Dr.

Ellen Vincent

Sustainable Landscape
Design
Advanced Master Gardener Training
Columbia, SC
13July2016
 “Sustainability” in landscapes

• Is a relative concept.
• Is a shift in thinking and
practice.
• Is evolving.

• “They are still artificial

landscapes inserted into
highly disturbed site
environments and
maintained to meet the
expectations of owners and
occupants” (Cook &
VanDerZanden, 2011, p. 1).

Renee Byrd design Byrdlandscapedesign.com

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
http://www.byrdlandscapedesign.com/Landscape-Designs.html
Sustainable landscapes

• Ecologically more stable

• Require less inputs such as water, fertilizers
and pesticides

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/63936000/jpg/_63936019_ash_wildlife_624.jpg
Sustainable development-historic definition

United Nations World Commission on Our Common Future published in 1987

Environment and Development created Also known as The Brundtland Report
in 1983
Chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland, prime Claimed three components were essential
minister of Norway. to sustainable development: healthy
environment, economic development,
and social justice.
“Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
(1987, p. 8).

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Gro+Harlem+Brun
dtland&hl=en&client=firefox-
a&sa=G&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&biw=1920&bih=1010&gbv=2&tbm=isch&t
The World Commission on Environment and
bnid=aD7pIDJh3zFtTM:&imgrefurl=http://news.harvar Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford:
d.edu/gazette/2002/10.03/09- Oxford University Press
sph.html&docid=E1gzh9kXI7rbcM&w=450&h=295&ei
=YUJVTu2nJNOgtge73oWQAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx
=968&vpy=259&dur=1579&hovh=182&hovw=277&tx
=57&ty=122&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=191&start=0
&ndsp=68&ved=1t:429,r:17,s:0 Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons.
Sustainable development-historic definition

“Sustainable
development is
development that meets
the needs of the present Healthy
Environment
without compromising

Issue triad pyramid by Ellen Vincent

the ability of future
Sustainable
generations to meet their Development

own needs.” (1987, p. 8).

Economic
Social Justice
Development

Issue triad created by E. Vincent using Our common future (1987) pp.37-38
Sustainable Sites Initiative: 2009-present

ASLA American Lady Bird Johnson National

Society of Wildflower Center
Landscape University of Texas Botanic Garden
Architects Austin

Collaborators for Sustainable Sites Initiative

Sustainable Sites Initiative

2009-Sustainable Sites Initiative (SSI) is Intention is to have SSI incorporated into

piloting program as “case studies”. the LEED Green Building Rating System.
Focus is currently on:
-Design
-Construction
-Establishment
-Operations and maintenance
-Monitoring and innovation of new developments
Program is designed to evolve over time.

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
 Sustainable Sites Initiative: modern definition

“Sustainability is defined
as design, construction,
operations, and
maintenance practices
Design
that meet the needs of

Issue triad pyramid by Ellen Vincent

the present without
compromising the ability
of future generations to Sustainability

meet their own needs”

(p. 5).
Operations &
Construction
Maintenance

Sustainable Sites Initiative,(2009). The case for sustainable landscapes. Retrieved from:
http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/The%20Case%20for%20Sustainable%20Landscapes_2009.pdf
Sustainable Sites Initiative-resilient communities

2014: SITES v2 Rating System and Reference Guide

Sustainable landscapes create ecologically resilient communities better able to
withstand and recover from episodic floods, droughts, wildfires, and other
catastrophic events.
Program is designed to adapt over time.

http://www.sustainablesites.org/about
Sustainable Sites Initiative

2014-SITES v2 is negotiating with Green Over 30 Certified Sites.

Building Council to be part of LEED and
receive certification.
Focus is currently on:
-Resiliency
-Ecosystem services
-Human health
-Materials
-Soil & vegetation
-Water

2015-Sustainable SITES Initiative SITES® Program is designed to evolve over time.

is produced by Green Business
Certification Inc. (GBCI)

http://www.sustainablesites.org/certified-sites
http://www.sustainablesites.org/about
SSI levels of certification

Certification Level Points

SITES Certified 70-84 points earned

SITES Silver 85-99 points earned

SITES Gold 100-134 points earned

SITES Platinum 135+ points earned

http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/mizeman/assets_c/2014/05/LEED-Logo-thumb-250x258-15756.jpg
https://www.upbeat.com/images/blog/LEED_07312014.jpg
Sustainable landscapes initiative

• Alignment (cooperative communication) is

needed between design, installation, and
maintenance phases (p. 15).

