Biology Worksheet 1

A potometer is used to measure water uptake by a plant. Fig. 2.1 shows the stem
and flower of a plant in a potometer. As water is taken up, the bubble moves in the
direction shown.

(a) Name the parts A, B, C and D in Fig. 2.1.

A Petal _

B _ Sepal _

C _ Lamina _

D _ Vein _ [4]

(b) Describe the pathway taken by water as it moves from the potometer,
through the plant stem and into the surrounding air.

_ Water enters into the xylem vessel to the leaves into the mesophyll cells. Water
evaporates from the mesophyll cell into the air pockets. The water vapour gets out through
the stomata and into the atmosphere. _ __
 (c) (i) In an experiment, the bubble moved a distance of 60 mm in 10

minutes. Calculate the average rate at which the bubble moved in

mm per min.

60
__

10

_ 6 _ mm per min
[1]

(ii) The experiment was repeated in an area of lower light intensity.

Predict and explain what would happen to the rate at which the bubble moved.

Prediction : Bubble movement reduces. _

Explanation : Rate of photosynthesis decreases which is why less water is required

thus less evaporation occurs. _ _

[3]

[Total: 11]
Biology Worksheet 2
1. Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through a human heart. The valves have not been shown.

(a) Identify structures A and B in Fig. 1.1

A _ Superior vena cava _
B_ Pulmonary vein [2]
 (b) Complete Fig. 1.1 by drawing the valves to show how they control the direction of blood
flow through the heart. [4]

(c) On Fig. 1.1, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow into, through and out of the
heart. [2]

Some people have a condition known as ‘a hole in the heart’. This allows a connection between
the left and right atrium at point X in Fig. 1.1. [2]

(d) Suggest two problems this might cause.

1. __The oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood will mix up _ _
2. __Body will receive less oxygenated blood _
3. __Reduced respiration rate, so the body will get less energy _ _
4. ____________Tiredness or weakness____________ _
5. _____________Breathing problem _
6. __________Heart has to work harder _ [Total: 10]
2.The diagram shows the human heart. The blood vessel labelled F may become narrowed as
shown.

(a) (i) Name blood vessel F.

_ Coronary Arteries __ _ [1]

(ii)Name the disease caused by the narrowing of this blood vessel.

_ Coronary Heart Disease _ [1]

(iii)State three factors that may lead to the narrowing of this blood vessel.
1. ___High intake of saturated fats _
2. _ Obesity _
3. _ Stress _[3]

(iv)Suggest and explain how a person might be affected by the disease caused by the
narrowing of blood vessel F.
It reduces the blood supply and the ability of the heart to pump will become lower
because the arteries get blocked, so the body will get less oxygen, so less respiration
takes place and the person will become tired. This might cause heart attack, angina or
atherosclerosis. [5]
or
_With less blood flow, your heart doesn't get the oxygen it needs, and that can cause
chest pain, called angina, especially when you exercise or do heavy labour. It also can
affect how well your heart pumps and make the rest of your body short on oxygen_[5]

(b) It is possible to treat the disease caused by the narrowing of blood vessel F, by carrying
out an operation.
In the operation :
• a balloon surrounded by a metal mesh is inserted into the blood vessel and inflated,
• The balloon is then deflated and removed, leaving the metal mesh in place.
Suggest the purpose of each of the following:

inflating the balloon,

The hollow metal mesh is compressed and wrapped around the balloon, when the balloon is
inflated and the metal mesh compresses the plague against the artery wall. This widens the
lumen of the blood vessel____________ _

leaving the hollow metal mesh in the blood vessel.

__So it maintains wider lumen and increases the blood flow._________________________[3]

[Total: 13]
3. Fig. 4.1 shows human blood containing pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms.

(a) (i) Name the liquid labelled Q in Fig. 4.1.

_ Plasma [1]

(ii) Name two mineral ions which may be found in liquid Q and, for each ion, state its
function in the body.

