Psychology
Psychology
Psychology
infancy period to adulthood. It is refers to the activity of raising a child rather than the
biological relationship.
the development of children’s social and instrumental competence since at least the
1920s. One of the most robust approaches to this area is the study of what has been
specific behaviors that work individually and together to influence child outcomes. If
parents have a good parenting style then its child fortune, although specific parenting
Many writers have noted that specific parenting practices are less important in
predicting child well-being than is the broad pattern of parenting. Most researchers
who attempt to describe this broad parental-milieu rely on Diana Baumrind’s concept
of parenting style.
PARENTING STYLE
parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Two points
other words, the parenting style typology Baumrind developed should not be
control. Although parents may differ in how they try to control or socialize their
children and the extent to which they do so, it is assumed that the primary role of all
parents is to influence, teach, and control their children in all respect because the first
ELEMENTS
For parenting style we can categorize parents according to whether they are
parenting styles.
• Indulgent
• Authoritarian
• Authoritative
• Uninvolved
(Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Each of these parenting styles reflects different
• Indulgent parents
demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior,
their children’s and give them space". Indulgent parents may be further divided
into two types: democratic parents, who, though lenient, are more conscientious,
• Authoritarian parents
Are highly demanding and directive, but not responsive. "They are obedience-
use of power, that type of parents are usually good parents and authoritarian-
directive, who are highly intrusive, that type of parents didn’t allow their
• Authoritative parents
Are both demanding and responsive. "They monitor and impart clear standards for
their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their
disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to
This type of parents allow their children to do any thing but not allow such thing
• Uninvolved parents
although most parents of this type fall within the normal range. This type of parents
are usually not interested in any activity of their children what ever they are doing
and demandingness, each parenting style is more than and different from the sum of
demandingness, the parenting styles also differ in the extent to which they are
psychological and emotional development of the child" (Barber, 1996) through use of
authoritative parents placing high demands on their children and expect their children
to behave the same and obey parental rules. Authoritarian parents, however, also
expect their children to accept their judgments, predictions, decisions, and goal
give and take with their children and make greater use of explanations excuses. Thus,
although authoritative and authoritarian parents are equally high in behavioral control,
Parenting style has been found to predict child well-being in the domains of social
problem behavior. Research based on parent interviews, child reports, and parent
• Children and adolescents whose parents are authoritative rate themselves and
oriented and competent than those whose parents are non authoritative and
Children and adolescents whose parents are uninvolved perform most poorly
in all domains due to the lack of interest of their parents (Baumrind, 1991;
school and be uninvolved in problem behavior, but they have poorer social
depression.
perform not so good in school, but they have higher self-esteem, bold, confident
having better social skills, and lower levels of depression. (Baumrind, 1991;
It is hard to make a single or definite parenting style for every child and parent
because every family and child is different from one another and having different
mental level. What may be right for one family or one child may not be suitable
for another. Authoritative and permissive (indulgent) parenting styles are the
• Attachment parenting
of the child.
• Historic Developmental
ever more complex opportunities for parental teaching and child mastery of the
widest possible number of essential skills and knowledge is presented. The child
From the initial highly dependent relationship with parents and direct community
support, high levels of independence are attained seamlessly while special skills
and abilities of the child have emerged in a manner relevant to successful adult
with protection from their parents, in that type of enjoinment children learn more
The percentage of children being raised by single parents has been remain
same since the last 20 years but it remains nearly double the rate of 1970.
Obstacles which create difficulty for single parents relate primarily to a halving of
become less through out dramatically opportunities to present and process adult
male and female roles, responsibilities, and skills to children is reduced; sharing of
house works like dusting cleaning and maintenance ,with another adult is
despite differences is reduced; both boys and girls will lack the cooperative
presentation of adult male and adult female points of view regarding socialization
fundamentals.
