Johnson Jerry Alan Chinese Medical Qigong Therapy Vol 5-141-160
Johnson Jerry Alan Chinese Medical Qigong Therapy Vol 5-141-160
Johnson Jerry Alan Chinese Medical Qigong Therapy Vol 5-141-160
112
CHAPTER 61: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR LUNG CANCER
side the body) that causes air to flow in through the respiratory passages with each normal breath;
the respiratory passages and fill the lungs. this amount is known as the tidal volume. Nearly
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION: EXHALATION 150 ml of this air remains within anatomical dead
Normal exhalation is a passive process that space of the respiratory passages, leaving about
takes place when the diaphragm and the muscles 350 ml that actually reaches the alveoli. During
of the rib cage relax. The passive recoil action of deep breathing, the amount of inhaled air can be
the elastic connective tissues surrounding and up to 3100 ml or more above the average tidal vol-
supporting the rib cage, in conjunction with the ume of 500 ml; this is known as the inspiratory
elastic qualities of the lung tissue itself, creates a reserve volume. Similarly, a forced exhalation can
positive internal pressure (relative to the atmo- expel an average of 1200 ml more air than the 500
spheric pressure outside the body) while gently ml released during a passive exhalation; this
pulling the thoracic cavity inwards; this causes the amount of exhaled air is known as the expiratory
lungs to expel air while contracting to return to reserve capacity. Even after a forced exhalation,
their resting size. Forced exhalation (due to ob- an amount of air known as the residual volume,
struction or labored breathing) requires an addi- about 1200 ml on average, remains in the lungs to
tional and active muscular contraction that fur- prevent lung collapse, and to insure that the al-
ther reduces the size of the thoracic cavity. This veoli stay slightly inflated.
contraction involves the action of certain muscles RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
around the ribs (primarily the internal intercostals)
The average healthy male has a total lung ca-
that contract to decrease the size of the rib cage,
pacity of about 6 liters, while the capacity of the
and also the action of various abdominal muscles
average female is slightly less due to her smaller
(rectus abdominous, transverse abdominous, in-
size. Because of the differences in atmospheric
ternal obliques, and external obliques) that com-
pressure, an individual living at sea level will de-
press the abdominal viscera and thus exert an
velop a relatively smaller total lung capacity then
upward force on the diaphragm as they contract.
that of an individual living at a high altitude. As
DIAPHRAGMATIC AND COSTAL noted above, not all of this air can be exhaled at
BREATHING anyone time. The vital capacity, about 4,800 ml,
Diaphragmatic breathing, often called ab- represents maximum amount of exchangeable air.
dominal breathing, involves the near exclusive use Vital capacity decreases with age, and is decisively
of the diaphragm for the process of inhalation. less in smokers than in nonsmokers. The inspira-
This is almost always associated with the outward tory capacity, about 3,600 ml, refers to the amount
expansion of the abdomen that takes place as the of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inhalation.
diaphragm pushes downwards on the abdomi- Similarly, the functional residual capacity, roughly
nal viscera during the process of inhalation. Cos- 2,400 ml, refers to the amount of air remaining in
tal breathing, also known as chest (or thoracic) the lungs after a tidal exhalation.
breathing, refers to a breathing pattern that relies It is estimated that a normal adult breathes
primarily on the contraction and release of vari- about 12 times a minute, 720 times per hour, 17,280
ous intercostals and other muscles surrounding times per day. This translates as an average ex-
the rib cage. changed air volume (excluding the air held in the
dead air space of the respiratory passages), known
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES as the alveolar ventilation rate, of 4200 ml per
The total amount of inhaled or exhaled air minute, 252,000 ml (2520 liters) per hour, and
varies according to many different factors. In or- 6,048,000 ml (60,480 liters) per day. Rapid shal-
der to describe the capacities in different stages low breathing does little to increase the alveolar
of respiration, several descriptive terms have been ventilation rate, because of the amount of inspired
developed. About 500 ml of air enters and leaves air that remains in the dead air space within the
t13
VOLUME 5, SECTION 12: THE TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH MEDICAL QIGONG
114
CHAPTER 61: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR LUNG CANCER
LUNG CANCER:
PULMONARY CARCINOMA
Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of
death in men, and is second only to breast can-
cer in women. The pathological classifications of
Lung cancer are based on the different degrees
and morphologies of the carcinoma. The most Figure 61.15. An Example of a Benign Lung Tumor
common type of Lung cancers are bronchial car- (Fibroma)
cinomas, with the majority of the remaining cases (Inspired by the original artwork of Dr. Frank H. Netter).
originating as alveolar cell carcinomas.
