Socio Anthropology

Kalinga State University
Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Access to adequate as well as affordable power services
is a necessary condition for socio-economic development of a
society. In a community like Barangay Gaang where the major
economic activities is on agricultural sector, supply of
power, is of great significance in accelerating growth and
further development. It is also needed to promote other
economic activities for growth and livelihood development.
Most people, the community rather agrees that the
establishments of electricity have at least the potential to
improve quality of life as well as the living conditions of
the people living thereat.
Furthermore, it is universally accepted that
electrification enhances quality of life of individual as well
as a particular community, it also stimulates economy at a
broader level. The immediate benefit of electrification comes
through improved lighting, which promotes extended hours of
study and in turn contributes to better educational
achievements.
Moreover, electricity benefits the people of Barangay

Gaangin many ways including enhancing convenience of household
1
tasks, and providing a more efficient and convenience access

on communications.
Tasks are done much easier, faster and better with less
human errors that makes the life of the people more
comfortable. Electric gadgets such as radios and television
improve the access to up to date information.
Cellphones, laptop and other educational gadgets are also
in a little way help their children with their education
considering students of today’s generation follow the
footsteps of world modernization with new technologies and
changes that paved the way to new innovation for the
betterment of everybody living such as the world wide web and
the internet which became the way for faster and easier
reference for information and definitions that they would like
to learn for. A single click on the internet will provide them
the needed data or information that they want to know and
learn. Thus, the vast advancement and expansion of rural
electrification associated with rapid industrialization
continue to penetrate communities because of the changing
demand of the people and society itself.
2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BARANGAY GA-ANG

In the early times of the American regime, there exist a
small village occupied by some inhabitants in the upper parts
of Tanudan, the villager lived very happy near the Tanudan
river banks were they could easily catch fish for food. They
build their houses near to one another for purposes of easy
security from attaching enemies since tribal war is rampant
during the early days, according to interview from old folks,
the story of the place was said from generation to generation,
that on one occasion, the villager notice that one of the
community member was missing, they were looking for a week
long until they found him unconscious inside the forest, when
they interviewed him, he narrated his experience in the forest
saying he was taken away by a ghost or what they called
”LAGAYAN” in the Kalinga dialect, the incident happens
repeatedly were some of the victim was not found or recovered
Because of the fearful happening in the place, the
village eldest leaders called a meeting among the community
and decided on how to stop the ghost taking peoples out of the
village. The villager agreed to construct a long and deep
canal cutting across the identified passage way of the ghost
to prevent its entrance to the community, during the
3
construction of the canal an American citizen probably called
“SAPAO” happened to pass by and curiously asked the working
men of what they are doing, one of the men stood and
immediately saying that they are constructing a
“CAANG”(Kalinga translation for canal) to trapped the
kidnapping ghost, the American wrote in his diary about the
interview with the worker but he misheard the word “CAANG” as
“GAANG” the American fellow spread to other places he visited
that he came from a place where they are constructing a canal
or “caang” which in his diary was spelled as Ga-ang until then
the place was permanently called as Ga-ang which was accepted
by the community as the official named of the barangay.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE BARANGAY
4
Figure 1: Barangay Gaang and the hand drawn Ancestral