Ion 1 __Calcium__ Function _Formation of bones,teeth and blood clots__

Ion 2 __Iron_____ Function _______Formation of haemoglobin_______[3]

(b) On Fig. 4.1, label

(i) a white blood cell,
(ii) a red blood cell infected with the pathogenic organism. [2]

(c) The pathogenic organisms were introduced into the blood by a mosquito while feeding.
Suggest why the mosquito feeds from a capillary and not from an artery.
__Capillaries are one-cell thick.They are also near the skin surface and blood pressure is
lower. Arteries have thick muscular walls and are deep under the skin’s surface and blood
pressure is high, so mosquitoes feed from capillaries. __________
______________________________________________ [3]
4. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show transverse sections of two types of blood vessels.

(a) (i) Name the type of blood vessel shown in:

Fig. 1 _________Artery________
Fig. 2 _____Veins_____________ [2]

(b) Describe the differences in the structures shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 that helped you to
identify these blood vessels.
_____Arteries have thick muscular walls and narrow lumen. Veins have thin outer walls
and wider lumen____________________________________________________[2]

(c) The diagram below is of a simplified, incomplete longitudinal section from the type of
blood vessel shown in Fig. 2. The direction of blood flow is shown.

Complete the diagram by drawing one set of valves.

[2]
Describe the function of these valves.
____As blood is moving from lower region to upwards region and under low pressure, blood may
tend to move back. When blood tends to move back the valves closes and prevents the backflow
of blood_______________________________________________________________[2]

[Total: 8]
Biology Worksheet 3
1. (a) Describe the role of the cilia in the trachea.

_It moves mucus containing bacteria, pathogens and dust particles away from the lungs up the
bronchi and trachea into the pharynx from there we swallow it then enters into the oesophagus.
This prevents infections. _

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows components of the human gas exchange surface and an associated blood
vessel.

State the characteristics, and describe the roles, of each of the components shown in
Fig. 6.1. You should make reference to named structures in your answer.

__Exchange of o2 and co2 takes place by diffusion. There are numerous alveoli that
increase surface area to volume ratio .It is made up of one cell thick.It is covered by a
moist layer so that O2 can easily dissolve in the moisture and diffuse out. Blood capillary
is one cell thick. They join arteries with veins so that continuous flow of blood through
the blood capillary and froms the concentration gradient for diffusion of gases to take
place. In the blood when o2 diffuses out and enters into the blood capillary o2 combines
with hemoglobin and forms oxyhaemoglobin. Co2 is carried by plasma and then diffuses
out from the capillary._____________________ _________________________
 2. The diagrams show a model used to demonstrate the process of human breathing.
Diagram G shows the model after breathing in, and diagram H after breathing out

Fixed piece of wood = Backbone

Moveable piece of wood = Chest bone or sternum
From backbone line comes between ribs and ending at the chest bone = External intercostal
muscles
From chest bone line comes between the ribs and ending at the backbone = Internal intercostal
muscles

(a) (i) Name the structure in the human body represented by J in the model.

_________Rib_ _ _

(ii)Name the structure in the human body represented by the elastic band. State the
action of this structure during the process of breathing out.

Structure _______________External intercostal muscles__________________ ____

Action _______It relaxes and ribs moves inwards and downwards__________________

(b) Name a muscle that is used in human breathing, but is not represented in the model.
State the action of this muscle during the process of breathing out.

Muscle ______Diaphragram or Internal intercostal mucsles_______________

Action ______It relaxes and form dome shaped structure or It contracts and the ribs moves
down and inwards______________________________________________________

(c) Describe and explain the effect of increasing the volume of the thorax on the movement
of air during human breathing.

__Pressure reduces which is lower than the atmospheric pressure, air is getting into the lungs.
_ Pressure inside will reduce and atmospheric pressure becomes higher than inside the lungs ,
and air will get inside the lungs. _ _
 3. (a) State the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.

______Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy_ _ _

(b) Describe and explain the changes that occur in breathing and heartbeat as a
person climbs a mountain.