THE Two TYPES OF BRONCHIAL CARCINOMAS
Generally, lung cancer can be divided into
two types of bronchial carcinomas: Small Cell
Carcinomas and Non-Small Cell Carcinomas, de-
scribed as follows (Figure 61.17):
Small Cell or Oat Cell Carcinomas are highly
A smooth,
malignant. These tend to grow rapidly, and they lobulated
constitute 10 percent of all Lung cancer. growth
Non-Small Cell Carcinomas constitute 90 located in
percent of all Lung cancer. They may be subdi- a main
vided into Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Large Cell bronchus
Carcinomas, and Adenocarcinomas, described as
Figure 61.16. An Example of a Benign Lung Tumor
follows: (Chondroma)
• Squamous Cell or Epidermoid Carcinomas: (Inspired by the original artwork of Dr. Frank H. Netter).
These are the most common type of bron-
115
VOLUME 5, SECTION 12: THE TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH MEDICAL QIGONG
is called the "central" type when it occurs in The Lungs are delicate in nature, their desire
the common bronchus or lobar bronchi (which for moistening tends to make them susceptible to
accounts for about 25% of must Lung cancers). attack from pathogenic factors. Generally, the eti-
The lesion is most often located in the upper ology of Lung cancer can be attributed to the fol-
lobes of the Lungs (more often located in the lowing conditions:
left upper lobe). • Chronic exposure to smoke and the invasion
• Peripheral: The peripheral group refers to the of Toxic Evils: This includes smoking tobacco,
tumor's location near the outer aspects of the smoking marijuana, kitchen smoke, and other
Peripheral Central
Often located Often located
near the outer in the upper
aspects of the lobes of
Lungs, occurring the Lungs,
in the pulmonary occurring in
sections of the the common
bronchus or bronchus or
within the lobar bronchi
bronchioles
Figure 61.18. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lung Cancer is Classified According to its Location
116
CHAPTER 61: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR LUNG CANCER
118
CHAPTER 61: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR LUNG CANCER
A
carcinoma
located in
the
Fine
linear
dispersion
of cancer
along the
pulmonary
lymphatics
Figure 61.24. An Example of a Lymphatic Spread of Figure 61.25. An Example of a Cavitation of Lung
Lung Cancer Cancer
(Inspired by the original artwork of Dr. Frank H. Netter). (Inspired by the original artwork of Dr. Frank H. Netter).
TREATMENT PROTOCOL #1 FOR area. Imagine and feel the vibrant white begin
BENIGN TUMORS to fill the patient's entire Lung system (i.e., both
AM~dical Qigong treatment protocol for Be-
Lungs, Large Intestine, surface skin tissue, etc.).
nign Tumors located within the Lungs (i.e., Hama- 8. Tonify and regulate the patient's Lower
rtomas, Fibromas, and Chondromas) is as follows: Dantian, Kidneys, and Mingmen areas.
1. After completing the "1 through 10 Medita- 9. Regulate the patient's Microcosmic Orbit (Fire
tion" and "3 Invocations," prep the patient by Cycle).
initiating the general Medical Qigong Treat- TREATMENT PROTOCOL #2 FOR
ment Protocol (see Volume 3, Chapter 28). CAVITATION TYPES OF CARCINOMAS
Focus specific attention on Purging the Liver
A Medical Qigong treatment protocol for a
and Lung Channels. This protocol is used in
Cavitation type of carcinoma located within the
order to Purge Excess Heat from the patient's
Lungs is as follows:
tissues and to disperse general Qi and Blood
1. After completing the "1 through 10 Medita-
stagnations.
~i~~" ~nd "3 Invocations," prep the patient by
2. Exhale and project the healing sound "Shang"
InItIatmg the general Medical Qigong Treat-
into the Lung tissue area or "Ni" to target
ment Protocol (see Volume 3, Chapter 28).
specific tumors.
