;W Va;lDf;F vupr;ry; tUfpd;wjhk;:

“Kl;lhs;. ,J vd; Miz. mtid J}f;F…” – Kfk; rptf;fpd;wJ”

“kd;dpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;dhy; KbahJ” – ePyNkfk;

“J}f;fg;Nghfpwhah ,y;iyah – Va;ld; rhl;iliaj; jahu; nra;fpd;whd;”

6
“kd;dpf;f Ntz;Lk;” – (ePyNkfj;jpd;) “fz;fs; cNyhf cUisfs; Nghy; capuw;W ,Ue;jd”

“Va;ld; rhl;iliaj; J}f;Ffpd;whd;…”

“ePyNkfk; mg;gbNa mirahky; epd;whd;…”

“ehd; cd;idr; rpiwapy; js;SNtd;. eP MWkhjk; ntspapy; tu KbahJ…”

“ePyNkfk; mirahky; mg;gbNa epd;whd;”

Va;ld;> ,g;gbahf ,e;jpa rhjPaKfj;jpd; Kd; Njhw;Wg;Nghtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ ehty;.

clNd mtd; “rup ehd; cd;idf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd; vd;W rkhspj;J Fjpiuapy; Vwp
mjd; tpyhtpy; Fj;j mJ gha;e;J nry;fpd;wJ.

ePyNkfk; Njhd;wp mwpKfkhFk; ,e;jf; fhl;rpAld; mj;jpahak; xd;W Kbj;Jitf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,dp ,uz;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Va;ld; jd; tPuu;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhz;L> tprhupf;fntd I];
`TRf;Fr; nry;fpd;whd; –Kf;fpakhf ePyNkfj;ijj; jz;bf;Fk; nghUl;L.

tprhupf;Fiffspy; ,g;NghJ ePyNkfk; GJf;fij xd;iw mtpo;j;J tpLfpd;whd;.

“,d;W fhiyapy; eP rhl;ilapy; mbj;j me;j Ntiyahl;fs; vq;Nf? (gf;fk;-68)

“mtu;fs; ,q;Nf ,y;iy” – ePyNkfk;.

“vq;Nf Nghdhu;fs;?”

“mtu;fs; ahnud;W vdf;Fj; njupahJ rhu;..”

“njupahjh… mtu;fs; ,q;Nf jhNd Ntiy nra;jhu;fs;..”

“mg;gbj;jhd; nrhd;dhu;fs;… Mdhy; cz;ikapy; mtu;fs; ,q;Nf Ntiy nra;atpy;iy…

Vndd;why; mtu;fs; ,q;Nf tutpy;iy..”

jd;idf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Va;ld; mUfpy; epd;w Fjpiuiaj; jltpdhd;. Vd; jd;idf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jp nfhs;fpwhd; vd;Wk; njupatpy;iy. Vnddpy; gpwpnjhU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Va;ld; I];
`Trpy; mnkupf;f gpujpepjpiaNa khu;gpy; vl;b cijj;Jj; js;StjhfTk; gpw;ghL
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Va;ldpd; Fzeyd; mg;gbj;jhd; ,Ug;gnjd;why; ,q;Nf rhjpaj;ijf;
fyf;fth my;yJ rhjpaj;jpd; Kd; tzq;fp nry;yth ,j;jifa rpj;jupg;G tope;J
Gwg;gLfpd;wJ? ,Ue;Jk;> gpd; Va;ld; ePyNkfj;ijf; ifJ nra;J iffspy; tpyq;fpl;L js;spr;
nry;y nra;fpd;whd;.

“mtd; kdk; $Wfpd;wJ:

7
“vjw;fhf ,e;j fz;fhzpg;ghsid ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;fpd;Nwd;? vd; nrhw;fis kjpf;fhky;
,Ue;jjpw;fhf ,tid ehd; rhl;ilahy; mbf;f nra;ayhk; Mdhy; vdf;F xUtifahd
jpUg;jpiag; ngw KbANk my;yhky; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iy” (gf;fk; - 73)

“,td; ciwe;J Fspu;e;j gpzk; Nghy fple;J mbfis thq;fp nfhs;thd;. mtidj; jz;bj;j
czu;itf; $l vdf;F mspf;f khl;lhd;. mtid xU jho;e;j rhjpapdidj; njhlr; nra;Njd;
vd;why; ehd; ntw;wpg; ngw;wtdhNtd; my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; kdKile;J mo itj;jhyhtJ
ntw;wpnad czu KbAk;. xU NghJk; mjw;fhd tha;g;ig ,td; vdf;F mspf;fg;
Nghtjpy;iy.. Mk; ,td; nksdkhf ,wg;ghd;..” (gf;fk; - 74) (mOj;jk; vk;KilaJ)

gpwF KbT nra;fpd;whd;:

“fhiyapy; ePyNkfj;ij tpl;Ltpl Ntz;baJjhd;”

njhlu;e;J ehtyhrpupau; n[aNkhfdpd; $w;W tUfpd;wJ:

“mtdhy; ePyNkfj;ij xd;WNk nra;a KbahJ. ahidia mbf;fyhk;. tir ghlyhk;.

Juj;jyhk;. mJ ve;j vy;iytiu vd;gij vg;NghJk; ahidj;jhd; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ” (gf;fk;-78)

,g;gbahf n[aNkhfd; mtdJ (jdJ) rhjPa gpuQ;iQiag; gilj;jspj;jpUg;gJ khj;jpuky;y–

mtdJ rhjPa kdJf;fhd ju;f;fj;ijAk; thjpl;L cWjp nra;fpd;whu;. ,g;gb nra;tjw;$L
mtuJ rhjPa thrfupd; td;kk; rhjPaj;jhy; NkYk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;L Glk; NghLjiy
cWjpahf;Ffpd;whu;.

NkYk;> ,t;cWjp nra;tjw;$L> rhjpa ju;f;fKk; mjw;fhd tho;f;if mbg;gilfSk;

epj;jpakhtjw;F Xu; Kaw;rpia n[aNkhfd; Nkw;gb rpj;jupg;Gf;$L nra;J Kbf;fpd;whu;> vdTk;
$wyhk;.

ahu; ,e;j ePyNkfk;? rhjPaj;jpd; ,Wf;fkhd xU gpujpepjp. ,tid xU gpujpepjpahf;fp> mjhtJ

nghJtpy; fhzf;$ba xU gpujpepjpahf;fp> rhjPa mbg;gilapy; Nrhbj;J mtid ek;Kd;
epWj;Jfpd;whu; ,e;j n[aNkhfd;.

,t;cjhuz GU~d; vg;gbg;gl;ltd;? ahidia Nghd;wtd;. vy;iyfis mtd;jhd;

jPu;khdpf;fpd;whd;. RUf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; vy;iyfis fle;jtd; mtd;. ahUila fl;Lf;Fk;
mlq;f khl;lhd;. jd; rhjPaj;ij epiyepWj;j rhfTk; mQ;rkhl;lhd;. Mq;fpNyauhtJ-kz;zhtJ
vd;W midj;ijANk Jr;rkha;g; ghu;f;Fk; kdtypik nfhz;l rhjPahd; mtd;.

n[aNkhfd; ,g;gbahf jd; Mju;rd GUlid Kd;dpWj;Jtjw;$lhf mtuJ Mo;kdk;> mtuJ

murpay;> mtuJ mwk; - ,it midj;ijAk; gpuQ;iQAld; ntspf;nfhzu;fpd;whu;.

8
rhjPa mLf;Ffis Ngh~pg;gtu;fs;> ,t; vOj;Jf;fis thrpf;Fk; NghJ G+uz jpUg;jp
nfhs;thu;fs;. NkYk; ,r;rhjPa ju;f;fj;jhy;> moFgLj;jy;fshy; ,d;Dk; rpyu; njhlu;r;rpf;f $ba
jk; rhjPa mUl;Lzu;it ngw;W NkYk; cWjp nfhs;tu;.

,Ue;Jk;> ahid Nghd;w ,k;kdpju;fspd; ,Ug;G cz;ikahdJjhdh? –,tu;fs; Xu;

tpjptpyf;fha; ,y;yhky; Xu; ruhrupahf epWj;jg;gLk; #l;Rik-#l;Rkk; ,ay;ghdJjhdh?–Nghd;w
Nfs;tpfis rw;Nw tuyhw;Wld; curp ghu;f;f> rpy tuyhw;W gpjhkfu;fspd; tho;it>
NkyhfNtDk; jl;bg;ghu;j;jy; jFk;.

cz;ikapy; vkJ gp.N[.gp murhy; ntFthf Nghw;wpg; Gfog;gLk; vkJ tPu rhtu;fhupd;
tho;f;ifia> ,t;tifapy;> Xu; trjpahd cjhuzj;jpw;fhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

jpU.n[aNkhfidg; nghWj;jtiu jd; ehtiy moFgLj;j–,d;Dk; rupahf nrhd;dhy; –jd;

ghj;jpuj;ij moFgLj;j xU tPu rhtu;fhiu epWj;jhky; Vd; xU ePyNkfj;ij epWj;j
Ntz;bAs;sJ vDk; Nfs;tp voNt nra;fpd;wJ> ,q;Nf–tPu rhtu;fhu; „,e;Jj;Jth‟it
fz;Lg;gpbj;j> gilj;jspj;j khtPuu; vd;whYk; $l.

kuhj;jpa rpl; gthd; gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;J ,sikapy; jd; K];yPk; gs;spj; Njhou;fSf;F
vjpuhf Nghu; Gupe;J <w;wpy; rpiwapy; milgl;l tPu rhtu;fhu; jdJ fLikahd me;jkhd;
rpiwtho;itj; jhf;Fgpbf;f Kbahky;> gupjtpj;j epiyapy;> gpupl;b~; mjpfhupfSf;F> fbjk; Nky;
fbjk; vOj Neu;e;jJ.

rpiw nrd;W MNw MW khjq;fspy; (1911) mtu; gpupl;b~; mjpfhupfsplk; Muk;gpj;j nfQ;ry;
1913 ,y; jPtpuk; ngw;W Neuk; fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; fbjk; vOJtJ vd;w epiyikf;F
mtiuj; js;spf; nfhz;L te;J Nru;j;J tpl;lJ.

mtuJ nfQ;ry;fspd; (fbjq;fspd;) RUf;fk; gpd;tUkhW gjpT nra;ag;gl;L fplf;fpd;wJ:

1. vd;idg; Nghf tpLq;fs;.

2. vd;idg; Nghf tpl;lhy;> ,dp Rauh[;[paj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xU NghJk; gq;Nfw;Nfd;.
3. NkYk;> ,jd; gpwF> gpupl;b~hupd; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F tpRthrkhfNt ,Ug;Ngd;.

nkhj;jj;jpy;> tPu rhtu;fhupd; ,e;jg; gpufldk;> n[aNkhfd; tpje;NjhJk;> “,tidj; njhlf;$l

itf;f KbahJ” vd;w jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;> jhd; xg;Gtikf;fhf epWj;Jk; ahidf;Fk;> ePyNkfk;
Nghd;w jd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; fl;Lkhdj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jp tuNt tuhJ vd;gJ njspT. Mdhy;
kdcWjpapy;> ,jpfhrj;J fhyj;J fijfisAk; tpQ;rf;$ba ghj;jpuq;fis tuyhW
cUthf;fpNa cs;sJ> vd;gJk; cz;ikNa.

xU rpW cjhuzk;: gfj;rpq;.

gfj;rpq;Ff;Fk; tPu rhtu;fhUf;Fk; ,ilNa xU xw;Wik cz;nldpy; ,UtUNk VNjh xU

fl;lj;jpy; gpupl;b~; fhydpa thjpfsplk; kD Nghl;L fbjk; vOjpatu;fs; jhk; vd;gNj mJ.

9
me;j tifapy; ,UtupilAk; Nkw;gb xw;Wik cz;L. fbjq;fis ,UtUNk vOjpdhu; vd;w
tifapy;. Mdhy; fbjq;fspd; rhuk; NtWgl;lJ.

tPu rhtu;fhupd; nfQ;ry;fspd; RUf;fk; Nghd;Nw gfj;rpq; fbjj;jpd; my;yJ kDtpd;

RUf;fj;ijAk; gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;:

1. gpupl;b~; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf ehk; GuptJ xU Aj;jNk MFk;.

2. mg;gb ,lk;ngWk; Aj;jj;jpy; ehd; xU gq;Fjhupahf epd;W Aj;jk; Gupe;jij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
3. mg;gb ehd; Aj;jk; Gupe;jjhy; ehd; xU Aj;j ifjpahNtd;.
4. ,jd; fhuzj;jhy; vd;id xU ruhrup ifjpahf ghtpj;J J}f;fpy; Nghlhky; Jg;ghf;fpg;
gilapduhy; Rl;Nl ehd; nfhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. MfNt vd;idj; J}f;fpy; Nghlhky; Jg;ghf;fp tPuu;fshy; Rl;Lf; nfhs;SkhW
Ntz;Lfpd;Nwd;.
6. ehd; fhz tpiotJ gpupl;b~huhNyh my;yJ cs;ehl;L RNjrpfshNyh Ruz;lYf;F
cs;shfhky; ,Uf;Fk; ciog;ghsu; thOk; xU ,e;jpahitNa.

,Ugj;J %d;W taNj epuk;gpa gfj;rpq; vd;w ,isQdpd; Xu; fk;gPuk; ,ijtpl vg;gbAk;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl khl;lhJ.

