Fire Fighting Presentation Ali Hassan-Compressed-Pages-1-70

INTRODUCTION (1st Edition)
Eng / Ali Hassan Mohamed

(fire fighting & plumbing design engineer)
• Fire Protection Major Goals:
- Continuity of operation
- Property protection
- Life safety
Fire Fighting Tech. For You

• Fire Protection component:
FIRE
PROTECTION
COMPONENT
Passive fire Active fire

Education
protection protection
Fire detection Fire fighting &

Architecture
& alarm extinguishing Civil defense
Engineer
systems systems
Electrical Mechanical
Engineer Engineer

• Fire Protection component:
Fire rated wall Fire detection & alarm system
Fire fighting system Fire fighters

• FIRE TRIANGLE
*OXYGEN (14-16% at least to start combustion)
FUEL Heat 0C
Fire Fighting Tech. For You *Refer to NFPA 921-2001ed-sec 3.1.1.2

• FIRE TETRAHEDRON :
 The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component, the chemical

chain reaction, to the three already present in the fire triangle. Once a fire
has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and
allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is
blocked.
Fire Fighting Tech. For You *Refer to NFPA 921-2001ed-sec 3.1.1.2
• Fire extinguishment methods :
TO
EXTINGUISH
FIRE
Cut fuel supply or

Suffocating remove Cooling down
oxygen combustible fire
material
Water based
Gas systems Foam system
system Why?

• Fire extinguishment methods cont. :
 Why we use water as extinguishing agent:
1. cheap & available.

2. Large specific heat (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg.K) .
3. Large latent heat of vaporization (2257 KJ/kg) .
specific heat (Cp ) Latent heat of vaporization

The amount of thermal energy required The amount of thermal energy required
to raise unit mass of a substance by one to change unit mass of a substance
degree, and its units are kJ/kg·K from phase to another, and its units are
kJ/kg

• Some definitions used in fire codes :
Item Definition
UL Under writers laboratories.
FM Factory Mutual research.
Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement .
Should Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not
required.
Approved Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
Authority Having An organization , office, or individual responsible for enforcing the
Jurisdiction requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment,
(AHJ). materials, an installation, or a procedure.

• Some definitions used in fire codes :
 Common approvals :
Factory Mutual research Under writers laboratories
American
approvals
The Loss Prevention Germany approval

Certification Board
European
approvals

• Classifying Fires
*North
Type of Fire Australia European
America
Fires that involve flammable solids such as wood, cloth, rubber, paper, and
Class A Class A Class A
some types of plastics.
Fires that involve flammable liquids or liquefiable solids such as
Class B Class B
petrol/gasoline, oil, paint, some waxes & plastics, but not cooking fats or oils
Class B
Fires that involve flammable gases, such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane,
Class C Class C
butane
Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and

Class D Class D Class D
potassium
(Class E)
Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the now no
introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized longer in
Class E1 Class C
objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a the
conductive agent is used to control the fire. European
standards
Fires involving cooking fats and oils. The high temperature of the oils when on
fire far exceeds that of other flammable liquids making normal extinguishing Class F Class F Class K
agents ineffective.
Fire Fighting Tech. For You *Refer to NFPA 10-2010ed-sec 5.2

• FIRE FIGHTING CODES :
1. AMERICAN CODES :
CODE NO TITLE
NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11 Standard for Low-Medium-and High-Expansion Foam
NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15 Standard for water spray fixed system for fire protection
NFPA 16 Standard Installation of foam-water sprinkler and foam-Water
spray system
NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire
Protection
NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains
and Their Appurtenances
• FIRE FIGHTING CODES cont. :
CODE NO TITLE
NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of
Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 220 Standard on Types of Building Construction
NFPA 409 Standard on aircraft hangar
NFPA 418 Standard for helipad
NFPA 750 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
2. BRITISH CODE :
-Fire offices committee (FOC)
-British standard (BS)
3. EGYPTIAN CODE: ‫الكود المصرى للحريق‬-

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

• Course Contents:
FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEMS
AUTOMATIC MANUAL
WATER BASED WATER BASED

GAS SYSTEMS GAS SYSTEM
SYTEMS SYSTEMS
SPRINKLER FIRE HOSE FIRE FIRE

FOAM SYSTEM CLEAN AGENT CO2 Aerosol FIRE HYDRANT MONITORS
SYSTEM CABINET EXTINGUISHER EXTINGUISHER
CLOSED HEAD OPEN HEAD LOW

HALOCARBON CLASS I
SPRINKLER SPRINKLER EXPANSION
DELUGE MEDIUM
WET INERT gases CLASS II
SYSTEM EXPANSION
WATER HIGH
DRY CURTAIN EXPANSION CLASS III
PREACTION WATER MIST
Combined dry &

preaction

• Course objectives :
1) Good knowledge about fire fighting systems.
2) Full design for water based systems.
a) Sprinklered system (dry –wet – preaction-deluge).
b) Water curtain system.
c) Foam systems.
d) Water spray systems. Advanced
e) Water mist systems.
f) Standpipe systems.
g) Fire hydrant.
h) Monitors.
3) Full design for gas based systems.
a) Clean agent system (inert gas-halocarbon).
b) CO2 system.
c) Aerosol system.
4) Fire extinguishers.

