Indonesia - Wikipedia
Indonesia - Wikipedia
Indonesia - Wikipedia
Indonesia
Indonesia is a presidential, constitutional republic with an elected Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old
Javanese)
legislature. It has 34 provinces, of which five have special status. The (English: "Unity in Diversity")
country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban National ideology: Pancasila[1][2]
area. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East
Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia. Other neighbouring countries Anthem: "Indonesia Raya"
(English: "Great Indonesia")
include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India
(Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Despite its large population and 0:00 MENU
The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at
least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with
entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers
gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries, and
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Sunni traders and Sufi
scholars brought Islam, while Christianity was brought mostly through
European explorers. Although sometimes interrupted by the Portuguese,
French and British, the Dutch were the foremost colonial power for
much of their 350-year presence in the archipelago. The concept of
"Indonesia" as a nation-state emerged in the early 20th century, Show globe
culminating later in the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in Show map of ASEAN
1945. However, it was not until 1949 that the Dutch recognised Show all
Indonesia's sovereignty following an armed and diplomatic conflict Capital Jakarta
between the two. and largest city 6°10′S 106°49′E
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic Official Indonesian
groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed language
and national
with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, language
"many, yet one"), defined by a national language, ethnic diversity,
religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history Regional Over 700
of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the
languages languages[3]
world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is a Ethnic groups Over 1,300 ethnic
regional power and is considered a middle power in global affairs. The groups[4]
country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the Religion 86.70% Islam
United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding (2018)[5] 10.72% Christianity
1.74% Hinduism
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Demonym(s) Indonesian
Government Unitary presidential
Contents constitutional
republic
Etymology
• President Joko Widodo
History • Vice Ma'ruf Amin
Early history President
Colonial era • House Puan Maharani
Speaker
Post-World War II
• Chief Justice Muhammad
Government and politics Syarifuddin
Parties and elections Legislature People's
Foreign relations Consultative
Assembly (MPR)
Military
• Upper house Regional
Administrative divisions Representative
Council (DPD)
Geography
• Lower house People's
Climate Representative
Geology Council (DPR)
Biodiversity and conservation Independence from the Netherlands
Economy • Proclaimed 17 August 1945
Transport • Recognition 27 December 1949
Energy Area
Science and technology • Land 1,904,569[6] km2
(735,358 sq mi)
Tourism (14th)
Demographics • Water (%) 4.85
Ethnic groups and languages Population
Religion • 2020 census 270,203,917[7] (4th)
Education and health • Density 141/km2
(365.2/sq mi) (88th)
Issues
GDP (PPP) 2021 estimate
Culture
• Total $3.507 trillion[8]
Art and architecture (7th)
Music, dance and clothing • Per capita $12,882[8] (96th)
Theatre and cinema
GDP (nominal) 2021 estimate
Mass media and literature • Total $1.159 trillion[8]
Cuisine (16th)
Sports • Per capita $4,256[8] (104th)
After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native
nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[16] Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin popularized
the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first native
scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara when in 1913, he established a press bureau in the
Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau.[12]
History
Early history
From the seventh century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished due to
trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism.[27][28] Between the
eighth and tenth centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and
declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's
Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under
Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia. This period is often referred to as a
"Golden Age" in Indonesian history.[29]
The earliest evidence of Islamized populations in the archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern
Sumatra.[30] Other parts of the archipelago gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java
and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural
and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.[31]
Colonial era
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For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was
The submission of Prince
tenuous. Dutch forces were engaged continuously in quelling rebellions
Diponegoro to General De Kock at
both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as Prince
the end of the Java War in 1830
Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra, Pattimura in
Maluku, and the bloody 30-year war in Aceh weakened the Dutch and tied
up the colonial military forces.[34][35][36] Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what
was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.[36][37][38][39]
The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule[40][41][42] and
encouraged the previously suppressed independence movement.[43] Two days after the surrender of Japan in
August 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, influential nationalist leaders, proclaimed Indonesian
independence and were appointed president and vice-president, respectively.[44][45][46][44][47]