__As muscle contraction increases. More energy is needed, the rate of respiration is increased,
the person needs more oxygen, that's why breathing rate and heart beat increases to provide
more oxygen to the body. When respiration takes place, carbon dioxide is also produced at
fastest rate and is removed from the body.______________________________________
Biology Worksheet 4
(c) A second container was set up in exactly the same way except that a chemical that
slows down the rate of respiration was added to the water.
Suggest and explain the effect that this chemical would have on the rate of growth of the
plants

_Slower nitrogen uptake by active transport, so slower metabolic rate of plant. Proteins are
manufactured more slowly leading to a slower rate of growth. _
Physics Worksheet 1
1. A manometer can be used to find the pressure of a gas. The difference in the level of the
liquid in each side of the tube indicates the difference in pressure on the water surface at
A and the pressure of the gas on the water surface at B. (Assume atmospheric pressure is
100 kPa.).

a) What is the difference in pressure in Pa between A and B? Use g = 1O N/kg.

10cm = 10/100 = 0.1m

P = hpg
P = 1000 X 0.1 X 10
P = 1000 Pa

b) What is the pressure of the gas in tube C?

P = Atmospheric pressure + ph
P = 101325 + 1000
P = 102325 Pa

c) Describe what will happen when the gas is turned off and the pipe is removed from C.

Water level becomes equal on both sides because pressure is removed.

2. People working on the roofs of buildings often lay a ladder or plank of wood on the roof.
They walk on the ladder rather than the roof itself.

a) Explain why using a ladder or plank will help to prevent damage to the roof.

Walking on a ladder or plank allows transmission of the force to be uniformly distributed over a
large surface area. The greater area over a constant force will allow pressure to be reduced and
hence avoid damage.
b) A workman’s weight is 850 N, and each of his boots has an area of 210 cm2. Calculate
the maximum pressure under his feet when he is walking. Give your answer in pascals.

210 cm2 = 210/10 000

= 0.021m 2

P = F/A
P = 850 / 0.021
P = 40476 Pa

c) The workman lays a plank on the roof. The plank has an area of 0.3 m2 and a weight of
70 N. What is the maximum pressure under the plank when he is walking on it?

P = F/A
P = 850+70 / 0.3
P = 3067Pa

3. A rectangular block of metal measures 10 cm by 8 cm by 5 cm and has a mass of 2.6 kg.

a) How much does it weigh?

W = mg
W = 2.6 X 10
W = 26 N

b) Calculate the maximum and minimum pressure it will exert on a surface.

8 / 100 = 0.08 m
5 / 100 = 0.05 m
10 / 100 = 0.1 m

4. Look at the diagram below showing a small gas bubble in a glass of fizzy drink, like cola.

a) Copy the diagram and use eight arrows to shows how the pressure of the liquid acts
on the gas bubble.
b) Describe what happens to the bubble as it floats up towards the top of the drink and
explain the reason for your answer (assume that the amount of gas in the bubble does
not change as the bubble rises up through the cola).

When you open a bottle or can of fizzy drink, the pressure on the liquid suddenly gets smaller.
The drink can trap much less carbon dioxide at this pressure, so the extra gas stops being
dissolved and forms bubbles and rises up.

As the surface pressure is lower the bubble expands and moves up when the bubble bursts.
Physics Worksheet 2
1. A water tank has a rectangular base of dimensions 1.5 m by 1.2 m and contains 1440 kg of
water. Calculate the weight of the water and the pressure exerted by the water on the base of
the tank.

W = mg
W = 1440 X 10
W = 14400 N

A = 1.5 X 1.2
A = 1.8 m2

P=F/A
F=W
P = 14400 / 1.8
P = 8000 Pa

2. Figure shows two water tanks P and Q of different shapes. Both tanks are circular when
viewed from above. The tanks each contain the same volume of water. The depth of water in
both tanks is 1.4 m.

a) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. The pressures exerted by the water on the base of
the two tanks are equal. Calculate this pressure.

