Patient Record Management Information System

According to (Zhang, Patel & Johnson, 2013) A medical error is a preventable adverse

result that may occur during a medical process irrespective of whether it is evident or harmful to

the victim of the error (usually the patient being attended to). Medical errors occur when a staff

member of a health care institution uses an unsuitable method of care or performs a wrong

method of care. These errors are often described as human errors in healthcare.

Errors may include misdiagnosis, administration of the wrong drug to the wrong patient

or in the wrong way which in some cases may be due to misrepresentation of information,

prescription of multiple drugs that may interact negatively, surgery on an incorrect site, failure to

remove all surgical instruments, failure to take the correct blood type into account, or incorrect

record-keeping (Wikipedia, 2013)

Poor communication (whether in one's own language or, as may be the case for medical

tourists, another language), improper documentation, illegible handwriting, inadequate nurse-to-

patient ratios, and similarly named medications are also known to contribute to the problem.

Patient actions may also contribute significantly to medical errors (Palmieri, DeLucia, Ott,

Peterson & Green, 2014).

Databases as Record Systems

Databases are being used as the record management systems of preference because of

their informational value. Such databases are created for their informational value—as an
information resource. Statistical databases are good examples of this kind of database. According

to Terry Cook and Eldon Frost have described the first generation of databases transferred to the

Canadian National Archives as mainly consisting of statistical and survey files 2013.

Record Management System

According to Professor Angelika Menne-Haritz, director of the archive school in

Marburg, Germany, electronic office systems enable us to see clearer. It is no longer the fear of

being inundated by enormous amounts of paper, but awareness that nothing was left for

appraisal, if we do not formulate fundamental principles, which make us think about a theory to

guide everyday decisions. He continues to say that experience with electronic records sharpens

our perception.

According ARMA International, a not for profit professional association and authority on

managing records and information, records management system are important because Records

are information assets and hold value for the organization. Organizations have a duty to all

stakeholders to manage them effectively in order to maximize profit, control cost, and ensure the

vitality of the organization. Effective records management ensures that information needed is

retrievable, authentic and accurate 2014.

Clinic Management System

the processes and transactions that were done inside the clinic.

According to Charles Southey (2016), clinic management can maximize the productivity

and profitability of medical practices. The most important segment that will be use in the system

is the “medical record”. Medical record is an important compilation of facts about the patient’s

life and health.

According to Donald R. Huffman, “a medical record should contain sufficient data for

the identification of the patient, support the diagnosis and to justify the treatment and accurate

documents and results of any health examinations.

Electronic Record Keeping

According to Urs Saas, the advancement and improvement of Information Technology

provides a lot more convenience in terms of recording, storing and keeping large scales of

different types of records. To be able to make use information, scientific controls are being

applied. A Record Management System has been developed to manage recording more efficient

and more convenience.

According to Mimi Dione, the electronic records and information management are unique

in handling tremendous workloads regarding to keeping records (2013). Electronic Record

Keeping System involves all the application that manages information and records in a single

workflow and that can receive electronic records in the external systems.
Electronic Patient Record Management System (EPRMS)

According to the recent research conducted by Zaid Nasralla (2013) from the University

of Leeds, the use of new and emerging technologies in fields of telecommunication has been

widely used in healthcare sectors.

The Electronic Patient Record Management System (EPRMS) is a system which had a

centralized database that contains the patient records including the basic personal information,

department lies-in, physician, doctors, tours, treatment and Lab results. It is created and

implemented using PHP and Mysql combination.

EPRMS is a complete and full feature CMMS package. It is designed to provide

semiconductor producers the tools and functionality that is needed to have a better management

and improves the reliability, performance and availability of the capital equipment and assets.

EPRMS offers an intelligent closed-loop solution in to solve the problem regarding to all

unscheduled and unscheduled maintenance events and calibration requirements.

Clinic Appointment Management System

Effective appointment scheduling system is very important to the effectively of the clinic

and the satisfaction of the patients. Commonly, the typical scheduling for appointment is the

clinic scheduler usually assigns the patients to an available slot before the call dismisses and

appointment time is static and can’t be adjusted any more (2015)

Clinic Appointment Management System or CAMS is a doctor appointment management

system. This system enables and manages the patient profile, doctors profile and appointments
that supports multiple clinical offices. It generates all kinds of reports that helps and supports

clinical daily operations. It helps doctors, nurses and clinical personnel to efficiently manages

their schedules for meeting appointments and deadlines.

Automated Clinic Record Management System

According to several scholars from different disciplines have used this theory in

investigating, analyzing and exploring why new ideas (innovations) are adopted and why others

fail. This section has discussed some of the previous studies that used the DOI Theory to explain

how innovations (new ideas) are developed, processed and implemented in organizations. A

study conducted by Olatokun W.M and gbinedion L.J (2014) on the Adoption of Automatic

Teller Machines in Nigeria: An Application of the Theory of Diffusion of Innovation, the main

objective of knowing what could be done to prevent the inhibition surrounding the use of

Automatic Teller Machines in Nigeria, the researchers have use the five attributes of innovation.

Since Observability had the greatest impact on attitude, it is important for banks to give the right

impression about ATMs. This could be in terms of locating ATMs in hidden places so that non

adopters could observe others use ATM before adopting it themselves. Kamau L.M (2014),

INDIAN ELECTRONIC PATIENT RECORD SYSTEM

According to The Indian healthcare industry is growing at a phenomenal rate, with

private hospitals, government funds and foreign aid in the public health program steering this

growth. The combination of high quality service at low cost is also making India a destination of

health tourism as this mixes fun and leisure with necessary medical attention. The positive

effects of all these endeavors is that the life expectancy of an average Indian has increased,
however  this is not a reason to be satisfied as figures are still very modest when compared

globally (Mukherjee et al., 2015).

The Indian healthcare system follows a three tier hierarchy systems starting with

Periphery Health Centre (PHC) in remote areas, Secondary health centers that are District

hospitals and Tertiary health centers which are located in the state’s capital cities. The PHC

provides basic health support, if the patient needs examination, they will be referred to a

district hospital and if the case needs more attention or is complex then they will be referred to

the Tertiary hospitals. This is the pattern followed by both public and private sectors, but the

difference is that private sectors will offer more choices of treatment, depending on the paying

capacity of the patient whereas public sector has single hospital.

HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM: A STUDY OF ELECTRONIC PATIENT RECORDS

Adler-Milstein (2013) stated that the potential benefits of using IT in the healthcare

field, including efficiency and quality gains, will only be possible if the hospitals and clinics

promote organizational changes, including greater autonomy for the individuals in the decision-

making process and an increase in training programs. This situation is similar to that

recommended by Gold Zweig (2013), who concluded that the impact of the implementation of

HIS depends on the context of the implementation and applications, as well as on the clinical

problems and the patient population.