The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule, and a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in
December 1949 when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence in the face of international
pressure.[48][46][49] Despite extraordinary political, social and sectarian divisions, Indonesians, on the whole,
found unity in their fight for independence.[50][51]
Post-World War II
Sukarno (left) and Hatta (right), Indonesia's founding fathers and the first President and Vice President
As president, Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism and maintained power by
balancing the opposing forces of the military, political Islam, and the increasingly powerful Communist Party of
Indonesia (PKI).[52] Tensions between the military and the PKI culminated in an attempted coup in 1965. The
army, led by Major General Suharto, countered by instigating a violent anti-communist purge that killed
between 500,000 and one million people.[53] The PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively
destroyed.[54][55][56] Suharto capitalised on Sukarno's weakened position, and following a drawn-out power
play with Sukarno, Suharto was appointed president in March 1968. His "New Order" administration,[57]
supported by the United States,[58][59][60] encouraged foreign direct investment,[61][62] which was a crucial
factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[63] It brought out popular discontent
with the New Order's corruption and suppression of political opposition and ultimately ended Suharto's
presidency.[40][64][65][66] In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia, following its 1975 invasion by
Indonesia[67] and a 25-year occupation marked by international condemnation of human rights abuses.[68]
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Since 1998, democratic processes have been strengthened by enhancing regional autonomy and instituting the
country's first direct presidential election in 2004.[69] Political, economic and social instability, corruption, and
instances of terrorism (the deadliest being the 2002 Bali bombings) remained problems in the 2000s; however,
the economy has performed strongly in the last 15 years. Although relations among the diverse population are
mostly harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain a problem in some areas.[70] A political
settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005 following the 2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake and tsunami that killed 130,000 Indonesians.[71]
Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court
(Pengadilan Tinggi). The Supreme Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial
branch and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Constitutional
Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) that listens to constitutional and political matters, and the Religious Court
(Pengadilan Agama) that deals with codified Islamic Law (sharia) cases.[79] Additionally, the Judicial
Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges.[80]
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as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD.[77][72] Beginning with the 2015 local
elections, elections for governors and mayors have occurred on the same date. In 2014, the Constitutional Court
ruled that legislative and presidential elections would be held simultaneously, starting in 2019.[83]
Foreign relations
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).[92] Indonesia is a signatory to the
ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and an occasional
OPEC member.[93] During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, Indonesia withdrew from the UN due to the
latter's election to the United Nations Security Council, although it returned 18 months later. It marked the first
time in UN history that a member state had attempted a withdrawal.[94] Indonesia has been a humanitarian
and development aid recipient since 1966,[95][96][97] and recently, the country established its first overseas aid
program in late 2019.[98]
Military
Indonesian Armed Forces. Clockwise from top: Indonesian Army during training session, Sukhoi Su-30, Pindad Anoa, and
Indonesian naval vessel KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda 367.
Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes Marine Corps),
and Air Force (TNI–AU). The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national
budget was 0.7% of GDP in 2018,[99] with controversial involvement of military-owned commercial interests
and foundations.[100] The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it
undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. Since then, territorial lines have formed the basis of all
TNI branches' structure, aimed at maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats.[101] The military
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has possessed a strong political influence since its founding, which peaked during the New Order. Political
reforms in 1998 included the removal of the TNI's formal representation from the legislature. Nevertheless, its
political influence remains, albeit at a reduced level.[102]
Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist
movements.[103] Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict and subsequent allegations of
human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[104][105] The former was resolved peacefully in 2005,[71] while
the latter continues, amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws and a
reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses since 2004.[106] Other engagements of the
army include the campaign against the Netherlands New Guinea to incorporate the territory into Indonesia, the
Konfrontasi to oppose the creation of Malaysia, the mass killings of PKI, and the invasion of East Timor, which
remains Indonesia's most massive military operation.[107][108]
Administrative divisions
Indonesia has several levels of subdivisions. The first level is that of the provinces, with five out of a total of 34
having a special status. Each has a legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected
governor. This number has evolved, with the most recent change being the split of North Kalimantan from East
Kalimantan in 2012.[109] The second level is that of the regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), led by regents
(bupati) and mayors (walikota) respectively and a legislature (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). The third level is that
of the districts (kecamatan, distrik in Papua, or kapanewon and kemantren in Yogyakarta), and the fourth is of
the villages (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh).[110]
The village is the lowest level of government administration. It is divided into several community groups (rukun
warga, RW), which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). In Java, the village
(desa) is divided into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), which are the same as RW. Following the
implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, regencies and cities have become chief administrative
units responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most
influential on a citizen's daily life and handles village or neighbourhood matters through an elected village head
(lurah or kepala desa).[111]
Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of
autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. A conservative Islamic territory, Aceh has the
right to create some aspects of an independent legal system implementing sharia.[112] Yogyakarta is the only
pre-colonial monarchy legally recognised in Indonesia, with the positions of governor and vice governor being
prioritised for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively.[113] Papua and West Papua
are the only provinces where the indigenous people have privileges in their local government.[114] Jakarta is the
only city granted a provincial government due to its position as the capital of Indonesia.[115][116]
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Aceh
North
Kalimantan
North Riau
Sumatra Islands Gorontalo North
↓Sulawesi
West East
Riau Kalimantan Kalimantan North
West Central
Sumatra Jambi Central Maluku
Bangka Kalimantan Sulawesi West
Belitung West Papua
South Sulawesi
Sumatra South Southeast Papua
Bengkulu Kalimantan South Sulawesi
Lampung Jakarta Sulawesi
Maluku
↓
West Central
Banten Java Java East
↑ Java Bali West
Yogyakarta East Nusa
Nusa Tenggara
Tenggara
Geography
Indonesia lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N, and longitudes 95°E and
141°E. It is the world's largest archipelagic country, extending 5,120
kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi)
from north to south.[117] The country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime
and Investments Affairs says Indonesia has 17,504 islands (with 16,056
registered at the UN)[118] scattered over both sides of the equator, around
6,000 of which are inhabited.[119] The largest are Sumatra, Java, Borneo Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in
(shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with East Java. Indonesia's seismic and
Papua New Guinea).[120] Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on volcanic activity is among the
Borneo and Sebatik, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and world's highest.
East Timor on the island of Timor, and maritime borders with Singapore,
Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia.
At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest
lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). Indonesia's largest rivers are in Kalimantan and New Guinea and
include Kapuas, Barito, Mamberamo, Sepik and Mahakam. They serve as communication and transport links
between the island's river settlements.[121]
Climate
Indonesia lies along the equator, and its climate tends to be relatively even
year-round.[122] Indonesia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season
—with no extremes of summer or winter.[123] For most of Indonesia, the dry
season falls between May and October, with the wet season between
November and April.[123] Indonesia's climate is almost entirely tropical,
dominated by the tropical rainforest climate found in every large island of
Indonesia. More cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that
are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The oceanic
Rainforest in Mount Palung National
Park, West Kalimantan
climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest
climates, with reasonably uniform precipitation year-round. In highland
areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the
subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is prevalent with a more pronounced dry season.
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Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change.[126] These
include unreduced emissions resulting in an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-
century,[127][128] raising the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the
patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system[128]) as well as numerous diseases and
wildfires.[128] Rising sea levels would also threaten the majority of Indonesia's population who lives in low-lying
coastal areas.[128][129][130] Impoverished communities would likely be affected the most by climate change.[131]
Geology
A massive supervolcano erupted at present-day Lake Toba around 70,000 BCE. It is believed to have caused a
global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human
evolution, though this is still in debate.[137] The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora and the 1883 eruption of
Krakatoa were among the largest in recorded history. The former caused 92,000 deaths and created an
umbrella of volcanic ash that spread and blanketed parts of the archipelago and made much of the Northern
Hemisphere without summer in 1816.[138] The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused
36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around
the world years after the event.[139] Recent catastrophic disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004
Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake.
Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world's highest levels of
biodiversity and is among the 17 megadiverse countries identified by Conservation International. Its flora and
fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[140] The Sunda Shelf islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and
Bali) were once linked to mainland Asia and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the Sumatran
tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, Asian elephant, and leopard were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers
and distribution have dwindled drastically. Having been long separated from the continental landmasses,
Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have developed their unique flora and fauna.[141][142] Papua was part of
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Species endemic to Indonesia. Clockwise from top: Rafflesia arnoldii, orangutan, greater bird-of-paradise, and Komodo dragon.
the Australian landmass and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including
over 600 bird species.[143]
Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and
39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.[144] Tropical seas surround Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres
(50,000 miles) of coastline. The country has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, dunes,
estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island
ecosystems.[11] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's most enormous diversity of coral
reef fish, with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.[145]
British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of
Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.[146] It runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf,
between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. Flora and
fauna on the west of the line are generally Asian, while east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian until
the tipping point at the Weber Line. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous
species unique to the area.[147] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed
Wallacea.[146]
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Economy
Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and
government play vital roles.[159] As the only G20 member state in Southeast
Asia,[160] the country has the largest economy in the region and is classified
as a newly industrialised country. Per a 2021 estimate, it is the world's 16th
largest economy by nominal GDP and 7th in terms of GDP at PPP,
estimated to be US$1.159 trillion and US$3.507 trillion, respectively. Per
capita GDP in PPP is US$12,882, while nominal per capita GDP is
US$4,256. The debt ratio to GDP is 29.2%.[161] The services are the
economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2018), followed by
industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%).[162] Since 2009, it has employed Vast palm oil plantation in Bogor,
West Java. Indonesia is the world's
more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.7% of the total labour
largest producer of palm oil.[158]
force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%).[163]
Relatively steady inflation[167] and an increase in GDP deflator and the Consumer Price Index[168] have
contributed to strong economic growth in recent years. From 2007 to 2019, annual growth has accelerated to
between 4% and 6% as a result of improvement in the banking sector and domestic consumption,[169] helping
Indonesia weather the 2008–2009 Great Recession,[170] and regain in 2011 the investment grade rating it had
lost in 1997.[171] As of 2019, 9.41% of the population lived below the poverty line, and the official open
unemployment rate was 5.28%.[172] However, in late 2020, Indonesia fell into its first recession in 22 years due
to the effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic.[173]
Indonesia has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, coal, tin, copper, gold, and nickel, while
agriculture produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices, and rubber. These commodities
make up a large portion of the country's exports, with palm oil and coal briquettes as the leading export
commodities. In addition to refined and crude petroleum as the primary imports, telephones, vehicle parts and
wheat cover the majority of additional imports. China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia,
South Korea and Thailand are Indonesia's principal export markets and import partners.[174]
Transport
Indonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago, and
the distribution of its 250 million people highly concentrated on Java.[175] All transport modes play a role in the
country's transport system and are generally complementary rather than competitive. In 2016, the transport
sector generated about 5.2% of GDP.[176]
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Major transport modes in Indonesia. Clockwise from top: TransJakarta bus, KRL Commuterline, Garuda Indonesia Boeing 777–
300 ER, Pelni ship.
The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of
2018.[177] Jakarta has the most extended bus rapid transit system globally, boasting 251.2 kilometres (156.1
miles) in 13 corridors and ten cross-corridor routes.[178] Rickshaws such as bajaj and becak and share taxis
such as Angkot and Metromini are a regular sight in the country.
Most railways are in Java, used for freight and passenger transport, such as local commuter rail services
(mainly in Jakarta and Yogyakarta–Solo) complementing the inter-city rail network in several cities. In the late
2010s, Jakarta and Palembang were the first cities in Indonesia to have rapid transit systems, with more
planned for other cities in the future.[179] In 2015, the government announced a plan to build a high-speed rail,
which would be a first in Southeast Asia.[180]
Indonesia's largest airport, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, is among the busiest in the Southern
Hemisphere, serving 54 million passengers in 2019. Ngurah Rai International Airport and Juanda International
Airport are the country's second-and third-busiest airport, respectively. Garuda Indonesia, the country's flag
carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and a member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam.
Port of Tanjung Priok is the busiest and most advanced Indonesian port,[181] handling more than 50% of
Indonesia's trans-shipment cargo traffic.
