Lesson 2

Sociological
Perspective
of SELF
 The term sociology is derived from the

Latin word “socius”, which means

companion or partner, and the Greek

word “logos”, which means to study/

science

the study of human interaction, the

SOCIOLOGY
relationship that occur within the group

and the results of these interactions

the study of our behavior as social

beings, covering everything from the

analysis of short contacts between

anonymous individuals on the street to

the study of global social processes

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
A Psychologist and Philosopher who studied with William James

and William Wundt at Harvard and Leipzig respectively

Taught at the University of Chicago with John Dewey

Never published a book: his lectures were collected by his

students and published after his death

Symbolic Interactions Perspective

(“GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY),” 2016)

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level

theory that focuses on the relationships

among individuals within a society.

Herbert Blumer (Mead’s student). He

SYMBOLIC
continued Mead’s work and coined the

term “symbolic interactions.”

3 premises:

• humans interact with things based on

INTERACTIONISM
meanings ascribed to those things.

• the ascribed meaning of things comes

from our interactions with others and

society.

• the meanings of things are interpreted

by a person when dealing with things in

specific circumstances.
 Our bodies age

biologically, but the self is something

that emerges thorough social

interaction

The
Individuals are a product of social

interactions. People perceives the

social world according to interactions

Theory Of SELF and the process of socialization.

Certain and specific persons could

influence our perceptions of self and

only during certain periods of life

(“WHAT IS SELF-CONCEPT AND HOW DOES IT FORM?,” N.D.)

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
Preparatory Play Game

develops self by allowing develops self by allowing develop self by allowing

individuals to respond to each individuals to take on the individuals to adhere to the rules

other through symbols, gestures, different roles, pretend and of the activity.

words and sounds. express expectations of others

Emotions such as happiness,

anger, fear and disgust are

conveyed through language

 "I" is what is out there acting, being

spontaneous, doing things in the world.

It is the socialized aspect of the person

"ME" the aggregate combined image

of yourself that has been given to

you from interacting with society. The

The
active aspect of the Person

"I" and "ME" of the self

"Generalized Others" how society sees

you.
Related Article:

The Looking Glass Self Theory

Charles Horton Cooley

refers to the interactive process by which we

develop an image of ourselves based on how we

imagine we appear to others.

Other people acts as mirror, reflecting back the

image a child projects through their actions to the

child's behaviours.
Self-Image
was developed in recognizing how others are

perceiving us, we are constantly trying to put

ourselves in the shoes of another and think about

how they are seeing this event or situation or this

action transpiring

Self-Awareness
having a clear understanding of your

personality. Including your strength and

weaknesses. This allows you to understand

other people, how they perceive you and

your response to them.

Henri de Saint Simon (1760-1825)
French social theorist and one of the founders of Christian

Socialism.

Origin of many ideas elaborated into Comtism

In his major work, Nouveau Christianisme, He insisted on the

necessity of new and positive reorganization of society

"The social aim was to produce things useful to life"

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

His first work, Letters from an Inhabitant of Geneva to His Contemporaries,

published in 1803, defends Enlightenment ideals and expresses the idea that

certainty in morality and politics would emerge from the application of the

scientific method to the social order. The letters are addressed in turn to

three different classes of humanity:

The first … marches under the banner of the progress of the human

mind. It is composed of scientists, artists and all those who hold liberal

ideas. On the banner of the second is written ‘No innovation!’ All

proprietors who do not belong in the first category are part of the

second. The third class, which rallied round the slogan of ‘Equality’ is

made up of the rest of the people.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the

theory of evolution.

He is best remembered for his doctrine of social Darwinism.

"Liberty of each, limited by the liberty of all; is the rule in

conformity with which society must be organized.

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

SYNTHETIC
Principles of Ethics

PHILOSOPHY
Social Statistics Moral dictum - humans

should cease trying to

Human happiness can be
construct social forms that
achieved only when individuals
violate these laws
His magnum opus, The Synthetic can satisfy their
Scientific Position - the laws
needs and desires
Philosophy (1896), was a comprehensive of social organization can no
without infringing on the right of
work containing volumes on the more be violated than can
others to do the same
those of the physical
principles of biology, psychology,
universe, and seek to do so
morality, and sociology.
will create more severe

problems.
David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
French sociologist cited as the principal architect of modern

social sciences.