,j;jifa xUtid mjhtJ vk; fz; Kd; tho;e;jpUf;f $ba xUtid my;yJ mtid xj;j
xUtid> jd; ehtypd; ghj;jpukha; Nju;e;njLj;J ahidAld; xg;gpl;L gyJk; fijj;jpUf;fyhk;
n[aNkhfd;.

Mdhy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gfj;rpq;fpd; ruj;Jfspy; MwhtJ ruj;J vkJ n[aNkhfd; vd;w
fiyQUf;F rw;Wk; Mfhjjhfp tpLk; vd;gJ njspT.

mjhtJ> gfj;rpq; nry;y cj;Njrpj;Js;s ghijia Nkw;gb MwhtJ ~uj;J ntspf;nfhzu;e;J

tpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> gfj;rpq; nry;y cj;Njrpf;Fk; ghijia nts;isahid elf;f Kw;gLk;
ghijAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Neu; vjpuhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

vdNtjhd;> jdJ murpaYf;F xj;j> jd; murpay; Nju;e;njLf;f $ba Xu; ghj;jpukhf
ePyNkfj;jpd; ghj;jpuj;ij n[aNkhfd; file;njLj;Js;shu;.

NtW thu;j;ijapy; $wpdhy; ,r;rhjPaf; fl;Lkhdj;ijf; fhg;gnjd;why; (rpy

jiyKiwfspilNaDk;) gy;NtWgl;l fhuzq;fshy; kiwaj; njhlq;Fk; Xu; rhjPaf; fl;Lkhd
czu;tiyia (T.M fpU];zhit Nghd;Nwhuplk;) ];jpug;gLj;jTk; rhjPaj;ij kPSzu;T nfhs;s
nra;aTk;> mtu;fSf;F NkYk; cu%l;b epahhak; fw;gpj;J mtw;iw NkYk; tsu;j;J tpLtJk;
jhd; jd; vOj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;w gpuQ;iQ nfhz;L jd; Ngdhit Ve;jj; Jzpfpd;whu;>
n[aNkhfd;.

10
Mdhy; fhyk; cUthf;fp jUk; gfj;rpq; Kjy; tPu rhtu;fu; tiuapyhd vz;zw;w ghjpjpuq;fspy;
,Ue;J jd; kdJf;Fk; jd; murpaYf;Fk; xt;tpa xU ePyNkfk; Nghd;wtid „Nju;e;J‟
gilj;Jtpl;lhy; khj;jpuk; jdJ gzp mj;Jld; Kbe;J NghfhJ vd;gjidAk; jpU.n[aNkhfd;
mtu;fs; kpf njspthf> gpuQ;iQG+u;tkhfNt czu;e;J itj;Js;shu;.

mjhtJ> ,t; ahidia xj;j ePyNkfk; fhyj;jpd; efu;thy; Ml;lk; fz;L tpLthd; vd;gij
mtu; mwpe;Nj cs;shu;.

vdNtjhd;> ,e;ePyNkfk; my;yJ ,r;rhjPa mLf;Ffs; rupe;J tplhky; cWjpahf epw;gjw;fhf jd;
jj;Jt Kd;ndLg;GfisAk; tho;T nghWj;j jdf;Nf cupj;j ghzpapyhd> xU guprPyidiaAk;
jd;dstpy; n[aNkhfd; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whu;> ehtypy;.

mjhtJ> mt; murpayhdJ mg;gbNa mk;kzkha; epWj;jg;glhky; jj;Jtq;fshYk;

,yf;fpaq;fshYk; fiyahYk; ju;f;fq;fshYk; Milj; jupj;J epWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ fhl;Lkpuhz;b jiyrPtp nfhs;fpd;whd; –Kfj;ijAk; fOtp nfhs;fpd;whd;. ,Ue;Jk;

fhl;Lkpuhz;b MfNt> xU fhy tuyhw;wpy; tyk; tUfpd;whd;. ,jidNa Xu; mwpQu; xUKiw
Fwpf;f Neu;e;jJ:

“,aw;ifia ntd;W> ,aw;ifapd; Nky; Ml;rp nrYj;Jk; kdpjd;> ,d;iwa #oypy; Fuq;fpd;
Kd;dhYk; khl;bd; Kd;dhYk; kz;bapl;L jiytzq;fp jd; jd;khdj;ijNa gwpnfhLj;J tpl;L
epw;fpd;whd;” vd.

iii

Va;ld; ePyNkfj;jpd; rhjPa kdj;jpz;ik Fwpj;J rpe;jpg;gJk;> mr;rpe;jidf;$L> kdpj

„ek;gpf;if‟ nghWj;j> gpd;tUk; juprdq;fSf;F te;J Nru;tjhfTk; ehty; fhl;Ltjha; cs;sJ.

“,tid xU jho;e;j rhjpapdidj; njhl itj;Njd; vd;why; ehd; ntw;wpngw;wtdhNtd; my;yJ

Fiwe;j gl;rk; kdKile;J mo itj;jhyhtJ ntw;wp ngw;wtndd czu KbAk;”

“xU NghJk; mjw;fhd tha;g;ig ,td; vdf;F mspf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy..”

“Mk;. ,td; nksdkhf ,wg;ghd;. jd;Dila „ek;gpf;iffSf;fhf‟ cWjpahf tijg;gl;L

mikjpahf capu; Jwf;fpw Xu; Gdpjiu Nghy! Gdpjuh? vd;d NtWghL? vy;yhk;
ek;gpf;ifjhd;…,td; kpf Kl;lhs; jdkhd xd;Wf;fhf> kdpj Md;khTf;Nf vjpuhd xd;Wf;fhf
,wf;fpd;whd;. Mdhy; ,td; ,g;NghJ ,wf;Fk; kdepiyf;Fk; me;j Gdpjupd; kdepiyf;Fk;
NtWghL ,y;iy. vd;d mgj;jk;” (gf;fk;-74) (mOj;jk; vk;KilaJ)

11
mjhtJ ePyNkfj;jpd; rhjPa ghu;itAk; Va;ldpd; r%f ePjpf;fhd ghu;itAk;> ek;gpf;if vDk;
xNu mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;J vOtdthf ju;f;fpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

„ek;gpf;if‟ vd;w mbg;giliaf; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ> ,uz;LNk xd;Wjhd; vd;gJk;> ,jd;
njhlu;r;rpahf> ,f;fhuzj;jhNyNa tho;Nt mgj;jk; vd;w KbTf;F tUjYk; vt;tsT J}uk;
mgj;jkhdJ vd;gJk; ,yFtpy; fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba xd;W jhd;.

mjhtJ „ek;gpf;if‟ vd;w xU mbg;gilia itj;Jf; nfhz;L ntt;Ntwhd ,uz;L NtWgl;l

ek;gpf;iffis> ,it ,uz;LNk VNjh xU tifapy; ek;gpf;ifjhk; vDk; mbg;gilapy; ghu;j;J>
,it „xd;Wjhd;‟ vd Kbg;gJk; mjd; topahf> ,Wjpapy;> ,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa >
,t;tbg;gilapy;> tho;Nt mgj;jk; vdg; ghLk; ghl;L ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; „ahitAk; khia‟ vdg;
ghlg;gl;l ghlYf;F xg;ghdNjahFk;.

mjhtJ „czT‟ vd;w mbg;gilapy; ghuf;Fkplj;J nfha;ahgoKk; gyhg;goKk; xd;whfyhk;.

my;yJ goq;fs; vd;W ghuf;Fkplj;J nfha;ahgoKk; gyhg;goKk; xd;whfyhk;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa
mbg;gil nfhz;L ghu;j;J> ,t;tbg;gilapy; ,t;tpuz;LNk xd;Wjhd; vd;gjidf; fhuzk; fhl;b
cyfk; ,e;j tifapy;> vg;gb mgj;jkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd nkhoptJ vj;jid mrl;Lj;jdNkh
mj;jid mrl;Lj;jdk; Nkw;gb thjj;jpYk; mlq;fpAs;sJ> vdyhk;.

tho;f;ifia ,g;gb Xu; mgj;jkhf fhl;l KidtJ my;yJ fhl;Ltjpd; kWGwk;> kdpju;fspd;
rPupa tho;Tf;fhd mthit my;yJ njz;bj;jiy epuhfupf;Fk; xU fUtpahjNyahFk;.

midj;JNk mgj;jk; vd;why; tPu rhtu;fhu; gpupl;b~huplk; nfQ;RjYk;> gfj;rpq;fpd; gpuQ;iQgb

gpupl;b~;f;F vjpuhd tQ;rKk; xd;Wjhd; vd;whfpd;wJ–midj;JNk mgj;jkhfptpl;l Xu;
#o;epiyapy;. Vnddpy;> ,t;thjj;jpd; gpufhuk;> kdpj elj;ijfSf;fpilapy; tpj;jpahrk;
fhzKbahJ – gyhg;goj;ij Nghy.

mjhtJ ,t;mgj;j msTNfhypd; gpufhuk; nfhs;if gpbg;Gs;s kdpju;fs; kiwe;Jtpl ntWk;

ruhrupfSk; capu; ngw;W nfhs;sf;$ba rhj;jpaq;fis vl;b tpLfpd;whu;fs;.

,dp> ,r;#oypy; fhf;fg;gLtJ vJ? – rhjPaNk!

,t; mgj;jthjj;jpw;$L ,r;r%fkhdJ jdJ midj;J fhl;Lkpuhz;b jdq;fisAk;

fl;Lkhdq;fisAk;> mePjpfisAk; mf;fpukq;fisAk; njhlu;e;jpUf;f itg;gij epr;rag;gLj;jp
nfhs;syhk;. ,jdhy;jhd;> ,j;Njit Xu; murpay; Njitahfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ midj;J mf;fpukq;fisAk; nra;J jPu;j;Jtpl;L „md;Ng rptk;‟ vd;W XJkhg;Nghy

midj;ijAk; Mw;wptpl;L tho;Nt mgj;jk; vd;W Nghjpg;gjhfpd;wJ.

Va;lDf;$lhf> n[aNkhfd; Kd;epWj;Jk; rpe;jidapd; Kjw;ghjp ,Jthfpd;wJ. mLj;j ghjp

tUkhW ,Uf;fpd;wJ:

12
“J}ufpof;F ehnlhd;wpy; me;j ehl;L kf;fis xLf;fp mtu;fis xl;Lnkhj;j gl;bdpr; rhTf;F
Mshf;fp… nfhOj;j yhgj;ij cUthf;fp mspf;Fk; nghUl;L… capu; Jwf;Fk; gpupl;b~;
tPuDf;F mtDila kuzk; xU ngUk; jpahfk; vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ… ngUik
Nru;g;gjhf vz;zpj;jhd; mtd; Jg;ghf;fpAld; fpsk;gp nry;fpd;whd;…jq;fs; kz;izAk;
khdj;ijAk; fhg;ghw;Wk; nghUl;L thSld; fpsk;gpa ngU tPuDf;Fk; mtDf;Fk; (,g;gpupl;b~;
tPuDf;Fk;) kdepiyapy; vd;d NtWghL…? (gf;fk; - 74)

mau;yhe;Jf;fhf gypahFk; Gul;rpahsDk; mtidf; nfhy;Yk; gpupl;ldpd; giltPuDk; xNu

kdepiyapy; xUtNuhL xUtu; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;… Jg;ghf;fp Ngjk; ,y;yhky; Rl;L
js;SfpwJ. kz; Ngjkpy;yhky; cs;Ns thq;fp nrupj;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. (gf;fk;74-75)

RUf;fkha; $wpdhy; kz;jhd; ,Wjpghu;itapy; Ml;rp nra;fpd;wJ Nghy njupfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;

kz;jhNd> Mf ,Wjpapy;> thq;fp thq;fp nrupj;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,Wjpapy;> kz; jiria
vYk;Gfis> kz;zhf;fp jPu;j;J jpd;W tpLfpwjhk;.

Mf xU Gwk; kdepiy! NtWghby;iy.

kWGwk; kz; –NtWghby;iy!!

NtW thu;j;ijapy; $wpdhy; thoj;Jbj;J miye;J jpupe;J <w;wpy; fpolhfp rupe;J tPo;e;J
kz;zhy; nrupf;fg;gl;L NghFk; eha;f;Fk;> me;jkhd; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;L ntspte;J <w;wpy;
,we;J Ngha; kz;zhy; nrupf;fg;gLk; kdpjDf;Fk;; NtWghby;iy vd;whfp tpLfpd;wJ.

,j;jifa ju;f;fj;ij vq;Nf nfhz;LNgha; fplj;JtJ? ,tw;iw Mokhf Njhz;bnaLj;J

rpj;jupf;Fk; n[aNkhfd; ,Wjpapy; Va;ldpd; kdNthl;lj;jpw;$L gpd;tUk; ju;f;fj;ij
vl;bg;gpbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpiaAk; Nfl;L nfhs;fpd;whu;:

“…ek;gNt Kbahj kfj;Jtq;fSk; ek;gNt Kbahj fPo;ikfSk; gPwpl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j

Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahj capu;j;njhif kz;zpy;; ePbj;J tho vd;d fhuzk; ,Uf;f KbAk;…?
(gf;fk; - 75)

gjpiyAk; mtNu jUfpd;whu;: “flTs; –mg;gb xUtu; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; ,tw;iwj;
njhFj;Jg; ghu;f;ff;$l xU ikag;Gs;sp ,y;iy”. (gf;fk; - 75)

,g;gb> jd; fijia XltpLk; n[aNkhfd;> Nkw;gb #oypy; vOg;gf;$ba Nfs;tp xd;Wjhd;:

midj;ijANk ,oTj;jhd; vd;W epuhfupj;Jtpl;l Xu; gpd;dzpapy; (“,oT” vd;gJ

,UghyhupilNaAk; xd;Nw vdf; nfhz;lhy;)–mtuJ ju;f;fj;jpd; gpufhuk;–eupAk; ,oT kdpjDk;
,oT vdpy;) gpwF vd;d ,otpw;F vkf;F ,oT> xU „ikag;Gs;sp‟ Njitg;gLfpwjhk;.
,izj;Jg; ghu;g;gjw;F? mJjhd; kz; thq;fp thq;fp nrupj;Jf; nfhz;L tpLNk!

