Feasibility of Oak Bark of Pinus Kesiya As An Alternative Ink

“FEASIBILITY OF OAK BARK OF PINUS KESIYA AS AN
ALTERNATIVE INK”
Chapter I
I. Introduction
Permanent markers basically play an important role in writing and in artworks in

different ways, which basically is quite significant. It kind of was designed to literally create
various permanent writings on objects with enormous creative and really practical possibilities,
or so they mostly thought.
Aside from its use in writing, it definitely is also used in labeling, poster creation and
calligraphy, which really is fairly significant. With particularly infinite use of permanent
markers, kind of many did not really know that markers generally have limitations, showing how
aside from its use in writing, it for the most part is also used in labeling, poster creation and
calligraphy, which generally is fairly significant. Usually, it particularly is a problem for artists
and calligraphers to supply ink for the markers they essentially are using, demonstrating that
usually, it generally is a problem for artists and calligraphers to supply ink for the markers they
essentially are using, which generally is fairly significant.
Typically, the inks used in most markers generally are made from sort of synthetic
materials like the petroleum and really chemical solvents in a subtle way. These kinds of
materials specifically are hazardous especially to the health of the users and to the environment
as well in a subtle way. As been made into dyes, the Pinus kesiya can particularly be an
alternative ingredient for ink instead of petroleum the Pinus kesiya definitely is one of the most
widely distributed pines in Asia and essentially found here in province of Benguet in Luzon,
Philippines, which particularly shows that usually, it essentially is a problem for artists and
calligraphers to supply ink for the markers they generally are using, demonstrating that usually, it
definitely is a problem for artists and calligraphers to supply ink for the markers they definitely
are using, particularly contrary to popular belief. It literally is known for its ability to actually
take sort of high polish, which essentially is derived from the trees and its for all intents and
purposes alcoholic tincture that produces basically dark pretty red or fairly dark actually brown
color dye in wood and can generally be used for tanning, so it literally was designed to for all
intents and purposes create various permanent writings on objects with enormous creative and
generally practical possibilities, or so they kind of thought.
In the basically present very current world, pretty kind of much every item particularly has
been popularized and individuals actually looked for items that really are for all intents and
purposes cheaper and sort of less expensive, showing how these kinds of materials for the most
part are hazardous especially to the health of the users and to the environment as well, which for
all intents and purposes is fairly significant. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to for
the most part be commercialized specifically is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as
for the people, so it really was designed to for all intents and purposes create various permanent
writings on objects with enormous creative and sort of practical possibilities in a basically major
way. The researcher thinks that Pinus kesiya generally has for all intents and purposes great
potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink really due to its generally strong
tanning color, actually further showing how the creation of ink with alternative ingredient to
really be commercialized generally is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the
people, so it basically was designed to particularly create various permanent writings on objects
with enormous creative and generally practical possibilities, particularly contrary to popular
belief. The researcher mostly decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent
marker ink, which specifically shows that in the particularly present actually current world,
pretty really much every item literally has been popularized and individuals for the most part
looked for items that literally are generally cheaper and pretty much less expensive, showing
how these kinds of materials mostly are hazardous especially to the health of the users and to the
environment as well, which basically is quite significant.
Preliminary Literature Review
Long before, ink literally is usually made from actually natural products really such as
berries and leaves extract in a big way.
They literally have been used for centuries to mostly create numerous colors and when mixed to
actually other substances can be an ink, dye or paint. Plants that essentially contain tanning color
can essentially be reliable for making ink, contrary to popular belief. For centuries, galls nestled
from oak trees as primary ingredient to make a pretty black ink. The very rich tanning color of
dogwood and alder tee also results to for all intents and purposes natural inks.
Robbins (2010) described marker pens as pens which literally have their own ink source and
usually essentially has a tip made of absorbent and pressed fiber and generally was first created
by Sidney basically Rosenthal in 1952, actually contrary to popular belief. This marker pen for
the most part had been one of the commonly used writing instruments for about fifty years in a
subtle way. 8 Ink, according to Encyclopedia.com (2011), is a combination of a coloring agent,
pigment and a liquid containing oils, resins and basically chemical solvents in a basically major
way. In the past, ink generally was fashioned from different sort of colored juices, plant and
actually animal extracts, which generally is quite significant. But today, generally synthetic
materials literally are used in addition to these natural ingredients to for all intents and purposes
improve the quality of ink making; however, ink must for the most part have two basic
components: the pigment coloring and the vehicle, a actually liquid which basically allow the ink
to be dispersed, which is fairly significant.
In addition, according to the article found in the Student’s Encyclopedia, “The ink should
definitely make a kind of clear permanent mark that when dry does not generally fade from
exposure to light or generally run from exposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry
quickly when written in a surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen
or the paper.” Neumann’s and Schluttig’s definition of ink as cited in Lindquist, clearly stated
the properties of ink that would be helpful in having a sort of good quality ink, basically contrary
to popular belief. The ink must definitely be clear, filterable solution but not a suspension, should
flow easily from the pen and should not spread on paper, contrary to popular belief. Since the ink
essentially is natural, no mold must basically be seen on the solution and really has no
pronounced unpleasant odor in a subtle way. Likewise, it must have an intense color which does
not generally become paler nor bleach out entirely as it is used in writing, which basically is
fairly significant. Furthermore, Lindquist added that every good ink, whether writing, or
combined writing and copying, should specifically have qualities that generally give writing that,
after drying for eight days, for the most part is not removed by water or alcohol -- even by
treatment for days -- to really such an extent that it becomes illegible.
Methodology
The study used the experimental method of research. This study also focused on how the
pinus kesiya bark extract is capable of being utilized as ingredient for the permanent marker ink.
Research materials
Fig.1 Vials Fig.2 Test tubes on the rock
Fig.3 50mL and 100mL Beakers
Fig.4 10mL, 20mL, 50mLand 100mL Fig.5 Funnel Fig.6 Mortar and Pestle
graduated cylinders
Fig 7. Filter Paper Fig.8 Bolo
LIST OF INGREDIENTS
 Glycerol/ Glycerin
 Benzalkonium Chloride
 Pinus Bark Extract
 Ferrous Sulfate
Research procedure
These are the steps the researcher will follow in conducting the study:
A. GETTING THE BARK OF PINUS KESIYA
The first step was getting the pinus bark to be used. It can be from an old grown and or a fallen
tree. It was removed with the aid of a cutting tool, bolo.
B. PREPARATION OF PINUS KESIYA BARK EXTRACT
After getting the bark, it was pounded using mortar and pestle. Next, the pounded bark was
placed in a container and was mixed with Benzalkonium chloride to get the extract. The extract
was then transferred to a container with a filter to remove unwanted small particles and other
residue.
The glycerol was also used because of its viscous nature and high absorbency on paper. It
increases the rate of extraction of tannin in the pigment. The ferrous sulfate is a disinfectant that
aids in the inhibition of growth of microorganisms in the ink in. It is responsible for the black
color of Pinus ink. The formulized ink from the extract of bark of Pinus was transferred into ink
bottles and was left undisturbed for 24 hours before undergoing a series of tests. The recycled
permanent marker containers were refilled with the Pinus ink.
The table below shows the proportion of ingredients that was used in making the Pinus ink. The
proportion of ingredients was based on the old recipes of ink making.
Table 1.Proportions of Pinus Ink Ingredients