• Course objectives cont. :
5) Selection of proper fire protection system for different application.
6) How to use codes to get design data.
7) How to use calculation software (ELITE) for hydraulic calculation.
8) Full design (drawing & calculation) for project.

1- WATER BASED SYTEMS

• MAIN SYSTEM COMPONENTS :
A) Reliable water source & pumps
B) Piping network
C) Initiation and control equipment
D) Discharge devices

• A) Reliable water source & pumps
Ground tank Elevated tanks (gravity tanks)
Rivers & lakes Fire pumps

• B) PIPING NETWORK
Fire protection pipes Fire protection fittings
Hangers & supports

• C) Initiation & Control Equipment
Valves in Pump Room. Alarm Check Valve
Pressure Switch Flow switches

• C) Initiation & Control Equipment
Supervisory Switches Pressure Reducing Valves
Pressure Relief Valves Control Panels

• D) DISCHARGE DEVICES
Sprinklers, Nozzles Hose valves, Hydrants
Monitors Foam generator , Foam chambers

A. SPRINKLERED SYTEMS

• *Classifying OCCUPANCIES
A) Light hazard
B) Ordinary hazard (group 1)
C) Ordinary hazard (group 2)
D) Extra hazard (group 1)
E) Extra hazard (group 2)
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 5.1

A) LIGHT HAZARD
1) Animal shelters (‫)مﻼجئ حيوانات‬
2) Churches
3) Clubs
4) Educational
5) Hospitals
6) Institutional
7) Kennels (‫)بيوت كﻼب‬
8) Libraries , except large stack rooms
9) Museums
10) Nursing homes
11) Offices
12) Residential
13) Restaurant seating area
14) Theaters , excluding stages & prosceniums
15) Unused attics ( ‫)سندرات غير مستخدمة‬
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.2

B) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 1)
1) Automobile parking and showrooms
2) Bakeries
3) Beverage manufacturing (‫)مصانع المشروبات‬
4) Canneries (‫)مصانع تعبئة طعام‬
5) Dairy products manufacturing & processing (‫)مصانع اﻻلبان‬
6) Electronic plants (‫)مصانع الكترونيات‬
7) Glass & glass products manufacturing
8) Laundries
9) Restaurant service area (kitchens)

C) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2)
1) Agricultural facilities
2) Barns & stables (‫)الشونات & اﻻسطبﻼت‬
3) Cereal mills (‫)مطاحن الحبوب‬
4) Chemical plants
5) Confectionery products (‫)مصانع الحلويات‬
6) Distillers (‫)معامل التقطير‬
7) Dry cleaners
8) Exterior loading docks (‫)رصيف تحميل‬
9) Feed mills (‫)مصانع ﻋلف‬
10) Leather goods manufacturing
11) Libraries – large stack room area
12) Machine shops
13) Metal working
14) Paper & pulp mills

C) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2) cont.
16) Paper process plants (‫)مصانع الورق‬
17) Plastic fabrication (‫)مصنع منتجات بﻼستيك‬
18) Post offices
19) Printing & publishing
20) Racetrack stables / kennel area (‫)اماكن السباقات اﻻحصنة & الكﻼب‬
21) Repair garages
22) Resin application area (‫)مصانع المنتجات الصمغية‬
23) Textile manufacturing (‫)مصانع النسيج‬
24) Tire manufacturing
25) Tobacco products manufacturing (‫)مصانع التبغ‬
26) Wood machining
27) Wood products assembly
28) Mercantile (Malls – markets….)

D) EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 1)
1) Aircraft hangers (except as governed by NFPA 409)
2) Combustible hydraulic fluid area
3) Die casing (‫)سباكة‬
4) Metal extruding
5) Plywood and particleboard manufacturing (‫)مصانع كبس الخشب‬
6) Printing (using inks with flash point <1000F)
7) rubber material manufacturing
8) Saw mills
9) textile material manufacturing (‫)تصنيع خام النسيج‬
10) Upholstering with plastic foam (‫)التنجيد بالفايبر‬

D) EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 2)
1) Asphalt saturating
2) Flammable liquids spraying
3) Flow coating (‫)دهان‬
4) Open oil quenching (‫)تبريد الزيت‬
5) Plastic manufacturing (‫)تصنيع خام البﻼستيك‬
6) Solvent cleaning ( ‫)مذيبات تنظيف‬
7) Varnish & paint dipping (‫)الدهان بالغمر‬

• SPRINKLERED SYSTEMS
1) Sprinklers :
 Sprinkler parts:
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

• SPRINKLERED SYSTEMS
1) Sprinklers :
Classified according to:
A. Thermal sensitivity
B. Temperature rating
C. K-factor
D. Installation orientation
E. Special service conditions

• A- Thermal sensitivity
• A measure of the rapidity with which the thermal element operates as
installed in a sprinkler assembly , one measure of thermal sensitivity is
response time index (RTI)
When RTI = 50 (ms)0.5 fast response
When RTI ≥ 80 (ms)0.5 standard
•Sensitive element may be glass bulb or fusible link

• B- Temperature rating
• The temperature at which sprinkler is activated
• Indicated by color coding may be for glass bulb or frame arms
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 6.2.5.1

• C- k-factor
Is factor used to calculate the flow required by sprinkler
Q=K√P
Q : flow in GPM
P : pressure in psi

• C- k-factor (according to ceiling height)
In NFPA there isn’t any instruction that connect sprinkler K- factor and ceiling
height only reference mention that is FM-global(3-26).
Ceiling up to 9m Ceiling from 9-18m Ceiling above 18m

K-factor 5.6 8 25.2

• D- sprinkler orientation
Pendent sprinkler Upright sprinkler
Sidewall sprinkler

• D- sprinkler orientation
 Pendent sprinkler installation types

• E- special service condition
Corrosion resistant sprinkler Dry sprinkler
Institutional sprinkler Rack storage sprinkler

• E- special service condition cont. :
Decorative sprinkler Pilot line detector

• Other sprinkler types (design , performance)
Control mode specific application Early suppression fast
sprinkler (CMSA) (large drop) response sprinkler (ESFR)
Extended coverage sprinkler Conventional sprinkler

• Other sprinkler types cont.
Residential sprinkler Open head sprinkler
Quick response sprinkler Standard sprinkler (K = 5.6)

• Get sprinkler data from deflector
Standard spray
sprinkler pendent

• Stock of Spare sprinklers
No. of sprinklers in system No. of spare sprinklers
< 300 6
≥ 300 & < 1000 12
> 1000 24
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.2.9.5

• 2) piping :
Gridded system Looped system Tree system
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.3.4.6,7

• 2) piping cont. :
A. Pipe Materials
B. Pipe dimension
C. Joining methods
D. Hangers
E. valves
A. Pipe materials
I. Aboveground (common: seamless black steel sch.40 – galvanized steel)
II. Underground (common: HDPE - ductile iron)

I. Aboveground
pipes Fitting
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3 ; 6.4
II. Underground
pipes Fitting
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 10.1 ; 10.2
II. Underground depth of cover
 Underground Fire pipe minimum depth
90cm 80cm
120cm

• B. Pipe dimension :
Steel pipe
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.6.3.2

• B. Pipe dimension cont. :
copper pipe

• C. Joining methods :
Threaded pipe & fittings Welded pipe & fittings
Groove joining method (Victaulic coupling) Brazed & soldered

• C. Joining methods cont. :
Remarks :
 Threaded joints (a) :
I. Thread joining permitted for schedule 40 for sizes less than 8 in.
II. Thread joining permitted for schedule 30 for sizes 8 in. and larger.
 Applicable threaded joints for size ≤ 2 in. , welding or flanged and

grooved for sizes > 2 in.
 Pipe bending (b) :

I. For schedule 40 and copper tubing
For 2 in. and smaller radius of bend ≥ 6 pipe diameter
For 2 ½ in. and larger radius of bend ≥ 5 pipe diameter
II. For other steel pipes
For all sizes radius of bend ≥ 12 pipe diameter
 Galvanized pipe shall not be bent or welded.

Fire Fighting Tech. For You a. Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.5
b. Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3.7.9
• D. Hangers
Requirements :
A) Support 5 times the weight of water
-filled pipe + 114kg.
B) Hangers component shall be

ferrous.
C) Hangers shall not be fastened to

gypsum ceiling or other soft material.
D)Distance between hanger and center of

upright sprinkler > 76 mm to not to be an
obstruction.
Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.1

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.2.3.3
• D. Hangers cont. (Trapeze)
A shared support structure is a hanger or support designed for use by multiple
systems. Commonly, this is a trapeze that is arranged to support many lines,
such as chilled water lines, conduits, piping, or ductwork. With some building
structures, these shared supports are the most efficient way to support the
gravitational load of systems installed in the building.