13
ey;y fijjhd;.

Mdhy;> rw;W Mokha; Nehf;fpdhy; ,e;j “ikag;Gs;sp” fijapd; Njitg;ghl;Lf;F gpd;dhy;>

vkJ rhjPa mLf;Fkhdq;fSk; mit Vw;gLj;Jk; midj;J mf;fpukq;fSk; moFw
nfhOtPww
; pUg;gJ mg;gyj;Jf;F te;J Nru;e;J tpLk;.

Mf> ,JNt nts;isahidapd; murpay; Ntu; vd;whfpwJ.

mjhtJ fhe;jpf;Fk; rhu;thfUf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; ,y;iy. gfj;rpq;Ff;Fk; [hypad; thyh ghf;

gLnfhiyia Vtptpl;ltDf;Fk; ,ilNa tpj;jpahrk; ,y;iy. n[aNkhfDf;Fk; nrj;J cYj;J
Nghfg;NghFk; xU eupf;Fk; $l tpj;jpahrk; ,y;iy - ,j;ju;f;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;.

eupapd; kdepiy n[aNkhfdpd; kdepiyNahL tpj;jpahrg;gl;bUe;jhYk; $l (ju;f;fj;jpd;gb)

(,JNt Nfs;tpf;Fwpjhd;). <w;wpy; kz; thq;fp thq;fp ,UtiuANk nrupj;Jf; nfhs;s Nghfpd;wJ
vd;w ju;f;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;LNk xd;whfpd;wJ–vd;d nra;tJ. Mz;ltd; re;epjhdj;jpy;
,JNt epajp. ,g;gbaha; mdj;Jfpd;wJ n[aNkhfdpd; jPu;g;G.

Mdhy; fhuznkd;d?

uj;jk; topAk; Nfhu gw;fis vOj;Jyfpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j xU Njitg;ghL vOe;Js;sJ

vd;gNj ,q;F cs;slq;Fk; murpayhfpd;wJ.

,jw;fikaNt flTshupd; Njitg;ghLk; ikag;Gs;sp fijAk;> <w;wpy; ntl;fkw;w tifapy;

tho;Nt mgj;jk; vd;w Nghjpg;Gk; ele;NjWfpd;wJ.

xUtdpd;> jiykPJ rhtfhrkha;> Vwp mku;e;J rthuptpLk; kdpjd;> Rkg;gtd; vOg;gf;$ba <df;
Fuiy Nfl;L> Rkg;gtdplk; Fdpe;J nrhy;fpd;whd; „tho;Nt mgj;jk;‟ vd.

,J> xU Gwk;.

kWGwk;> ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ZWk; Xu; ,isa jiyKiwapdupd;> ,sk; kdjpy;>

,t;mePjpf;nfjpuhd Nfs;tp – mtdJ r%f ePjpf;fhd gpuQ;iQ – mtdJ khDlk; rhu;e;j
mstPLfs; - ,it gPwplh tz;zk; rpijj;J tpLtNj> n[aNkhfd; iff;nfhs;Sk; Ez;
; ho;Nt mgj;jk;‟ vd;w Nkw;gb thjKk; Jiz nra;fpd;wd.
murpayhfpd;wJ. ,jw;F t

,j;jifa xU Nghjpg;gpd;> ,j;jifa Xu; mbf;fy;ypy; ,Ue;Nj> nts;isahid NkYk;

efu;fpd;wJ.

iv

Va;ld; vd;gtd; mau;yhe;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j xU Mq;fpy mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhYk;> xU

Mq;fpNya uhZt gs;spapy; gbj;J tsu;e;jpUe;jhYk;> n~y;ypapd; vOj;Jf;fis mtd;

14
cUg;Nghl;bUg;gjhy;> mJ> mtid rkaq;fspy; miyf;fopj;J r%f ePjpf;fhd kd
ciyr;ry;fis> rydq;fis mtdpy; Vw;gLj;Jtjha; ehty; rpj;jupf;fpd;wJ.

n~y;ypapd; khDl Nehf;fhdJ my;yJ mtdJ r%f ePjpf;fhd Fuy; vt;tsT typik
nghUe;jpaJ vd;gnjy;yhk; Vw;fdNt tuyhw;wpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;s rq;fjpfs;jhk;.

n~y;yp khj;jpuk; vd;wpy;yhky; n~y;ypjhrd; vd mwpag;gl;l ghujp Kjy; ,d;Dk; ,Uf;f$ba

mde;j vOj;jhsu;fs;> khDl Neaj;jpd; ghu;itahy; J}z;lg;ngw;W Xuzpaha; epd;wJk;> epw;gJk;
$l tuyhWjhd;. ,jd; njhlu;r;rp ,d;Wk; vk;kpil mtjhdpf;ff; $baJjhd;. ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs;
kdpjid mg;gb vd;djhd; nra;fpd;wd? ,t;ntOj;Jf;fspd; Njitg;ghLjhd; vd;d?

xU Kiw n[afhe;jd; xU fijiaf; $w Neupl;lJ:

xU fpuhkj;J jpUld;. ePz;l ehs; rpiw thrj;jpd; gpd;> Cuhu; mtidj; jPz;lhj epiyapy;
,Uj;jpa NghJ xU ghjpup> mtidj; jd; thr];jyj;jpw;F ,l;L te;J mtid md;ghy;
jpUj;Jk; nghUl;L mtUld; jq;fitj;J nfhs;fpd;whu;. eL ,utpy; fz; tpopf;Fk; mtd; jd;
gof;f Njhrj;jhNyh vd;dNth khjh Nfhapypd; ,uz;L tpsf;Ffspy; xd;iwr; RUl;b vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L fpsk;gp tpLfpd;whd;. ,Ue;Jk; Cu; vy;iyapy; fhtyhsu;fsplk; gpbgl;L Nghfpd;whd;.
tpsf;ifg; ghu;j;Jtpl;L mtid mtu;fs; khjh NfhapYf;Nf jpUg;gp mioj;J tUfpd;whu;fs;.
,tu;fisf; fz;l kjFU> „ez;gNu thUq;fs;‟ Vd; kw;w tpsf;ifAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;shky;
kwe;J Ngha; tpl;bUe;jPu;fs;…,e;jhUq;fs;> vLj;J nry;Yq;fs; vd;W kw;w tpsf;ifAk; mtdplk;
nfhLj;J tpLfpd;whu;.

kjFUtpd; ,e;eltbf;if mtdpy; xU khw;wj;ijf; nfhzu;e;J Nru;g;gjha; fij.

,ijf; $Wk; n[afhe;jd; “,g;gbj;jhd; - E}y;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vk;ikg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. vq;Nfh>

njhiyJ}uj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;j rpWfij vdJ kdjpYk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ahNuh xU
ez;gu; xUKiw rpy njd;dq;fd;Wfis vdf;Fj; jj;jpUe;jhu;. mit fpL fpL ntd tsu;e;J
xt;nthU kuj;jpYk; Fiy Fiyahf fha;fis Ve;jpapUe;jd. ,sePu; Fbf;f Mir ,Ue;Jk;
mz;zhe;J ghug;gNjhL ehd; rup. kuNkw njupahJ. ahiuahtJ nfhz;L Njq;fha;fisg;
gwpf;fyhk; vd;whYk; ahUNk mfg;gltpy;iy.

xU ehs; ,uT> J}f;fk; tuhky; Guz;L nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ njhg; njhg; vd;W rj;jk;. vOe;J
Nlhu;r; iyl;il mbj;J ghu;j;Njd;. kuj;jpd; cr;rpapy; xUtu;. $wpNdd;: Iah ck;ik
vq;nfy;yhk; NjLtJ. gfy; KOtJk; tuhky; ,Ue;Jtpl;L ,g;NghJ te;Js;sPu;fs;. rup
guthapy;iy. vy;yhtw;iwAk; gpLq;fp ckf;F Ntz;batw;iw vLj;Jf;nfhz;L kpFjpia vkf;Fk;
itj;Jtpl;L Nghk; vd;Nwd; –mjd; gpwF fjitj; jhopl;Ltpl;L gLj;Njd;. mjd; gpwNf
epk;kjpahd J}f;fk; te;jJ. fhiy vOe;J ntspNa te;Njd;. vd;d Mr;rupak;. xt;nthU
kuj;jbapYk; mofofhf Njq;fha;fs;; mg;gb mg;gbNa> Ftpj;J mLf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. vdJ
ftiynay;yhk; xd;Wjhd;. vdf;fhf ,t;tsT Njq;fha;fis tpl;Lnrd;wpUf;fpd;whNu. jdf;fhf
Xupuz;ilahtJ vLj;J nrd;wpUg;ghuh ,y;iyah? vd;gNj mJ. ,g;gbahfj;jhd; E}y;fs;>

15
vOj;Jf;fs; vk;ikg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. khw;Wfpd;wd. me;j ehl;fspy; ehd; vd;Wk; Xu; ghujpahu;;
Gj;jfj;NjhLjhd; jpupNtd;” vd;whu; mtu;.

vOj;jpd; kfj;Jtk; Fwpj;J Fwpf;Fk; Nkw;gb fijiag; Nghd;Nw ghujp Nky; n~y;yp nrYj;jpa
nry;thf;FkhFk;. mJ vg;gbg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J gpd;tUkhW Mw;wg;gLk; xU tpku;rfupd;
Fwpg;gpy; ,Ue;J mwpayhk;:

“n~y;ypjhrd; vd;gJ ghujpapd; ,sikf;fhy Gid ngau;fspy; xd;W… utPe;jpuehj; jh$Uk;

,sikapy; n~y;ypjhrdhfNt ,Ue;jhu;… mbik> kpbik> kilik> tWik Kjypad vd;d
tbtj;jpy; vq;fpUe;jhYk; mtw;iwj; jfu;j;njwpa Jbj;j muh[f ftpQd; n~y;yp…
vt;tpjkhd jiyaPLk; ,d;wp kdpjd; Rj;j Rak;Gthf Rje;jpugpwtpahf Jyq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
n~y;ypapd; fdT. vq;nfq;F kdpjd; jisfspy; ,Uf;fpd;whNdh mq;nfy;yhk; tpLjiyapd;
rq;f ehjk; Koq;f Ntz;Lk; vdg; ghbatd; n~y;yp… fhg;gpakhd fl;lWe;j Gnuhkpj;jpA+];
(Prometheus Unbound) vd;gjidg; gilj;jtd;”.

“fl;lWe;j gpukpj;jpA+]; Nghy; ghujpAk; „fl;Lfis jtpu;g;Nghk;‟ vdf; $WtJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.”

,g;gb ngUk; MSikfshy; tptupf;fg;gl;l ,Nj n~y;ypjhd; n[aNkhfdpd; jiyaha

ghj;jpukhd Va;ldpYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sjhf n[aNkhfd; jdJ nts;is ahidapy;
rpj;jpupf;fpd;whu;.

Mdhy; n[aNkhfd; ghj;jpuj;jpy; n~y;ypapd; ghjpg;G vt;thW fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ $u;e;J

mtjhdpf;fjf;fNj.

fzq;fspy; Va;ldpd;> kdf;fz;zpy; Njhd;Wk; n~y;ypapd; tupfs; Va;lid ,Ug;G nfhs;shky;

n~y;yp nghWj;J tpku;rpf;f itj;JtpLfpd;wJ.

,J Va;ldpd; Fuyh my;yJ cz;ikapy; vkJ fiyQu; n[aNkhfdpd; Fuyh vd;gJ

Njitaw;w xU thjkhfpd;wJ.