Domain Map of the community.
Barangay Ga-ang has three sitios namely Ga-ang proper,
Guron, and Magaogao as to ethno linguistic composition,
differentsubtribal individuals intermarried to the barangay.
The barangay nestles in between the TanudanRiver on the
east and is locked on the west by a wide rice fields/rice
terraces which limit. The expansion of the settlement area,
the houses are closely build in a congested cluster below the
rice terraces, the villagers are starting to convert rice
fields into housing lots.
This barangay is bounded on the south by barangay Dacalan
on the north by three barangays ofLubo, on the east by
barangay Pangol, on the west by the municipality of Tinglayan,
on the east side of the barangay stands on a very high
mountain (Mt. Tangob) so the sunlight would only be seen at
around 7:30 o’clock in the morning, on the west side of the
barangay is also block by another mountain (Mt.
Patokan/Patukan) causing early sunset.
Accesses to the barangay are foot trails connected to
barangay Dacalan,Lubo, Mt.Province, and the municipality of
5
Tinglayan. It is located approximately 6 kilometers away from
the Tanudan municipal hall situated at Banagao Poblacion
Tanudan.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
1. Total land area including areas of water
Barangay Ga-ang has a total land area of 17.48 square
kilometers or 1,748 hectares, the mountain ranges
including its slope are individually owned forest lands,
wood lots and communal bodies of water, namely Tanudan
river , Gaburao river, malinao stream, matabor stream,
malitbog stream, and allom stream which occupies a total
area of 5.4 hectares. (Source MTDP2005-2010)
2. Topography, slope, terrain and elevation
The topography of barangay Ga-ang is generally
rugged terrain compose mostly of hills and mountain
ranges with steep slopes, the barangay is situated
within the elevation ranging from 550 to 1962 meters
above sea level. (Source NAMRIA MAP)
3. Vegetation
6
Generally the barangay has good vegetation having
thick virgin forest which is rich with several assorted
tree, bamboo, rattan and grass species, some of the
mountains closer to the settlement area being
cultivated for kaingin were turned into cogonal lands
with shrubs and rono or tall grasses as vegetation,
these areas were converted as meadows and/ or pasture
lands, some of the areas were planted with coffee and
other permanent crops especially areas closer to the
streams.
4. Forestry/ Agroforestry
The barangay has a forest reserve of about 15% (262
hectares) of the total land area of the barangay
covered with originally grown trees of several species.
There are households who own and maintain “IMONG” which
they enriched with timber trees and fruit trees. IMONG
is a private owned land by single household or family
clans acquired through inheritance or bought.
2. CLIMATE
The prevailing climate of the barangay is categorized
under Type III classification of weather bureau relative dry
season occurs from the month of February until May while the
rest of the year is typified by heavy rainfall, especially
7
during the month of September and October. Typhoons usually
occur during the month of July to October, the coldest month
is November to February and the hottest is during the month
of April to May.
3. SOIL TYPES AND FERTILITY
The soil in the area belongs to the Antipolo Series,
mostly of dark yellowish brown color, soil texture varies
upon the slope landform and strata location, the surface
soils located along the valleys are of silty clay loam while
those of the higher portions are clayey. The subsoil appears
to be clayey. The soil permeability in the area is
relatively fertile with high organic content which would be
very favorable to the growth of tropical crops.(Source: MTDP
2005- 2010)
4. LAND SUITABILITY AND LAND USE
Based on the topography, elevation, soil depth and
fertility stops and climate of the barangay. The place is
generally suitable for growing tropical crops. It is
observed that the locality has rich soil and favorable
climate as manifested by the continuous production of rice,
vegetables, legumes, root crops and coffee. However it is
obvious that the rugged terrain and steep slopes of the
8
mountains do not favor large animals raising in range type
since it is prime to accident.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to find out the Socio-economic Impact of
Establishments of Electricity and Network among the people of
Barangay Ga-ang.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following
questions:
9
1. What are the different electrical gadgets/materials
they bought and used when electric was established?
2. What are the importance/implications of the different
technologies they are using to their life?
3. How does the establishment of electricity and network
benefited to the people of Barangay Gaang and the community?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of the study is to determine The
Socio-economic Impact of Establishments of Electricity and
Network among the people of Barangay Gaang, Tanudan, Kalinga.
Specifically it aims:
10
1. to find out the different impact of establishments of
electricity and network among the people of Barangay
Gaang along on :
a. The different electrical/technological gadgets they
bought and used when electric and network was
established, and
b. The relevant implications/importance of the
different technologies they are using to their
life.
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is of vital importance not just a mere
requirement or a requisite of our subject but rather a study
in which we explore more for the addition of our knowledge and
this will be a compiled paper to be the basis of the following
generation since this study also focuses on technology
11
development from this digital age, that encourages me to
pursue this research because the vast advancement and
expansion of technology not only affects the standard of
living of the people but also their environment where they
live.
Community: this will provide them better understanding
regarding the impact of electricity and different technology
innovations to their life and to their environment in order to
maintain balance or establish limitations.
Students: this will also serve as an avenue for them to
understand and appreciate the proper use of the different
technological gadgets such as; cellphones, laptop, computer as
well as the social media leading to self-awareness.
Educators: They will use the findings of this study in
enriching and integrating their lessons especially the
desirable values, proper orientations on the use of technology
resources and social media.
Future Researchers: Moreover, this will serve as an
impetus and foundation as well as baseline data to other
researcher or known as the future researcher who want to
venture related researches from their studies. As a member of
12
Tanudan tribe, the researcher findings serve as aninformative
knowledge to them regarding the significant contributions of
electricity and network. This study will also make him gain a
deeper appreciation and understanding about the way of life of
the people.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The center of this study is on the small community of
Barangay Gaang, Tanudan, Kalinga. The general focus of the
study was on “The Socio-economic Impact of establishments of
Electricity and Network among the People of Barangay Gaang.
13
However, the respondents of the said studyincluded the ninety
(90) electrifiedhousehold’s residence of the Barangay.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. The different
electrical/techno Textual
logical gadgets Analysis
they bought and Process in The Socio-
they are using economic Impact
Terms of
when electricity of establishments
and network was Interview of Electricity
established. and Network among
Documentation
2.The importance/ the People of
implications of Analysis Barangay Ga-ang.
the different
gadgets they
bought and are
using.
3. The benefits
they got/ earned
from the
electrical
materials/gadgets
they are using.
Figure 2: Conceptual Paradigm
Of the Study
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Community / Village: A given population of people
occupying a particular locality over a
specific period of time. They are
identified by a common border, usually the
14
majorities speak the same language and have
common cultural practices.
: A group of people who live in the same