Design
Installation Maintenance

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Absence of communication alignment

• “Maintenance is currently ongoing in the 99% of all

existing landscapes that were neither designed with
sustainability in mind nor constructed using sustainable
methods” (p. 12).

• “Maintenance contractors historically have been out of

the decision making process until the landscape is
completed” (p. 12).

• “They [maintenance contractors] inherit all of the

underlying problems associated with the site…” (p. 12).

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Absence of communication alignment

• Designed bed lines are altered by installation

professionals
• Plant selection is altered by installers due to availability
• Plants not suited to the area are called for in the design
• Soil is damaged due to compaction during construction
• Existing tree’s roots are damaged during construction
• An intended screen is pruned
• A layer is destroyed by limbing up a tree

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
 Absence of communication alignment

• Existing tree’s roots are damaged during construction

http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/gardimg/07420f5.jpg
http://vineandbranch.net/tree/images/pres/foundation.jpg

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Design intent

Aesthetics Form Ecosystem

Function benefits
Design intent

• Design intent is the designer’s vision for a site.

• This conventionally deals with (1) aesthetic
and (2) functional landscape goals.
• Sustainable design adds (3) ecosystems
services to the design intent (p. 18).

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Design intent

Aesthetics
 aesthetics

• adj. 1. concerned with beauty or the

appreciation of beauty. 2. sensitive to beauty.
■n. 1. philosophy of the beautiful, esp. in art.
2. set of principles of good taste and the
appreciation of beauty. (Oxford Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus,
2007, p. 14).

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mona+lisa&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&biw=1440&bih=707&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=DkvaxqVB7OmcJM:&imgrefurl=http://www.artnewsblog.com/famous-paintings/mona-
lisa/index.htm&docid=Nj3d4e0VsSi24M&w=386&h=600&ei=y1NaTtrlDuru0gHB2LmUCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=538&vpy=100&dur=2890&hovh=280&hovw=180&tx=89&ty=158&page=1&tbnh=166&tbnw=108&s
tart=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0
Design intent: Aesthetics

Rugged aesthetic
Berkeley Marina
Design intent: Aesthetics

Napa, CA
Design intent: Aesthetics

Rugged aesthetics

San Francisco Botanical Garden

Design intent: Aesthetics

Rugged aesthetics

San Francisco Botanical Garden

Design intent: Aesthetics: The High Line, NYC

Photo by Paulina Pena

Design intent: Aesthetics: The Sustainable Landscape
Demonstration Garden, Clemson University

Photo by Ellen Vincent

Design intent

Form
Function
Design intent: Function

• The design function affects how the landscape will be

used by employees, clients, customers, the public, or
homeowners (p. 21).
• Two major categories of function:
1. Size is appropriate for use and maintenance
– Falls Park in Greenville, SC hosting public events. Too many
people cause dead turf and trampled flower beds.
– Falls Park: Plenty of room for mowers and electric carts.
2. There are suitable access points and circulation
routes
• Rock Quarry Park in Greenville, SC has no truck access. Mowers are carried in by
hand.

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Design intent: Function (size and access)

Photos by Ellen Vincent

Falls Park, Greenville,
SC
Design intent: Function (size and access)

Rock Quarry Garden,

Greenville, SC
Poor access for
equipment
Photos by Ellen Vincent
Design intent: Function (size and access)

Arista vineyard

Truett Hurst Vineyard

 Design intent: Function (size and access)

Rock Quarry Garden,

Greenville, SC

Photos by Ellen Vincent

VML Vineyard
Design intent

Ecosystem
benefits
 Ecosystem defined

• Ecosystem is a complex set or relationships among:

Living resources + habitats + residents (p. 81)

• Living resources = plants + animals

• Environmental elements = water + soil
• Residents = people

• If one part of the ecosystem is damaged or disappears,

it has an impact on everything else (p.81).

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management.

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
http://www.fws.gov/invasives/volunteersTrainingModule/images/invasives/ecosystem.jpg
Ecosystems

• Healthy ecosystems are in balance

• Sustainable ecosystems contain biodiversity (p. 81)

Biodiversity (def.) “the sum total of the variety of life

and its interactions and can be subdivided into (1)
genetic diversity; (2) species diversity; and (3) ecological
or ecosystem diversity” (p. 81)
-defined by National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII)
– Ecological landscape design treats landscapes as ecosystems (p. 81).

