READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–11, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
On the morning of November 23, 2009, a cyclist riding near Lake Charles, Louisiana,
discovered the body of a young woman lying near a country road. Her face had been beaten
beyond recognition, but an unusual tattoo led the police to identify her as 19-year-old Sierra
Bouzigard. Investigators from the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s Office, headed by Sheriff Tony
Mancuso, immediately set about reconstructing her final hours. The people who last saw
Bouzigard alive had let her use their phone. The number she dialed gave police a lead.
Bouzigard’s assailant had also left behind a promising clue. From tissue caught under her
fingernails as she struggled for her life, the detectives were able to pick up a clear DNA sample.
To find the killer, all they needed was a match. The number she had dialed led police to a crew
of undocumented Mexican workers. “So we started getting warrants for DNA swabs, getting
translators, working with immigration,” Mancuso recalls.
But none of the Mexicans’ DNA matched the sample from the crime scene. Nor was there a hit
in the FBI’s database of prior felons, missing persons, and arrestees, a system known as CODIS
—the Combined DNA Index System. The investigators continued to issue calls for people with
any information to come forward, and Bouzigard’s family offered a $10,000 reward. But the case
grew cold.
Then, in June 2015, Monica Quaal, a lead DNA analyst at the lab that works with the sheriff’s
office, learned about an intriguing new way of exploiting the information contained in a DNA
sample—one that would not require a suspect’s DNA or a match in a database. Called DNA
phenotyping, the technique conjures up a physical likeness of the person who left the sample
behind, including traits such as geographic ancestry, eye and natural hair color, and even a
possible shape for facial features. Quaal immediately thought of the Bouzigard case, in which the
DNA left at the scene was virtually the only lead. She contacted Mancuso and Lt. Les Blanchard,
a detective on the case, and they sent their sample to Ellen Greytak, director of bioinformatics
at Parabon NanoLabs, a company specializing in DNA phenotyping.

Here the investigation took an unexpected turn. Based on the available evidence, the detectives
still believed her killer was likely Hispanic—perhaps a member of the Mexican crew who had
fled the area soon after committing the crime. But the person in the DNA-generated portrait
Parabon produced had pale skin and freckles. His hair was brown, and his eyes were probably
green or blue. His ancestry, the analysis said, was northern European.
“We kind of had to take a step back and say all this time, we’re not even in the right direction,”
Mancuso says. But armed with this new evidence, he is optimistic. “I think at some point we can
solve this case, because we have such a good DNA sample and this profile,” he says. “We know
who the killer is. We just don’t know who the killer is.”
DNA phenotyping is a relatively recent arrival in forensic science, and some critics question how
useful it will be. The facial composites it produces are predictions from genetics, not
photographs. Many aspects of a person’s appearance are not encoded in DNA and thus can never
be unearthed from it, like whether someone has a beard, or dyed hair. Nevertheless, Parabon,
which calls its facial composite service Snapshot, has had more than 40 law enforcement
organizations as customers. Human genome pioneer Craig Venter, as part of his new
personalized health company called Human Longevity, is also investigating facial reconstruction
from DNA, as are many academic labs.
Meanwhile other high-tech forensic methods are coming on the scene. CT scanners allow doctors
to perform virtual autopsies, peering into bodies for signs of murder undetected by standard
autopsies. Researchers are studying whether bacteria on corpses can provide a more accurate
clock to gauge when death occurred. And they’re even investigating whether culprits might be
identified not just by the DNA left at a crime scene but also by the microbial signature of the
bacteria they leave behind.
The forensic techniques we’re more familiar with from movies and television shows such
as CSI have far longer histories. In 1910 Thomas Jennings became the first American convicted
of murder based primarily on fingerprint evidence. He was accused of shooting one Clarence
Hiller during a bungled burglary. The culprit had left his fingerprints behind on a freshly painted
windowsill, and the testimony of four fingerprint experts was nearly the entire basis on which
Jennings was found guilty and sentenced to death. In response to his appeal, a higher court
pointed both to the long heritage of using fingerprints for identification—pharaohs employed
thumbprints as signatures, they said—and to “the great success of the system in England, where
it has been used since 1891 in thousands of cases without error.” The court did caution that
because such evidence fell beyond the purview of the average person’s experience, it must be
presented by experts who could explain it to the jury. The verdict was upheld, and Jennings was
hanged.
By the late 20th century, there were numerous investigative techniques in the courtroom. FBI
analysts gave testimony comparing hairs found at a crime scene with those from suspects. Hair-
analysis experts note the shape of the microscopic scales that coat hairs, the thickness and
coloration of the hair, and the organization of pigment granules in it, among other qualities. Bite-
mark analysis, in which experts compare the pattern left by a bite on a victim to a suspect’s teeth,
was widely adopted in the early 1970s, including a 1974 court case that hinged on marks
identified on a dead woman’s nose after she’d been exhumed. Other visual comparisons—
between tire tracks, shoe prints, and patterns on bullet casings—also made their way from being
clues used by law enforcement to identify suspects to becoming evidence presented in court to
help prove guilt. In thousands of cases, judges tasked with deciding whether evidence is reliable
have leaned on ample precedent to allow such forensic results to be admitted in court. Experts
with years of experience at their craft have testified with assurance.
Kirk Odom was convicted of rape after an expert testified that a hair on the victim’s nightgown
matched his. Odom spent more than 22 years in prison and eight on parole before DNA tests
proved his innocence and fingered the real culprit. The FBI is now reviewing hundreds of other
cases where the value of hair analysis may have been overstated.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. It was with the help of a body mark that police was able to find the name of the unknown
body. True
2. CODIS is the system of ISA which keeps records of prior felons, missing person and
likewise people.False
3. To find out the details of the murderer, the family of  Sierra Bouzigard announced a
reward of $10,000.True
4. The technique using which one can find out the natural colour, ancestory etc using the
DNA sample is called DNA phenotyping.True
5. The murderer of Sierra Bouzigard was expected to be a green or blue eyed man,
initially.NOT GIVEN
6. DNA phenotyping uses photographs to figure out the possible details.False
7. CT scanners allow the doctors to undergo virtual autopsies.True
Questions 8-11
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
8. Thomas Jennings was the fist person to be convicted of murder on the basis of finger print.
In (9)mark analysis, the investigators look for the kind of bite marks left on the body of the
analysis to decide the criminal.
The investigating teams look for (10)coat hairs , organization of (11)pigment granules and many
other qualities when doing search on the basis of strands of hairs available.
 