Energy
In 2017, Indonesia was the world's 9th largest energy producer with 4,200
terawatt-hours (14.2 quadrillion British thermal units), and the 15th largest
energy consumer, with 2,100 terawatt-hours (7.1 quadrillion British
thermal units).[182] The country has substantial energy resources, including
22 billion barrels (3.5 billion cubic metres) of conventional oil and gas
reserves (of which about 4 billion barrels are recoverable), 8 billion barrels
of oil-equivalent of coal-based methane (CBM) resources, and 28 billion
tonnes of recoverable coal.[183] While reliance on domestic coal and
Jatiluhur Dam, Indonesia's first and
imported oil has increased,[184] Indonesia has seen progress in renewable
largest dam.
energy, with hydropower being the most abundant source. Furthermore,
the country has the potential for geothermal, solar, wind, biomass and
ocean energy.[185] Indonesia has set out to achieve 23% use of renewable energy by 2025 and 31% by 2050.[184]
As of 2015, Indonesia's total national installed power generation capacity stands at 55,528.51 MW.[186]
The country's largest dam, Jatiluhur, has several purposes, including the provision of hydroelectric power
generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation and aquaculture. The earth-fill dam is 105 m (344 ft) high and
withholds a reservoir of 3.0 billion m3 (2.4 million acre⋅ft). It helps to supply water to Jakarta and to irrigate
240,000 ha (590,000 acres) of rice fields[187] and has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW which feeds into the
Java grid managed by the State Electricity Company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN).
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Indonesia has a space programme and space agency, the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Lembaga
Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN). In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to
operate a satellite system called Palapa,[200] a series of communication satellites owned by Indosat Ooredoo.
The first satellite, PALAPA A1, was launched on 8 July 1976 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United
States.[201] As of 2019, Indonesia has launched 18 satellites for various purposes,[202] and LAPAN has
expressed a desire to put satellites in orbit with native launch vehicles by 2040.[203]
Tourism
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Indonesia has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Komodo National Park and the Sawahlunto
Coal Mine; and a further 19 in a tentative list that includes Bunaken National Park and Raja Ampat Islands.[211]
Other attractions include the specific points in Indonesian history, such as the colonial heritage of the Dutch
East Indies in the old towns of Jakarta and Semarang and the royal palaces of Pagaruyung, Ubud, and
Yogyakarta.[210]
Demographics
The 2020 census recorded Indonesia's population as 270.2 million, the
fourth largest in the world, with a moderately high population growth rate
of 1.3%.[212] Java is the world's most populous island,[213] where 56% of the
country's population lives.[7] The population density is 141 people per km2
(365 per sq mi), ranking 88th in the world,[214] although Java has a
population density of 1,067 people per km2 (2,435 per sq mi). In 1961, the
first post-colonial census recorded a total of 97 million people.[215] It is
expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by
2050.[216] The country currently possesses a relatively young population, Population pyramid 2016
with a median age of 30.2 years (2017 estimate).[119]
The spread of the population is uneven throughout the archipelago, with a varying habitat and level of
development, ranging from the megacity of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in Papua.[217] As of 2017, about 54.7%
of the population lives in urban areas.[218] Jakarta is the country's primate city and the second-most populous
urban area globally, with over 34 million residents.[219] About 8 million Indonesians live overseas; most settled
in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United
States, and Australia.[220]
The country's official language is Indonesian, a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which had been
the archipelago's lingua franca for centuries. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and achieved official
status under the name Bahasa Indonesia in 1945.[225] As a result of centuries-long contact with other
languages, it is rich in local and foreign influences, including Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Makassarese,
Hindustani, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese and English.[226][227][228] Nearly every
Indonesian speaks the language due to its widespread use in education, academics, communications, business,
politics, and mass media. Most Indonesians also speak at least one of more than 700 local languages,[3] often as
their first language. Most belong to the Austronesian language family, while over 270 Papuan languages are
spoken in eastern Indonesia.[3] Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken[119] and has co-official status in the
Special Region of Yogyakarta.[229]
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In 1930, Dutch and other Europeans (Totok), Eurasians, and derivative people like the Indos, numbered
240,000 or 0.4% of the total population.[230] Historically, they constituted only a tiny fraction of the native
population and remain so today. Also, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or
official status despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years.[231] The small minorities that can speak it or
Dutch-based creole languages fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch