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Ecosystem services

notes for Web location

Photo source: North American Butterfly Association (see
Photo by E. Vincent

12 ecosystem services identified by Sustainable Sites Initiative (p. 83)

Global climate regulation Erosion and sediment Waste decomposition and

control treatment
Local climate regulation Hazard mitigation Human health and well
being benefits
Air and water cleansing Pollination Food and renewable
nonfood products
Water supply and Habitat functions Cultural benefits
regulation
Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
http://www.hummingbirdsplus.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Ruby-Throated-Hummingbird.jpg
Design intent: Ecosystem benefits

• Ecosystem benefits are

the goods and services
provided by healthy
ecosystems
• Examples:
– Pollination of crops by
bees, bats, or birds
– Flood protection provided
by wetlands
– Filtration of air and water
by vegetation and soils (The
Case for Sustainable Landscapes, 2009, p.
6).

Allison Kelly
Sustainable Landscape Demonstration
Garden
Ecosystem benefits-historical work

Rachel Carson, (1907-1964) marine Silent Spring (1962) published two years
biologist, author before she died of cancer
Believed man was assaulting the
environment through excessive use of
insecticides (DDT) (p. 7).
“contamination of air, earth, rivers, and
sea with dangerous and even lethal
materials” –Carson 1962 (p. 6).
Work spurred creation of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA);
and spurred the ban on DDT and other
insecticides.
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Rachel+Carson&hl=en&client=firefox-
a&sa=G&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&biw=1920&bih=1010&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=5YnjENqAGFTFTM:&imgref
url=http://www.uncoverage.net/tag/rachel-
carson/&docid=dBrEfvzkQRUMlM&w=600&h=460&ei=vDxVTvLXIImDtgf8yICQAg&zoo
m=1&iact=hc&vpx=1158&vpy=126&dur=11106&hovh=197&hovw=256&tx=93&ty=138
&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=157&start=0&ndsp=73&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
 Ecosystem benefits-historical work

Rachel Carson, (1907-1964) marine Ellis Reid, 1st grader in NC

biologist, author

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Rachel+Carson&hl=en&client=firefox-
a&sa=G&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&biw=1920&bih=1010&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=5YnjENqAGFTFTM:&imgrefurl
=http://www.uncoverage.net/tag/rachel-
carson/&docid=dBrEfvzkQRUMlM&w=600&h=460&ei=vDxVTvLXIImDtgf8yICQAg&zoom=
1&iact=hc&vpx=1158&vpy=126&dur=11106&hovh=197&hovw=256&tx=93&ty=138&pag
e=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=157&start=0&ndsp=73&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0

Photo courtesy of Laurie Reid

Ecosystem benefits

- Not currently accounted for

in our economic calculations
(The Case for Sustainable Landscapes, 2009, p.6).
- Usually under-considered by
land use decision makers.
+ May be increased by using
healthy ecosystems as a

Photo by Ellen Vincent

model during development.
– See Biomimicry Institute ‘Ask
Nature’ Web page at
http://www.asknature.org/.
Ecosystem benefits

• Lady Bird Johnson

Photo by Ellen Vincent

Wildflower Center
Native Plant Database:
• http://www.wildflower
.org/plants/
Ecosystem benefits-Baptisia australis

http://www.nps.gov/plants/pubs/chesapeake/img/Herbaceous/Baptisia-australis-1-USFWS-.jpg
BENEFIT
• Use Other: Plant juice turns purple on exposure
and is a fair substitute for true indigo in making
blue dye.
Warning: Other plants in this genus are poisonous
if ingested, although no human fatalities have
been recorded. Sensitivity to a toxin varies with a
person’s age, weight, physical condition, and
individual susceptibility. Children are most
vulnerable because of their curiosity and small
size. Toxicity can vary in a plant according to
season, the plant’s different parts, and its stage of
growth; and plants can absorb toxic substances,
such as herbicides, pesticides, and pollutants
from the water, air, and soil. Baptisia australis Blue false indigo
Conspicuous Flowers: yes

VALUE TO BENEFICIAL INSECTS

• Special Value to Native Bees
Special Value to Bumble Bees
This information was provided by the Pollinator
Program at The Xerces Society for Invertebrate
Conservation.

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database

https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ECP
U
Ecosystem benefits-Echinacea purpurea

Photo by Walker Massey

BENEFIT
Use Wildlife: Echinacea spp. attract
butterflies and hummingbirds.
Conspicuous Flowers: yes
Nectar Source: yes
Deer Resistant: No

VALUE TO BENEFICIAL INSECTS:

• Special Value to Native Bees Echinacea purpurea Purple coneflower
This information was provided by the Sustainable Landscape Demonstration
Pollinator Program at The Xerces Society Garden, Clemson University
for Invertebrate Conservation.