 
Exercise 1: There are 10 mistakes in each of the IELTS Speaking Part 3 answers below.
Identify and correct them. An example has been done for you.
Question 2: What can be done to motivate people so that they abide by the rules and law?
Most people 1 don’t want (not want) to follow any rules or regulations in their daily life. It 2 is
(be) natural that they will ignore the law. The state is responsible for making them follow the
rules. But if the government 3 follows (follow) the strict measures to make the citizens follow the
state rules, that may 4 result (result) in negative effects; thus, some promotional or motivational
positive measures should be 5 taken (take). The government may start some initiatives like 6
rewarding (reward) the law-abiding citizens with different titles like ‘Man of the Year’, or
similar other events. On the other side, it appears to me that most of the times the rules 7 are
(be) difficult for people to follow as those are complicated for them. So, during the rules-making
process, the government should try to keep the rules as straight-forward as possible. If the rules
are easier to follow and the government 8 starts (start) promoting people, I think it will inspire
people naturally to follow the rules.

Exercise 2: Read the following passage and answer questions 1-24

Is There Really a War on Drugs?
A
In our contemporary society, the media constantly bombards us with horror stories about drugs like
crack-cocaine. From them, and probably from no other source, we learn that crack is immediately
addictive in every case, we learn that it causes corruption, crazed violence, and almost always leads
to death. The government tells us that we are busy fighting a war on drugs and so it gives us various
iconic models to despise and detest: we learn to stereotype inner-city minorities as being of drug-
infested wastelands and we learn to "witchhunt" drug users within our own communities under the
belief that they represent moral sin and pure evil. I believe that these titles and ideals
are preposterous and based entirely upon unnecessary and even detrimental ideals promoted by the
government to achieve purposes other than those they claim.
B
In Craig Renarman's and Harry Levine's article entitled "The Crack Attack: Politics and Media in
America's Latest Drug Scare," the authors attempt to expose and to deal with some of the societal
problems that have resulted from the over-exaggeration of crack-cocaine as an "epidemic problem"
in our country. Without detracting attention away from the serious health risks for those few
individuals who do use the drug, Renarman and Levine demonstrate how minimally detrimental the
current "epidemic" actually is.
 C
Early in the article, the authors summarize crack-cocaine's evolutionary history in the U.S. They
specifically discuss how the crack-related deaths of two star-athletes which first called wide-spread
attention to the problem during the mid-1980's. Since then, the government has reportedly used crack-
cocaine as a political scapegoat for many of the nation's larger inner-city problems. Thefts, violence,
and even socioeconomic depression have been blamed on crack. They assert that the government has
invested considerably in studies whose results could be used to wage the constant "war on drugs"
while to politicians, that war has amounted to nothing more than a perceptual war on poverty and
urban crime.
D
Since politicians have had little else of marketable interest to debate over the years, this aggressive
attack on drugs has existed as one of their only colorful means by which to create debate, controversy,
and campaign fuel. In other words, when balancing the budget and maintaining an effective foreign
policy became too boring to handle, Reinarman and Levine assert that the "crack epidemic" became
the focus of politicians with the intent of luring public interest to their flashy anti-drug campaigns.
E
Finally, in addition to the media's excess attention on the 'war against drugs', Reinarman and Levine
make the point the constant coverage of crack in the news media has only been counterproductive to
the alleged goals of any anti-drug program. With descriptions of the "crack high" that glorify it
considerably- the politically-charged media campaigns to fight drugs have worked somewhat
ironically as huge advertising campaigns for crack-increasing public awareness and stimulating the
interests of venturous junkies.
F
While Reinarman and Levine are rather adamant about their findings, they do maintain
an overt respect for the reality that crack has had other causal factors and outcomes besides those
described by them. Their main concern seems to be calling for a more realistic spotlight to be placed
upon the problem- so that we can begin to deal with it as no more and no less than what should be.
G
The "war on drugs" is indeed based upon an exaggeration of facts. Although it is also evident that
substances such as crack-cocaine may serve to pose great health risks to those that use them, there is
not any widespread "epidemic" use of the drug nor any validity to the apparent myths that it causes
such immediate devastation and is life-wrecking in every single case.
 