colonisers. This reflected the Dutch colonial empire's primary purpose, which was commercial exchange as
opposed to sovereignty over homogeneous landmasses.[232] Today, there is some degree of fluency by either
educated members of the oldest generation or legal professionals,[233] as specific law codes are still only
available in Dutch.[234]
Religion
Despite guaranteeing religious freedom in the constitution,[235][76] the government officially recognises only six
religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism;[236][237] with
indigenous religions only partly acknowledged.[237] With 231 million adherents in 2018, Indonesia is the
world's most populous Muslim-majority country,[238][239] with Sunnis being the majority (99%).[240] The Shias
and Ahmadis, respectively, constitute 1% (1–3 million) and 0.2% (200,000–400,000) of Muslims.[237][241]
Almost 11% of Indonesians are Christians, while the rest are Hindus, Buddhists, and others. Most Hindus are
Balinese,[242] and most Buddhists are Chinese Indonesians.[243]
Islam was introduced by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i school as well as Sufi
traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabia as early as the
8th century CE.[251][252] For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with
existing cultural and religious influences that resulted in a distinct form of
Islam (pesantren).[31][253] Trade, Islamic missionary activity such as by the
Wali Sanga and Chinese explorer Zheng He, and military campaigns by
several sultanates helped accelerate the spread of Islam.[254][255] By the end
of the 16th century, it had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the
dominant religion of Java and Sumatra.
Mass Eid al-Fitr prayer at Istiqlal
Catholicism was brought by Portuguese traders and missionaries such as Mosque, Jakarta, the largest
Jesuit Francis Xavier, who visited and baptised several thousand mosque in Southeast Asia
locals.[256][257] Its spread faced difficulty due to the Dutch East India
Company policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the
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There was a sizeable Jewish presence in the archipelago until 1945, mostly
Dutch and some Baghdadi Jews. Since most left after Indonesia proclaimed
independence, Judaism was never accorded official status, and only a tiny
Catholic Mass at the Jakarta
number of Jews remain today, mostly in Jakarta and Surabaya.[262]
Cathedral
At the national and local level, Indonesia's political leadership and civil
society groups have played a crucial role in interfaith relations, both
positively and negatively. The invocation of the first principle of Indonesia's
philosophical foundation, Pancasila (the belief in the one and only God), often serves as a reminder of religious
tolerance,[263] though instances of intolerance have occurred.[70] An overwhelming majority of Indonesians
consider religion to be essential and an integral part of life.[264][265]
Government expenditure on healthcare is about 3.3% of GDP in 2016.[271] As part of an attempt to achieve
universal health care, the government launched the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional,
JKN) in 2014.[272] It includes coverage for a range of services from the public and also private firms that have
opted to join the scheme. Despite remarkable improvements in recent decades such as rising life expectancy
(from 62.3 years in 1990 to 71.7 years in 2019)[273] and declining child mortality (from 84 deaths per 1,000
births in 1990 to 25.4 deaths in 2017),[274] challenges remain, including maternal and child health, low air
quality, malnutrition, high rate of smoking, and infectious diseases.[275]
Issues
challenges. Although LGBT issues have been relatively obscure, the 2010s (especially after 2016) has seen a
rapid surge of anti-LGBT rhetoric, putting LGBT Indonesians into a frequent subject of intimidation,
discrimination, and even violence.[281][282] In addition, Indonesia has been reported to have sizeable numbers
of child and forced labours, with the former being prevalent in the palm oil and tobacco industries, while the
latter in the fishing industry.[283][284]
Culture
The cultural history of the Indonesian archipelago spans more than two millennia. Influences from the Indian
subcontinent, mainland China, the Middle East, Europe,[285][286] and the Austronesian peoples have
historically shaped the cultural, linguistic and religious makeup of the archipelago. As a result, modern-day
Indonesia has a multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic society,[3][4] with a complex cultural mixture that
differs significantly from the original indigenous cultures. Indonesia currently holds eleven items of UNESCO's
Intangible Cultural Heritage, including a wayang puppet theatre, kris, batik,[287] pencak silat, angklung, and the
three genres of traditional Balinese dance.[288]
Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries
and recently developed contemporary art. Despite often displaying local
ingenuity, Indonesian arts have absorbed foreign influences—most notably
from India, the Arab world, China and Europe, due to contacts and
interactions facilitated, and often motivated, by trade.[289] Painting is an
established and developed art in Bali, where its people are famed for their
artistry. Their painting tradition started as classical Kamasan or Wayang
style visual narrative, derived from visual art discovered on candi bas reliefs
Traditional Balinese painting in eastern Java.[290]
depicting cockfighting
There have been numerous discoveries
of megalithic sculptures in
Indonesia.[291] Subsequently, tribal art has flourished within the culture of
Nias, Batak, Asmat, Dayak and Toraja.[292][293] Wood and stone are
common materials used as the media for sculpting among these tribes.