• D. Hangers cont. (Trapeze)

• D. Hangers cont. (Rod sizes)

• D. Hangers cont. (Fasteners in concrete)
Horizontal vertical  Post-installed anchors shall be
installed in horizontal position.
 May be installed in vertical under

one of below condition:
A. When concrete having gravel&

can support 4in or less in diameter.
B. When alternated with hangers
connected directly to structural
members such that trusses or side
of beams.
C. When spaced not more than 3m
apart (for ≥ 4in).

• D. Hangers cont. (Fasteners in concrete cont.)
Powder driven studs:
• Representative samples of concrete into
which studs are to be driven shall be
tested to determine that the studs will
hold a minimum load of (341 kg) for 2
in. or smaller pipe ; (454 kg) for 2 1/2
in. , 3 in. pipe ; and (545 kg) for 4 in.
• Holes for bolts ≥ Bolt diameter+1.6 mm
• Bolts shall be provided with flat washer
& nut.

• D. Hangers cont. (Fasteners in steel)
• Welding studs or other hanger parts shall
not attached by welding with steel have
thickness < 2.78 mm.
• Holes for bolts ≥ Bolt diameter+1.6 mm
• Bolts shall be provided with flat washer
& nut.

• D. Hangers cont. (location of hangers)

• D. Hangers cont. (location of hangers cont.)
Requirements :

• D. Hangers cont. (location of hangers cont.)
Hanger supported on I-beam Unobstructed armover to up sp.
(A) Flexible sprinkler hose fitting

Riser supported with pipe clamp (Unobstructed armover < 1.8m)
Fire Fighting Tech. For You (A) Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.2.1.3.3
• SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES :
1) Wet system

• SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
1) Wet system cont.
• A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping

system contains water and connected to water supply so that water
discharge immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from afire.
• Generally used wherever there is no danger of the water in the pipes

freezing and no special conditions requiring one of other systems.
• Areas such as hotels , offices , hospitals …. etc.

2) Dry system

2) Dry system cont.
• A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping

system contains air or nitrogen under pressure , when fire occur the
sprinkler open making air release so the pressure of water can open the dry
valve and out through opened sprinklers.
• Generally used wherever there is danger of the water in the pipes freezing.
(where temperature reaches below 40 0F (4.4 0C) )
• Areas subject to freezing such as parking garages , coolers , freezers ..etc.
• Gridded dry pipe system shall not be installed.
• Dry valve shall maintained at temperature ≥ 4 0C

2) Dry system cont.
• Time needed to deliver water & most remote sprinkler
1. Time of water delivery don’t apply for systems ≤ 500 gallon.

2. Time of water delivery don’t apply for systems ≤ 750 gallon with accelerator.
3. For dwelling unit water delivery time ≤ 15 sec (don’t apply EXH. 1 or 2)
4. We can use accelerator valve to reach required time.
5. *Design area must be increase by 30% of wet system without changes in
density.

 *Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 11.2.3.2.5

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INTRODUCTION (1st Edition)

Eng / Ali Hassan Mohamed

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Passive fire Active fire

Fire detection Fire fighting &

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire fighting system Fire fighters

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

*OXYGEN (14-16% at least to start combustion)

Fire Fighting Tech. For You *Refer to NFPA 921-2001ed-sec 3.1.1.2

 The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component, the chemical

Cut fuel supply or

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

1. cheap & available.

specific heat (Cp ) Latent heat of vaporization

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

The Loss Prevention Germany approval

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and

Fire Fighting Tech. For You *Refer to NFPA 10-2010ed-sec 5.2

3. EGYPTIAN CODE: ‫الكود المصرى للحريق‬-

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

WATER BASED WATER BASED

SPRINKLER FIRE HOSE FIRE FIRE

CLOSED HEAD OPEN HEAD LOW

PREACTION WATER MIST

Combined dry &

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

6) How to use codes to get design data.

7) How to use calculation software (ELITE) for hydraulic calculation.

8) Full design (drawing & calculation) for project.

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Rivers & lakes Fire pumps

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Hangers & supports

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Pressure Switch Flow switches

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Pressure Relief Valves Control Panels

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Monitors Foam generator , Foam chambers

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 5.1

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.2

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.3

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.3

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.3

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.4

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.4

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

Fire Fighting Tech. For You  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

When RTI = 50 (ms)0.5 fast response