P = hpg
P = 1.4 X 1000 X 10
P = 14000 Pa

b)Equal small volumes of water are removed from each tank. State which tank, P or Q, now has
the greater water pressure on its base. Explain your answer.

Both, because the water pressure depends on the depth of the water.
3. Figure shows a side view of a large tank in a marine visitor attraction. The tank is 51 m long
and 20 m wide. The sea-water in the tank is 11 m deep and has a density of 1030 kg/m3

a)Calculate the mass of water in the tank.

p=m/v
m = pv
m = 1030 X ( 51 X 20 X 11 )
m = 11556600 kg

b)The pressure at point M, halfway down the large viewing panel, is 60 kPa more than
atmospheric pressure. Calculate the depth of M below the surface of the water.

P = hpg
60 000 = h X 1030 X 10
60 000 = 10300 h
h = 5.83 m

c) The viewing panel is 32.8 m wide and 8.3 m high. Calculate the outward force of the water on
the panel. Assume that the pressure at M is the average pressure on the whole panel.

P=F/A
60 000 = F / (32.8 X 8.3)
60 000 = F / 272.24
F = 60 000 X 272.24
F = 16334400 N
4. The figure shows two vertical tubes P and Q, each closed at the upper end. The pressure in
the space above the mercury meniscus in tube P is negligibly small. There is a small amount of air
in this space in the tube Q. The density of mercury is 13.6 x 10 kg/m3. The gravitational force
on a mass of 1.00kg is 10.0N. Determine

a) The atmospheric pressure, in Pa.

P = hpg
P = (75 / 100) X 13.6 x 103 X 10
P = 102000 Pa

b) The pressure, in Pa, exerted by the air in the space at the top of tube Q.

75 - 60 = 15 cm
P = hpg
P = (15 / 100) X 13.6 x 103 X 10
P = 2040 Pa
Physics Worksheet 3
1. A helium filled weather balloon is held at ground level. The volume of the balloon is
4800 m3 . The pressure of the helium is 98kPa. The balloon is released and rises to a
height where the volume of the balloon is 7200 m3.

a) Calculate the new pressure of the helium. Assume that the temperature stays constant.

P1 = 98000 Pa
P2 = 7200 Pa
V1 = 4800 m3
V2 = ?

P1V1 = P2V2
98000×4800 = 7200×V2
V2 =
9800 × 4800
7200
V2 = 65 333.3 Pa

b) Suggest why it may be necessary to release helium from the balloon as it rises even
higher.

As the balloon goes to higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure decreases thus the balloon’s
volume expands, so to prevent the balloon bursting helium must be released from the balloon.

2. Some water is poured onto a plastic table-top, forming a puddle. The same volume of
water is poured into a plastic dish, which is placed alongside the puddle. This is
illustrated in Figure below.

Both lots of water begin to evaporate.

a) In terms of the behavior of molecules, describe what happens during the process of
evaporation.

The molecules near the surface with higher kinetic energy break free and escape into the
atmosphere.

b) Explain why the puddle dries out more rapidly than the water in the dish.

The water in the puddle dries faster because it has more surface area than the water in the
dish so more molecules escape.
c) State two changes that would make both lots of water evaporate more rapidly.

1. Applying heat
2. Applying wind source

3. Figure below represents the path taken in air by a smoke particle, as seen in a Brownian
motion experiment. The smoke particles can be seen through a microscope, but the air
molecules cannot.

a) State what causes the smoke particles to move like this.

The bombardment or collision of the air molecules with the smoke particles.

b) What conclusions about air molecules can be drawn from this observation of the
smoke particles?

Brownian motion is evident and that all molecules are moving with high kinetic energy in random
directions.

4. A can, containing only air, has its lid tightly screwed on and is left in strong sunlight.

State what happens to the pressure of the air in the can when it gets hot? In terms of
molecules, explain your answer.