Between the 8th and 15th centuries, the Javanese civilisation has developed
a refined stone sculpting art and architecture influenced by Hindu-
Buddhist Dharmic civilisation. The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan
are among the most famous examples of the practice.[294] An avenue of Tongkonan houses in
a Torajan village, South Sulawesi
As with the arts, Indonesian architecture has absorbed foreign influences
that have brought cultural changes and profound effect on building styles
and techniques. The most dominant has traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European
influences have also been significant. Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone and woodwork techniques and
decorations have thrived in vernacular architecture, with numbers of traditional houses' (rumah adat) styles
that have been developed. The traditional houses and settlements vary by ethnic groups, and each has a specific
custom and history.[295] Examples include Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang,
Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, various Malay houses, Balinese
houses and temples, and also different forms of rice barns (lumbung).
The music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs
accompanied by musical instruments in their rituals. Angklung, kacapi suling, gong, gamelan, talempong,
kulintang, and sasando are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments. The diverse world of Indonesian
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Indonesian music and dance. Clockwise from top: A gamelan player, Angklung, Sundanese Jaipongan Mojang Priangan dance,
Balinese Pendet dance.
music genres results from the musical creativity of its people and subsequent cultural encounters with foreign
influences. These include gambus and qasida from the Middle East,[296] keroncong from Portugal,[297] and
dangdut—one of Indonesia's most popular music genres—with notable Hindi influence as well as Malay
orchestras.[298] Today, the Indonesian music industry enjoys both nationwide and regional popularity in
Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei,[299][300] due to common culture and intelligible languages between
Indonesian and Malay.
Indonesian dances have a diverse history, with more than 3,000 original dances.
Scholars believe that they had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.[301]
Examples include war dances, a dance of witch doctors, and dance to call for rain
or any agricultural rituals such as Hudoq. Indonesian dances derive their
influences from the archipelago's prehistoric and tribal, Hindu-Buddhist, and
Islamic periods. Recently, modern dances and urban teen dances have gained
popularity due to the influence of Western culture and those of Japan and South
Korea to some extent. However, various traditional dances, including those of
Java, Bali and Dayak, continue to be a living and dynamic tradition.[302]
Indonesia has various styles of clothing as a result of its long and rich cultural
history. The national costume has its origins in the indigenous culture of the
country and traditional textile traditions. The Javanese Batik and Kebaya[303] are
arguably Indonesia's most recognised national costume, though they have
Sundanese and Balinese origins as well.[304] Each province has a representation of
An Indonesian batik
traditional attire and dress,[285] such as Ulos of Batak from North Sumatra;
Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Sumatra; and Ikat of Sasak from
Lombok. People wear national and regional costumes during traditional weddings, formal ceremonies, music
performances, government and official occasions,[304] and they vary from traditional to modern attire.
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The first film produced in the archipelago was Loetoeng Kasaroeng,[312] a silent
film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. The film industry expanded after
independence, with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955. Usmar Ismail, who
made significant imprints in the 1950s and 1960s, is generally considered the
pioneer of Indonesian films.[313] The latter part of the Sukarno era saw the use of
cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes, and foreign films were
subsequently banned, while the New Order utilised a censorship code that aimed
to maintain social order.[314] Production of films peaked during the 1980s,
although it declined significantly in the next decade.[312] Notable films in this
period include Pengabdi Setan (1980), Nagabonar (1987), Tjoet Nja' Dhien
(1988), Catatan Si Boy (1989), and Warkop's comedy films.