Vnddpy; Va;ldpd; gpd;dzpapypUe;J Va;lid ,af;Ftpg;gJ my;yJ ePyNkfk; my;yJ

fhj;jtuhad; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J mtu;fis ,af;Ftpg;gJ> my;yJ Va;ld; %yk; jd; Fuiy
my;yJ epiyg;ghl;il xypf;f nra;J jd; kdf;fplf;ifia mtpo;j;J tpl;L ,g;ghj;jpuq;fspd;
gpd;dhy; kiwe;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ ehty; tuyhw;wpy; rf[khdNj–ehk; Vw;fdNt ghu;j;jJjhd;.

r%f neUf;fb my;yJ r%f ePjp njhlu;gpyhd Nfs;tpfs; vof;$ba xU #oypy;> Va;ld;
gpd;tUkhW epidj;Jf; nfhs;thd;:

“n~y;yp> Kl;lhs;. Fbfhud;. fdT[Ptp. kdpj Fyj;jpd; kpbikiaAk;> fPo;ikiaAk; fhz

Kbahky; Jbj;jtd;. vupAk; neQ;Rld; jd; nfhe;jspf;Fk; nrhw;fis NghyNt Gaw;gl;l flypy;
%o;fpr; nrj;jhd;. Va;ld; mg;NghJ tpUk;gpanjy;yhk; %f;FKl;l Fbg;gNj…” (gf;fk;-127)

16
n~y;ypapd; ghjpg;G ,g;gbahfNt Va;ldpy; ntspg;gLtjhf nts;isahidf; $Wfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ> n~y;ypapd; tupfs;> Va;ldpd; r%f ePjpf;fhd czu;itf; fpsu;e;njor; nra;J
tpLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhfNt> mtid> mtndhU “Kl;lhs; –eilKiw ajhu;j;jj;ij kwe;J nraw;gl
xU fdT [Ptp–fly;fspy; %o;fpr; nrj;Jj; njhiyj;jtd;” vd;w uPjpapy; mtid epe;jpf;f
nra;Jfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ khDlk; ghLk; vOj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; fdT [Ptpfs; rk;ge;jk; nfhz;litNa vd;gJk;
,f;fhuzj;jhNyNa mtu;fspd; $l;lk; xU Kl;lhs;fspd; $l;lk; vd;gJk; kDFyj;jpd;
kpbikAk; fPo;ikAk; ,r;#oypy; kpf kpf rf[khdNj vdf; $Wk; mthTk; n~y;yp nghWj;j
Nkw;gb $w;wpy; cs;s+u mlq;fpAs;sij ehk; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

,j;jifa xU ju;f;fk; vq;fpUe;J Gwg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid ehk; ftdkhf vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy;>

m/J tho;f;ifNa mgj;jk;> kz; thq;fp thq;fp nrupj;J nfhs;Sk; –gpd; ,izj;Jg; ghu;f;f xU
ikag;Gs;sp–me;j ikag;Gs;spahd xU flTshu; –vd;W Nfhu;j;J vOk; mNj ju;f;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
ntspf;fpsk;GfpwJ vd;gjid ehk; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

Vnddpy; tho;Nt mgj;jk; vd;W nrhy;gtDf;Fk; <w;wpy; kz; thq;fp thq;fp nrupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
vd;gtDf;Fk; gpd; flTspd; Njitg;ghL xU ikag;Gs;spapd; Njitg;ghNl vd;W
Gupe;Jitj;jpUf;f$ba xUtDf;F> kDFyj;jpd; kpbikapd; fPo;ikAk;> xUfhYk; xU
nghUl;lha; ,Uf;fNghtjpy;iy.- mJ xU nghUl;lhfTk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy - midj;Jk; Kul;L
Njhyhy; %lg;gl;L> rf[khfp tpLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; tho;f;ifNa xU mgj;jk; jhNd.

rhjPaf; fl;Lkhdq;fisj; jf;fitj;J nfhs;sTk;> jdJ Njiu toik Nghy; tOtOj;J Xl;br;
nry;yTk;> ,j;ju;f;fkhdJ rf[khd rhj;jpakhd Kul;L kdepiyia xUtdpy; cz;Lgz;zp
tpLfpd;wJ.

Mdhy; ,j;jifa ju;f;fj;jpd; Kjy; tPr;rpy;> ,g;ghu;it Nfhuf;$ba Kjy; eug;gyp vOj;Jk;
mt;ntOj;J khDlk; rhu;e;J xypf;Fk; jd;ikAkhFk;.

mg;nghOJjhd; nts;isahid rydkpd;wp jd; gazj;ij ,j;jifa Xu; myq;fhuj;Jld;

efu;j;jf;;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

ehtypd; ,d;DnkhU ghj;jpukhd ghju; gpuz;zd; vd;gtu;> Va;ldpd; rpe;jidia xl;bNa

gpd;tUkhW $Wthu;:

(,J gpuz;zdpd; Fuyh my;yJ gpuz;zdpd;$L xypf;Fk; n[aNkhfdJ mbkdJ Ntl;ifah

vd;gJk; Nehf;fj;jf;fNj):

“ePqf
; s; ftpij vOJtPu;fsh…? cq;fs; thu;j;ijapy; fdT ,Uf;fpd;wJ… ,e;j
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kdpjhgpkhdk; ePjpAzu;rpnay;yhNk ntWk; fdT…”

17
“n~y;yp mg;gb rpy gpupl;b~hiu fdT [Ptpfshf;fptpl;L nrj;jhd;. mtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Fbj;J
rhfpd;whu;fs;…” (gf;fk;-167)

,J n[aNkhfdpd; mbkdJ Ntl;if „,y;iy‟ vd;why;> ehtypy;> ,jw;nfjpuhd ghu;it

vq;NfNaDk; efu;j;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mg;gb xd;Wk; ,Ug;gjhf njupatpy;iy> ehty;
KOtjpYk;. Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fs;> kdpjdpy; ek;gpf;if tul;rpapid Vw;gLj;Jk; tupfs; vd;gjpy;
re;Njfk; ,y;iy. kWGwj;jpy; kdpjhgpkhdk; ePjpAzu;r;rp vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; ,it
xl;Lnkhj;jkha; Gwe;js;sp itg;gjhfTNk mikfpd;wd.

mjhtJ> n~y;ypapd; vOj;Jf;fspd; nkhj;j rhuNk my;yJ tpisNt> xUtid ntWk; fdT
[Ptpahf;fp> mjd; fhuzj;jpdhNyNa ePjp Nehf;fp mtid efur; nra;J> gpd; midj;Jk;
gpiog;gl;L Nghf> mtid <w;wpy; ngUk; Fbfhudhf;fp> gpd; nrj;njhopa nra;J tpLfpd;wJ.

,t;thjj;jpd; ghtpg;G n~y;ypf;F vjpuhdJ khj;jpuNk vd;wpy;yhky; n~y;yp Nghd;Nwhu;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;af;$ba Mapukhapuk; khDlk; rhu;e;j fiyQu;fspd; vOj;JfSf;Fk;
Vw;Gilajhfpd;wJ.

,JNt fhyq;fhykha; vOj;Jyfpy; ,Ue;J tUk; ,U ntt;NtWgl;l mzpfSf;fpilapyhd>

tuyhw;W Kuz; vd;gjidAk; ,Nj tPr;rpy; vkf;Ff; fhl;b mfy;fpd;wJ.

,t; murpaiy ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;shky;> nts;isahidia ehk; Gupjy; vd;gJ Kbahj
fhupakhfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; ehk; ,q;Nf $wpahf Ntz;Lk;.

gQ;rj;ijg; ghu;itapLk; Va;lDf;F xU rpy n~y;ypapd; tupfs; epidTf;F tUfpd;wd. clNd

mtdJ kdNthl;lk; gpd;tUkhW cUntLf;fpd;wJ. jd; rthupiaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ:

“vq;fpUe;J te;j tup? vd;Ds; tp~ frg;gha; Njq;fpa n~y;ypj;jhd;… mu;j;jq;fs; vy;yhk;
mope;J ntWk; cswy;fshf vd;Kd; fplf;fpd;wd ,t;tupfs;…”

NkYk; epidg;ghd;:

“Kl;lhs;> eP n~y;ypia nfhz;L cd; kdrhl;rp kPJ kz;iz ms;sp Nghl;Lf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wha;. n~y;yp cdf;F xU Gspj;J Eiuj;J Nghd kJ kl;LNk…” (gf;fk; - 345)

,g;gbahf nts;is ahidahdJ> n~y;yp kPJ khj;jpuky;yhky;> nghJtha; ,sk; thrfu;fspd;>

,sk; vOj;jhsu;fspd;> ,sk; jiyKiwapdupd; ,sk; kdrhl;rpfs; kPJ kz;iz ms;sp tPrp
miwe;J mtw;iw %btpLk; ifq;fupaj;ijj; jpwk;gl nra;J Kbg;gjha; cs;sJ.

n[afhe;jd; $Wk; „vOj;jpd;‟ kfj;Jtk;> mJ Njhw;Wtpf;ff;$ba kdrhl;rpapd; ce;Jjy;> kw;Wk;

ghujpapd; gy ghly;fSf;F mbnaLj;J nfhLj;j ngUq;ftpQd; n~y;ypapd; vOj;jpd; jpuhzp-
,it midj;JNk kz;zhy; %lg;gl Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ> xl;Lnkhj;jkha;: ,q;Nf> rhjPa
mLf;FKiwfs; njhlu Ntz;Lkhapd;.

18
,Njg;Nghy;> n~y;ypapd; my;yJ mtdJ Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fshy; kdrhl;rpiaf; fpsu nra;J
nfhs;Sk; xUtd; ntWk; fdT[Ptp tifg;gl;ltd; vd;W fw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ– ,q;Nf
jj;jkJ uj;j cwpQ;Qy;fisj; njhlu Ntz;Lnkdpy;.

,J nts;is ahid Mw;Wk; mUke;j murpay; fUkq;fspy; xd;whfpd;wJ–kdrhl;rpfis kz;

nfhz;L %LtJ.

v
gQ;r rpj;jpupg;gpd; murpay;:

Ntu;fis my;yhky;> Ntu;fspd; tpisTfisg; rpj;jupg;gNj> fPo;ikfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

nra;Ak; fiyQu;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd je;jpNuhghakhfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ fz;zPiur; rpj;jpupf;fyhk;. Mdhy; fz;zPUf;fhd fhuzj;ij ntspf;nfhzuf; $lhJ>

,Wjptiuapy;.

,Ue;Jk;> n[aNkhfd; ,d;DnkhU gbepiy NkNyNa nrd;W> ,tw;iw tu;zpg;gJld; khj;jpuk;

epWj;jhJ> jkJ tu;zpg;Gf;Fk; - fijf;Fk; Nkyjpfkhf tYr; Nru;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mjw;Nfw;w
jj;Jtq;fisAk; ju;f;fq;fisAk; Kd;ndLg;gJld; epWj;jhJ gQ;rk; njhlu;gpyhd fUg;G-
nts;isg; glq;fisAk; nts;is ahidapy; gpuRupj;J thrf cs;sq;fSf;F mjpu;r;rp
itj;jpaj;ij mspf;fTk; nra;a Kd;te;jpUf;fpd;whu;> jdJ nts;is ahidapy;.

,t; mjpu;r;rp itj;jpakhdJ thrf cs;sq;fis kuj;Jg; Nghfr; nra;Ak; cs;Nehf;FlNdNa

gpuRukhfpAs;sJ vd ehk; Iaj;Jld; fUj ,lKz;L.

Vnddpy; cs;sq;fis ,g;gb kuj;Jg; Nghfr; nra;tjw;fhf “Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l thjq;fSk;

rpj;jupg;GfSk; nts;is ahid KOtjpYNk gug;gg;gl;Ls;sd–xU tbtj;jpy; ,y;yhtpby; kW
tbtj;jpy;. (,tw;wpy; ,uz;nlhd;iw Vw;fdNt NkNy ghu;j;jpUe;Njhk;.)

,Ue;Jk;> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,f;fUg;G–nts;isg; glq;fs; cz;Lg;gz;zf;$ba mjpu;r;rp thrfid

epiyFiye;J kuj;Jg; Nghfr; nra;aTk; ,e;jpa epiyikfs; Fwpj;J Ruizaw;W jpupaTk;
nra;tjha; ,it mike;J Nghtjhy;> ,g;glq;fs; jpl;lkpl;L muq;Nfw;wg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;w
Nfs;tpf;F vk;ik ,it ,l;Lr; nry;tjha; cs;sJ.

vdNt Nkw;gb Nfs;tpahdJ mbg;gilapy; Xu; murpay; rhu;e;j Nfs;tpahdJ vd;gjpYk;

re;Njfkpy;iy.

19
,e;ehty; tpupAk; fhyg;gFjpahd 1870 fspy; jiynaLj;j jf;fhzh-kjuh]; gQ;rk; fpl;lj;jl;l 5-
8 kpy;ypad; Ngiu gypnfhz;lJ vd;gJk; 10 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fis ghjpj;jJ
vd;gJk; cz;ik.

ehtypy;> gQ;rk; nghWj;j n[aNkhfdpd; $w;W tUkhW:

“,e;jpa kz;zpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa xU E}w;whz;Lf;Fs; jq;fs; <tpuf;fkw;w Ruz;ly; %yk;

gpupl;b~; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdp cUthf;fpa nraw;ifg; gQ;rq;fspy; ,e;jpa rdj;njhifapy;
ehd;fpy; xU gq;fpdu; nrj;J mope;jhu;fs;…” (gf;fk; 72)

fpl;lj;jl;l 400 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;ehtypy; Nky; Fwpj;j ehd;F tupfSld; gQ;rj;Jf;fhd
fhuzk; Kbtile;J tpLtJ jk; fiyahu;tj;jpd; kpFjpahy; vd n[aNkhfdpd; thrf ez;gu;fs;
$wj; Jzpayhk;.

,Ue;Jk; $l ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; “<tpuf;fkw;w” Ruz;liyNa gQ;rj;jpw;fhd cz;ik fhuzk;

vdf; fhZk; NghJ> ,d;W khj;jpuk; ,e;j <tpuf;fkw;w Ruz;ly; ,y;yhky; kdpjhgpkhdj;Jldhd
Ruz;lyh ,q;Nf> ,e;jpahtpy; fhzf;fpl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gJk; xU Nfs;tpahfpd;wJ.