The pressure increases. The air molecules hit the walls of the container as the molecules move
faster when temperature increases so there will be more collisions with the walls of the
container.
Physics Worksheet 4
1. The temperature shown by a mercury-in-glass thermometer increases. Which of the following
is constant?
a) The density of the mercury
b) The internal energy of the mercury
c) The mass of the mercury
d) The volume of the mercury

2. What makes a liquid-in-glass thermometer sensitive to a small change of temperature?

a) A bulb with a thin glass wall
b) A shiny liquid in its bore
c) A stem with a thick glass wall
d) A very narrow bore

3. A liquid-in-glass thermometer contains mercury. Which of the following properties of

mercury varies with temperature, enabling the thermometer to operate?
a) Mass
b) Melting point
c) Resistance
d) Volume

4. The figure below shows the thermometer invented by Galileo.

a) Describe the working principle of this thermometer.

The air inside the flask expanded and contracted as the temperature rose and fell. This made
the level of the water in the tube change.

b) Mention two disadvantages of this thermometer.

1. This could only indicate changes in temperature over a narrow range.

2. Water evaporated from the reservoir.
5. The diagram shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer. At 0 °C, the length of the liquid
column is 2.0 cm. At 100 °C, the length of the liquid column is 22.0cm. What is the
length of the liquid column at 40°C?

lθ- l0
_________
θ= x 100

l100 - l0
lθ- 2
____________
40 = x 100
22 - 2

lθ- 2 = 40/5
lθ = 8 + 2
lθ= 10cm
Physics Worksheet 5
1. What is the property of both liquids and gases?
a) They always fill the containers.
b) They are incompressible
c) They can flow
d) They have molecules in fixed positions

2. A liquid is heated. Which statement is incorrect?

a) The molecules expand
b) The molecules gain energy
c) The molecules move further apart
d) The molecules move faster

3. Some gas is trapped in a closed container. The gas is cooled and the volume of the container is kept constant. What
happens to the gas molecules?
a) They collide with the walls more often
b) They contract
c) They get closer together
d) They move more slowly

4. Figure below shows a thermometer

a) Explain how to calibrate a thermometer.

With ice water. The ice-point is 0oC. Fill a container with ice water. Then put a thermometer in
the ice water and wait until the reading stays steady. Adjust the thermometer so it reads 0oC
by rotating the head until it reads 0oC.

b) i) The range of the thermometer in the figure above.

-10oC to 110oC

ii) State how you know that the scale of the thermometer in the figure above is linear

Each scale marking is an equal distance.

c) Figure below shows a thermometer which is more sensitive than the thermometer in the
figure above.

Only 0°C is marked in the new thermometer. Draw the new thermometer in your copy and draw
the temperature marking for 10°C and 20°C.
Physics Worksheet 6
1. A boy drops a ball of mass 0.5 kg from a height of 1.5 m and the ball bounce back to height of
only 1 m.
a) Calculate the energy lost during the bounce.
GPE = mgh
GPE = 0.5 X 10 X 1.5
GPE = 7.5 J
GPE = 0.5 X 10 X 1
GPE = 5J
Energy lost = 7.5 - 5 = 2.5 J
b) On the other occasion, the boy throws the ball down from a height of 1.5 m with an initial
kinetic energy of 10 J. If the energy lost during the bounce is 5 J. How high the ball will bounce
back?
Energy for the ball to bounce back = 10J - 5J = 5J
KE = mgh
5 = 0.5 X 10 X h
h=1m

2. An electric motor is used to raise a load that weighs 800 N through a distance of 30m.
a) How much work does it do in raising the load?

W = fd
W = 800 X 30
W = 24000 J

b) Calculate the power output of the motor if it takes 16 s to raise the load.

P = W/t
P = 24000/16
P = 1500 W

c) The motor is 75% efficient.

i) Explain what this means.

Input energy is not completely transformed into output energy.

ii) Calculate the electrical power that must be supplied to the motor to raise this load in the
time stated.