area, or the area which they live.
: A group of people with common background
or shared interests within society.
Barangay : A small village, especiallywhen
considered as the smallest political unit.
Households : A social group, which resides in the
same compound, share the same meals, and
make joint or coordinated decisions over
resource allocation and income pooling.
: A group of people who live together in a

single/ one home.
Electricity : Energy created by moving charged

particles: a fundamental form of kinetic
or potential energy created by the free or
controlled movement of charged particles
such as electrons, positrons, and ions.
Electric light : a light made by electricity; the

illumination produced by electricity.
15
Electrification: the action or process of charging

something with electricity.
: The conversion of a machine or system to

the use of electrical power.
Modernity :the quality or condition of being modern.
Network : A group of interconnected (via cable

and/or wireless) computers and peripherals
that is capable of sharing software and
hardware resources between many users. The
Internet is a global network of networks.
: A system that enables users of telephones

or data communications lines to exchange
information over long distances by connecting
with each other through a system of routers,
servers, switches, and the like.
Technology Advancement:the generation of information or the

discovery of knowledge that advances the
understanding of scientific relations
ortechnology.
Power Supply :is a component that supplies power to at

least one electric load. Typically, it
converts one type ofelectrical power to
another, but it may also convert a a
different form of energy
Technological Gadgets:technological object (such as

a device or an appliance) that has a
particular function, but is often thought of
as a novelty.
16
Impact :the strong effect or influence that
something has on a situation orperson.
Socio-economic:relating to, or involving a combination