,J xU GwkpUf;f> gQ;rj;jpw;fhd cz;ik fhuzk; Vw;fdNt tuyhw;wpy; gy mwpQu;fshYk;

Mog; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Nl fplf;fpd;wJ vd;w cz;ikAk;> ,t;tifapy;> epuhfupf;fg;gl KbahjJ.
,t;tifapy; cjhuzkhf ,uz;ilg; ghu;f;fyhk;.

,e;jpahtpd; gpupl;b~; Ml;rp njhlu;ghfTk; mq;F cUthf;fg;gl;l gQ;rq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpa fhu;y; khu;f;]; gpd;tUkhW nghUs;glf; Fwpf;fpd;whu;:

“,e;J];jhd; (,e;jpah) vd;gJ rprpyp Nghd;w Xu; ,yq;ifj; jPtpidAk; my;g;]; kiyj;njhlu;
Nghd;w Xu; ,khya kiyj; njhliuAk; nyhk;ghb Nghd;w Xu; tq;f rkntsp gpuNjrj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fp> xU Gtpapay; Nfhzj;jpy; Mrpahtpd; ,j;jhypahf jpfo;fpd;wJ..”

“if nerTk;… uhl;bdKk; mr;r%fj;jpd; MzpNtuhf ,Ue;jJ.. tptrhak; my;yJ gapu;r;

nra;if vd;gJ me;je;j kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp ghzpf;Nfw;g> fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;Lk;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Lk; tPo;r;rpAw;Wk; fhzf;fpl;baJ…vdNtj;jhd; mjd; Mzp Ntu;> tptrhakhf
,y;yhJ> yl;Nrhg yl;r nerthsu;fs; rk;ge;jKw;w nerT njhopyhfNt ,Ue;jJ…”

“njhd;W njhl;l fhyk; KjNy> INuhg;gpah jdf;Fj; Njitahd kpfr; rpwe;j Milfis>
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;Nj ,wf;Fkjp nra;jJ. gjpYf;F INuhg;ghtpd; kpfr; rpwe;j kjpg;G tha;e;j
cNyhfq;fs; ,e;jpahTf;F Vw;WkjpahdJ…”

“,g;gbahf xU ePz;l ghuk;gupak; nfhz;l nerT njhopiy Kw;whf rpijj;njwpe;j ngUik

Kw;Wk; KOjha; gpupl;b~hiuNa rhUk;…,e;jpa gUj;jpia Mq;fpNyau;fs; INuhg;gpar; re;ijapy;
,Ue;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jp Juj;jpabg;gJld; xU rfhg;jk; Muk;gkhfpwJ”

20
“njhlu;e;J> gpupl;ld;> jd; gUj;jp E}iy ,e;jpa re;ijf;F mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld; ,JfhWk;
gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapd; jha;ehL vd mwpag;gl;l ,e;jpahtpd; gUj;jp re;ijia> jhd; cw;gj;jp
nra;j gUj;jpiaf; nfhz;L (gpupl;b~;) %o;fbj;jJ…”

“1816 Kjy; 1836 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahTf;fhd ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gUj;jp

Vw;WkjpahdJ 5200 klq;fhy; mjpfupj;jJ…1824 ,y; ,e;jpahTf;fhd> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gUj;jp
E}ypd; Vw;Wkjp> ntWk; 10 yl;rk; ahiuj; jhz;bajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; 1837 ,y; ,JNt
640 yl;rq;fshf ngUf;fkile;jJ. ,NjNtis> nerTf;F Ngu; Nghd ,e;jpa efukhd lhf;fh
efupd; rdj;njhif 150>000 ,y; ,Ue;J ntWk; 20>000 khf Fiwe;jJ…”

Nkw;gb juTfs; EZfp Nehf;fj;jf;fd.

,it> n[aNkhfdJ Nghd;W> GidTfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJk; ,y;iy. ,it> tuyhw;wpy;

gjpthfpAs;s Gs;sptpguq;fs;.

,q;Nf> kf;fs; [dj;njhif 150>000 khf ,Ue;J 20>000 khf Fiwe;jJ vd;w Fwpg;G vkJ
ftdj;ijf; NfhUtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,jw;$lhfNt tq;f-jf;fhzh-kjuh];
gQ;rj;jpw;fhd Kd;Diuia ehk; fz;L nfhs;sTk;> ca;j;Jzu;e;J nfhs;sTk; $bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,NjNghd;W kpf mz;ikapy; epf;fpy; ntq;fNl~; (Nikhil Venkatesh – 2019) vd;ghupd; $w;Wk; ,e;j
tifapy; mtjhdpf;fj; jf;f xd;Nw.

,e;jpa nerit Klkhf;fpa Ie;J Mq;fpNya topKiwfs; gw;wp MuhAk; mtu; (Five Ways Imperial
British Crippled Indian Handlooms) vd;w jdJ Fwpg;gpy;> mtu; gl;baypLk; Ie;J fhuzpfspy; %d;W
vkJ Mo;e;j ftdj;ij <u;g;gdthf mikfpd;wd.

i. Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpa nertpd; tpiyia cs;s+u; re;ijapy; kpf kpf jho;j;jp

epu;zak; nra;jhu;fs; (Fixed Price) ,jd; fhuzj;jhy; nerTw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ
cw;gj;jp nrytpy; (Cost of Production) 80% I $l kPl;f Kbahky; NghdJ.
ii. ,g;gbahf Fiwe;j tpiyf;F tpw;f kWj;Njhiu rTf;fhy; tpyhRtJk;> rpiwapLtJk;>
ngUj;j jz;lg;gzk; mwtpLjYk; toikahapw;W. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nerT nra;a
Kbahjgb rpyupd; fl;il tpuy;fis ntl;bnawptJk; eilKiwahfpw;W. (vkJ
Vfiytidg; Nghd;W).
iii. %d;whtjha; kpf kpf mePjpahd tup rl;lq;fspd; %yk; nerT Jiwiaj; jk; topf;F
nfhzu;e;J Nru;j;jyhFk;.
mjhtJ Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; ,e;jpa gUj;jpf;F (Calico) 86% tupAk; ,e;jpa
k];ypDf;F (Muslin) 44% tupAk; nrYj;JkhW Mq;fpNyau;fs; Mizapl;lhu;fs;.
,Nj Ntis ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;J> ,e;jpahTf;Fs; ,wf;Fkjpahf EioAk; nerTf;F
5% tupiaNa tpjpj;jhu;fs;.

21
,J> fhyq;fhykha; gapyg;gl;L te;j ,e;jpa nerT njhopiy vq;Nf nfhz;Lr; nrd;W
epWj;jpapUf;Fk; vd;gJ njspT. Mf fhu;y; khu;f;]; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy ,e;jpahtpy; gutpa
gQ;rj;jpw;fhd Kjy; fhuzp> ,e;jpa tho;thjhukha; jpfo;e;j nerthiyfis mbj;J nehWf;fp
epu;%ykhf;fpaJ vd;gNjahFk;.

Mdhy; nts;is ahidNah “<tpuf;fkw;w Ruz;ly;” vd;w fz;Lg;gpbg;Gld;; rkhr;rhuj;ij Kbj;J

itj;J tpLfpd;wJ. xUNtis ,J tuyhw;iw mwpahjjd; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. kWGwj;jpy;
Mq;fpNyaUk; vk;ikg;Nghd;w kdpju; jhNd vd;w kdpjhgpkhdj;jpd; ce;Jjy;> kW fhuzkhf
,Uf;fyhk;. (Mq;fpNyau; njhlu;ghf nts;is ahidapy;> ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kiwKfkhd thQ;ir
rw;Nw mtjhdpf;f jf;fJjhd;.)

Vnddpy; KjyhspfspilNa „rkaq;fspy;‟ ehL fle;j ghrq;fSk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJk; ,y;iy.

,Nj Nghd;W ehL fle;j gQ;rq;fSk; –glq;fSk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJk; ,y;iy.

cjhuzkhf> 1983-1985 fhyg;gFjpapy; khj;jpuk; 10 yl;rk; Ngu; vj;jpNahg;gpa gQ;rq;fspy;

kbe;jdu; vd;gJk; NkYk; 80 yl;rk; Ngu; gl;bdpahy; ghjpg;gile;jdu; vd;gJk; I.eh
mwpf;iffspy; xd;W $Wfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghd;W 1941-1945 fhyg;gFjpapy; khj;jpuk; 60 yl;rk;
A+ju;fis n[u;kdpa ehrpg;gilapdu; nfhd;nwhopj;jdu; vd;gJk; NkYk; yl;rf; fzf;fhNdhu;
ehrpfspd; Mapuf;ff;fhd Kfhk;fspy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;L rpj;jputijf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ldu;
vd;gJk; vkJ mz;ikf;fhy tuyhWjhd;. (n[aNkhfdpd; nts;is ahid tu;zpf;ff;$ba 1878
Mz;L fhyg;gFjpf;F> kpf gpd;du; muq;NfWk; fhl;rpfs; ,it)

Kfhk;fspy; milf;fg;gl;bUe;j (Holocaust) vYk;Gk; NjhYkhd A+ju;fspd; glq;fs;> mtu;fspy;

Fw;WapUk; FiyAapUkhf ,we;Njhupd; njhif 10 yl;rkhfTk; ,Ue;jjhf etPd Gs;sptpguq;fs;
vd;gd> - ,it> ,d;W vtUf;Fk; fz;$lhff; fpl;lf;$ba xd;Wj;jhd;.

,Nj Nghd;W ,d;iwa Nakid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; $l Nakd; gQ;rj;jhy; 20 yl;rk; Ngu;
mq;Nf ghjpg;Gw;wdu; vdTk; Foe;ijfs; yl;rfzf;fpy; kbfpd;whu;fs; vd;gJTk; ,d;W ehshe;jk;
nra;jp Clfq;fs; vkf;F mwptpj;j tz;zNk ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,it midj;Jk; vkJ etPd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; vYk;GfspdJk; Njhy;fspdJk;

fijahfpd;wd.

,tw;iw tpLj;J> vkJ ,d;iwa ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; mbnaLj;J itj;jhYk; $l vkJ jypj;Jf;fs;

kPJ Vtg;gLk; muf;fj;jdq;fs;> $lNt cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa Nrupahd “jhuhtp” Nrupapy; 10 yl;rk;
; Uf;Fs;) –ghfp];jhdpd; xnud;[p (Oranji
Viofs; (2.1 rJu fpNyhkPww Town) Nrupapy; 20 yl;rk;
Viofs; (22 rJu fpNyhkPww ; u; gug;Gf;Fs;) Nghd;wtw;wpy; tho rgpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspYk;> nfhNuhdh
%Lifapd; NghJ fhy;eilahf Mapuf;fzf;fhd iky;fis elf;f epu;ge;jpf;fgl;ltu;fspYk;
n[aNkhfd; Fwpg;gpLk;> ,e;j <tpuf;fkw;w Ruz;lypd;> ,d;iwa jhz;ltk;> ntspg;gl;L tpLk;.

,jidAk; $l n[aNkhfd; glq;fshf fhl;rpNaw;wpapUe;jhy; rpwg;ghdjhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

22
mjhtJ> tuyhW tuyhwhfNt> ,d;iwa ehs;tiu> njhluf;$ba> ,g;gQ;rq;fSf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; vit vd;gJ Nfs;tpahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. New;iwa fUg;G–nts;is vYk;Gj; Njhy;
glq;fis muq;Nfw;Wtjw;$L ,d;iwa vYk;Gj; Njhy; fijfis kwf;fbf;fr; nra;J kdpj
cs;sq;fis kuj;Jg; Nghfr; nra;Ak; Xu; Ez;zurpay; ,q;Nf nray;gLfpd;wjh – mjw;fhfth
,g;glq;fs; muq;Nfw;wg;gLfpd;wd> vd;gNj Nfs;tp.

mjhtJ gQ;rq;fis tptupj;J mjw;$lhf> tho;tpd; mgj;jj;ijAk;> n~y;ypapd;

Njitapd;ikiaAk;> flTshupd; Njitg;ghl;ilAk; NfhUk; murpay; xU Gwk; ,Uf;f>
kWGwj;jpy;> cyfpy; ,f;nfhLikfSf;fhd cz;ik fhuzk; ahnjdg; giwrhw;Wk;
vOj;Jf;fSk; rhd;WfSk; ,Nj cyfpy; jhd; mUfUNf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,g;gpd;dzpapNyNa
nts;is ahid efUk; murpay; ghijia mk;gyg;gLj;jp cz;ikfis ntspf; nfhzu;tJk;
Nkw;gb tpj;jpahrq;fis vk; fz;Kd; epWj;JtJk;> tpku;rd cyfpd; ,d;iwa flikfspy;
xd;whfpd;wJ.

vi

mj;jpahak; xd;gjpy; gpd;tUk; gFjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ:

“mtu;fspy; ,uz;L Ngu; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;fs;. xU tajhd rPkhl;b. mts; ngau;
jpUkjp nfy;tpd;. mtSila kUkfd; jpUthsu; nfy;tpd;. Etnuypahtpy; Njhl;lq;fis
cz;Lgz;zp nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;” (gf;fk;-268)

rk;ghrid elf;Fk; fhyg;gFjp ehtypd; gpufhuk; 1878.

Mdhy; ,yq;ifapd; Etnuypa tuyhw;iw vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy; Etnuypa gpuNjrj;jpy; Kjy;

Njhl;lkhd naju;nrl; (Hethersett)> 150 Vf;fupy; rpq;Nfhdhthy; gapuplg;gl;L> W.Floverdew vd;gtuhy;
„1881‟ NyNa epu;khdj;Jf;Fs;shfpd;wJ.