Established academic discipline with Marx and Weber

Acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

 Durkheim sees anomie as a state of

social disintegration.

Due to a far-reaching social change,

social differentiations are increasingly

emerging (e.g. poor – rich, urban –

Concept Of rural, religious – secularised, etc.).

Anomie The disappearance of old principles of

structure and order weakens social

cohesion. As a result, general social

rules are no longer observed; the

collective order dissolves, and a state

of anomie emerges.
SOCIOLOGY OF COLLECTIVE
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATIONS

His sociology of knowledge argues The totality of beliefs and

that many, if not all, facets of an sentiments common to average

individual’s thought and conception of citizens of the same society

the world are influenced by society. forms a determinate system that

Not only are our common beliefs,

has its own life, one may call it
ideas, and language determined by
the collective or common
our social milieu, but even the
conscience.
concepts and categories necessary

for logical thought, such as time,

Language – a social product that
space, causality, and number, have
structures and shapes our
their source in society.
experience of reality
Albert Bandura (1925-Present)
Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of social

learning theory.

best known for his modeling study on aggression, referred to

as the “Bobo doll” experiment.

He also ratified the Television Violence affect to children.

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

 Albert Bandura (1977) agrees with the

behaviorist learning theories of

classical conditioning and operant

conditioning. However, he adds two

important ideas:

Social
1. Mediating processes occur between stimuli &

responses.

Learning Theory 2. Behavior is learned from the environment through

the process of observational learning.

 oll
o D
ob n t
B e
h e rim
T pe
Ex https://youtu.be/6lYsmt9qUVI

In 1961 Bandura carried out his famous Bobo doll

experiment, a study in which researchers physically

and verbally abused a clown-faced inflatable toy in

front of preschool-age children, which led the

children to later mimic the behaviour of the adults by

attacking the doll in the same fashion.

Related Article:

TV Violence and Children

American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry

Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on

children and teenagers have found that children

may:

become "immune" or numb to the horror of

violence

begin to accept violence as a way to solve

problems

imitate the violence they observe on television;

and

identify with certain characters, victims and/or

victimizers
 People’s belief about their capabilities

to produce designated levels of

performance that exercise influence

over events that affect their lives. This

belief determines how people feel,

SELF think, motivate themselves, and behave

EFFICACY People with high assurance in their

capabilities approach difficult tasks as

challenges to be mastered rather than

as threats to be avoided
 4 Main Sources of Self Efficacy

Psychological
Persuasion
Experience

Experience

Reponses
Vicarious
Mastery

People who have

Social
They interpret their
A resilient sense of efficacy People seek proficient persuaded that they lack
stress reactions and
requires experience in models who possess capabilities tend to avoid
tensions as signs of
overcoming obstacles the competencies to challenging activities that
vulnerability to
through perseverant effort which they aspire cultivate potentials and
poor performance
give up in the face of

difficulty
Karl Marx (1818-1881)
German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political

theorist, journalist, and socialist revolutionary.

He published (with Friedrich Engels) Manifest der

Kommunistischen Partei (1848), commonly known as The

Communist Manifesto.

Published an important book for socialist movement entitled

Das Kapital

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

 4 Types of Social Estrangement
Alienation from

Alienation from

Alienation from
Alienation from
Product

My activity is not self-expression.

Process

Others

Self
My activity has no relation to my One can now have enemies At a deeper level still, the sense of
That which I produced, or
loss of identity or loss of meaning is
we produced, immediately desires about what I want to do, in a new sense. Only with
an expression, but one still
becomes the possession of no relation with the ways I might the breakdown of primitive
alienated itself, of our real loss of

another and is therefore out choose to express myself, no communism does man
humanity, alienation from the

of our control. relation with the person I am or become a wolf to man. human “species-being”

might try to become. “Man is a wolf to man”

Max Weber (1864-1920)
German sociologist and political economist

best known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic"

“iron cage” - as the religion became peripheral, capitalism

decoupled from its roots and established itself as the

dominant force in society

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

Why Capitalism Exists?
"Capitalism was created by Protestantism, specifically Calvinism." -Weber

Five supporting Ideas to weber's Claim

Protestantism makes you feel Guilty

God likes hard work

All works are holy

It's the community not the family that matters.