of social and economic factors.
CHATER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
To have a better understanding of the concepts pertaining
to the study, the researcher presented the following readings
which were reviewed from the different authorities.
Electricity was first introduced in the Philippines in
1890. In the decades that followed, private companies were
17
largely responsible for development and control of electricity
supply, while the government regulated installation. In 1936,
the National Power Corporation (NPC) was created to develop
the country’s hydroelectric resources. By 1969, out of a
total generating capacity of 1,750 megawatts (MW), the NPC
contributed 585 MW, the Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) (the
largest private supplier) provided 990 MW, and private
companies supplied the remaining 175 MW.
In 1960, the Philippine government declared total
electrification of the country as a national policy objective
and created the Electrification Administration (EA) to
implement it. To encourage private-sector participation, the
government awarded private companies franchises to set up
local distribution systems in rural areas. These private
companies sourced power either by generating their own or by
making bulk purchases from the NPC.
By 1969, the Electrification Administration (EA) had
helped to establish 217 small systems, each with fewer than
500 kilowatts (kW) of capacity, throughout the country.
However, technical and financial problems caused many of these
systems to shut down. Thus, by the early 1970s, only about
18% of the Philippine population had access to electricity.
18
Despite these early problems in implementing the total
electrification policy, new efforts were begun. A 1966 study
funded by the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) recommended that the country institute a
rural electrification program based on the REC model used in
the United States. As a result, two pilot projects aimed at
adapting the U.S. model to Philippine conditions were
initiated—one in northern Mindanao, known as the Misamis
Oriental Rural Electric Service Cooperative (MORESCO) and the
other on the island of Negros in central Visayas, and known as
Victorias Rural Electric Service Cooperative (VRESCO). With
the passage of the National Electrification Act in 1969, the
RECs were designated the country’s primary electricity
distribution system; and the NEA, which replaced the EA, was
set up as the implementing agency.
The second phase of the rural electrification program
planned for the establishment of 36 RECs, each covering a
franchise area of about 100,000 people. These RECs were to
act as self-governing distribution agencies operated by buying
bulk electricity from the NPC. The NEA was granted power to
establish and oversee the RECs, to make loans, acquire
physical property and franchise rights of existing suppliers,
and borrow funds to implement national electrification.
19
Involvement of local communities was a key element in the
planned rural electrification program. By using the
cooperative approach, the program could devolve management to
the local level, whereby local communities could actively
participate in the system. However, the Philippines had a
history of cooperative failures. During the 1950s, loans to
the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA) and water-user associations were
misused and went unpaid. Despite this poor record, the RECs
were viewed as the best way to distribute electricity to rural
areas.
The NEA defined the franchise area of each REC, paid for
the construction of the distribution network, and devolved
ownership to the RECs, which then assumed responsibility for
paying the costs of construction. The RECs were responsible
for running, maintaining, and expanding the local electricity
system. The tariffs they collected were to cover all
operational costs and loan repayments to the NEA.
During the 1970s, the rural electrification program
expanded quickly as a result of strong government support and
financial assistance from international banks and donor
agencies (Denton 1979). By 1980, 120 RECs had been
20
established, servicing more than one million customers. With
such rapid expansion, however, major problems soon emerged and
began to escalate. By the mid-1970s, the strict criteria
initially used to establish and operate the RECs were
abandoned. The RECs could now be established in non-viable
areas, were managed within a culture of political patronage
and political pressure, and were charged unrealistically low
tariffs, insufficient for covering their costs. Payment
collection levels were poor and electricity systems were
poorly maintained. Such problems continued and worsened
during the 1980s.
Concurrently, international-agency grants and loans
declined, and financial losses for both the NEA and the RECs
were substantial. Cooperative customers began to default on
their REC loans. In turn, failure of the RECs to repay their
NEA loans became widespread, with the average efficiency of
NEA collection declining to 36%. As a result, the NEA went
bankrupt in 1989. In response, the Philippine government and
the World Bank carried out a joint review of the rural
electrification program (World Bank 1989). This assessment
found that most RECs faced operational and financial
challenges. Only 22 (18.8%) of the 117 RECs were categorized
as well managed and commercially viable; 24 (20.5%) as within
21
reach of commercial viability; and the remaining 71 (60.7%) as
needing substantial remedial action or beyond rescue.
The World Bank report concluded that:
The problems are so pervasive that they cannot be
addressed by simple solutions; rather, the government will
need to implement an integrated program to revitalize the
sector. That program should have three essential components:
(a) a comprehensive restructuring of the sector’s core
institution, the National Electrification Administration; (b)
a broad program of institutional reform, featuring some
financial restructuring of the 117 Rural Electric Cooperatives
that are responsible for distributing electricity to smaller
urban centers, towns, villages and rural areas nationwide; and
(c) a thorough refocusing of operational practice and
investment priorities. (World Bank, 1989).
As a result of this review, the government and the NEA
introduced financial restructuring of the subsector,
institutional and policy reforms, and stricter accountability
for RECs. Major steps were taken to reorganize and de-
politicize the RECs. Nearly half of all REC general managers
were replaced; some RECs merged to become more viable
22
organizations; and, in 1990, a new tariff formula was
introduced to make the RECs more financially viable.
Despite such reforms, several RECs continue to face
financial and management problems. Privatization of the NPC
and the RECs are among the provisions in the Omnibus Bill
currently being deliberated in the legislature. These issues
have been under discussion for several years.
CHAPTER III
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design used, locale
and population of the study, data gathering procedure, the
instrument used, validity and reliability of the instrument,
treatment of data and statistically used.
Research Design
In order to obtain data regarding the Socio-economic
Impact of Establishments of Electricity and Network among the
people of Barangay Gaang, the qualitative survey method
23
through interviews that was used as a tool for gathering the
data needed. Descriptive formative method is an investigation
designed and conducted to describe the status of events and
people or subjects as they exist. In the descriptive method,
its principal aim is to describe the nature of situation as it
exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of a
particular phenomenon. Moreover, this method was used in his
attempt to assess the Socio-economic Impact of Establishments
of Electricity and Network at the same time to know how the
community perceive / respond on the latest trend of
electrification.
Furthermore, it serve as a guideline as to the gathering,
refining up to the outcome of this study.
Locale and Population of the Study
The study was conducted in Tanudan, particularly on
the small community of Barangay Gaang, wherein the key
informants/respondents of this study involved the ninety
residence of the said barangay.
Data Gathering Procedure
After the letter to the respondents was approved. The
researcher sought permission to conduct the interview to
24
different people from Tanudan who have a background knowledge
about the said study.
Research Instrument
The researcher made used of an open interview gathering
device which may be considered as oral type of questioning to
get the neededinformation from the respondents verbally and
directly. Camera for documentation is also used.
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
The data gathered are based from the result of the
interviews conducted by the researcher from the respondents.
Treatment of Data
The data gathered were analyzed using the conducted
interviews from the different respondents based from the
problems of the study.
25
CHAPTER IV
RESULSTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This chapter presents and interpret the findings of the
study on The Socio-economic Impact of Establishments of
Electricity and Network among the people of Barangay Gaang.
HOUSEHOLD APLIANCES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
1.refrigerator 4 4.44 5
2.rice cooker 6 6.67 4
3.television/ 12 13.33 2
DVD
4.computer/ 3 3.33 6
Desktop/laptop
5.cellphone/ 82 91.11 1
IPod/tablet
6.videoke/ 7 8 3
Component
7.washing machine 0 0 0
8.electric fan 12 13.33 2
9.portable rice mill 4 4.44 5
10.electric stove 26 2 2.22 7
11.others 2 2.22 7
FIGURE 3:The different electrical/ technological gadgets
that the people of barangay Gaang are using when electric was
established.
The study sought to investigate the uses of electricity
in the households and the community. At the household level,
the uses of electricity were limited to the household
electronic appliances that require power from electricity.
FIGURE 5: Relevant implications or importance of the
different technologies used by the residents of Barangay Gaang
ELECRICAL/TECHNOLOGICAL RELEVANT
GADGETS USED BY THE IMPLICATIONS/IMPORTANCE TO
RESPONDENTS THEIR LIFE
1. Refrigerator  Better food storage in
order to keep safe from
spoiling.
 Selling of frozen
goods, ice and soft
drinks.
2. rice cooker  Time saving
 You can cook without
using kerosene or
firewood.
3. television/DVD  A great source of
information and
entertainment for the
family.
 Updated to current
issues happening around
the world.
4. computer/laptop  By using the computer,
you can get the
information about
anything around the
27
world. You can watch