Nkw;gb Kuiz gpujhdkhf nfhs;shtpl;lhYk;> Nkw;gb ,yq;if Njhl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd

Fwpg;G> jtpu;fKbahjgb> ehtypd; jiyaha fjhg;ghj;jpukhd Va;ld; vDk; kdpjidAk; ,Nj
Mq;fpNya fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,yq;if Njhl;lq;fSf;F te;J Nru;e;j ,d;DnkhU
,isQdhd gpup];Nfl;biyAk;> ,UNtW tuyhw;Wg; ghj;jpuq;fshf> vk;ik xU fzk;> xg;G
Nehf;f nra;J tpLfpd;wJ.

n~y;ypia gbj;jjpd; jhf;fj;jpdhNyh vd;dNth ePjpAzu;r;rp cr;rj;Jf;F fpsk;gpajdhNyh

vd;dNth %f;FKl;l Fbj;Jk;> n~y;ypiaf; fdT[Ptp vdj; J}f;fpnawpe;Jk;> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
tpiykhjupil Gfo; ngw;Wk; efUk; nts;isahidapd; Va;lDf;F Xu; gpwg;Gg; gpd;dzp cz;L
vd;gJ Nghy ,yq;ifapd; Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fSf;F md;W te;J Nru;e;j gpup];nfl;bYf;Fk;
xU gpwg;Gg; gpd;dzp cz;L vdyhk;.

23
mau;yhe;jpy;> E}W khLfSf;Fr; nrhe;jfhuuhd> gpuGj;Jt-kd;du; tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU jdpik
ehb Ntl;ilf;fhuDf;Fg; gpwe;j Va;ld; uhZtg; gs;spapy; fy;tpAk; fw;W n~y;ypiaAk;
thrpj;jwpe;J Xu; mjpfhupahf te;J NrUfpwhd; ,e;jpahtpw;F.

gpup];Nfl;by; fijNah rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdJ. mtdJ jha;-kN[hupyp];lu; (Marjori Lister) 1885 ,y;
Nygu; ghu;l;bapd; Ntl;ghsu;fspy; xUtu;.

khN[hupyp];lu;> ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupikf;fhf Kd;epd;W Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpa ngz;kdpf;Fs;

Kjd;ikahdts;.

gpup];Nfl;by; jdJ jhahUld; M];jpNuypahTf;F mfd;W> xU tUlj;Jf;Fs;shf>

M];jpNuypahtpd; ,isQu;fSf;fhd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; (Young Communist League) mq;fj;jpdu;
Mfpd;whd;. mjd; gpd;du; ,yq;if te;J NrUk; mt; ,isQd; Mq;fpNyaupd; Njhl;lnkhd;wpy;
Nkyjpfhupf;fhd gapYduhf gjtpNaw;fpd;whd;. Mdhy; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; Njhl;l
epu;thfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,OgwpfspYk; Kuz;ghLfspYk; ,td; njhopyhsu; rhu;ghf
nray;gLtij mtjhdpj;j Njhl;l epu;thfkhdJ mtid cldbahfNt gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;fpd;wJ. mjd; gpwF gpup];Nfl;by; me;ehl;fspy; nraY}f;fk; ngw;wpUe;j ,lJrhup fl;rpahd
rkrkh[ fl;rpapy; ,ize;J fhyp Kfj;jplypy; xU khngUk; $l;lj;jpid xOq;F nra;tjpy;
Kf;fpa gq;fhsdhfpd;whd;. $l;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> K];ypk;-rpq;fs ,df;fytuj;jpd; NghJ>
gf;frhu;gha;> ml;^opak; Gupe;j Herbert Dowbiggins vd;Dk; Mq;fpNya nghyp]; mjpfhup fhydpj;Jt
,yq;ifia tpl;lfYk; epfo;it tuNtw;W nfhz;lhl xOq;F nra;jNy MFk;.

mLj;jjha;> ,t; nts;isf;fhu ,isQd;> ,yq;if Njhl;lq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd murpay;thjpahf

jpfo;e;j eNlr IaUld; ,ize;J ,yq;ifapd; Njhl;l njhopyhsUf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;ij
Kd;ndLf;f nra;fpd;whd;.

ehtygpl;bapy; ,lk;ngw;w njhopyhsu; $l;lj;jpy; gpup];Nfl;by;> ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tUif je;j

fkyhNjtp rl;Nlhghj;jpahthy; njhopyhsUf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp itf;fg;gl;l NghJ njhopyhsupd;
MNtrk; kpf;f Nfhrk; thid gpsf;fpd;wJ. gpup];Nfl;bypd; jpf;fp jpf;fp Mw;wg;gl;l ciuapy;>
thu;j;ij ,ilntspfspd; NghJ FOkpapUe;j njhopyhsu;fspd; ntw;wp Nfhrk; ehtygpl;ba
efiu mjpu nra;jjha; gjpTfs; $Wfpd;wd. gpu];Nfl;by; ,yq;ifapd; kiy Njhl;lq;fspy;
elf;Fk; nfhLikfisAk; mePjpfisAk; mk;gyg;gLj;jpa NghJ ,jidg; nghWf;fhj Mq;fpNya
muR mtid 48 kzp Neuj;Jf;Fs; ehLflj;j cj;jutpLfpd;J. cj;juit mLj;J
jiykiwthFk; gpup];Nfl;bypd; rhu;gha; ,yq;ifapy; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; mjp Gfo;G+j;j rl;lj;juzpfspy; xUtuhd H.V Perera KC> tof;fpy;
M[uhf Kd;te;J> ,ytrkhf thjhb> Nkw;gb cj;juit tYtw;wjhf;Ffpd;whu;.

gpup];Nfl;by;> Va;lid Nghd;W n~y;ypiag; gbj;jhNuh mwpNahk;.

Mdhy;> mtuJ nraw;ghLfis Cd;wp ftdpf;Fkplj;J> mtd; Xu; fdT [ptpahf ,y;yhky;
kf;fSld; mtu;fspd; NtjidfSld; jd;idg; gpzpg;gjpy; <LgLj;jp nfhs;fpd;whd;. fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd mtdJ vjpu;g;Gk; Nghuhl;lKk; gpwpnjhU jsj;jpy; efu;tjha; cs;sJ.

24
tuyhW cw;gj;jp nra;J cyhttpLk; ,j;jifa kdpju;fspy; ,Ue;Nj ehtyhrpupau;fs; cupa
gpuQ;iQAld; jj;jkJ ghu;itapy; jkJ ghj;jpuq;fisj; Nju;T nra;fpd;wdu;. $lNt jkJ
ghj;jpuj;jpw;fhd jj;Jtq;fisAk; mtu;fs; njupT nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

n[aNkhfdpd; fUj;J epiyfSf;F> xU gpup];Nfl;by;> mtd;> cz;ikahd xU tuyhw;W

ghj;jpukhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l> ,Wjptiu xj;Jtukhl;lhd;.

vdNtj;jhd; Va;ld; Nghd;w xUtid n[aNkhfd; fl;bnaOg;gp Kd;dfu;j;j epu;ge;jpf;f

gLfpd;whu;.

Fwpj;j vOj;jhsdpd; ,e;jj; Njit> Fwpj;j vOj;jhsdpd; murpaiyg; gpujpgypg;gjhFk;.

NtW thu;j;ijapy; $wpdhy;> „Nju;tpd; murpay;‟ vd;gJ ,g;gbahfj;jhd; tpupfpd;wJ vdyhk;.

nts;isahid ,j;jifa murpay; Nju;Tf;$lhfNt rKjhaj;jpil mire;J nry;fpd;wJ> Va;ld;

vDk; jdJ jiyaha ghj;jpuj;ijj; jd; jiykPJ Rke;J> jdf;Nf cupa murpaiyf;
fhg;ghw;Wk; nghUl;L.

,jid NtWgpupj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tJ> khDlk; $Wk; fiyQu;fspd; flikAk; vd;whfpwJ.

vii

nts;isahidapd; rpj;jupg;gpd;gb> gQ;rq;fs; #o;e;j epiyapy;> mtyq;fSk; nfhLikfSk;

fz;Kd;Nd tpupa xU tifapy;> $lNt n~y;ypapd; jhf;fj;jhNyh vd;dNth> r%f ePjpf;fhd
cs;Szu;T Va;lid NkNy $wpathnwy;yhk;> jLkhwitf;f> fhj;jtuhad; jd; “fUiz
murpaNyhL” te;J Nru;fpd;whd;.

fhj;jtuhadpd; Nkw;gb fUiz murpayhy;> ,Wjpapy;> ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Ntiy epWj;jKk;

I]; `Trpy; te;J Nru;e;jjha; ehty; tpgupf;fpd;wJ.

Ntiy epWj;jq;fis> mjd;NghJ Ntfk; ngWk; kdpj elj;ijfis> mq;Nf xd;wpizAk;

jpus;fspd; Njhoikfis xd;wpizAk; jpul;rpapd; jpahfq;fis> tptupf;Fk; etPdq;fis
,yf;fpa ghuk;gupak; mwpAk;.

Mdhy; jpU.n[aNkhfd; mtu;fs; Kd;epWj;Jk; NtiyepWj;jk; rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdjhfNt

muq;NfWfpd;wJ.

Ntiy epWj;jj;ij xOq;fikf;Fk; jypj;jpa tPud; fhj;jtuhad;> Ntiy epWj;jj;ij>

fUizapd; mbg;gilapy; fl;Ltpf;f Kidfpd;whd;.

“%d;W ehs; Nghuhl;lk; mJjhd; vd; jpl;lk;. mjw;Fs; ehd; vy;yh nra;jp jhs;fSf;Fk; nra;jp
mDg;gp tpLNtd;… kjuh]; nkapy;… fle;j gy khjq;fshfNt gQ;rk; gw;wpa nra;jpfis

25
Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. mtu;fspd; cjtp ekf;F ,Uf;Fk;. Nghuhl;lk; rkurk; MdhYk;
gpupl;b~; muR ,ijg; gw;wp Nahrpf;Fk;… ehd; bA+f; M/g; gf;fpq;fhik ek;GfpNwd;. mtuJ
fUizapd; xU nrhl;L vq;fs; kf;fs; kPJ tpOe;jhNy NghJk;. Vndd;why; E}w;whz;Lfshf
fUiznad;why; vd;dntd;Nw vk; kf;fs; mwpe;jjpy;iy (gf;fk; 279).

mjhtJ rpg;gha; fyfk; Kbe;J 21 Mz;Lfs; KbAk; Kd;dNu fhj;jtuhad; fl;rpapdNjh md;wp
xU jj;Jtj;jpdNjh topfhl;lypd;wp jdpkdpjdha;> Mq;fpNyaupd; fUizia mbj;jskhf
nfhz;L Nkw;gb Ntiy epWj;;jj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g Kw;gLtjhf rpj;jpuk;.

,NjNtis NkNy $wg;gl;l> rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; NghJ> Fiwe;jJ vl;L yl;rk; Ngupd;
capu;fSf;F ciyitj;j - fhT nfhz;l Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rp> gpd;du; gpd;dhy; te;jpUf;ff;$ba
[hypad; thyh ghf; nfhiyfs; - ,it midj;Jk;> Mq;fpNya Ml;rp mjpfhuk; vd;gJ
fUizapd; mbg;gilapyh fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gijj; njspthf;Fk; tuyhw;W gjpTfshfpd;wd.

midj;J Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; gy;<Wfspy; gbe;jpUf;Fk; fUg;G jpl;Lfspd; RtLfs; Nghd;Nw>

,e;j Mq;fpy fhydpj;Jt Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; <Wfspy; gbe;Js;s fiuAkhfpd;wJ ,J. –
(rkaq;fspy; mijtpl kpf Nkhrkhdjha;). ,dp mf;fhyj;ij tpl;L ,f;fhyj;Jf;F te;J
Nru;e;jhYk; nfhLikfs; njhlu;tjhfNt cs;sJ.

mJ fPo; ntz;kzpahf ,Uf;fyhk;. my;yJ njYq;F ftpQu; tutu uhNthtpd; ,d;iwa

epiyikahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. fUiz vd;gJ> ,e;j tbtpy; jhd;> Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfisg; nghWj;J
nray;glf;$Lk;. ,J tuyhW.