Focus specific attention on Purging the Liver
3. Remove and clean the Front Chakra Gates of
and Lung Channels. This protocol is used in
the patient's throat, Heart, and solar plexus.
order to Purge Excess Heat from the patient's
4. Once you feel there has been an energetic
tissues and to disperse general Qi and Blood
~ansformation, insert Invisible Needles deep
stagnations.
mto the tumor tissue. Create a counterclockwise
2. Envelope the cavitation area with an energetic
energetic vortex surrounding the Invisible
bubble.
Needle and drain the toxic Qi into the Earth.
3. ~xhale and project the healing sound "Shang"
5. Connect to the divine and create an Energy Ball
mto the Lung tissue area or "Ni" to target
in your right palm. Imprint the Energy Ball with
specific tumors.
the function of absorbing the pathogenic Qi
4. Connect to the divine and create an white light
from the tumor. The Energy Ball should begin
Energy Ball in your right palm. Fill the cavi-
to swirl in a counterclockwise direction creat-
tati~n area with this energetic ball of light
ing the effect of an energy absorbing tornado.
(whIte). Hold the intention of the cancer dis-
Insert the swirling Energy Ball into the patient's
solving until you feel an energetic shift.
Lung and direct its movements with your in-
5. Once you feel there has been an energetic
tent. The Energy Ball should be guided to swish
transformation, change the white color inside
back and forth inside the patient's Lung in or-
the tumor area to a vibrant white and begin
der to absorb and destroy the cancer cells. Hold
to fill the patient's entire Lung system (i.e.,
the intention of the cancer dissolving until you
both Lungs, Large Intestine, surface skin tis-
feel an energetic shift.
sue, etc.) with this color.
6. Once you feel there has been an energetic
6. Tonify and regulate the patient's Lower
transformation, remove the Energy Ball and
Dantian, Kidneys, and Mingmen areas.
discard it into the energetic vortex under the
7. Regulate the patient's Microcosmic Orbit (Fire
table. Change the white color inside the tu-
Cycle).
mor area to a vibrant white and begin to fill
the patient's entire Lung system (i.e., both TREATMENT PROTOCOL #3
Lungs, Large Intestine, surface skin tissue, FOR MALIGNANT TUMORS
etc.) with this color. A Medical Qigong treatment protocol for a ma-
7. Connect with the divine and imagine connect- lignant types of Lung carcinomas (i.e., Squamous
ing a cord of Divine White Light to the tumor
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VOLUME 5, SECTION 12: THE TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH MEDICAL QIGONG
3. Exhale and project the healing sound "Shang" 1. Dry Crying: Have the patient practice the
into the Lung tissue area or "Ni" to target "Dry Crying" exercise for a period of 15 min-
specific tumors. utes twice a day (Figure 61.26).
4. Insert a Cord of Light from the divine deep 2. Healing Sound "Shang": Have the patient
into the energetic cluster. Hold the intention prepare the tissue area with the "Sun and
of the cancer dissolving until you feel an en- Moon Rotating Technique" exercise. Then
ergetic shift. prescribe the "Shang" healing sound exercise
5. Once you feel there has been an energetic trans- to dissolve the cyst or tumor (Figure 61.27).
formation, fill the patient's entire Lung system 4. Taking in the White Qi: Have the patient
with white light energy (i.e., both Lungs, Large practice the method of Taking in the White
Intestine, surface skin tissue, etc.). Qi three times a day for 15 minutes each time
6. Tonify and regulate the patient's Lower to strengthen the Lungs.
Dantian, Kidneys and Mingmen areas. • Sit in a chair with both feet firmly rooted into
7. Regulate the patient's Microcosmic Orbit (Fire the Earth, lightly close the anal sphincter, keep
Cycle). the spine straight, and place the tongue on
Inhale
Oi into
Lung
Tissue
Exhale
\\
"Shaaang"
Inhale and focus the mind on Exhale, and feel the breasts vibrate,
Divine Light filling the Lung areas releasing toxic Oi while sounding "Shang"
Figure 61.27. For Lung Cancer, the sound is "Shang."
122
CHAPTER 61: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR LUNG CANCER
and Western) used in the treatment of Lung Can- Patients should avoid raw onions, garlic, salty
cer to cool the body and nourish the Yin. It is im- food, alcohol, and cigarettes
portant that the ingredients be kept alive (fresh).
RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY
Combine the three following ingredients into a
blender, mix and drink several times a day to In Western medicine, surgery is commonly
moisten the Lungs: performed during the first two stages of lung can-
• Carrot Juice cer (provided there is no lymph node metastasis),
• Fresh Lotus and radiation or chemotherapy is generally not
• Watercress applied.
According to Dr. John Laszlo of the American
SURGERY Cancer Society, high doses of radiation are especially
In Western medicine, surgery is commonly dangerous in cases of lung cancer. It can cause ex-
performed during the first two stages of lung can- tensive inflammation followed by scarring of the
cer, provided the carcinoma has not spread beyond nearby normal lung tissue, thus damaging the lungs
the lungs and there is no lymph node metastasis. function even if the tumor is completely eradicated.
If the lung cancer patient has elected to re- The larger the dose of radiation the greater the dan-
ceive surgery, the Qigong doctor should proceed ger of creating serious side effects.
as follows: If the patient has already received radiation
PRE-OPERATIVE CARE therapy, specific side effects include decreased white
The patient should be treated in order to blood cell and platelet count, radiation induced
strengthen the Righteous Qi and enhance his or pneumonitis (inflammation of the Lungs), and
her immune system. The focus should be placed cardiotoxicity (manifesting as palpitations, chest
on dredging the patient's Liver, Tonifying the pain, shortness of breath, arrhythmia and anxiety).
Spleen and Stomach, and Regulating the Qi. Additional symptoms include rapid breathing, dry
The patient should also be given herbs and mouth and tongue, nausea and vomiting, poor ap-
Medical Qigong prescription exercises that Tonify petite, and aching in the lower back and knees.
the Righteous Qi. This will assist the patient's re- In the treatment of lung cancer, there is little
covery and help improve the chances of healing evidence to support the use of chemotherapy in
from the operation. Non-Small Cell Carcinomas (Squamous Cell Car-
cinomas, Large Cell Carcinomas, and Adenocar-
POST-OPERATIVE CARE
cinomas), which constitutes 90% of all Lung can-
After the surgery, it is important for the Medi-
cer. Although not conclusively proven, chemo-
cal Qigong doctor to locate and treat the root cause
therapy has been shown to increase the survival
of the patient's cancer. By removing the existing
rate in the treatment of lung cancer patients with
energetic patterns that were responsible for the
Small Cell Carcinomas (which constitute only 10%
physical construction of the tumor the doctor can
of all Lung cancer). This treatment, however, has
assist the patient in preventing the cancer from
so far only had a limited effect, with the damage
continuing its growth (still energetically patterned
to the patient's tissues and immune system out-
throughout the patient's physical tissues).
weighing the therapy's healing potential.
After the operation, the patient should be
Chemotherapy for lung cancer can be debili-
treated with both herbs and Medical Qigong
tating, resulting in nausea and vomiting, poor ap-
therapy for Qi and Yin Deficiency, and for the Deple-
petite, irregular bowel movement, and Bone Mar-
tion and Damage to Qi and Blood caused from ex-
row suppression. One to two weeks after chemo-
tensive damage to the Lung Qi during surgery.
therapy, patients often suffer from mentaI1istless-
After surgery, the patient should also be ad-
ness, insomnia, lack of strength, shortness of
vised to eat food such as apricot kernel jelly, Chi-
breath, hair loss, and sweating due to Yin and
nese yam, white radish, winter melon, white pear
Body Fluid Deficiency.
and lotus root.
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CHAPTER 62
CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR STOMACH CANCER
Creates Chyme by
Fermenting and
Controls the Ripening and Grinding Action
Rotting of Food
Separates "Clean"
and "Turbid"
Controls the Transportation
The Main of Food Essence
Functions Ensures Smooth
of the Flow ofOi in
Stomach Middle Burner
Organ Controls the
and Descending of Oi
Channels Downward Action
of Stomach Oi Aids
in Digestion
Creates the Body's Fluids
Mania, Insomnia,
Psycho-Emotional Aspects Confusion, and
Hyperactivity
Figure 62.2. The Main Energetic Functions of the Stomach Organ and Channels
ids. The Kidneys are sometimes called the forehead. From the St-5 point (at the curve of the
"Gate of the Stomach," because they trans- jaw), the external branches on each side descend
form the Body Fluids (which have their ori- the neck and torso. These branches continue to
gin in the Stomach) in the Lower Burner. flow externally down the torso and legs to end at
5. Psycho-Emotional Aspects: The Stomach also the lateral sides of the second toes. Internal
has an influence on the mental state. Stom- branches separate from the St-I2 points and con-
ach Fire or Stomach Fire with Phlegm can nect to the Stomach before spiral wrapping the
cause emotional symptoms such as manic be- Spleen and joining the primary channel branches
havior, mental confusion, severe anxiety, in- at the St-30 points.