videos or any digital
productions.
 Through laptop or
computer, you can
communicate with other
people around the
world, you can do
online job, shopping
etc.
 You can use for
printing.
5. cellphones/ipod/tablet  Fast and convenience
communication access.
6. Videoke  Provide fun and
entertainment during
occasion or any social
gatherings.
7. washing machine
8. electric fan  Provide comfort for air
conditioning.
9. portable rice mill  Time saving
 Additional income
generating
equipment/machinery.
10. electric stove  time saving
 You can cook without
using kerosene even
firewood.
11. welding machine  Additional income
generating
equipment/machinery.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ESTABLISHMENTS OF ELECTRICITY AND
NETWORK AMONG THE PEOPLE OF BARANGAY GAANG
Electricity is one of the most important blessings that
science has given to mankind that paves way to modernization
and the continuous electrification of rural communities like
28
Barangay Gaang that benefits the community in many ways,
including the following:
a. Household Level
 Improved lightingof households and other government own
facilities.
 Extended hours of working most especially during night
time.
 Improved access to up to date information through
televisions, radios and the worldwide web or simply known
as the internet that can provide entertainment to the
families.
 Most economic and convenient access of communications by
the used of cellphones and the social media.
b. Education
 Longer/extended hours of studying of their children/
students at home.
 Used of electricity-dependent equipment or instructional
materials by teachers in delivering their lessons such
as, overhead projector, DVD, Laptop/personal computer,
etc.
 Computer classes have been established in the schools.
29
b. Income Productivity
Having electricity increases the likelihood that a
household will run a home business and affects the amount of
time spent running it. Most of these businesses are small,
involving small increases in income. The most common type is
the sari-sari store, which sells food items and other goods.
Even though these stores are small, the extra income can
significantly affect a family’s economic welfare. In addition,
when aggregated over the many households engaged in home
businesses, the benefits can be surprisingly large.
Additionalincome and business productivity from the
electric-dependent machineries like refrigerator (selling of
frozen ice, frozen fish and soft drinks), and portable rice
mill and etc.
30
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
From traditional to a modernized community, this is the
new definitions that the people from Barangay Gaang acclaimed
when electricity and network was established. The
establishments of electricity benefited the people as well as
the community in many ways such as improved lighting, that
enables the people to extend working during night hours and
even their children can concentrate to study their lessons,
and other take home activities from the school with a bright
light.In short, the presenceof electricity in a household
enhances the returns to education beyond the effects of having
electricity or having attained a certain level of education.
It also benefited the people through improving business and
farm productivity, enhancing convenience of household tasks,
and providing a more efficient form of household lighting.
Most people agree that the availability of electricity has at
least the potential to improve quality of life and increase
economic activity.
Furthermore, there’s an increase of the average annual
income of other residences who own some small business
enterprise (sari-sari store, computer shop, furniture,
31
welding) with the use of those electric-dependent machineries,
these includes refrigerator, potable rice mill and welding
machines. That also encourage others to put up their own
businesses.
On the other hand, the establishments of electricity also
brought improved crop productivity, with the used of
electricity for irrigation (water pump).The used of gas,
kerosene lamp and firewood for cooking is also being lessen.
It is clear that the majority of the people from the
community agrees that the establishments of electricity and
network has positive impact and improvements in their life as
well as greater development of the barangay.Hence, the
tremendous changes electricity broughtto the living and
lifestyle of the people and the community is also a challenge
for many negative consequences it may bring that might affect
their self and also the environment.
Conclusions
32
Based on the study the following conclusions were drawn
The establishments of Electricity and Network from the