,r;#oypy;> murpay; tpjpKiwfis kwe;J> fhj;jtuhaid xU fdT [Ptpahf gilj;jspj;J

mtidj; jd;dpr;irahf Ruk;ghl nra;tJ n[aNkhfdpd; murpaYf;F ctg;ghdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

fUizapy; ek;gpf;if itj;J fskpwf;fg;gLk; njhopyhsu;fsplk; khwpa #oy;fs; fhuzkhf xU

fl;lj;jpy; Va;ldhYk; fhj;jtuhadhYk; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kbj;J thg]; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;gb
Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (gf;fk; 343)

njhopyhsu;fs; cld;gl kWf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fs; Va;ldpd; cj;juitAk; epuhfupf;fpd;whu;fs;.

fhj;jtuhadpd; Nfhupf;ifiaAk; epuhfupf;fpd;whu;fs;:

“KbahJ rhu;. vq;fSf;F ePjp Ntz;Lk;..” (gf;fk; 344)

“ehd; jhf;FjYf;F MizapLNtd;. jhf;fr; nrhy;YNtd;. fiye;J nry;Yq;fs;‟ vd Va;ld;

$Wfpd;whd;” (gf;fk; 345)

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; $tpa Va;ldpy; Ntfk; gPwpl;L tUfpd;wJ.

n[aNkhfd; gpd;tUkhW rpj;jupf;fpd;whu; mtdJ epiyia:

26
“xU tif mfq;fhuk;. fl;Lf;flq;fhj ntwp… mfq;fhuk; rPz;lg;gl;ljd; tpisth? kpjpg;gl;l
ghk;G Nghy – Mdhy; mtDs; ciwAk; nts;isadpd; Mztk; jhdh mJ? me;jf; fUg;G
kf;fs; Kd; Njhw;W epw;Fk; fzj;jpy; gy;yhapuk; Mz;L fhyk; Njhy; epwj;Jf;fhf mfq;fhuk;
nfhz;l mtdpy; %jhijaupd; Mtpfs; vy;yhk; mtDs; xUq;F $bdth? (gf;fk; 347)

,Wjpapy; Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspd; Mztj;jpw;F> mtu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F ,g;gbahf n[aNkhfd;>

xU njhd;ikiaAk; mq;Nf fw;gpj;J tpLfpd;whu;.

,g;gpd;dzpapy; cynfq;Fk; muq;Nfwp ntw;wpg;ngw $bajhf ,Ue;j Gul;rpfspy; (Fwpg;gpl;l

fhyk; tiuapNyDk;) Njhy;tpiaj; jOt Neu;e;j Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; %jhijaupd; Mtpfs;
mq;Nf vd;d nra;jd> xUq;F $ltpy;iyah vd;gJ Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSk; ,it njhlu;gpy;
vohJ ,Uf;f KbahJjhd;.

Mdhy; “mfq;fhuk; nfhz;l mtd; %jhijaupd; Mtpfs; vy;yhk; mtDs; xUq;F $bdth
vd;w Nfs;tpia KjyhtJ ge;jpapy; ,Uj;jptpLk; n[aNkhfd;> jdJ mLj;j ge;jpapy; NtW xU
uhfj;ij mNj Ruj;jpy;> ,irf;f Kw;gLtJ Rthu];akhdJjhd;:

“,y;iy. mJ ,y;iy. me;jf; fzj;jpy; vOe;jJ ve;jg; Nghu; tPuDf;Fs; cs;s ,ay;ghd jd;
mfq;fhuk; jhd;. vjpu;g;gpidr; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ rPwp vOtJ mtDs; cs;s gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l
uhZt kdk;. mJ xU MAjk;… vd; kdk; uhZt gapw;rpahy; tbj;J $u; jPl;lg;gl;L
tpl;bUe;jJ. ehd; xU fr;rpjkhd Jg;ghf;fp. tpirapy; ifg;gl;lJk; ntbj;Nj Mf Ntz;batd;.
Mk;> ehd; mJjhd;. vq;Nf cyfpd; ve;jg; giltPud; epd;wpUe;jhYk; mijj;jhd; nra;thd;. Mk;”
(gf;fk; - 348)

,g;gbahf %jhijaupd; Mtpfspd; xd;W $lypy; ,Ue;J> fpisgpupe;J> ,g;NghJ uhZt

kdepiy vd;w Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;G Kd;dpWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mdhy; fr;rpjkhd> ,t;tifahd> gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l uhZt kdq;fs; jhk; mjhtJ ,e;j

fr;rpjkhd Jg;ghf;fpfs; jhk; Xu; 15 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gjhf> jkJ Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfSf;F
vjpuhf xU rpg;gha; fyfj;ij elj;jp Kbj;J jk;ik gapw;Wtpj;j mNj mjpfhupfis> gjk;
ghu;f;fTk; Jzpe;J epd;W eltbf;;if vLf;f epu;g;ge;jkhfpd.

,f;fhl;rp> ,e;jpahTf;F khj;jpuk; cupj;jhdJ md;W. cynfq;fpYk; rpg;gha; fyfk; Nghd;w

fhl;rpfshy; tuyhW epuk;gp topaNt nra;fpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf u];a Gul;rpapd; Jtf;fj;ij mwptpj;j u];a Nghu; fg;gyhd mNuhuh> jdJ Kjy;
Fz;il Winter Palace I Nehf;fp tPrp vwpe;J u];a Gul;rpapd; Jtf;fj;ij ,bnad mwptpj;jJ.

tu tu uhNth Nghd;w Mapuf;fzf;fhd gpuhkzu;fs; jj;jkJ ,Uf;F Ntj rlq;Ffisg;

Gwe;js;sp ,lJrhup fl;rpfspy; ,ize;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

27
,it xl;Lnkhj;jkhf vijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd? Mtpfs; xd;W $Lk; #o;epiyapy; khw;wq;fs;
rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;gjidah? my;yJ rhjPa mLf;FfSk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l kdq;fSk;>
%jhijfspd; xd;Wf;$lf;$ba MtpfSk; rhRthjkhdit – ve;ehSk; khw;wg;gl Kbahjit
vd;gjidah?

n[aNkhfdpy; cs;slq;Fk; tuyhw;W FUl;Lj;jdk; ,Jthfpd;wJ.

Mdhy; ,J ,ay;ghd FUl;Lj;jdk; vd;gjpYk; ghu;f;f jpl;lkpl;L Njhw;Wtpj;J nfhs;sg;gl;l

FUl;Lj;jdk; vd;gNj rhyg;nghUe;Jk;.

Vnddpy; ,J xU Fwpj;j murpaypd; KfKkhfpd;wJ.

ehtypy;> Va;ldpd;> mf;fzj;ij> njhlu;GgLj;jp> „gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l uhZt kdk;‟ > my;yJ

„xd;W$Lk; %jhijaupd; Mtpfs;‟ my;yJ n~y;ypapd; tupfs; - ,g;gb VNjh xd;Wld;
njhlu;GgLj;jp mtdJ Mjpf;f czu;T epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,J ,ay;ghdNj.

,d;Dk; rupahf nrhd;dhy; n[aNkhfd; Nghd;w vOj;jhsUf;F ,J Nghd;w tplaq;fs; kpf kpf
,ay;ghdNj.

Vnddpy;> n~y;ypapd; vOj;Jf;fs; vd;gJ n[aNkhfd; Nghd;w tiffSf;F> njhl;L nfhs;s>

CWfha; Nghd;w xU rkhrhuNk vd;gjidj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy.

Mdhy; ghujp Nghd;w Xu; kdpjid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mtdJ tho;tpd; Mzp NtuhfTk;
rpuQ;rPtpahfTk; ,Uf;f$baJ n~y;ypapd; vOj;Jf;fs;.

,jd;gb ghu;j;jhy; ,se;jiyKiwfis rhu;e;j> rpuQ;rPtpfshf gupzkpf;ff; $ba> ,isNahu;

kdq;fis vg;gb Crpg;Nghd CWfha;fshf khw;WtJ vd;gjpNyNa n[aNkhfd; Nghd;Nwhupd;
Ez; murpay; mlq;Ffpd;wJ vdyhk;.

viii

Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapd; kPJ ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l Mj;jpuq;fspd; gpujpgydha; gy;NtW

vOr;rpfs; ,e;jpahtpy; ele;NjWfpd;wd.

1857 Kjy; 1859 tiu ele;j rpg;gha; fyfk; Kjy; (8yl;rk; kf;fis gyp nfhz;l ,f;fpsu;r;rp
fq;if-aKid efuq;fspYk; mtj;ij> Ge;jy;fhz;l;> mypfhu;> yf;Ndh> fhd;G+y;> myfhghj;
Nghd;w efuq;fspy; tup fl;lhkYk; fhyzpahl;rp mjpfhupfis tpul;babj;Jk; gjpYf;F jj;jk;
epu;thf mikg;Gfis epakpj;Jk;) gpd; 1876-1878,y; ele;Njwpa cg;G tup vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lk;
NkYk; 1889 ,y; nrd;id khfhzj;jpd; Nfhjhthup Mw;wpd; fiuapy; ele;Njwpa uhk;gh
tptrhapfspd; fpsu;r;rp ,it midj;jpYk; ,e;jpa kpjthj rf;jpfs;> Mq;fpNyaupd;

28
ez;gu;fshfNt nray;gl jiyg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fspd; eyd;fs; Mq;fpNya eyd;fSld; gpz;zp
gpize;jjha; ,Ue;jd. vdNtj;jhd; ,tu;fSf;F RNjrpak; vd;gJ Kf;fpakw;W NghdJ.

nts;isahid $Wfpd;wJ: “bA+f;fpd; cjLfs; jpwe;jJk; va;ld; epWj;jpdhd;… eP nrhd;dJ

rupj;jhd;… ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ek;Kila nkhj;j ePjpAzu;Tk; Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ… ek;Kila
ajhu;j;jKk; ek;ik Nrhjpf;fpd;wJ… ek;Kila ajhu;j;jk; kjuhirNah my;yJ ,e;jpahitNah
kl;Lk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;tjy;y. ehk; cyfk; KOtij fUj;jpy; nfhz;L rpe;jpf;f
Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ…” (gf;fk; - 264)

mz;ikapy; gp.N[.gp apd; %j;j jiytu;fspy; xUtuhd mkpj;-~hTk;> gh.[.f thdJ

,yq;ifapYk; NeghspYk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; vd mwptpj;jpUe;jhu;.

vy;iyfs; fle;j %yjdj;jpd; ePl;rpia ,J gpujpgypj;jhYk; ,Nj fUj;Jf;fs; NghuhLk;

kf;fis Nrhu;Tw nra;aTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf gp.N[.gp apd; Ml;rp Fwpj;J
cs;s+u jpUg;jp njuptpf;Fk; rpy ,lJrhupfs; $l „,e;jpa Ml;rp‟ vd;gJ cyfk; vd;gjid
KOikahf fUj;jpy; nfhz;L jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;W vd;w mbg;gilapy; kf;fspd;
Nghuhl;l eltbf;ifia epuhfupg;gtu;fshf cs;sdu; - VNjh ,tu;fs; jhk; cyfj;jpd;
efu;itNa epu;zapg;gtu;fs; Nghy.

kWGwj;jpy; %yjdk; vt;thW ehLfspd; vy;iyfis fle;J CLUtp iff;Nfhu;f;fpd;wNjh

my;yJ Nghl;b NghLfpd;wNjh my;yJ Mf;fpukpf;fpd;wNjh mij Nghd;Nw ciog;Gk;; ehLfspd;
vy;iyfis fle;J jkJ Njhoik rf;jpfSld; Nerk; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

mjhtJ fhu;y; khu;f;Rf;F ehL vd;w xd;W ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gJ Nghy> - ,e;Jj;Jthf;Fk;
nkhop vd;w xU tiuaiw ,Uf;f KbahJ.

,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa Nkw;gb gpuf;iQahy; ce;jg;gl;l ftpQd; vOJthd;:

“Kd; nkhopa xU Njrk; ,y;iy… Mdhy; vq;Fk; cz;L vd; Njhoik kf;fs;…”

,Njg; Nghd;W nts;is ahidapYk; Mq;fpNyaUf;fhd thQ;ir Mq;fhq;Nf Jspu;tpl;L fplg;gJ

jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhfpd;wJ.

,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa nts;isahidapy;> n~y;yp J}w;wg;gLjYk; Va;ld; tpUk;gg;gLjYk;

ele;NjWfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ> kpjthjpfSldhd ifNfhu;g;G vd;gJ md;W ele;jij Nghy ,d;Wk; njhlu;tjhfNt

cs;sJ. ,jw;F ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ Xu; njhlu;gw;w tplak; vd;gjpYk; ghu;f;f gf;fgykha;
nray;gLtJ vd;gjpNyAk; nts;isahidapd; murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

29
ix

jypj;Jfs; nghWj;j n[aNkhfdpd; mZFKiw vd;gJ myhjpahdJjhd;.

xUGwk; jypj;Jfspd; tuyhw;Wr; nrOikfis nraw;ifahf Cf;Ftpj;Jk; ngUik NgrpAk>;

rhjPaj;ijf; fle;jtuha; jd;id ,dq;fhl;b> kfpOk; n[aNkhfd; kWGwj;jpy; mtu;fsJ
fPo;ikfisj; J}f;fpg; gpbj;J mtu;fis vs;sp eifahb jpUg;jpAk; fhz;ghu;.

,t;tpuz;L mZFKiwapYk; Ez; murpay; mgupkpjkhf nraw;gLfpd;wJ> njspT.

jypj;Jf;fspd; tuyhw;Wr; nrOikfisj; J}f;fpgpbg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikia

Cf;Ftpj;J> mtu;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;jTk; ehl;bd; gpujhd Nghu;Kidahf jypj;jpaj;ijj;
jpwe;Jtpl nra;Ak; mtuJ Ez; murpay; mtjhdj;Jf;FupaJ.

fhj;jtuhad; vd;w jypj;jpa ,isQd; Fwpg;gpLtjhf n[aNkhfd; Fwpg;gpLthu;:

“vq;fs; rhjpf;Fs; neLq;fhykhfNt fy;tp kunghd;W ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. %j;jtu;fisf;

FUthf nfhz;L mij ehq;fs; fw;W tUfpd;Nwhk;. vd; je;ij xU mwpQu;. vd; ghl;ldhUk;
kughd E}y;fspy; mwpQu;jhd;. ,q;Nf nts;isau; muR nfhz;L te;j gy Kf;fpakhd E}y;fs;
vq;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; ghuk;gupakhf Ngzg;gl;lit” (gf;fk; - 83)

Nky; Nehf;fpa ghuk;gupak; Fwpj;j efu;T XusT trjpia vl;b gpbj;jpUf;Fk;> jypj;jpa rpW
Kjyhspa rpe;jidfSf;F> jpUg;jpaspg;gjha; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,y;iy. ,jpy;
gpio fhz KbahJ.