somnia, and hyperactivity. CHANNELS' ENERGY FLOW
THE STOMACH CHANNELS The Stomach Channels contain equally abun-
The Stomach Channels are Yang channels and dant amounts of both Qi and Blood, having an
flow externally from the head to the feet (Figure equal influence over the body's energetic and ner-
62.3). The two Stomach Channels originate exter- vous functions, as well as over the physical sub-
nally from the lateral sides of the nose (LI-20), as- stances and Blood functions.
cending upward to the base of the eye and the At the high-tide time period (7 a.m. to 9 a.m.),
bridge of the nose where they communicate with Qi and Blood abound in the Stomach organ and
the Urinary Bladder Channels (UB-I). From the Stomach channels. At this time period the Stom-
bridge of the nose, they then descend beneath the ach organ and channels can more easily be dis-
eyes, down the face, along the angle of the man- persed or Purged. During low tide (7 p.m. to 9
dible (jaw), and then ascend in front of the ears, p.m.), they can more readily be Tonified. The
following the anterior hairline till they reach the Stomach Channels' energy acts on the skin,
muscles, and nerves found along their pathways.
126
CHAPTER 62: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR STOMACH CANCER
St-8
St-10
St-1
St-11 ~~I-St-2
St-12 St-3
St-13 _______
St-15 I -_ _~""
St-17
St-18 --t~~-";;~J
St-19 ---+-----. .-----/-- St-19
Internal
St-30 --+------'jlll"" wv---+-St-30 Channel
Flow
St-31 -----+-. St-31
St-32 --+--e
St-33 ---+-e
St-34 -----t--.
St-35--~.
St-36 - - - + * I e
A set of branches separates
St-37 --++. from the St-12 pOints, then
St-40 -----+W. • •1----- St-40 descends internally to connect
to the Stomach and spirally
St-39 wrap the Spleen, before
rejoining the primary channel
St-41 branches at the St-30 points
St-42--~'---!-YI St-44
St-43
~~--St-45
Figure 62.3. The Internal and External Oi Flow of the Stomach (St) Channels
127
VOLUME 5, SECTION 12: THE TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH MEDICAL QIGONG
128
CHAPTER 62: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR STOMACH CANCER
Stomach ~
Lack of appetite, dry-heaves, dry
Deficient Stomach Yin
J- lips and mouth, and constipation
appropriate behavior ( e.g., taking off one's clothes Stomach's function of receiving, storing and
in public), pressured speech, unconscious talking, digesting food becomes compromised due to
laughing or singing. In milder cases, symptoms retention of food, the Stomach Qi becomes im-
may include mental confusion, severe anxiety, paired. This can result in distention and pain
obsessive-compulsive thinking, hyperactivity, and in the epigastric region and a loss of appetite.
hypomania (a milder form of mania). As the retained food begins to rot, the Stom-
ach Qi rebels resulting in belching or regurgi-
T.C.M. PATTERNS OF DISHARMONY
tation, foul smelling stool with diarrhea, or
Generally, patterns of disharmony associated constipation.
with the Stomach originate from: Retention of 3. Deficient Stomach Yin: When the Stomach's
Fluid in the Stomach Due to Cold, Retention of Yin Qi becomes Deficient, it is prone to pat-
Food in the Stomach, Deficient Stomach Yin and terns of Dryness and Heat. The reduction of
Blazing Stomach Fire, described as follows (Fig- Body Fluids in the Stomach due to Dryness
ure 62.5): and Heat can cause the symptoms such as lack
1. Retention of Fluid in the Stomach Due to of appetite, dry-heaves, dry lips and mouth,
Cold: When the Stomach's Yang Qi becomes and constipation.