small community of Barangay Gaang has multifaceted impacts and
benefitsboth direct and indirect such as the following:
Direct Impact
1. Improved lighting within households and other

government own facilities.
2. Technology modernization.
3. Improved health care services with the used of advanced
technology resources.
4. Reduces the need for candles and kerosene lamps.
5. Reduces the use of fire woods for cooking.
Indirect Impact
1. Extended hours of working for household chores and

businesses operation and other community activities.
2. More comfortable and extended hours of studying for the
students as well as their children.
3. Easier and fastest way of communications due to the
used of cellphones and social media.
4. Increase of income due to the used of electric-
dependent machineries/tools/equipment.
5. Emerging business opportunities.
6. Convenient access to current news and event happening
Worldwide through televisions and the worldwide web.
7. Improved home management, as well as the lifestyle of
the people living in the community.
Recommendations
33
1. Despite of having energy resources, the community should

maintain balance to its agricultural sector.
2. They should establish limitations with the used of the
technology resources.
3. The negative impact of the different electronic device
should be undertaken most especially to the children.
4. The proper used of social media should be accounted to
the youth as well as to their children.
DOCUMENTATIONS
34
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ESTABLISHMENTS OF ELECTRICITY AND

NETWORK AMONG THE PEOPLE OF BARANGAY GAANG
REFRIGERATOR AND
FREEZER
They used it as
storage for food,
frozen ice and
soft drinks for
selling.
35
TELEVISION
For relevant news and information, fun and entertainment.
Household with electricity uses satellite signal and Antenna
36
FLUORESCENT BULB
Used for household and street lighting that makes the
community safe and bright.
EXAMINATION LIGHT AND STERILIZING

EQUIPMENT
The establishments of electricity also improved health
services within the community with the use of advanced and
modernize equipment.
37
CELLULAR PHONES/CELLPHONE
RICE COOKER
ELECRIC FAN
38
REFERENCES
Anderson, Dennis. 1975.

Costs and Benefits of Rural Electrification:
A Case Study in ElSalvador.
Public Utilities Report No. 5, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Abdalla, S.M. 2005.

Rural Electrification in Kenya with Community Cooperatives
Engagement. PhD Thesis, Nairobi, University of Nairobi.
Abdullaha, S., and Markandya, A. 2007.

Rural electrification programs in Kenya: Policy conclusion
from a valuation study.
PhD Thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Agarwal S. Cabral, A., and Barnes, D. 2006.

Productive Uses of energy for Rural Development.
Annual Review of environment and Resources.
vol. 30. 117 144.
Barnes, Douglas. 1988.

Electric power for rural growth.
London: Westview Press.
Barnes, Douglas, and Hans Binswanger. 1986.

Rural Electrification and Agricultural Development.”
Economic and Political Weekly 21 pp. 26-34.
Barron, M and Torero, 2014.

Household Electrification: Short‐Term Effects with Long‐Term
Implications', mimeo, Department of Agricultural and
Resource Economics,
University of California, Berkeley.
Bekker, B, Eberhard, A, Gaunt, T and Marquard, 2007.

