College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS
Architecture, Interior Design and Fine Arts Department www.batstate-u.edu.ph
Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 Loc. 114/115
I. Define the following:
A. Definition of Terms:
1. Level Surface
 defined as a curved surface which at each point is perpendicular to the direction
of gravity at the point.
2. Level Line
 A level line is a line lying in a level surface. It is, therefore, normal to the plumb
line at all points.
3. Horizontal Surface
 A surface tangential to level surface at a given point is called horizontal surface
at that point.
4. Horizontal Line
 It is a straight line tangential to the level line at a point. It is also perpendicular
to the plumb line.
5. Vertical Line
 It is a line normal to the level line at a point. It is commonly considered to be the
line defined by a plumb line.
6. Mean Sea Level
 It is the average height of the sea for all stages of the tides. At any particular
place it is derived by averaging the hourly tide heights over a long period of 19
years.
7. Datum
 Datum is any surface to which elevation are referred.
8. Elevation
 The elevation of a point on or near the surface of the earth is its vertical
distance above or below an arbitrarily assumed level surface or datum.
9. Difference in Elevation
 The vertical distance between two points is called the difference in

elevation, which is similar to what you have learned as the difference in
height.
B. Leveling Methods:
1. Direct or Spirit Leveling
 It is that branch of levelling in which the vertical distances with respect to a
horizontal line (perpendicular to the direction of gravity) may be used to
determine the relative difference in elevation between two adjacent points.
2. Reciprocal Leveling
 leveling between two widely separated points in which observations are
made in both directions to eliminate the effects of atmospheric refraction
and the curvature of the earth.
3. Profile Leveling
 method of determining the elevations of series of points (or difference in
elevation between points) at measured intervals along a line such as the
center line of a proposed ditch or road or the center line of a natural feature
such as a stream bed.
4. Trigonometric Leveling
 Trigonometric or Indirect levelling is the process of levelling in which the
elevations of points are computed from the vertical angles and horizontal
distances measured in the field, just as the length of any side in any triangle
can be computed from proper trigonometric relations.
5. Stadia Leveling
 It is a modified form of trigonometric leveling in which Tacheometer principle
is used to determine the elevation of point.
6. Barometric Leveling
 Barometric levelling makes use of the phenomenon that difference in elevation
between two points is proportional to the difference in atmospheric pressures at
these points.
7. Cross-Section Leveling
 refers to a relatively short profile view of the ground, which is drawn
perpendicular to the route centerline of a highway or other types of linear
projects.
8. Borrow-Pit Leveling
 Borrow-pit leveling is a method of determining the relative elevations of

points in borrow pit excavations for the purpose of calculating volumes of
earthwork. This type of work is usually encountered in the construction of
roads and railroads.
II. Give what is asked.
1. What is TP?
 Turning Point (TP). A turning point is an intervening point between two
bench marks upon which point foresight and backsights reading to enable a
leveling operation to continue from a new instrument position. It is
sometimes referred as a change point.
2. What is BM?
 Bench Mark (BM). A bench mark is a fixed point of reference whose
elevation is either known or assumed. They may be permanent or
temporary. Permanent bench marks (PBM) are those which established at
intervals the country. They serve as points of reference for level in a given
locality and their elevations are determined by precise leveling methods.
3. Derive/explain the formula for hcr.
III. Briefly make a statement of the given questions.
1. Make a discussion of Topic 11 based on your own understandings. Minimum of 150 words.
In Leveling or Elevation Determination, there are certain terms and methods are used to
determine the right term to use. In order to do that we need to know what are the
definitions, used, formulas or even the methods used in determining elevation. There are
specific formulas and steps to answer the questions right and precise. In determining this,
it needed to know what are the information, datas and precision of the leveling in used. If
we don’t know exactly what to find it will be difficult to come out with answer. That’s why,
there terms and definition that we need to study and derived with.
2. Make a discussion of Topic 10 based on your own understandings. Minimum of 150 words.
For long sights and accurate levelling work, the effects of curvature of the earth and
refraction of the line of sight shall have to be taken into consideration. Due to
curvature, the points appear to be lower than they actually are; while due to refraction,
they appear to be higher than they actually are. The effect of curvature being greater
than that of refraction, the combined effect causes the points to appear to be lower
than they actually are.

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

I. Define the following:

 The vertical distance between two points is called the difference in

 Borrow-pit leveling is a method of determining the relative elevations of

II. Give what is asked.

3. Derive/explain the formula for hcr.

III. Briefly make a statement of the given questions.

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