Independent filmmaking was a rebirth of the film industry since 1998, where films Advertisement for Loetoeng
started addressing previously banned topics, such as religion, race, and love.[314] Kasaroeng (1926), the first
Between 2000 and 2005, the number of films released each year steadily fiction film produced in the
increased.[315] Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana were among the new generation of Dutch East Indies
filmmakers who co-directed Kuldesak (1999), Petualangan Sherina (2000), Ada
Apa dengan Cinta? (2002), and Laskar Pelangi (2008). In 2016, Warkop DKI
Reborn: Jangkrik Boss Part 1 smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with
6.8 million tickets sold.[316] Indonesia has held annual film festivals and awards, including the Indonesian Film
Festival (Festival Film Indonesia) held intermittently since 1955. It hands out the Citra Award, the film
industry's most prestigious award. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued
until its revival in 2004.
Media freedom increased considerably after the fall of the New Order,
during which the Ministry of Information monitored and controlled
domestic media and restricted foreign media.[317] The television market
includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks
that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting
from 1962 to 1989. By the early 21st century, the improved communications
system had brought television signals to every village, and people can
choose from up to 11 channels.[318] Private radio stations carry news
Metro TV at Gelora Bung Karno bulletins while foreign broadcasters supply programmes. The number of
Stadium, reporting the 2010 AFF
printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.[318]
Championship
Like other developing countries, Indonesia began developing Internet in the
early 1990s. Its first commercial Internet service provider, PT. Indo
Internet began operation in Jakarta in 1994.[319] The country had 171 million Internet users in 2018, with a
penetration rate that keeps increasing annually.[320] Most are between the ages of 15 and 19 and depend
primarily on mobile phones for access, outnumbering laptops and computers.[321]
The oldest evidence of writing in the Indonesian archipelago is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th
century. Many of Indonesia's peoples have firmly rooted oral traditions, which help define and preserve their
cultural identities.[323] In written poetry and prose, several traditional forms dominate, mainly syair, pantun,
gurindam, hikayat and babad. Examples of these forms include Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Hang Tuah,
Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi.[324]
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Sports
Sports are generally male-oriented, and spectators are often associated with illegal
gambling.[334] Badminton and football are the most popular sports. Indonesia is
among the only five countries that have won the Thomas and Uber Cup, the world
team championship of men's and women's badminton. Along with weightlifting, it
is the sport that contributes the most to Indonesia's Olympic medal tally. Liga 1 is
the country's premier football club league. On the international stage, Indonesia
was the first Asian team to participate in the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as the Dutch
East Indies.[335] On a regional level, Indonesia won a bronze medal at the 1958
Asian Games as well as two gold medals at the 1987 and 1991 Southeast Asian
Games (SEA Games). Indonesia's first appearance at the AFC Asian Cup was in
1996 and successfully qualified for the next three tournaments, although they
never make the knockout phase.[336]
A demonstration of Pencak
Other popular sports include boxing and basketball, which has a long history in Silat, a form of martial arts
Indonesia and was part of the first National Games (Pekan Olahraga Nasional,
PON) in 1948.[337] Sepak takraw and karapan sapi (bull racing) in Madura are
some examples of Indonesia's traditional sports. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests
are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art and, in 1987,
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became one of the sporting events in the SEA Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading
competitors. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the top sports powerhouses by topping the SEA Games
medal table ten times since 1977,[338] most recently in 2011.[339]
See also
List of Indonesia-related topics
Index of Indonesia-related articles
Outline of Indonesia
Notes
a. Sometimes the nationalistic name of the Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia (Negara Kesatuan
Republik Indonesia, NKRI) is used.
b. Small but significant populations of ethnic Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly
in urban areas.
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External links
Indonesia (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
Indonesia (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238) from the BBC News
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from International Futures
Government
Minister of The State Secretary (http://www.setneg.go.id/) (in Indonesian)
Statistics Indonesia (http://www.bps.go.id/)
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html)
General
Indonesia (https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085755/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indon
esia.htm) UCB Libraries GovPubs
Indonesia (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Indonesia) at Curlie
Indonesia (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286480/Indonesia) Encyclopædia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Indonesia
Geographic data related to Indonesia (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304751) at
OpenStreetMap
Official Site of Indonesian Tourism (http://www.indonesia.travel/)
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