South Africa’s Electrification Program, an overview and
assessment', Graduate School of Business, Working Paper,
University of Cape Town.
Bernard, T 2012.
Impact Analysis of Rural Electrification Projects in Sub‐
Saharan Africa', World Bank
Research Observer,vol 27, no. 1, pp. 33‐51.
Brodman, Janice. 1982.
39
Rural Electrification and the Commercial Sector in

Indonesia.
Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future.
Epictetus, E.P. 2003.

An Analysis of the Philippine Electric Power Industry
Quezon City: UP, University Press
Newey, Whitney, and K. West. 1987.

A Simple Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and
Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix.
Econometrica55:703-08.
Pearce, David, and Michael Webb. 1985.

Economic Benefits of Electricity Supply.”
Energy Department Paper No. 25,
World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Peskin, Henry, and Douglas Barnes. 1994.

What Is the Value of Electricity for Poor Urban Consumers?
Background paper prepared for World Development Report,
World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Ranganathan, V., and T. V. Ramanayya. 1998.

Long-term Impact of Rural Electrification:
A Study in UP and MP.”
Economic and Political Weekly 33:3181-184.
Ross, J. E. 1972.
Cooperative rural electrification:
Case studies of pilot projects in Latin
America. New York: Praeger Press.
Shahidur, R. K., Douglas, F.B., Hussain, A. S. 2009.

Welfare Impacts of Rural Electrification:
A case Study in Bangladesh.
Policy Research Working Paper 4859
Saunders, J. J., Michael D. G.C., James E. R., 1975.

Rural electrification and development:
Social and economic impact in Costa Rica and
Colombia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Schramm, Gunter. 1993.
40
Rural electrification in LDCs as a tool for economic

development: Facts and fiction.
OPEC Review: An Energy Development Forum.
Vienna: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Shamannay, Unnayan. 1996.

A Socioeconomic Impact Evaluation of the Rural Electric
Program in Bangladesh. Report prepared for USAID.
Dhaka: United States Agency for International Development.
UNDP and ESMAP. 1995.

What Factors Make Rural Electrification Successful: Evidence
from Selected Case Studies? Power Development, Efficiency
and Household Fuels
Division, Industry and Energy Department,
World Bank, Washington: D.C.
Van der Plas, R., and A. B. de Graff. 1988.

A Comparison of Lamps for Domestic Lighting in Developing
Countries. Industry and Energy Department,
Energy Series No. 6, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Wasserman, Gary, and Alice Davenport. 1983.

Power to the People:
Rural Electrification Sector Summary Report.
Program Evaluation Report No. 11.
Washington, D.C.:United States Agency for International
Development.
World Bank. 1989.

Country background paper on the Philippines.
Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank.
1994.
Rural electrification in Asia: A review of Bank experience.
Operations EvaluationStudy No. 22.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
1999.
Poverty and social developments in Peru, 1994–1997.
A World Bank Country Study.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
APPENDICES
APENDIX A: A Letter Addressed to the Barangay Captain
41
Republic of the Philippines

College of Education
September 20, 2016
Hon. Severo G. Dalunag
Barangay Captain, Ga-angTanudan
Sir:
Greetings.
The undersigned is presently enrolled at the Kalinga

State University, College of Education. At present, he is
conducting a research entitled “Thë Socio-economic Impact of
Establishments of Electricity and Network among the People of
Barangay Gaang” in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Soc-Sci 125, Socio-cultural Studies.
In this regard, the researcher is seeking a permission to

conduct an interview regarding the said study to the barangay.
Anticipating for your favorable action.
Very truly yours,
MELCHOR G. DULLAO
Researcher
Noted by: Approved by:
SUSAN RUTH MUNDA-AWINGAN RHONDA VAIL G. LEYALEY Ph.D
Adviser CoEd Dean
APPENDIX B: Letter addressed to the respondents
Republic of the Philippines

College of Education
42

September 20, 2016
SIRS/MESDAMES:
Greetings.
The undersigned is presently enrolled at the Kalinga