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database

https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ECPU
Ecosystem benefits-Cercis canadensis

https://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=30110
BENEFIT
Use Food: Add flowers and flower buds to salads,
breads and pancakes. They have a slightly sour taste,
high in vitamin C. Young pods may be eaten raw,
boiled or sauteed. (Tull)
Use Other: Boiled in water, redbud twigs produce a
yellow dye. (Kershaw)
Conspicuous Flowers: yes
Fragrant Flowers: yes
Attracts: Birds
Deer Resistant: Moderate

VALUE TO BENEFICIAL INSECTS

Special Value to Native Bees
Special Value to Bumble Bees
Provides Nesting Materials/Structure for Native Bees Cercis canadensis Eastern redbud

This information was provided by the Pollinator

Program at The Xerces Society for Invertebrate
Conservation.

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database

https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ECPU
Ecosystem benefits-Magnolia virginiana

https://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=33544
BENEFIT
Use Ornamental: Attractive, aromatic,
showy, blooms are ornamental
Use Wildlife: Very low. Nectar-moths,
Nectar-beetles
Conspicuous Flowers: yes
Fragrant Flowers: yes
Attracts: Birds

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF NORTH

AMERICA (BAMONA)
Sweetbay silkmoth (Callosamia securifera) Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay magnolia

Laval host

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database

https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ECPU
Ecosystem benefits-Nyssa sylvatica

https://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=35398
BENEFIT
Use Ornamental: Shade tree, Fall
conspicuous, Bog or pond area, Water
garden
Use Wildlife: Substrate-insectivorous
birds, Fruit-birds, Fruit-mammals, Browse,
Nectar-bees
Attracts: Birds

VALUE TO BENEFICIAL INSECTS

Special Value to Honey Bees
Nyssa sylvatica Blackgum
This information was provided by the
Pollinator Program at The Xerces Society
for Invertebrate Conservation.
N. sylvatica
‘Wildfire’
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
Native Plant Database
https://www.wildflower.org/plants/res
ult.php?id_plant=ECPU
http://www.saundersbrothers.com/_ccLib/image/plants/DETA-591.jpg
Ecosystem benefits-Taxodium distichum
Taxodium distichum
Bald cypress
Benefit
Use Ornamental: Fall conspicuous, Long-living,
Attractive
Use Wildlife: Cover, Nesting site, Substrate-

Photo by E. Vincent
insectivorous birds, Seeds-granivorous birds,
Seeds-Small mammals
Interesting Foliage: yes
Attracts: Birds
Deer Resistant: Moderate

Tree is a larval host and/or nectar source for:

Baldcypress sphinx (Isoparce cupressi)

http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/Isoparcecupres
siJuly18Alabamadb.jpg

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=TADI2
Native plant design: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Photo by E. Vincent
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Austin, TX
Native plant design: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Photo by E. Vincent
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Austin, TX
Native plant design: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Photo by E. Vincent
Photo by E. Vincent
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Austin, TX
Group discussion

• What is your opinion regarding using native

plants now?
• What was your opinion about using native
plants 10 years ago?
• Do you have a favorite native plant?
Sustainable design

Right plant right place

• Objective is to create or preserve a plant
community that needs minimal inputs of:
1. water
2. fertilizer
3. pesticides
4. maintenance as plants mature (become
established) (p. 19).

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sustainable design

• Identify and plan for what is already there.

Enrich and enhance.

• Restore existing habitats that will be damaged

during construction.

• Create new habitats where possible and provide

linkages between new and existing habitats-both
on site and with surrounding areas (p. 19).

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Site analysis: Identify what is already there

Ian McHarg (1920-2001) landscape Design with Nature (1969)

architect/urban planner at University of
PA focused on the built environment
Promoted careful site analysis to avoid
destruction of natural ecosystems and yet
allow for recreation and tourism (p. 8).
Work contributed to the development of
geographic information systems (GIS)

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=ian+mcharg&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-
a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&gbv=2&biw=1920&bih=1010&tbm=isch&tbnid=BkVVtNk0JgitzM:&imgrefurl=http:/
/www.upenn.edu/almanac/between/McHarg.html&docid=rpAkY9mJ4EKyOM&w=135&h=224
&ei=tT5VToL7C9Kgtgeip-
iPAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=554&vpy=139&dur=374&hovh=126&hovw=86&tx=94&ty=97&pa
ge=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=86&start=0&ndsp=76&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Site analysis: Identify what is already there