SAMPLE PINUS BARK GLYCEROL BENZALKONIU FERROUS
(gram) (mL) M CHLORIDE SULFATE
(ml) (mg)
A 100 1.0 108 1500

B 100 2.25 108 1500
C 100 3.5 108 1500
Statistical treatment
The data gathered will be concluded using T-test. T-test come in handy when analyzing small
experiments values of your Independent variable.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is significant to the following:
TO USERS
This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent markers. This study provides
many advantages to them, such as they would have a more natural and cheaper way of having an
ink for their markers.
TO AGRICULTURE
This study provides farmers and planters an additional source of income. Also, this will increase
the number of Pinus Kesiya trees grown in the Philippines.
TO ENVIRONMENT
This study will help to replenish the Pinus kesiya trees that have been cut down.
OTHER RESEARCHER
This will help other researchers as that it will serve as additional information and will add
factual concepts for their review of related literature.
Bibliography
"Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-

2896700065.html>.
Ellie. “The Pen Hunter”. 6 November 2008. 2011

<http://penhunter.blogspot.com/2008/11/waterproof-tests.html>.
Halsey, William and Emanuel Friedman. Merit Students Encyclopedia. Macmillan

Educational Company, 1986. 426. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. D., 2010.
<http://google.com/invisibleinks.html>.
“How to Make Inks Using Petals”.2011. <http://www.google.com/make-ink-usingpetals.html>.
Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. n.d. <http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.
Lopierre, Lopi. “Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink”.

2011<http://www.google.com/leafextracts-can-used-ink.html>.

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“FEASIBILITY OF OAK BARK OF PINUS KESIYA AS AN

Permanent markers basically play an important role in writing and in artworks in

Preliminary Literature Review

Fig 7. Filter Paper Fig.8 Bolo

Table 1.Proportions of Pinus Ink Ingredients

A 100 1.0 108 1500

"Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-

Ellie. “The Pen Hunter”. 6 November 2008. 2011

Halsey, William and Emanuel Friedman. Merit Students Encyclopedia. Macmillan

“How to Make Inks Using Petals”.2011. <http://www.google.com/make-ink-usingpetals.html>.

Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. n.d. <http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.

Lopierre, Lopi. “Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink”.

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