Efficiency =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
75% = 1500/input
Input = 2000 W

3. State the energy changes take place when

a) A cyclist rides down a hill without pedaling

Kinetic Energy

b) A cyclist pedals up a hill at constant speed

Chemical Energy

4. Figure shows part of the extension-load graph of a spring. The spring obeys the hooke's law
between A and B.

i) Complete the graph between A and B.

ii) State the name of the point B

Limit of proportionality.

iii) The spring has an initial length of 4 cm. An object hung on the spring and spring length
increase from 4 cm to 6 cm. Calculate the mass of the object.

F = kx
12 = k3
k=4
F = kx
F=4X2
F = 8N
F =mg
8 = m10
m = 0.8g
Chemistry Worksheet 1
1. Describe what happens when a Potassium atom becomes ionized

When a Potassium atom becomes ionized it loses one of its electrons and becomes a positive ion
(cation) with a charge of +1.

2. The arrangement of electrons in an atom can be represented by the Electronic structure and
Electronic configuration.
i) Write and draw the Electronic structure and Electronic configuration of Magnesium.

Electronic Structure :

Electronic Configuration : 2,8,2

ii) Write and draw the Electronic structure and Electronic configuration of Oxide.

Electronic Structure :

Electronic Configuration : [2, 8]2-

iii) Magnesium reacts with Oxygen to form an ionic compound. Draw a “dot and cross” diagram to
show the electronic structure of a Magnesium ion and of an Oxide ion. Include the charges on
the ions.
3. Copy and complete the following table:

NH4+ NO3- NH4NO3

2+ 3-
Ca PO 4 Ca3(PO4)2
+ 2-
K O K2O
+ 2-
Na CO 3 Na2CO3
2+ 2-
Cu SO 4 CuSO4

4. Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound. Solid Aluminium oxide is used as an electrical insulator.
Why does it not conduct electricity? Under what conditions would aluminium oxide conduct
electricity?

Solid aluminum oxide doesn’t conduct electricity because there are no free electrons to move
and conduct electricity. For aluminium oxide to conduct electricity it needs to be molten or in
aqueous state.

5. Elements W, X, Y and Z have the following electronic structures:

W 2, 7
X 2, 8, 6
Y 2, 8, 8
Z 2, 8, 8, 2

i) For each element, state whether it is a metal or a non-metal.

W = Non - metal
X = Non - metal
Y = Non - metal
Z = Metal

ii) Elements W and Z react together to form an ionic compound. Predict the likely formula of
this compound.

Z2+W-1 Ca2+ Cl-

= ZW2 = CaCl2

iii) Would you expect this compound to be soluble in water? Explain.

Yes. Because water attaches to the ion and loses the ionic bonds. This loses the giant lattice
structure. So the compound breaks down and dissolves in water.
Chemistry Worksheet 2
1. The uses of a substance are determined by its properties.

i) Why is aluminium a suitable material from which to make cooking utensils?

ii) Describe the bonding in a typical metal.

2. Diamond and Graphite are allotropes of the element Carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is soft
and is a good conductor of electricity.

i) Explain why graphite has these properties.

ii) Deduce the solubility of diamond in solvents. Explain why they behave in that way.

3. Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valence electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound Ammonia (NH3).
Chemistry Worksheet 3
1. How many moles are there in 585g of Magnesium Nitrate ?

2. What would be the mass of 75 dm3 of Carbon dioxide gas at r.t.p. ?

3. Calculate the mass of water in 49.6g of Na2CO3 . 10H2O

4. Find the volume in dm3 that is occupied by the 1.86 X 1024 atoms of Oxygen gas ?

5. Find the Empirical formula of a compound consisting of 48.6g of Carbon, 43.2g of Oxygen,
8.1g of Hydrogen.
6. Find the mass of Ammonium Chloride that must be added to 339 cm3 of a solution to prepare
a 0.15mol/dm3 solution?
conc (g/dm3) = conc(mol/dm3) X Mr
= 0.15 X [(1 X 14) + (1 X 4) + (1 X 35.5)]
= 7.995 g/dm3
conc (g/dm3) = mass / volume
mass = 7.995 X
339
1000
mass = 2.71 g