State University, College of Education. At present, he is
conducting a research entitled “The Socio-economic Impact of
Establishments of Electricity and Network among the People of
Barangay Gaang” in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Soc-Sci 125, Socio-cultural Studies.
In this regard, the researcher is seeking a permission to

conduct an interview regarding the said study to you, key
informants.
Anticipating for your wholehearted cooperation.
Very truly yours,
MELCHOR G. DULLAO
Researcher
Noted by: Approved by:
SUSAN RUTH MUNDA-AWINGAN RHONDA VAIL G. LEYALEY Ph.D.
Adviser CoEd Dean
APPENDIX C: Questionnaire
Name _________________________________________________________
Family name First name MI
43
Permanent Address:___________________________________________
Barangay Municipality Province
Age: ____Gender:□ Male □ Female
Civil Status: □ Single □ Married
Religion: ___________ Nationality: □ Filipino□others_______
No. Of Children__________
Directions: Please put a check to the box provided before each
corresponding items.
1. What are the different electrical devices/gadgets you

bought and used when electric was established?
RELEVANT IMPLICATIONS/IMPORTANCE
□a. Refrigerator ________________________________
________________________________
□b. rice cooker ________________________________
________________________________
□c. television/DVD ________________________________
________________________________
□d. desktop/computer ________________________________
________________________________
□e. laptop ________________________________
________________________________
□f. videoke/components ________________________________
________________________________
□g. cell phone/iPod/tablet ________________________________
________________________________
□h. washing machine ________________________________
________________________________
□i. electric fan ________________________________
________________________________
□j. others, ________________________________
please specify___________ ________________________________
________________________________
B. What are the benefits you got/earned from the

establishments of electricity and network?
1.
2.
3.
44
4.
5.
C. How do you describe your family and your barangay two years
from now when electric and network was established?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CURRICULUM VITAE
45
Name: MelchorGa-
ayonDullao
Contact Number:
09068335928
Email Address:
dullaom@yahoo.com
Address: Purok 2, Bulanao,TabukCity,Kalinga
PERSONAL DATA
Place of Birth: GaangTanudan, Kalinga
Date of Birth: October 30, 1997
Parents:
Mother: Eliza Ga-ayonDullao
Father: Antonio A. Dullaojr.
Civil Status: single
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Gaang Elementary School
Secondary: Tanudan National High School
Tertiary: Kalinga State University
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social
Studies
46

Socio Anthropology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Socio Anthropology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Socio Anthropology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kalinga State University

Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Access to adequate as well as affordable power services

is a necessary condition for socio-economic development of a

society. In a community like Barangay Gaang where the major

economic activities is on agricultural sector, supply of

power, is of great significance in accelerating growth and

further development. It is also needed to promote other

economic activities for growth and livelihood development.

Most people, the community rather agrees that the

establishments of electricity have at least the potential to

improve quality of life as well as the living conditions of

the people living thereat.

Furthermore, it is universally accepted that

electrification enhances quality of life of individual as well

as a particular community, it also stimulates economy at a

broader level. The immediate benefit of electrification comes

through improved lighting, which promotes extended hours of

study and in turn contributes to better educational

Moreover, electricity benefits the people of Barangay

tasks, and providing a more efficient and convenience access

human errors that makes the life of the people more

comfortable. Electric gadgets such as radios and television

improve the access to up to date information.

Cellphones, laptop and other educational gadgets are also

in a little way help their children with their education

considering students of today’s generation follow the

footsteps of world modernization with new technologies and

changes that paved the way to new innovation for the

betterment of everybody living such as the world wide web and

reference for information and definitions that they would like

to learn for. A single click on the internet will provide them

the needed data or information that they want to know and

learn. Thus, the vast advancement and expansion of rural

electrification associated with rapid industrialization

continue to penetrate communities because of the changing

demand of the people and society itself.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BARANGAY GA-ANG

small village occupied by some inhabitants in the upper parts

of Tanudan, the villager lived very happy near the Tanudan

build their houses near to one another for purposes of easy

security from attaching enemies since tribal war is rampant

during the early days, according to interview from old folks,

the story of the place was said from generation to generation,

that on one occasion, the villager notice that one of the

community member was missing, they were looking for a week

they interviewed him, he narrated his experience in the forest

saying he was taken away by a ghost or what they called

”LAGAYAN” in the Kalinga dialect, the incident happens

repeatedly were some of the victim was not found or recovered

Because of the fearful happening in the place, the

village eldest leaders called a meeting among the community

village. The villager agreed to construct a long and deep

canal cutting across the identified passage way of the ghost

to prevent its entrance to the community, during the

construction of the canal an American citizen probably called

“SAPAO” happened to pass by and curiously asked the working

immediately saying that they are constructing a