There aren't any miracles

Ideal Major Types of Social Action
1. PURPOSEFUL AND GOAL-ORIENTED ACTION

2. VALUE-ORIENTED RATIONAL ACTION

3. EMOTIONAL OR AFFECTIVE MOTIVATION

4. TRADITIONAL MOTIVATION ACTION

 ee of
hr es
e T y p
h
T al ityT
e r
Id tho
Au
https://youtu.be/WOlhz08frLQ

According to Max Weber, the three types of

legitimate authority are traditional, rational-legal,

and charismatic.
Related Article:

Concept of Iron Cage

Max Weber

In sociology, the iron cage is a concept introduced

by Max Weber to describe the increased

rationalization inherent in social life, particularly in

Western capitalist societies. The "iron cage" thus

traps individuals in systems based purely on

teleological efficiency, rational calculation, and

control.
Lewis Morgan (1818-1881)
American ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific

anthropology

The League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois (1851)

He wanted to provide evidence for monogenesis, the theory

that all human beings descended from a common source

(THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, N.D.)

 Kinship relations as a basic part of

society

The critical link between social

progress and technological

SOCIAL
progress

EVOLUTION The interplay between the evolution

of technology, of family relations,

THEORY of property relations, of the larger

social structure, and systems of

governance, and intellectual

development
CULTURAL DISTINCTIONS
1. Technology

2. Governments
Ethnic Periods
3. Family and Kinship Systems
1. Savagery
4. Property
2. Barbarism
5. and Others...
3. Civilization
Types of Kinship System
CLASSIFICATORY DESCRIPTIVE

Culture is distinguished thru Has a distinguished system for

generations. They use the same family members. Characteristic

term for parent and their same of advanced social system.

sex siblings.
 IS
OU
OQ
IR
https://youtu.be/zTG45DSSgdE

The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are an indigenous confederacy

in northeast North America. They were known during the colonial

years to the French as the Iroquois League, and later as the

Iroquois Confederacy. The English called them the Five Nations,

comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and

Seneca.
 Try and
Learn

Activity Time
Ask a close friend of what color they remind

them of you. If they said:

RED - They think of you as an impulsive person.

YELLOW - They think of you like a bubbly friend.

BLUE - You are a go-to person for them

GREEN - more of a jealous type of person.

BLACK - they know a lot about you.

PURPLE - they see you as a narcissistic person.

 — 14

REFERENCES
Albert Bandura | Biography, Theory, Experiment, & Facts. (2021, July 30). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-
Bandura

Emile Durkheim | Biography, Theory, Anomie, & Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emile-Durkheim

George Herbert Mead | American philosopher. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Herbert-Mead

Henri de Saint-Simon | French social reformer. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-de-Saint-Simon

Herbert Spencer | Biography, Social Darwinism, Survival of the Fittest, Books, & Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-Spencer

Karl Marx | Books, Theory, Beliefs, Children, Communism, Sociology, Religion, & Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Marx

Lewis Henry Morgan | American anthropologist. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lewis-Henry-Morgan

Max Weber | Biography, Education, Theory, Sociology, Books, & Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-
Weber-German-sociologist

Mcleod, S. (n.d.). Self Concept | Simply Psychology. Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
 — 14

REFERENCES
Perception Is Reality: The Looking-Glass Self | Lesley University. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://lesley.edu/article/perception-is-reality-the-
looking-glass-self#:%7E:text=The%20looking%2Dglass%20self%20describes,worth%2C%20values%2C%20and%20behavior.

Schliesser, E. (2019, March 14). Synthetic philosophy. Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10539-019-9673-3?
error=cookies_not_supported&code=62146945-659c-490b-b47e-
9b13c345756d#:%7E:text=By%20’synthetic%20philosophy’%20I%20mean,philosophical%20projects%20(or%20both).

Sociology - The historical divide: qualitative and establishment sociology. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology/The-historical-divide-qualitative-and-establishment-sociology

Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2021, from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/anomie-definition-theory-
examples.html#:%7E:text=Lesson%20Summary-,The%20idea%20of%20anomie%20means%20the%20lack%20of%20normal%20ethical,with%20French%
20sociologist%20Emile%20Durkheim.&text=depression%20and%20suicide.-,Durkheim’s%20theory%20was%20based%20upon%20the%20idea%20that%
20the%20lack,lack%20of%20purpose%2C%20and%20despair.
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Banatao, Jennylle Kyla
Lababo, Marielle Andrea
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