It is obvious that we do indeed need to maintain a greater and more focused emphasis on the
important and more widespread problems in society. Important energies and well-needed monies are
being diverted from them to fight in an almost-imaginary battle against a controlled substance.
Conclusively, we should allow drugs like crack-cocaine receive their due attention as social
problems, but let them receive no more than that!
Questions 1-10
Match the words to the correct definitions.
1. 1 corruption 1. 9 done or shown openly
2. 2 preposterous 2. 4 the action of making something as better or worse than it
3. 3 detrimental really is
4. 4 exaggeration 3. 6 a person who is blamed for the mistakes or failure of others
5. 5 epidemic 4. 2 completely unreasonable in a shocking or annoying way
6. 6 scapegoat 5. 3 harmful
7. 7 perceptual 6. 5 the state of being logical and true
8. 8 7. 1 occurring more frequently in a particular community
counterproductive 8. 8 dishonest and illegal behaviour like bribery
9. 9 overt 9. 7 having the opposite of the desired effect
10. 10 validity 10. 10 relating to the ability to perceive things
 
Questions 11-14
Choose the appropriate letter A-D
11. From the media we learn that crack-cocaine…
1. gives us various iconic models to despise and detest.
2. represents moral sin and pure evil.
3. is addictive in every case, causes corruption and violence and almost always leads to
death.
4. bombards us with horror.
12. According to Craig Renarman and Harry Levine, …
1. crack-cocaine is an ‘epidemic problem’ in our country.
2. crack-cocaine does not pose serious health risks for users.
3. the current ‘epidemic’ is very serious.
4. the current ‘epidemic’ is not so serious despite the serious health risks for the few
individual users.
13. Based on Paragraph C, we know that…
1. crack-cocaine became widely known as a problem since the mid-1980s.
2. crack-cocaine has caused many problems – from thefts, violence to socioeconomic
depression.
3. government has invested little fighting the ‘war on drugs’.
4. drugs have led to political as well as social problems.
14. Politicians use the drug issue…
1. to attack the drug dealers at the market.
2. to lure the public interest to their flashy anti-drug campaign.
3. to balance the budget and maintain and effective foreign policy.
4. to attack drug users only.
Questions 15-16
Complete the table below describing the causes and effects.
 15 counterproductive to the alleged goals of any anti-drug program
16 crack-increasing public awareness and stimulating the interests of venturous junkies.
Questions 17–23
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write
YES                if the statement agrees with the writer
NO                  if the statement does not agree with the writer.
NOT GIVEN             if there is no information about this in the passage
17. In our contemporary society, people all over the world should launch a war on drugs.NO
18. Drug users within our won communities represent moral sin and pure evil.NO
19. The ‘war on drugs’ waged by the government is really a perceptual war on poverty and
urban crimes.YES
20. Drug use may lead to poverty and divorce. NOT GIVEN
21. We should spend more money and maintain a more focused emphasis on the importance
and more wide-spread problems in society rather than on an almost imaginary battle against
drugs. YES
22. We should not pay too much attention to drug users, instead, we should fight against the
drug dealers.NOT GIVEN
23. Drugs like crack-cocaine have received much more attention than is necessary.YES