Mdhy; ,g;gbahd jypj;jpa gpuQ;iQiaj; „jdpikgLj;jp‟ jl;bnaOg;gp fl;b tsu;g;gjd; %yk;

Mjpf;f rf;jpfSf;F vjpuhd xd;wpize;j Nghuhl;lj;jpy;> ,g;gpuQ;iQ rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
xd;wpizit jLj;J gpsTfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; murpay; fUtpahfTk; nraw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;G
cz;L.

,t;topapy; Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;L tpLtu;.

jypj;Jf;fspy; nraw;ifahf ,g;gbahf Mjpf;f rf;jpfshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk; „nrOik‟ gpw

rhjpapdiuAk; gw;wp nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. nfhs;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ ciog;gpd;
mbg;gilapy; xd;wpizahky; rhjPa mbg;gilapy; khj;jpuk; xd;wpiztjhy; ehl;bd; gpujhd
Kuz;ghL rpjwpbf;fg;gl;L rhjPa Kuz;ghL Kd;dpiy Nehf;fp efu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f;fhuzj;jhy; mk;ghdp fhg;ghw;wg;gl;L tpLthu;.

30
FWfpa jkpo;j; Njrpa thjj;ijg; Nghd;Nw> FWfpa rhjpa thjj;ij epuhfupj;J ciog;Nghiu
mbj;jskhf nfhz;L vOk; ,d;Fyhg;gpd; vOj;Jf;fis ehk; xUfzk; ,t;tifapy; epidT+l;bf;
nfhs;syhk;.

,dk; Fwpj;Jk; rhjPak; Fwpj;Jk; ftpQu; ,d;Fyhg; mtu;fs; vOjpapUe;jhYk; $l mt;

vOj;Jf;fspd; mbj;jsj;jpy;> CLUtpepw;Fk; mbg;gil ehjk; ciof;Fk; kf;fs; rhu;e;jjhfNt
,Ug;gJ ,t;tifapy; Fwpf;fj;jf;fJ.

„mj;jifa‟ vOj;Jf;fis %o;fbg;gnjd;why;> „,j;jifa‟ vOj;Jf;fs; KLf;fptplg;gLtnjd;gJ

xU ruhrup murpay; #j;jpujhupapd; je;jpuNkahFk;. nts;isahid ,e;j tifapYk; Nrhil
Nghdjhf njd;gltpy;iy.

,t;tifapy; fhj;jtuhaDf;$L nts;isahid NkYk; $Wfpd;wJ:

“,q;Nf nghJ kughf epiwa E}y;fs; fw;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitnay;yhk; nrd;w Mapuk;

tUlq;fshf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wit. me;j E}y;fs; ,q;Nf cUthtjw;F Kd;djhf ,Ue;j
E}y;fis vOjpatu;fSk; fw;gpj;jtu;fSk; ehq;fs;jhd; - ehq;fs; me;j E}y;fis ,d;Dk;
fw;fpd;Nwhk;. me;E}y;fis ehd; KOikahfNt fw;wpUf;fpd;Nwd;. nghJ kugpy; cs;s
E}y;fisAk; fw;wpUf;fpd;Nwd;. mj;Jld; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ijAk; Kiwahf fw;wpUf;fpd;Nwd;.
mijj;jhd; njhopyhf nra;J tUfpd;Nwd;…” (gf;fk; - 84)

goikapd; Jjp ghlYk;> fPo;epiy kf;fspd;> njhopyhs – tptrhapfspd;> cz;ik tpbT

njhlu;gpy; ,Uf;ff;$ba murpay; tpQ;Qhd nghUshjhu mwpTj; Jiwfs; ,q;F
epuhfupf;fg;gLjYk;> Gwe;js;sg;gLjYk; VNjh xU tifapy; muq;NfwNt nra;fpd;wd.

kWGwj;jpy;> ,Njg;Nghd;W xt;nthU rhjpapdUk; jj;jk; nrOikfisg; Ngr fw;Wtpf;fTk;

fw;Wtpf;fg;glyhk; - mtutu;f;Fr; rpiyfisAk; vOg;gp nfhs;syhk;. rhjp rq;fq;fis
mikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; nra;ayhk;.

Mdhy;> ,tw;wpd; nkhj;j tpisT ahjhf ,Uf;f $Lk;?

,j;jifa #oypNyNa> ,q;Nf njhopw;gLk; Ez; murpay; vd;gJ> vjid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf

elhj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijg; nghJtpy; thrfu;fs; fz;Lzu Kbe;jhy; rpwg;ghdjha; ,Uf;Fk;.

,dp n[aNkhfd; mtu;fs; jd; mLj;j fl;lj;jpw;F nkJtha; efu;e;J nry;fpd;whu;.

,Nj fhj;jtuhad; $Wthd;:

“Mkhk; rhu; - ePq;fs; mspj;j NtiyfSf;fhf ehq;fs; ed;wpAld; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. cq;fs;

nrUg;Gfis Nja;f;fTk; cq;fs; thu;fis ghyp~; NghlTk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tha;g;gfSf;fhf
ed;wpAld; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. cq;fSf;fhf Nghu; fsq;fspy; rhFk; tha;g;ig mspj;jikf;fhfTk;
cq;fSila ufrpa Neha;fis vq;fs; clypy; Rkf;f nra;jikf;fhfTk; ed;wpAld;
,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. cq;fs; vy;yh Raey Nehf;fq;fSld;> mNahf;fpa jdq;fSlDk;

31
je;jpuq;fSlDk; nfhLikfSlDk; $l. ePqf
; s; khDl nja;tq;fs; jhk;.. mjw;fhf vq;fs;
jiyKiwfs; cq;fSld; ,Uf;Fk;…” (gf;fk; - 99)

,ijtpl mehfupfkhd Kiwapy; Ez; murpaypd; nraw;ghl;il ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhz;gJ

mupjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

,J xU Gwk; ,Uf;f Nkw;gb $w;W mk;Ngj;fhupd; murpYf;F GJ tiutpyf;fzk; rikf;f

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wjh vd;w Nfs;tpAk; Nky;epiy Nehf;fp efuhky; ,y;iy.

Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ve;j rhjpj;jhd; (xU gpuptpdu;) Mq;fpNyau; rhu;ghf

nraw;gltpy;iy vd;gjidAk; vk;ik ehk; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;bajhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vLj;J ghu;j;jhy; ,q;Nf fhj;jtuhadpd; ed;wpawpjy; vd;gij tpl fhe;jpapd;
ed;wpawpjy; mjpfkhf cz;nld fUj ,lKz;L.

cjhuzkhf #Y} Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJk; (Zulu War)- Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJk;
„Mq;fpy‟ gil rhu;ghf kUj;jt trjpfSf;fhf Ms; jpul;baJ ntWk; fUizapd;
mbg;gilapy; khj;jpuk; jhdh vd;gJ fz;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhfpd;wJ.

(Vnddpy;> mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhe;jp> ru;[d;l; Nk[u; fhe;jpahf ,Ue;jhu;> mwpag;gl;lhu;. gpupl;b~;

muR gilf;F mtu; fLikahf cioj;J Ms; Nru;j;jhu; vd;gJ tuyhW).

Mdhy; n[aNkhfdpd; jpUg;jp ,q;Nf jypj;Jf;fis mtu;fSf;$lhfNt mtu;fisj; jho;j;jp

$Wtjd; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nts;is ahidapy;> Xuplj;jpy;> Xu; gpupl;b~; mjpfhup gpd;tUkhW Fwpf;fpd;whu;:

“gpupl;b~; rl;lq;fs; vy;thtw;wpYk; mtu;fs; ,e;jpau;fisg; ghu;j;J rpupj;j Xu; ufrpa rpupg;G
,Uf;fpd;wNj vd;W fu;zy; nrhy;tJz;L” (gf;fk; 157)

cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy; ,jidNa xj;j> ufrpa rpupg;nghd;W> n[aNkhfdpd; vy;yh

vOj;Jf;fspYk;> jypj;Jf;fis> ghu;j;J rpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

KbTiu

Va;ld;> gQ;rk;> n~y;yp> fhj;jtuhad;> ePyNkfk;> vd;W tpupAk; ,e;ehtypy; n[aNkhfd;

Fwpg;gpl;l Xu; ,e;jpa tho;tpy; ,Ue;Jk;> tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;Jk; jj;Jtq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;
ju;f;fq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; jd; ehtYf;fhd Fwpj;j tpla nghUl;fis EZf;fkhf Nju;T nra;J
nfhs;fpd;whu;.

,j;jifa Nju;thdJ> jdf;Nf cupa Xu; murpaiy EZf;fkhf Kd;dfu;j;j trjp nra;J jUk;
tifapy; gpuQ;iQAld; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

32
xUtifapy;> ,g;gb Nju;tNj n[aNkhfdJ murpayhfpd;wJ. my;yJ mtuJ murpaNy
,j;jifa xU Nju;it my;yJ xUjiygl;rkhd Nju;tpid epu;zak; nra;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpahtpd;> rhjPaf; fl;Lkhdq;fspy; ahuplk; jhd; jho;thd mk;rq;fs; ,y;iy.

fhj;jtuhad; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Mq;fpNyaUf;fhd ed;wpAzu;tpid ,e;Jj;Jt fz;Lg;gpbg;ghsuhd

tPu rhtu;fhuplKk; fhzg;gLtjha; Ma;thsu;fs; gjpT nra;Js;sdu;. tPu rhtu;fhu; jhk; nfhLj;j
cWjp nkhopfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpLjiyahd gpd;G mt; cWjp nkhopfSf;F ,Wjptiu
ghjfkw;w Kiwapy; Kuzw;w tifapy; jd; tho;f;ifia tho;e;J Kbj;jpUe;jhu; vd;gJ gjpT.
mjhtJ jkJ tpLjiyapd; gpd;dhy; mtu; Rauh[;a Nghupy; vd;WNk gq;Nfw;wpajhf rupj;jpuk;
,y;iy vd tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; gjptpl;Ls;sdu;.

RUf;fkha; nrhd;dhy; ,q;Nf fhzf;fpl;Lk; Mq;fpNya thQ;ir vd;gJ n[aNkhfdpd;

ghj;jpukhd fhj;jtuhadpy; klLky;y tPu rhtu;fhupy; kl;Lky;y n[aNkhfdplj;jpy; $l
fhzNtgLfpd;wJ. EZfp ghu;f;Fkplj;J.

(Vnddpy; mtu; xU rpg;gha; fyfj;ijNah my;yJ xU uhk;gh fyfj;ijNah jd; ehtYf;fhd

fUg;nghUshf Nju;T nra;atpy;iy vd;gJk; mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fNj. mtuJ ,e;jf; fiyr;
Rje;jpuj;jpy; ahu;jhd; jiyapl KbAk; vd;gJ NtW Nfs;tp).

Vnddpy; mj;jifa Xu; Nju;tpy; rhjPaj;ijj; jl;bf; nfhLg;gJ> rw;W rq;flkhd nrayhfNt
,Ue;J NghFk;. Vnddpy;> mtu; rhu;e;j mtu; rhu;e;j vOj;Jf;fspd; eilKiw ,uz;L. xd;W
jl;bf; nfhLg;gJ. kw;wJ fhwp ckpo;tJ.

,uz;LNk gy tpisTfis gy;NtW jsq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jf; $baJ. tpisTfs; gd;Kf jd;ik

nfhz;lJ. ciog;Nghu; mzpiar; rPu;Fiyg;gij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L> n[aNkhfd;
tifawhf;fSf;F ,iaghd Kuz;ghLfis Kd;Ndhf;fp efu;j;Jtd.

,J Ez; murpay;.

mtNu Fwpg;gpLk; ,J Xu; Mq;fpNyaupd; ufrpa rpupg;G.

n[aNkhfdpd; ,k;Kj;jpiufSlNdNa nts;is ahidAk; gQ;rkw;W jpuptjha; cs;sJ.

,j;jifa Xu; gpd;dzpapNyNa> ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd;> ve;nje;jr; rk;gtj; njhliuj; Nju;T nra;tJ
– vj;jifa KOikkpf;f gilg;ig – Kd;dpWj;JtJ – vj;jifa ghj;jpuq;fs; - vj;jifa
jj;Jtq;fs; - vd;gdtw;iw ciof;Fk; kf;fs; rhu;gha; epWj;JtJ - ,tw;iwj; Nju;tJ vt;tpjk;
- ,it Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSld;> ciof;Fk; kf;fis rhu;e;j cz;ik khDlk; ghLk;
vOj;jhsu;fs;> gjpy;$w Nfhug;gLtu;.

,J xU rthy; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

Mdhy; tuyhW – Kf;fpakhf> vkJ ,d;iwa tuyhW - ,r;rthy;fis vk; ,sk; vOj;jhsu;fs;
Kfj;jpy; tpl;nlwpaf;$Lk;.

33
mtu;fs; Vw;Wj;jhd; Mf Ntz;Lk;.

,d;W my;yJ ehis.

34