Item Location(s)
Soil type: physical, chemical, and Soil analysis at University or private
biological laboratory

Seasonal precipitation (monthly plus Normal monthly precipitation at NOAA:

annual precipitation) http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/nr
mlprcp.html
Clemson:
http://www.clemson.edu/extension/irrigation/irrig_m
gmt/precip_amnts.html
Sun and shade pattern change during day, On site observations
during growing season, and over lifetime
of landscape
Microclimates (wind, shade, and sun On site observations
exposure, and humidity) in a small area
within landscape
Culturally important items On site observations; user interviews;
search local publications

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sustainable landscapes: Use what is already there

• Use existing site

topography (p, 31)
• Minimize grading
with terraces
• Design a dry river bed
to temporarily guide
and hold water

Photo by Ellen Vincent

during a rain event.

Dry stream bed by Bob Vickery

The Planter’s Touch
Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
 Sustainable design: Use what is already there

• Use existing hardscape

(p. 32).

• Brick, concrete and

stone can be reused for
patios, walkways, and

Photo by Ellen Vincent

driveways.
• Add to existing
hardscape (p. 32)
• Avoid transporting “Detroiter “office used by Stoner
debris and depositing in Landscape

landfill.

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sustainable design: Use what is already there

Photo by Ellen Vincent

Crushed glass mulch at Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
 Sustainable design: Use what is already there

• Use existing plants (p, 32).

• The oldest trees may
not be able to
withstand construction
impacts while younger

Photo by Ellen Vincent

trees have more
recuperative power.
• Protection must be
mandated for existing
Seabrook Island, SC
plant material. (p. 32)

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Identify culturally significant items: Trees of merit

Angel
Oak on
John’s
Island,

Photo by Ellen Vincent

SC

Preserving older trees of significance must take priority

Sustainable design-linkages for communities

Mid 1800s Frederick Law Olmsted (1822- Developed plans for Central Park and
1903) and Calvin Vaux (1824-1905) Prospect Park in NY City.
Olmsted is the “Father of landscape Believed that cities were stressful and
architecture” (p. 2). that nature (parks) were therapeutic.
Created “natural” landscapes that were
highly manufactured.
Created Boston’s ‘Emerald Necklace’ and
Olmsted led Biltmore Estate landscape
plan.

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Olmsted+and+Vaux&num=10&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&gbv=2&biw=1920&bih=1010&tbm=isch&tbnid=2oobvCJWzzMtUM:&imgrefurl=http://www.prospectpark.org/about/history/architects&docid=6N84G5aTRXQCIM&w=500&h=250&ei=k
DZVTpybMYXBtgfFpPCPAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=150&vpy=111&dur=2983&hovh=159&hovw=318&tx=130&ty=109&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=89&tbnw=177&start=0&ndsp=64&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

Cook, T. W. & VanDerZanden, A. (2011). Sustainable landscape management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Linkages-Emerald Necklace Boston by Olmsted

https://www.asla.org/guide/site.aspx?id=40785

https://www.asla.org/guide/site.aspx?id=40785
The Emerald Necklace today 1,100-acre chain of green spaces connecting the
Boston and the 1837 Public Garden to five parks and an arboretum designed by
Olmsted, which are linked by parkways and waterways: The Arnold Arboretum
(1872), Back Bay Fens (1878), Franklin Park (1881), The Riverway (1892),
Olmsted Park (1892), and Jamaica Pond (1892).
Linkages-Central Park NYC by Olmsted & Vaux

http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/olmsted-parks
Olmsted & Vaux's original Greensward Plan from 1858 for 778 acres.
Sustainable landscape design

• Search for sustainable strategies has begun.

• Techniques are evolving.

The High
Line, NYC
by Piet
Oedolf

https://s3.amazonaws.com/production.assets.thehighline.org/page_panels/
page_panels_template_c_1436827712.jpg
Group discussion

• What does your favorite landscape/garden

link to?
Global feedback loop

• Human behavior and

decisions are part of the
global feedback loop.
• What people do affects
the health and well-being
of the planet;
• Which in turn affects

rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov
human health and well-
being (physical, mental,
economic, and social) (The
Case for Sustainable Landscapes, 2009, p. 6).
Earth from GOES-8
Ellen Vincent, Ph.D.
Environmental Landscape Specialist

ISA Certified Arborist

Horticulture Program
Plant & Environmental Sciences Department
173 Poole Agricultural Center
Box 340310
Clemson, SC 29634-0310

864.656.1342 (office)
803. 243.8888 (cell)
864.656.4960 (FAX)
ellenav@clemson.edu