• Slow parenting
It Encourages parents to plan and organize not more for their children, instead
allowing them to enjoy their childhood and doing thing at their own way and
survive and thrive in a harsh world and this personality always says everything
his or her parents make, particularly choices linked to their lifestyle. The health
and diet decisions of the mother can have either a positive or negative impact on
the child during prenatal parenting. Many people believe that parenting begins
with birth, but the mother begins raising and nurturing a child well before birth.
Scientific evidence indicates that from the fifth month on, the unborn baby is able
Several studies show evidence that the unborn baby can become familiar with his
or her parents' voices. Other research indicates that by the seventh month, external
schedule cues influence the unborn baby's sleep habits. Based on this evidence,
parenting actually begins well before birth. Depending on how many children the
mother carries also determines the amount of care needed during prenatal and
post-natal periods.
parenthood begin. A newborn's basic needs are food, sleep, comfort and cleaning
which the parent provides. An infant's only form of communication is crying, and
attentive parents will begin to recognize different types of crying which represent
young infants require feedings every few hours which is disruptive to adult sleep
Gentle rocking back and forth often calms a crying infant, as do massages and
form and conduct relationships throughout life. Attachment is not the same as love
behaviors tend to develop between the age of 6 months and 3 years. A lack of
showing the child how to do things rather than just doing things for them, and the
child will often mimic the parents. Toddlers need help to build their vocabulary,
increase their communications skills, and manage their emotions. Toddlers will
also begin to understand social etiquette such as being polite and taking turns.
Toddlers are very curious about the world around them and eager to explore it.
They seek greater independence and responsibility and may become frustrated
when things do not go they way they want or expect. Tantrums begin at this stage,
which is sometimes referred to as the 'Terrible Twos’. Tantrums are often caused
by the child's frustration over the particular situation, sometimes simply not being
able to communicate properly. Parents of toddlers are expected to help guide and
teach the child, establish basic routines (such as washing hands before meals,
brushing teeth before bed), and increase the child's responsibilities. Until infants
learn to walk, between 10 and 14 months, they are carried in the arms, held in
Younger children are becoming more independent and are beginning to build
friendships. They are able to reason and can make their own decisions given
hypothetical situations. Young children demand constant attention, but will learn
how to deal with boredom and be able to play independently. They also enjoy
helping and feeling useful and able. Parents may assist their child by encouraging
social interactions and modeling proper social behaviors. A large part of learning
in the early years comes from being involved in activities and household duties.
Parents who observe their children in play or join with them in child-driven play
have the opportunity to glimpse into their children’s world, learn to communicate
more effectively with their children and are given another setting to offer gentle,
nurturing guidance. Parents are also teaching their children health, hygiene, and
eating habits through instruction and by example. Parents are expected to make
decisions about their child's education. Parenting styles in this area diverge greatly
at this stage with some parents becoming heavily involved in arranging organized
activities and early learning programs. Other parents choose to let the child
develop with few organized activities. Children begin to learn responsibility, and
small allowance that increases with age to help teach children the value of money
and how to be responsible with it. Parents who are consistent and fair with their
discipline, who openly communicate and offer explanations to their children, and
who do not neglect the needs of their children in some way often find they have
During adolescence children are beginning to form their identity and are testing
and developing the interpersonal and occupational roles that they will assume as
adults. Although adolescents look to peers and adults outside of the family for
guidance and models for how to behave, parents remain influential in their
development. Parents often feel isolated and alone in parenting adolescents, but
they should still make efforts to be aware of their adolescent’s activities, provide
guidance, direction, and consultation. Adolescence can be a time of high risk for
children, where newfound freedoms can result in decisions that drastically open
up or close off life opportunities. Parental issues at this stage of parenting include
dealing with "rebellious" teenagers, who didn't know freedom while they were
smaller.
Young adults – as children become young adults their personalities show the result
adults make their independent life decisions about their education, work and
Middle age and old age – Parenting doesn't stop when children grow up and age.
Parents always remain to be parents for old children. Their relationship continues
developing if both parties want to keep it or improve. The parenting issues may
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