Deficient, it is prone to the accumulation of 4. Blazing Stomach Fire: Excessive Internal
Cold and Damp. The accumulation of Cold Heat generated from the Fire in the Stomach
in the Stomach can result in symptoms such can create symptoms such as burning in the
as coldness and pain in the epigastric region, epigastrium, thirst with a preference for Cold
vomiting after eating, and the absence of drinks, vomiting of sour fluid or undigested
thirst. food, foul breath, constipation, Stomach pain,
2. Retention of Food in the Stomach: If the ulceration, and bleeding of the gums.
129
VOLUME 5, SECTION 12: THE TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH MEDICAL QIGONG
Stomach
Esophagus
Cardiac Orifice;
Cardiac Portion of the
Stomach Serous
Coat
Body of
Upper Portion the
ofthe Small Stomach
Intestine
Lesser
Duodenal
Papilla
Pyloric
Antrum
Greater
Duodenal
Papilla
130
CHAPTER 62: CLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR STOMACH CANCER
blend the food with the secretions of the gas- Stores Food
tric glands, dissolving it into a thin creamy While it is Mixed with
liquid paste called chyme. Gastric Juices
2. Fundus: The rounded dome-shaped portion
of the stomach, located above and to the left
of the cardia is called the fundus. The fundus Passes Chyme
is the storage area for food. When necessary to the
food can remain in the fundus for over an Small Intestine
hour without becoming mixed with gastric
juice. Figure 62.7. The Functions of the Stomach
(Western Medical Perspective)
3. Body: Below the fundus is the large central
portion of the stomach called the body of the
stomach. During digestion, more vigorous STOMACH TUMORS
mixing waves begin at the body of the stom- Benign Stomach tumor, when compared with
ach and intensify as they reach the pylorus. Stomach carcinomas, are relatively rare. A Stom-
4. Pylorus: At the inferior region of the stom- ach tumor can be located in the mucosa, submu-
ach, where it connects to the duodenum, is a cosa, within the muscular layers, or in the
funnel-shaped area called the pylorus. The py- stomach's sub serosal tissues. They can be typical
lorus has two parts: the pylorus antrum, epithelial tumors (such as the adenoma type), or
which is connected to the stomach; and the they can belong to the connective tissue and mixed
pylorus canal, which leads to the pyloric valve types (such as fibromyoma, leiomyoma, heman-
and the duodenum of the small intestine. As gioma, neurofibroma, lipoma, etc.).
food reaches the pylorus, the mixing waves ETIOLOGY OF STOMACH TUMORS
force several milliliters of the chyme into the
The etiology for benign Stomach tumors is
duodenum through the pyloric sphincter.
controversial, and speculations suggest that they
Most of the food is forced back into the body
develop from either the normal constituents of the
of the stomach, where it is again mixed with
gastric wall of the Stomach, from hamartomas (a
the gastric juices. Each wave pushes a little
malformation that resembles a neoplasm), or from
more chyme into the duodenum, while the
other structural anomalies. It is possible, however,
remaining chyme continues to mix with the
that environmental, mechanical, or inflammatory
gastric juices of the stomach. The back and
factors playa role in their development.
forth movements of these mixing waves are
responsible for the preliminary digestive pro- SYMPTOMS
cess that takes place in the stomach. The symptoms of benign Stomach tumors of-
Physiology ten do not appear at all during the patient's life-
The stomach functions both as a reservoir for time. At one time, the majority of benign Stom-
ingesting food and as a digestive organ (Figure ach tumors were discovered only during au-
62.7). The gastric glands of the stomach secrete topsies, or accidently through X-ray examination.
gastric juice (hydrochloride acid and a few en- A benign Stomach tumor only infrequently pro-
zymes) for food digestion. The stomach then duces pain or epigastric distress.
passes the resulting mixture, now called chyme, However, if a benign Stomach tumor enlarges
on to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter. sufficiently, or is located near the cardiac or py-
The internal surface of the stomach replenishes loric ends, it may interfere with the motor or secre-
its cells every three days, allowing all of the cells tory functions of the Stomach. This could affect
of the stomach to be replaced over a time period the regular progression of Stomach peristalsis, or
of one to three months. the normal emptying function of the Stomach or-
gan. Under such circumstances, these types of
131